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Archaeologia Maritima Mediterranea ARCHAEOLOGIA MARITIMA MEDITERRANEA An International Journal on Underwater Archaeology Direttore Roberto Petriaggi Comitato scientifico Francisco J. S. Alves (Portogallo), David Blackman (Gran Bretagna), Katerina Delaporta (Grecia), Maria Antonietta Fugazzola Delpino (Italia), Ehud Galili (Israele), Piero Alfredo Gianfrotta (Italia) Smiljan Glušcˇevic´ (Croatia), Xavier Nieto Prieto (Spagna), Francisca Pallarés (Italia), Patrice Pomey (Francia), Gianfranco Purpura (Italia), Eric Rieth (Francia), Edoardo Tortorici (Italia) Segreteria di redazione Barbara Davidde Petriaggi * «Archaeologia Maritima Mediterranea» is an International Peer-Reviewed Journal. The eContent is Archived with Clockss and Portico; it is Indexed in Scopus. ARCHAEOLOGIA MARITIMA MEDITERRANEA An International Journal on Underwater Archaeology 9 · 2012 PISA · ROMA FABRIZIO SERRA EDITORE MMXIII Amministrazione e abbonamenti Fabrizio Serra editore Casella postale n. 1, Succursale n. 8, i 56123 Pisa, tel. +39 050 542332, fax +39 050 574888, [email protected] I prezzi ufficiali di abbonamento cartaceo e/o Online sono consultabili presso il sito Internet della casa editrice www.libraweb.net. Print and/or Online official subscription rates are available at Publisher’s web-site www.libraweb.net. I pagamenti possono essere effettuati tramite versamento su c.c.p. n. 17154550 o tramite carta di credito (American Express, Eurocard, Mastercard, Visa) * Autorizzazione del Tribunale di Pisa n. 21 del 15 settembre 2004 Direttore responsabile: Fabrizio Serra Sono rigorosamente vietati la riproduzione, la traduzione, l’adattamento anche parziale o per estratti, per qualsiasi uso e con qualsiasi mezzo effettuati, compresi la copia fotostatica, il microfilm, la memorizzazione elettronica, ecc. senza la preventiva autorizzazione scritta della Fabrizio Serra editore®, Pisa · Roma. * Si invitato gli autori ad attenersi, nel predisporre i materiali da consegnare alla redazione e alla casa editrice, alle norme specificate nel volume abrizioF Serra, Regole editoriali, tipografiche & redazionali, Pisa-Roma, Serra, 20092 (Euro 34,00, ordini a: [email protected]). Il capitolo Norme redazionali, estratto dalle Regole, cit., è consultabile Online alla pagina «Pubblicare con noi» di www.libraweb.net. Proprietà riservata · All rights reserved © Copyright 2013 by Fabrizio Serra editore, Pisa · Roma. Fabrizio Serra editore incorporates the Imprints Accademia editoriale, Edizioni dell’Ateneo, Fabrizio Serra editore, Giardini editori e stampatori in Pisa, Gruppo editoriale internazionale and Istituti editoriali e poligrafici internazionali. www.libraweb.net Stampato in Italia · Printed in Italy issn 1724-6091 issn elettronico 1825-3881 SOMMARIO Roberto Petriaggi, Editoriale 9 saggi Giulia Boetto, Alessandra Ghelli, Paola Germoni, Due relitti d’epoca romana rinvenuti a Isola Sacra, Fiumicino (Rm): primi dati sullo scavo e sulla struttura delle imbarcazioni (con la collaborazione di Giampaolo Luglio per i do- cumenti grafici e fotografici) 15 Marco Bonino, Navi e barche tra l’epoca nuragica e la fine dell’arcaismo nel mar Tirreno: alcuni aggiornamenti 39 Piero Dell’Amico, Linee-guida per una ricerca sull’evoluzione del paramezzale 63 Piero Dell’Amico, Breve puesta al dia de las secuencias constructivas navales 99 Hakan Oniz, One-holed stone anchors from the coast of Antalya/Turkey-2011 111 acta diurna Isabelle Daveau, Giulia Boetto, Une épave romaine dans le port antique d’An- tibes 127 Elena Flavia Castagnino Berlinghieri, La convenzione unesco e il ruolo- chiave di Siracusa tra ricerca e tutela del patrimonio archeologico sottomarino: il passato come risorsa per un futuro sostenibile 139 Michele Stefanile, Notiziario scientifico 157 recensioni Marcel Pujol I Hamelink, La construcció naval a la Corona d’Aragó, Catalunya (segles xiii-xv) (Eric Rieth) 175 C. Gjelstrup Björdal, D. Gregory (edd.), WreckProtect. Decay and protection of archaeological wooden shipwrecks (Michele Stefanile) 181 Recapito dei collaboratori del presente fascicolo 185 Norme redazionali della casa editrice 187 ONE-HOLED STONE ANCHORS FROM THE COAST OF ANTALYA/TURKEY-2011 Hakan Oniz* Introduction nchors strongly enlighten the history of seamanship because they are a pivotal A necessity of ships and also the most frequently detected pieces of underwater archeological researches. All water vessels need anchors when they are required to stand still on the surface. Anchors are divided into three main groups according to the materials used in their production, comprising of stone, wood and iron. These main groups are supported by other kinds of materials and have gained different forms with the introduction of different technologies, in turn creating subgroups of an- chors. Both in the past and the present, the most easily obtained and manufactured anchors have been stone anchors. The boats in the early primitive period of vessels used stone anchors due to the abundance of stone and the ease of manufacture. Therefore, stone anchors were the most commonly used anchor type throughout naval history. Not only from the Mediterranean coasts, but also from the Atlantic Ocean (Markey, 1997: 127), to the Indian Ocean (Rao, 1965: 30), and from the Red Sea (Raban, 2000: 268), to the Black Sea (Zelenko, 2008: 74; Porozanov, 1989: 349) it is well known that the stone anchor has not been used only in seas but also in lakes (Tripati and Patnaik 2008: 386) and rivers for a considerable length of time. This basic manu- facturing process has been used probably in all the seas around the world in different periods. Stone anchors are divided into three main groups within themselves; Anchor stones, single holed stone anchors and multi holed composite stone anchors (Kapi- taen, G., 1983: 34). There is no doubt that the single holed anchors are widely explored during the un- derwater excavations and researches, especially in the Mediterranean. More than a hundred single holed anchors were found on the Israeli, Athlit, Apollonia, Kfar Samir, Kfar Galim, Neve-Yam, Megadim, Dor, Arsuf and Karmel coasts (Fig. 1). These an- chors, which are mostly found in a depth of 1 to 10 meters and 30-300 meters away from the coast, are predominantly in the form of the Byblos, Syria, and Egypt single holed anchor type (Galili et alii, 1994: 93). One example of single holed stone anchor was found near the Antalya Gelidonya wreck dated to ca.1200 BC. This anchor is 219 kg and is thought be thrown off a boat during a maneuver while trying to escape (Pu- lak and Rogers, 1995: web). Between the years 2000 and 2002, during the studies per- formed along the coast of Antalya done on behalf of Antalya museum and during the researches performed along the Antalya-Gazipa¿a coasts with Nicolas Rauh and Cheryl Ward, numerous amounts of single holed stone anchors were found (Ward, C., 2005: web). In 2005, a team including Uwe Mueller also found a large amount of stone anchors during the survey of the Karpaz Peninsula-Galinaporni village coast at * Ph.D. on Underwater Archaeology, [email protected] «archaeologia maritima mediterranea» · 9 · 2012 112 hakan oniz Fig. 1. Locations at Mediterranean which are mentioned in the text. the south west of Karpaz in Cyprus (Oniz and Zafer, 2007: 6-77). In the years 1969-70, research was done at south-east and north-east Karpaz peninsula. During the under- water researches of Oxford Archeological Research Laboratory, 140 stone anchors were found. These anchors have an extreme resemblance with the anchors that were found on the Antalya coasts. Approximately 25 of the anchors from Cyprus are quite smaller in size than the anchors found in Antalya. These small pierced stones are de- scribed as anchors for fishing or sponge diver boats (Green, 1971: 170, 171), but it is pre- ferred to categorize this size of pierced stones as fish net sinkers (weights). There is no doubt that a small boat can land at a port at calm weather conditions with a 3 kg. anchor attached to it; but this weight is not enough to keep the boat on the surface in bad weather conditions. This does not mean that one-pierced stones heavier than 1 or 2 kg. cannot be used as anchors.1 However, if they are found in an appropriate fish- ing area, this increases the probability of the anchors being used as net sinkers. The first studies on stone anchors were done by Honor Frost, followed by Avner Raban and scientists like Ehud Galili who have transmitted the issue to present day in a clear way.2 Gerhard Kapitaen has a study based on technology and categorization 1 If the boat is small, such as 3 or 4 meters long, 2 Honor Frost is a great figure in the study of using a light one-holed stone anchor weighing 2 or the stone anchors of the Mediterranean. Field 3 kg is possible only during calm weather and calm recording, using styles, periods and “nationalities” sea conditions. Otherwise it cannot stay safely on of stone anchors widely took place in her pub- the surface. lished works (Frost, 1985: 97-113). Avner Raban published articles on stone anchors, typically from one-holed stone anchors from the coast of antalya/turkey-2011 113 that has been used as a reference point for years (Kapitaen, G., 1983: 34). With the con- tribution of valuable scientists, a part of the stone anchors in the Mediterranean are dated and localized. On the other hand, in the recent researches, new forms of an- chors have been discovered. Due to the increase in underwater researches, the local- ization of the anchors has become a subject of debate. Revision is necessary in this field of dating, categorization and localization. For example some single holed stone anchors are still used in some regions even today because the material is easy to ob- tain. Some fishermen in Antalya, Kemer and Gazipa¿a are still using stone net sinkers. Therefore, there is no valid reason to deny the continuity in stone anchor tradition since before the Bronze Age. Localization and dating of the anchors The localization and dating of the anchors is usually done according to several dif- ferent procedures.
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