DOCSLIB.ORG

The Grapevine Route the Mexican-American War of 1846

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Grapevine Route the Mexican-American War of 1846 The Grapevine Route The Mexican-American war of 1846 marked the abandonment of the El Camino Viejo route in favor of the Grapevine Route as it was a shorter route. Plus, the San Emigdio Land Grant owners had created a working cattle ranch, and discouraged travel passing through their rancho. This rancho has been under ownership of many different people, including John C. Fremont and his partner, Edward Beale, both heroes of the Mexican-American war. Alexis Godey became the overseer of the rancho, who has a “legend” ranging from being a benefactor to the natives to being a murderer of the natives. (Currently, this rancho area is under the care of the Wind Wolves Preserve. Naturalists lead a 10-mile hike following the historic El Camino Viejo (hiking down from Pine Mt. Club to Preserve). The history of the development of the Grapevine Route cannot be discussed without mention of Edward Fitzgerald Beale. His impact upon the growth and settlement of this area, to his death in 1983, cannot be separated out from the local history. Beale arrived in California in 1846, as a Naval Officer serving under Colonel John C. Fremont during the Mexican war. Beale played a significant role in the lives of the local Indians. While the history of the Federal- Indian relationship in California shares some common characteristics with that of Native people elsewhere in the United States, it is different in many aspects. This difference is important to understanding many of the current issues in the mountains as to how the tribes have been affected. Part of the history impact includes the unprecedented magnitude of non-native migration into California after the discovery of gold. In 1848, Beale was the first person to carry news to Washington of the discovery of gold in California. One of the first recorded gold discoveries in California was in 1941 by Andreas Castillero in the area south of Frazier Mountain, north of Alamo Mountain from Lockwood Valley to Hungry Valley, along the Piru Creek, in an area south of what is now the Pyramid Dam. Rumors of gold in the “Piru District,” “The Lockwood” and the Castac and Frazier mines sent prospectors into the local hills and canyons of the Grapevine Route. The mines in the Piru District (Transverse Ranges) consisted of mineral veins of almost every kind, such as gold, silver, copper, tin, iron, bismuth, and antimony. After Statehood was achieved in 1850, the Los Angeles Merchants Association hired men to improve the grapevine route, then called the Los Angeles-Stockton Road, as many people began traveling north to other gold mines in Central California via this route. Most of the miners were poor people; formerly many were farmers. A few stayed on and settled this area. There were conflicts in that the “white miners” harassed and drove away other ethnic groups, including the Chinese. The Indians were greatly affected by the lawless nature of California’s settlement after the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (which ended the Mexican-American war), including State sanctioned efforts to “exterminate” the indigenous population. California was admitted as a U.S. state on September 9, 1850, without consideration to Native American land rights. John Fremont, along with William M. Gwin, the first California senators, introduced bills to extinguish all aboriginal title in California. Congress tried another approach, that of negotiating treaties. In 1851, George W. Barbour became the first Superintendent of Indian Affairs for Southern California. He developed the treaties with the Native American Indian tribes. Under pressure from the California Congressional delegation, the Senate not only refused to sign the 18 treaties that had been negotiated by Barbour, but they also took extraordinary steps to place the treaties under seal. Between the un-ratified treaties and the Land Claims Act of 1851, most California Indians became homeless, as they did not “file” timely (within two years) for their lands and thus lost all “rights” in the new state. These Indians were not like their eastern peers in that their living had been mostly derived from the fish of the mountain streams and the collecting of the acorns and grass-seeds of the valleys, and the roots and berries of the mountains. The encroachment of the miners and settlers drove them from these food sources, cutting off their means of living. The government’s answer to the displaced natives was to provide Indian reservations. In 1851, George W. Barbour established the first Indian Reservation in California, with adjacent military post called Camp Smith, which was located from west of Grapevine Canyon to the east of Tejon Canyon. In 1852, President Millard Fillmore sent Beale, as Superintendent of Indian Affairs to California to head off further confrontation between the Indians and the many gold seekers and other settlers who were the pouring into California. Beale developed Barbour’s reservation and changed the name to the Sebastian (Tejon) Indian Reserve which was established on the 75,000 acre property of Rancho el Tejon in the Tejon Creek Canyon section (located near the old “Tejon Pass,” this name being transferred to the Grapevine Canyon area in 1853). Beale sought for this reservation to serve as a showcase and testimony to his efforts to “civilize” the California Indians. According to his plan, the Indians were to raise crops, manufacture goods and raise cattle as part of an on-the-job training program which would rapidly turn them into productive members of white society. Beale changed the location of the military post to the present day location at Fort Tejon and requested a federal appropriation of $500,000 and military support for the 75,000 acre reservation. The military post was right on what many were convinced would become the main route between the central valley and Southern California, the Grapevine route known as the Los Angeles-Stockton Road. Prior, the main form of transportation between Southern and Northern California had been via boat steamers which made a coastal trip from San Francisco to Los Angeles. From there, travelers went north on roads through the Fort Tejon area to reach the gold fields which had been discovered in 1854 in the Kern River Canyon. Prior to the development of this road through the mountains, travel between Stockton and Los Angeles was dangerous as the only other non-Indian settlement, besides Fort Tejon, was at Fort Miller, about 150 miles upriver from Stockton. On August 10, 1854, the first Dragoons arrived at Fort Tejon. Settlers quickly followed, setting up bars and other enterprises around the south of the Fort. The Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors voted to spend funds to further improve the grapevine road. Chairman of the Board David W. Alexander soon owned property in the Gorman area and supplied goods to Fort Tejon. As this area increased in businesses for the comfort of these people, the situation for the Indians declined. In early 1854, the government charged Beale with embezzlement of government funds and that too much land had been set aside for the Indian reservation. Beale was removed from his office, but was exonerated of the charges. Colonel Thomas J. Henley replaced him as the Superintendent of Indian Affairs in California. Henley proceeded with establishing other reservations in California, leaving Colonel James R. Vineyard as the resident agent at the Sebastian Reservation. Conflict developed between Vineyard and the Indians who fled the reservation. He requested that the military stationed at Fort Tejon find the Indians and force them to return. The fort’s commander refused, stating that their role was to protect the Indians, only punish hostile acts, but not to force return to the reservation. During 1955, the partnership of Edward Beale and Samuel Bishop furnished beef and hay for the Fort Tejon. During this time, many of the people who became the historical settlers of the mountain areas came and stayed. A significant family was the Cuddy family, in which records show that “Sargeant Cuddy” had a ranch near Fort Tejon and took part in the infamous Tule Indian War of 1856, in which the Dragoons were involved. This was near the Visalia area. Following this clash, Beale was commissioned as a Brigadier General and sent to restore peace with the natives. He met with representatives from 12 tribes and convinced them to return to their reservations. On January 9, 1857, one of the greatest earthquakes ever recorded in the U.S. occurred. It has been named the Fort Tejon earthquake as the severest shaking occurred there, resulting in a death of a woman at Reed’s Ranch near Fort Tejon. The San Andreas fault broke the earth’s surface continuously for about 250 miles, with an average slip of 15 feet and a displacement of about 30 feet. The Fort’s surgeon, Dr. Ten Broeck, recorded the after-shocks, as being an average of 30 shocks a month for six months, then decreasing to six per month for almost two years. This period of time had significant impact on the new settlers, as well as possibly causing the Fort’s desertions by the Dragoons. (The Chumash peoples have incorporated the quakes of this region into their myths of creation. In 1872, another large quake occurred in Owens Valley, and then another one in Kern County in 1952.) “Society” grew in this area. Later in the year of 1857, the Dragoons created a brass band and Fort Tejon Dramatic Association, putting on various talented shows for community entertainment, even traveling to Los Angeles to perform. From 1857 to 1859, John Xantus, an amateur “eco- scientist,” sent samples of flora and fauna from this region to the Smithsonian.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Robinson V. Salazar 3Rd Amended Complaint
    Case 1:09-cv-01977-BAM Document 211 Filed 03/19/12 Page 1 of 125 1 Evan W. Granowitz (Cal. Bar No. 234031) WOLF GROUP L.A. 2 11400 W Olympic Blvd., Suite 200 Los Angeles, California 90064 3 Telephone: (310) 460-3528 Facsimile: (310) 457-9087 4 Email: [email protected] 5 David R. Mugridge (Cal. Bar No. 123389) 6 LAW OFFICES OF DAVID R. MUGRIDGE 2100 Tulare St., Suite 505 7 Fresno, California 93721-2111 Telephone: (559) 264-2688 8 Facsimile: (559) 264-2683 9 Attorneys for Plaintiffs Kawaiisu Tribe of Tejon and David Laughing Horse Robinson 10 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 11 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 12 13 KAWAIISU TRIBE OF TEJON, and Case No.: 1:09-cv-01977 BAM DAVID LAUGHING HORSE ROBINSON, an 14 individual and Chairman, Kawaiisu Tribe of PLAINTIFFS’ THIRD AMENDED 15 Tejon, COMPLAINT FOR: 16 Plaintiffs, (1) UNLAWFUL POSSESSION, etc. 17 vs. (2) EQUITABLE 18 KEN SALAZAR, in his official capacity as ENFORCEMENT OF TREATY 19 Secretary of the United States Department of the Interior; TEJON RANCH CORPORATION, a (3) VIOLATION OF NAGPRA; 20 Delaware corporation; TEJON MOUNTAIN VILLAGE, LLC, a Delaware company; COUNTY (4) DEPRIVATION OF PROPERTY 21 OF KERN, CALIFORNIA; TEJON IN VIOLATION OF THE 5th RANCHCORP, a California corporation, and AMENDMENT; 22 DOES 2 through 100, inclusive, (5) BREACH OF FIDUCIARY 23 Defendants. DUTY; 24 (6) NON-STATUTORY REVIEW; and 25 (7) DENIAL OF EQUAL 26 PROTECTION IN VIOLATION OF THE 5th AMENDMENT. 27 DEMAND FOR JURY TRIAL 28 1 PLAINTIFFS’ THIRD AMENDED COMPLAINT Case 1:09-cv-01977-BAM Document 211 Filed 03/19/12 Page 2 of 125 1 Plaintiffs KAWAIISU TRIBE OF TEJON and DAVID LAUGHING HORSE ROBINSON 2 allege as follows: 3 I.
    [Show full text]
  • Climate Adaptation Report
    Caltrans CCAP: District Interviews Summary October 2019 San Joaquin Council of Governments Climate Adaptation & Resiliency Study Climate Adaptation Report APRIL 2, 2020 1 Climate Adaptation Report March 2020 Contents Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................................... 3 Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 5 Methodology ................................................................................................................................................. 7 Vulnerability Assessment: Key Findings ...................................................................................................... 10 Gaps and Recommendations ...................................................................................................................... 16 Integrating Transportation Resilience into the Regional Transportation Plan (RTP).............................. 17 Next Steps ................................................................................................................................................... 18 Appendix A: Detailed Vulnerability Assessment Report ............................................................................. 20 Introduction
    [Show full text]
  • Developing Ecological Site and State-And-Transition Models For
    Developing Ecological Site and State-and- Transition Models for Grazed Riparian 1 Pastures at Tejon Ranch, California Felix P. Ratcliff,2 James Bartolome,2 Michele Hammond,2 Sheri 2 3 Spiegal, and Michael White Abstract Ecological site descriptions and associated state-and-transition models are useful tools for understanding the variable effects of management and environment on range resources. Models for woody riparian sites have yet to be fully developed. At Tejon Ranch, in the southern San Joaquin Valley of California, we are using ecological site theory to investigate the role of two managed ungulate populations, cattle and feral pigs, on riparian woodland communities. Responses in plant species composition, woody plant recruitment, and vegetation structure will be measured by comparing cattle and feral pig management treatments among and between areas with similar abiotic conditions (ecological sites). Results from the second year of this project highlight the spatial variability of riparian woodland vegetation communities as well as temporally and spatially variable abundances of cattle and feral pigs. Development of riparian ecological site descriptions and state-and-transition models provide both a generalizable framework for evaluating management alternatives in riparian areas, and also specific direction for managing cattle and feral pigs. Key words: cattle, ecological site descriptions feral pigs, riparian area management, state-and­ transition models Introduction Ecological site concepts and state-and-transition models have been widely developed to model spatial and temporal vegetation dynamics in arid rangelands. An ‘Ecological Site’ as defined by the Natural Resources Conservation Service is “a distinctive kind of land with specific physical characteristics that differs from other kinds of land in its ability to produce a distinctive kind and amount of vegetation, and in its ability to respond to management actions and natural disturbances” (Bestelmeyer and Brown 2010, Caudle and others 2013).
    [Show full text]
  • 4. Environmental Impact Analysis 4. Cultural Resources
    4. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ANALYSIS 4. CULTURAL RESOURCES 4.4.1 INTRODUCTION The following section addresses the proposed Project’s potential to result in significant impacts upon cultural resources, including archaeological, paleontological and historic resources. On September 20, 2013, the South Central Coastal Information Center (SCCIC) and the Vertebrate Paleontology Department at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County were contacted to conduct a records search for cultural resources within the Project Site at the intersection of Lyons Avenue and Railroad Avenue and extends eastward towards the General Plan alignment for Dockweiler Drive towards The Master’s University and northwest towards the intersection of 12th Street and Arch Street and immediate Project vicinity. The analysis presented below is based on the record search results provided from the SCCIC, dated October 2, 2013, and written correspondence from The Vertebrate Paleontology Department at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, dated October 18, 2013. Correspondences from both agencies are included in Appendix E to this Draft EIR. 4.4.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING Description of the Study Area The Project Site is located at the intersection of Lyons Avenue and Railroad Avenue and extends eastward towards the General Plan alignment for Dockweiler Drive towards The Master’s University and northwest towards the intersection of 12th Street and Arch Street. The Project Site also includes the closure of an at- grade crossing at the intersection of Railroad Avenue and 13th Street. The portion of the Project Site that extends eastward towards the General Plan alignment for Dockweiler Drive towards The Master’s University is located in an area of primarily undeveloped land within the city limits of Santa Clarita.
    [Show full text]
  • Minutes of Board Meeting November 2010
    STATE OF CALIFORNIA-NATURAL RESOURCES AGENCY ARNOLD SCHWARZENEGGER, Governor DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME WILDLIFE CONSERVATION BOARD TH 1807 13 STREET, SUITE 103 SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA 95811 (916) 445-8448 FAX (916) 323-0280 www.wcb.ca.gov State of California Natural Resources Agency Department of Fish and Game WILDLIFE CONSERVATION BOARD Minutes November 18, 2010 ITEM NO. PAGE NO. 1. Roll Call 1 2. Funding Status — Informational 3 3. Special Project Planning Account — Informational 7 4. Proposed Consent Calendar (Items 4—17) 8 *5. Approval of Minutes — August 26, 2010 8 *6. Recovery of Funds 9 *7. Fund Shift 11 Various Counties *8. Hamilton City Flood Damage Reduction and Ecosystem Restoration 13 Glenn County *9. Loch Lomond Vernal Pool Ecological Reserve Exchange 18 Lake County *10. Swiss Ranch, Expansion 3 20 Calaveras County *11. Eticuera Creek Watershed Habitat Restoration 23 Napa County *12. Napa-Sonoma Marshes Wildlife Area,, American Canyon 26 Napa County *13. Insectaries for Pollinators and Farm Biodiversity 28 Sonoma County *14. Goleta Slough Ecological Reserve Restoration, 31 Augmentation and Change of Scope Merced County *15. James San Jacinto Mountains Reserve Renovation 35 Riverside County *16. Peninsular Bighorn Sheep 37 Riverside County * Proposed Consent Calendar i ITEM NO. PAGE NO. *17. East Elliott and Otay Mesa Regions (Sunroad) 40 San Diego County 18. Cow Creek Conservation Area, Expansion 2 43 Shasta County 19. Red Bank Creek 46 Tehama County 20. Heart K Ranch 49 Plumas County 21. Upper Butte Basin Wildlife Area, Expansion 6 53 Butte County 22. Lower Yuba River, Excelsior, Phase I 56 Nevada and Yuba Counties 23.
    [Show full text]
  • Fish Commission Biennial Report
    California. Dept. of Fish and Gair.e. Biennial Report 1910-1912. C . /:- ...BlHiNlflt- REPORl OF CHE 111: ;'t'(ifT;^ EIBMxflND GAME COMMISSIQ|^^ - / :310~1912 STATE OF :ClVL!FORNlA California. Dept. of Fish and Game. Biennial Report 1910-1912. (bound volume) C.2 DATE DUE J California. Dept. of Fish and I Game. Biennial Report 1910-1912. (bound j volume) California Resources Agency Library 1416 9th Street, Room 117 Sacramento, California 95814 CALIFORNIA RESGLIRCES AGEMCY LlBRAtil Resources ^%j\id'm^, Room 117 1416 - 9tli Street Sacramento, California 95814 STATE OF CALIFORNIA Fish and Game Commission TWENTY-SECOND BIENNIAL REPORT For the Years 1910-1912 Friend Wm. Richardson, Superintendent of State Printing sacramento, california 1913 CONTENTS. PART ONE. Page. Personnel and Organization of Board 7 Peace Officers and Forest Service Cooperation 8 Salaried, or Regular Officers 9 Special Deputies Program and Work 9 What the Commission Has Done in Tv/o Years 12 Recommendations 14 Acknowledgments 15 Game Conditions in California 17 Operation of State Game Farm 26 Propagation and Distribution of Fish 1910-1911 30 Trout Egg Collection and Distribution 1910-1911 31 Report of Superintendent of Hatcheries 32 PART TWO. Administrative Districts 47 Roster of Employees 48 Inventory 51 Revenues and Expenditures 52 Seizures and Prosecutions Folder Hunting Licenses Issued 56 Commercial Fishing Licenses Issued 58 Lion Bounties Paid 59 Game Bird Distribution 60 Fish Distribution, Season 1911 63- Fish Distribution, Season 1912 64 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. San Francisco, Cal., December 31, 1912. Bon. iEIiRAM W. Johnson, Governor, State of California, Sacramento, Cal. Sir: In accordance with law, we submit for your consideration a statement of the transactions and disbursements of the Board for the biennial term July 1, 1910, to June 30, 1912.
    [Show full text]
  • Initial Study Pumpkin Center 3R Rehabilitation
    Pumpkin Center 3R Rehabilitation State Route 119 in Pumpkin Center in Kern County 06-KER-119-PM 28.2/31.3 Project ID 0616000222 Initial Study with Proposed Mitigated Negative Declaration Volume 1 of 2 Prepared by the State of California Department of Transportation June 2020 General Information About This Document What’s in this document: The California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) has prepared this Initial Study, which examines the potential environmental impacts of alternatives being considered for the proposed project in Kern County in California. The document explains why the project is being proposed, the alternatives being considered for the project, the existing environment that could be affected by the project, potential impacts of each of the alternatives, and proposed avoidance, minimization, and/or mitigation measures. What you should do: · Please read the document. Additional copies of the document and the related technical studies are available for review at the Caltrans district office at 1352 West Olive Avenue, Fresno, California, 93728, weekdays from 8:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m., and the California Highway Patrol Office, 9855 Compagnoni Street, Bakersfield, California, 93313, weekdays from 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. To obtain a hard copy of the document, please contact Som Phongsavanh at 559-445-6447. The document can also be accessed electronically at the following website: http://www.dot.ca.gov/caltrans-near-me/district-6 · Tell us what you think. Send your written comments to Caltrans by the deadline. Submit comments via U.S. mail to: Som Phongsavanh, Central Region Environmental, California Department of Transportation, 855 M Street, Suite 200, Fresno, California, 93721.
    [Show full text]
  • An Ethnogeography of Salinan and Northern Chumas Communities – 1769 to 1810
    California State University, Monterey Bay Digital Commons @ CSUMB Government Documents and Publications First Nations Era 3-10-2017 2005 – An Ethnogeography of Salinan and Northern Chumas Communities – 1769 to 1810 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.csumb.edu/hornbeck_ind_1 Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons, Education Commons, and the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation "2005 – An Ethnogeography of Salinan and Northern Chumas Communities – 1769 to 1810" (2017). Government Documents and Publications. 4. https://digitalcommons.csumb.edu/hornbeck_ind_1/4 This Report is brought to you for free and open access by the First Nations Era at Digital Commons @ CSUMB. It has been accepted for inclusion in Government Documents and Publications by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ CSUMB. For more information, please contact [email protected]. An Ethnogeography of Salinan and Northern Chumash Communities – 1769 to 1810 By: Randall Milliken and John R. Johnson March 2005 FAR WESTERN ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH GROUP, INC. 2727 Del Rio Place, Suite A, Davis, California, 95616 http://www.farwestern.com 530-756-3941 Prepared for Caltrans Contract No. 06A0148 & 06A0391 For individuals with sensory disabilities this document is available in alternate formats. Please call or write to: Gale Chew-Yep 2015 E. Shields, Suite 100 Fresno, CA 93726 (559) 243-3464 Voice CA Relay Service TTY number 1-800-735-2929 An Ethnogeography of Salinan and Northern Chumash Communities – 1769 to 1810 By: Randall Milliken Far Western Anthropological Research Group, Inc. and John R. Johnson Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Submitted by: Far Western Anthropological Research Group, Inc. 2727 Del Rio Place, Davis, California, 95616 Submitted to: Valerie Levulett Environmental Branch California Department of Transportation, District 5 50 Higuera Street, San Luis Obispo, California 93401 Contract No.
    [Show full text]
  • W.W. Robinson Papers LSC.2072
    http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf858008db No online items Finding Aid for the W.W. Robinson Papers LSC.2072 Finding aid prepared by Dan Luckenbill and Octavio Olvera; machine-readable finding aid created by Caroline Cubé. UCLA Library Special Collections Online finding aid last updated on 2020 September 28. Room A1713, Charles E. Young Research Library Box 951575 Los Angeles, CA 90095-1575 [email protected] URL: https://www.library.ucla.edu/special-collections Finding Aid for the W.W. LSC.2072 1 Robinson Papers LSC.2072 Contributing Institution: UCLA Library Special Collections Title: W.W. Robinson papers Creator: Robinson, W.W. (William Wilcox) Identifier/Call Number: LSC.2072 Physical Description: 48.5 Linear Feet(97 boxes, 13 oversize boxes) Date (inclusive): cira 1843-1972 Abstract: William Wilcox Robinson (1891-1972) wrote many pamphlets, articles, and books on Southern California history, including: Ranchos Become Cities (1939), Land in California (1948), Los Angeles, a Profile (1968), and Bombs and Bribery (1969). He also wrote poetry, fiction, children's books, and essays, and served on boards of numerous organizations. The collection contains manuscript and research materials, papers related to Robinson's civic, literary, and social activities. The collection also includes family and personal correspondence, photographs, scrapbooks, and objects including awards, keepsakes, and decorations. Stored off-site. All requests to access special collections material must be made in advance using the request button located on this page. Language of Material: English . Conditions Governing Access Open for research. All requests to access special collections materials must be made in advance using the request button located on this page.en for research.
    [Show full text]
  • A Companion to the American West
    A COMPANION TO THE AMERICAN WEST Edited by William Deverell A Companion to the American West BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO HISTORY This series provides sophisticated and authoritative overviews of the scholarship that has shaped our current understanding of the past. Defined by theme, period and/or region, each volume comprises between twenty- five and forty concise essays written by individual scholars within their area of specialization. The aim of each contribution is to synthesize the current state of scholarship from a variety of historical perspectives and to provide a statement on where the field is heading. The essays are written in a clear, provocative, and lively manner, designed for an international audience of scholars, students, and general readers. Published A Companion to Western Historical Thought A Companion to Gender History Edited by Lloyd Kramer and Sarah Maza Edited by Teresa Meade and Merry E. Weisner-Hanks BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO BRITISH HISTORY Published In preparation A Companion to Roman Britain A Companion to Britain in the Early Middle Ages Edited by Malcolm Todd Edited by Pauline Stafford A Companion to Britain in the Later Middle Ages A Companion to Tudor Britain Edited by S. H. Rigby Edited by Robert Tittler and Norman Jones A Companion to Stuart Britain A Companion to Nineteenth-Century Britain Edited by Barry Coward Edited by Chris Williams A Companion to Eighteenth-Century Britain A Companion to Contemporary Britain Edited by H. T. Dickinson Edited by Paul Addison and Harriet Jones A Companion to Early Twentieth-Century Britain Edited by Chris Wrigley BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO EUROPEAN HISTORY Published A Companion to Europe 1900–1945 A Companion to the Worlds of the Renaissance Edited by Gordon Martel Edited by Guido Ruggiero Planned A Companion to the Reformation World A Companion to Europe in the Middle Ages Edited by R.
    [Show full text]
  • The Conflict Between the California Indian and White Civilization:Iii
    I BE RO ... AM E RICA,N A: 23 THE CONFLICT BETWEEN THE CALIFORNIA INDIAN AND WHITE CIVILIZATION:III S. F. COOK -c - THE CONFLICT BETWEEN THE CALIFORNIA INDIAN AND' WHITE CIVILIZATION III. THE AMERICAN INVASION, 1848-1870 BY S. F. COOK UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY AND LOS ANGELES 1943 CONTENTS IBERO-AMERICANA: 23 EDITORS: C. O. SAUER, LAWRENCE KINNAIRD, L. B. SIMPSON PART THREE. THE AMERICAN INVASION, 1848-1870 II5 pages PAGE Submitted by editors February 13, 1942 Introduction. I Issued April 20, 1943 Price, $1.25 Military Casualties, 1848-1865 . Social Homicide Disease. Food and Nutrition UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY AND Los ANGELES Labor . CALIFORNIA Sex and Family Relations Summary and Comparisons CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON,ENGLAND APPENDIX Table 1. Indian Population from the End of the Mission Period to Modern Times . Table 2. Estimated Population in 1848, 1852, and 1880 . Koupi od ~ Table 3. Indian Losses from Military Operations, 1847- Darem od u ~:ij3.A 1865 ............... 106 V Table 4. Population Decline due to Military Casualties, 1848-1880. III IllV b Table 5. Social Homicide, 1852-1865 II2 . C' . ",I PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA The American Invasion, 1848-1870 INTRODUCTION HEN THE CALIFORNIA INDIAN was confronted with the prob­ lem of contact and competition with the white race, his suc­ W cess was much less marked with the Anglo-American than with the Ibero-American branch. To be sure, his success against the latter had been far from noteworthy; both in the missions and in the native habitat the aboriginal population'had declined, and the Indian had been forced to give ground politically and racially before the advance of Spanish colonization.
    [Show full text]
  • Edward Fitzgerald Beale from a Woodcut Edward Fitzgerald Beale
    General Edward Fitzgerald Beale From a Woodcut Edward Fitzgerald Beale A Pioneer in the Path of Empire 1822-1903 By Stephen Bonsai With 17 Illustrations G. P. Putnam's Sons New York and London Ube ftnicfterbocfter press 1912 r6n5 Copyright, iqi2 BY TRUXTUN BEALE Ube finickerbocher pteee, 'Mew ]|?ocft £CI.A;n41 4S INTRODUCTORY NOTE EDWARD FITZGERALD BEALE, whose life is outlined in the following pages, was a remarkable man of a type we shall never see in America again. A grandson of the gallant Truxtun, Beale was bom in the Navy and his early life was passed at sea. However, he fought with the army at San Pasqual and when night fell upon that indecisive battlefield, with Kit Carson and an anonymous Indian, by a daring journey through a hostile country, he brought to Commodore Stockton in San Diego, the news of General Kearny's desperate situation. Beale brought the first gold East, and was truly, in those stirring days, what his friend and fellow- traveller Bayard Taylor called him, "a pioneer in the path of empire." Resigning from the Navy, Beale explored the desert trails and the moimtain passes which led overland to the Pacific, and later he surveyed the routes and built the wagon roads over which the mighty migration passed to people the new world beyond the Rockies. As Superintendent of the Indians, a thankless office which he filled for three years, Beale initiated a policy of honest dealing with the nation's wards iv Introductory Note which would have been even more successful than it was had cordial unfaltering support always been forthcoming from Washington.
    [Show full text]