The Grapevine Route the Mexican-American War of 1846

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The Grapevine Route the Mexican-American War of 1846 The Grapevine Route The Mexican-American war of 1846 marked the abandonment of the El Camino Viejo route in favor of the Grapevine Route as it was a shorter route. Plus, the San Emigdio Land Grant owners had created a working cattle ranch, and discouraged travel passing through their rancho. This rancho has been under ownership of many different people, including John C. Fremont and his partner, Edward Beale, both heroes of the Mexican-American war. Alexis Godey became the overseer of the rancho, who has a “legend” ranging from being a benefactor to the natives to being a murderer of the natives. (Currently, this rancho area is under the care of the Wind Wolves Preserve. Naturalists lead a 10-mile hike following the historic El Camino Viejo (hiking down from Pine Mt. Club to Preserve). The history of the development of the Grapevine Route cannot be discussed without mention of Edward Fitzgerald Beale. His impact upon the growth and settlement of this area, to his death in 1983, cannot be separated out from the local history. Beale arrived in California in 1846, as a Naval Officer serving under Colonel John C. Fremont during the Mexican war. Beale played a significant role in the lives of the local Indians. While the history of the Federal- Indian relationship in California shares some common characteristics with that of Native people elsewhere in the United States, it is different in many aspects. This difference is important to understanding many of the current issues in the mountains as to how the tribes have been affected. Part of the history impact includes the unprecedented magnitude of non-native migration into California after the discovery of gold. In 1848, Beale was the first person to carry news to Washington of the discovery of gold in California. One of the first recorded gold discoveries in California was in 1941 by Andreas Castillero in the area south of Frazier Mountain, north of Alamo Mountain from Lockwood Valley to Hungry Valley, along the Piru Creek, in an area south of what is now the Pyramid Dam. Rumors of gold in the “Piru District,” “The Lockwood” and the Castac and Frazier mines sent prospectors into the local hills and canyons of the Grapevine Route. The mines in the Piru District (Transverse Ranges) consisted of mineral veins of almost every kind, such as gold, silver, copper, tin, iron, bismuth, and antimony. After Statehood was achieved in 1850, the Los Angeles Merchants Association hired men to improve the grapevine route, then called the Los Angeles-Stockton Road, as many people began traveling north to other gold mines in Central California via this route. Most of the miners were poor people; formerly many were farmers. A few stayed on and settled this area. There were conflicts in that the “white miners” harassed and drove away other ethnic groups, including the Chinese. The Indians were greatly affected by the lawless nature of California’s settlement after the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (which ended the Mexican-American war), including State sanctioned efforts to “exterminate” the indigenous population. California was admitted as a U.S. state on September 9, 1850, without consideration to Native American land rights. John Fremont, along with William M. Gwin, the first California senators, introduced bills to extinguish all aboriginal title in California. Congress tried another approach, that of negotiating treaties. In 1851, George W. Barbour became the first Superintendent of Indian Affairs for Southern California. He developed the treaties with the Native American Indian tribes. Under pressure from the California Congressional delegation, the Senate not only refused to sign the 18 treaties that had been negotiated by Barbour, but they also took extraordinary steps to place the treaties under seal. Between the un-ratified treaties and the Land Claims Act of 1851, most California Indians became homeless, as they did not “file” timely (within two years) for their lands and thus lost all “rights” in the new state. These Indians were not like their eastern peers in that their living had been mostly derived from the fish of the mountain streams and the collecting of the acorns and grass-seeds of the valleys, and the roots and berries of the mountains. The encroachment of the miners and settlers drove them from these food sources, cutting off their means of living. The government’s answer to the displaced natives was to provide Indian reservations. In 1851, George W. Barbour established the first Indian Reservation in California, with adjacent military post called Camp Smith, which was located from west of Grapevine Canyon to the east of Tejon Canyon. In 1852, President Millard Fillmore sent Beale, as Superintendent of Indian Affairs to California to head off further confrontation between the Indians and the many gold seekers and other settlers who were the pouring into California. Beale developed Barbour’s reservation and changed the name to the Sebastian (Tejon) Indian Reserve which was established on the 75,000 acre property of Rancho el Tejon in the Tejon Creek Canyon section (located near the old “Tejon Pass,” this name being transferred to the Grapevine Canyon area in 1853). Beale sought for this reservation to serve as a showcase and testimony to his efforts to “civilize” the California Indians. According to his plan, the Indians were to raise crops, manufacture goods and raise cattle as part of an on-the-job training program which would rapidly turn them into productive members of white society. Beale changed the location of the military post to the present day location at Fort Tejon and requested a federal appropriation of $500,000 and military support for the 75,000 acre reservation. The military post was right on what many were convinced would become the main route between the central valley and Southern California, the Grapevine route known as the Los Angeles-Stockton Road. Prior, the main form of transportation between Southern and Northern California had been via boat steamers which made a coastal trip from San Francisco to Los Angeles. From there, travelers went north on roads through the Fort Tejon area to reach the gold fields which had been discovered in 1854 in the Kern River Canyon. Prior to the development of this road through the mountains, travel between Stockton and Los Angeles was dangerous as the only other non-Indian settlement, besides Fort Tejon, was at Fort Miller, about 150 miles upriver from Stockton. On August 10, 1854, the first Dragoons arrived at Fort Tejon. Settlers quickly followed, setting up bars and other enterprises around the south of the Fort. The Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors voted to spend funds to further improve the grapevine road. Chairman of the Board David W. Alexander soon owned property in the Gorman area and supplied goods to Fort Tejon. As this area increased in businesses for the comfort of these people, the situation for the Indians declined. In early 1854, the government charged Beale with embezzlement of government funds and that too much land had been set aside for the Indian reservation. Beale was removed from his office, but was exonerated of the charges. Colonel Thomas J. Henley replaced him as the Superintendent of Indian Affairs in California. Henley proceeded with establishing other reservations in California, leaving Colonel James R. Vineyard as the resident agent at the Sebastian Reservation. Conflict developed between Vineyard and the Indians who fled the reservation. He requested that the military stationed at Fort Tejon find the Indians and force them to return. The fort’s commander refused, stating that their role was to protect the Indians, only punish hostile acts, but not to force return to the reservation. During 1955, the partnership of Edward Beale and Samuel Bishop furnished beef and hay for the Fort Tejon. During this time, many of the people who became the historical settlers of the mountain areas came and stayed. A significant family was the Cuddy family, in which records show that “Sargeant Cuddy” had a ranch near Fort Tejon and took part in the infamous Tule Indian War of 1856, in which the Dragoons were involved. This was near the Visalia area. Following this clash, Beale was commissioned as a Brigadier General and sent to restore peace with the natives. He met with representatives from 12 tribes and convinced them to return to their reservations. On January 9, 1857, one of the greatest earthquakes ever recorded in the U.S. occurred. It has been named the Fort Tejon earthquake as the severest shaking occurred there, resulting in a death of a woman at Reed’s Ranch near Fort Tejon. The San Andreas fault broke the earth’s surface continuously for about 250 miles, with an average slip of 15 feet and a displacement of about 30 feet. The Fort’s surgeon, Dr. Ten Broeck, recorded the after-shocks, as being an average of 30 shocks a month for six months, then decreasing to six per month for almost two years. This period of time had significant impact on the new settlers, as well as possibly causing the Fort’s desertions by the Dragoons. (The Chumash peoples have incorporated the quakes of this region into their myths of creation. In 1872, another large quake occurred in Owens Valley, and then another one in Kern County in 1952.) “Society” grew in this area. Later in the year of 1857, the Dragoons created a brass band and Fort Tejon Dramatic Association, putting on various talented shows for community entertainment, even traveling to Los Angeles to perform. From 1857 to 1859, John Xantus, an amateur “eco- scientist,” sent samples of flora and fauna from this region to the Smithsonian.
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