Art and Archaeology of the Aegean Bronze

CLAS 3113/ANTH 3806/AH 2104: Bronze Age Aegean Civilizations

Dr. Eric H. Cline Spring Semester 2012 T 12:45-3:15 pm COR 101 Office hours: T 10:00-11:30 am Office: Phillips 302 202-994-0316 [email protected]

COURSE DESCRIPTION “The Bronze Age Aegean and its Larger Mediterranean Context” Within this seminar we will discuss the Bronze Age Aegean and its connections and interactions with other major powers within the larger Mediterranean and Near Eastern worlds during the second millennium BCE, invoking and utilizing archaeology, ancient history, art history, classical studies, and anthropology. We shall proceed chronologically from the 18th century BCE, when the Minoans were in full flower, to the 12th century BCE, when the Mycenaeans and most of the other civilization in the region collapsed. Along the way, as well as examining the material culture of the Mycenaeans and Minoans, we shall also bring in, upon occasion, the relevant cultures in Egypt, Canaan, Anatolia, Mesopotamia, Cyprus, and the western Mediterranean, including the Hittites, Trojans, Assyrians, Babylonians, Cypriotes, and Egyptians.

TEXTS Eric H. Cline (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean. Oxford 2011. (paper) Donald Preziosi and Louise Hitchcock, Aegean Art and Architecture. Oxford 1999. Cynthia Shelmerdine, The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age. Cambridge 2008. Jerry Rutter’s Web site: http://projectsx.dartmouth.edu/history/bronze_age/index.html NB: Additional material will be placed on BlackBoard.

The reading assignments are listed according to the dates by which they are to be completed. Students are expected to come to class already having done the assigned reading and prepared to take part in the discussions that will take place during class time. The seminar will be driven more by participant discussion and less by “professorial data dump.” It is anticipated that weekly reading assignments will be given out to participants, with each being responsible for a viewpoint or set of information that will be relevant to that discussion. In order for the class sessions to be effective, therefore, it will be necessary for each student to keep up with the readings, attend all class sessions, and participate fully in the discussions.

GRADING There will be a Midterm Exam and a Final Exam, each worth 35 points; a 10-page research paper worth 20 points; and class participation/presentations worth 10 points. The course grade will be determined by combining all possible points, for a total of 100 points.

LEARNING OUTCOMES: As a result of completing this course, students will be able to: 1. discuss the Bronze Age Aegean, from the 18th – 12th centuries BCE

2. comment on the Bronze Age Aegean’s involvement in the wider Mediterranean world 3. think and write critically concerning the above

CLASS POLICIES  Regular class attendance is mandatory. For every three unexcused absences, the final semester grade may be lowered by one full grade (an “A” drops to a “B”) at the discretion of the instructor.   Use of cell phones during class time for any reason is strictly forbidden, whether for calls, texting, games, or anything else.   Similarly, use of laptops during class time for anything other than note taking is also strictly forbidden; this includes Gmail, Facebook, chats, games, and anything else that will preclude the user from participating fully in classroom interaction and discussions.   Violators will have their cell phones and laptops confiscated.   There will be no makeups given except in extreme emergencies and late assignments will not be accepted for a grade.   The standard University system will be used to assign letter grades as follows: A = 92- 100; A- = 90-91; B+ = 88-89; B = 82-87; B- = 80-81; C+ = 78-79; C = 72-77; C- = 70- 71; D+ = 68-69; D = 62-67; D- = 60-61; F = 0-59. 

ACADEMIC INTEGRITY I personally support the GW Code of Academic Integrity. It states: “Academic dishonesty is defined as cheating of any kind, including misrepresenting one's own work, taking credit for the work of others without crediting them and without appropriate authorization, and the fabrication of information.” For the remainder of the code, see: http://www.gwu.edu/~ntegrity/code.html. It is expected that all graded work products and assignments will be completed in conformance with The George Washington University Code of Academic Integrity.

SUPPORT FOR STUDENTS OUTSIDE THE CLASSROOM DISABILITY SUPPORT SERVICES (DSS) Any student who may need an accommodation based on the potential impact of a disability should contact the Disability Support Services office at 202-994-8250 in the Marvin Center, Suite 242, to establish eligibility and to coordinate reasonable accommodations. For additional information please refer to: http://gwired.gwu.edu/dss/

UNIVERSITY COUNSELING CENTER (UCC) 202-994-5300 The University Counseling Center (UCC) offers 24/7 assistance and referral to address students' personal, social, career, and study skills problems. Services for students include: crisis and emergency mental health consultations confidential assessment, counseling services (individual and small group), and referrals http://gwired.gwu.edu/counsel/CounselingServices/AcademicSupportServices

SECURITY In the case of an emergency, if at all possible, the class should shelter in place. If the building that the class is in is affected, follow the evacuation procedures for the building. After evacuation, seek shelter at a predetermined rendezvous location.

LECTURES AND TOPICS

Jan 17 (T) Overview of course syllabus and objectives. History of Excavation and Scholarship. Readings: Cline, Chs. 1-2 (Muhly; Manning); Preziosi and Hitchcock, Ch. 1; Shelmerdine, Ch. 1

Jan 24 (T) Neolithic and Early Bronze Age (EBA) on the Greek Mainland, Crete, and the Islands. Discussion: Intellectual consequences of collecting and forgeries Readings: Cline, Chs. 3-6, 16, 49 (Tomkins; Forsen; Tomkins and Schoep; Renfrew; Tzonou- Herbst; Wiencke); Preziosi and Hitchcock, Ch. 2; Shelmerdine, Chs. 2-4 (Pullen; Broodbank; Wilson) On BlackBoard: Gill and Chippindale 1993; Broodbank 1992

Jan 31 (T) 18th century (MM III): The First Minoan Palaces. Discussion: Minoans and Mesopotamia. The Phaistos Disk. Linear A: Greek or Semitic? Readings: Cline, Chs. 8, 14, 26, 30 (Schoep; Hitchock; Tomas; Hallager) plus 37, 40, 42, 44, and 55 (Macdonald; La Rosa; Driessen; Gauss); Preziosi and Hitchcock, Ch. 3; Shelmerdine, Chs. 5, 5A-B (Manning; Knappett); Rutter, Lessons 10-11 On BlackBoard: Helzer 1988, 1989; van Koppen 2007; Duhoux 2000

Feb 7 (T) 17th century (LH/LM/LC I): Akrotiri and the Santorini Volcano. Discussion: Dating of Thera Eruption. Aegean Painters in the Levant and Egypt. Readings: Cline, Chs. 9, 12, 34, 56 (Barber chaps; Manning; Doumas); Preziosi and Hitchcock, Ch. 4; Shelmerdine, Ch. 8 (Davis); Rutter, Lesson 17 On BlackBoard: Chronology: Betancourt 1987; Manning et al. 2006; Friedrich et al. 2006; Heinemeier, J. et al. 2009. Painting: Morris 1989; Cline 1998a; Niemeier and Niemeier 1998; Bietak 2007; Cline and Yasur-Landau 2007a; Pfälzner 2008; Cline, Yasur-Landau, and Goshen 2011

Feb 14 (T) 16th-15th century (LM II): The Minoan NeoPalatial Period. Discussion: Aegeans in the Theban Tombs. ‘Priest King’ Fresco. Dolphin Fresco. Boxer Rhyton. Harvester Vase. Chieftain Cup. Readings: Cline, Chs. 11, 14, 17 (Hallager; Hitchock; Chapin) and skim Chs. 37-44; Preziosi and Hitchcock, Ch. 4; Shelmerdine, Chs. 6-7, 9 (Younger and Rehak; Betancourt); Rutter, Lessons 12-15, 18 On BlackBoard: Koehl 1986a; Koehl 1986b; Niemeier 1988; Rehak 1998; Cline 1999a; Shaw 2004

Feb 21 (T) 15th century (LH II): Shaft Graves and Early Dynasts at Mycenae. Discussion: Assuwa Rebellion. Ahhiyawa. Readings: Cline, Chs. 9-10, 45, 50 (Voutsaki; Shelton; Voutsaki; French); Preziosi and Hitchcock, Ch. 5; Shelmerdine, Chs. 10-11, 13A (Wright; Crowley; Cavanagh); Rutter, Lessons 16, 19-21, 26

On BlackBoard: Hansen 1994; Cline 1996, 1997; Niemeier 1998; Beckman, Bryce, and Cline 2012

Feb 28 (T) No Class (Instructor at MSU)

March 6 (T) *** MIDTERM EXAM ***

March 13 (T) No Class — Spring Break

March 20 (T) 14th century (LH/LM IIIA): The Beginning of the Golden Age. Discussion: Amenhotep III and the Aegean; Amarna Letters. Readings: Cline, Chs. 16, 22, 31, 33 (Tzonou-Herbst; Burns; Rutter; Laffineur); Preziosi and Hitchcock, Ch. 5; Shelmerdine, Ch. 14 (Mee); Rutter, Lesson 22 On BlackBoard: Cline 1987, 1995a, 1995b, 1998b, 2007; Phillips and Cline 2005; Cline and Stannish 2011

March 27 (T) 14th/13th century (LH/LM IIIA/B): International Koine. Discussion: The Ulu Burun Shipwreck. The Amarna Papyrus. Readings: Cline, Chs. 59, 64 (Bass; Pulak); Preziosi and Hitchcock, Ch. 6; Shelmerdine, Ch. 14 (Mee); Rutter, Lesson 22 On BlackBoard: Bass 1987; Cline and Cline 1991; Schofield and Parkinson 1994; Pulak 1999, 2005; Cline 1999b; Bachhuber 2006; Cline and Yasur-Landau 2007b; Cline 2010

April 3 (T) 13th century (LH/LM IIIB): Tiryns. Thebes. Pylos. Discussion: Mycenae vs. Tiryns; Cypriot Wallbrackets at Tiryns; Enclave Colonies Readings: Cline, Chs. 51-52, 54 (Davis; Dakouri-Hild; Maran); Preziosi and Hitchcock, Ch. 5; Shelmerdine, Chs. 10-11, 13A-B (Wright; Crowley; Cavanagh); Rutter, Lessons 19-21 On BlackBoard: Tournavitou 1990; Knapp 1992a, 1992b, 1998; Cline 1999c, 2003, 2005; Cohen et al 2010; Maran 2012

April 10 (T) 13th century (LH/LM IIIB): Linear B Tablets and Mycenaean Social Organization. Discussion: Hittite-Mycenaean trade and embargoes Readings: Cline, Chs. 18, 27 (Nakassis, Galaty, and Pakinson; Palaima); Preziosi and Hitchcock, Ch. 5; Shelmerdine, Chs. 12A, 13B (Shelmerdine and Bennet; Palaima); Rutter, Lessons 24-25 On BlackBoard: Cline 1991a, 1991b; Mee 1998; Niemeier 1999

April 17 (T) Troy VI-VII, and the Historicity of the Trojan War. Discussion: Troy’s importance in international trade Readings: Cline, Chs. 35, 63 (Bryce; Jablonka); Rutter, Lessons 23, 27 On BlackBoard: Brandau 1998; Shanks 2002; Kolb 2004; Jablonka and Rose 2004; Korfmann 2004; Cline 2008

April 24 (T) 12th century (LH IIIC): The Collapse. [PAPER DUE]. Discussion: Sea Peoples. Earthquake Storms and the End of the Bronze Age. Readings: Cline, Chs. 13, 36 (Jung; Dickinson); Preziosi and Hitchcock, Ch. 6; Shelmerdine, Ch. 15 (Deger-Jalkotzy); Rutter, Lessons 28-29 On BlackBoard: Niemeier 1998; Nur and Cline 2000, 2001; Cline and O’Connor 2003; Maran 2009

May 8 (T) *** FINAL EXAM ***

BlackBoard Readings:

Bachhuber, Christoph. 2006. Aegean interest on the Uluburun ship. AJA 110: 345-63.

Bass, George. 1987. Oldest Known Shipwreck Reveals Splendors of the Bronze Age. National Geographic 172/6: 693-733.

Beckman, Gary, Trevor Bryce, and Eric H. Cline. 2012. The Ahhiyawa Letters. Writings from the Ancient World Series. Atlanta, GA: Society of Biblical Literature.

Betancourt, P. P. 1987. Dating the Aegean Late Bronze Age with Radiocarbon. Archaeometry 29/1, 45- 49.

Bietak, Manfred. 2007. Bronze Age Paintings in the Levant: Chronological and Cultural Considerations. In The Synchronisation of Civilisations in the Eastern Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B.C. III. Proceedings of the SCIEM 2000--2nd EuroConference, Vienna, 28th of May-1st of June 2003, ed. Manfred Bietak and Ernst Czerny, 269-98. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.

Brandau, Birgit. 1998. Can Archaeology Discover Homer's Troy? Archaeology Odyssey 1: 14-25.

Broodbank, Cyprian. 1992. Review of Colin Renfrew, The Cycladic Spirit. Antiquity 66: 542-46.

Cline, Eric H. 1987. Amenhotep III and the Aegean: A Reassessment of Egypto-Aegean Relations in the 14th Century B.C. Orientalia 56/1: 1-36

———. 1991a. E.H. Cline, "Hittite Objects in the Bronze Age Aegean," Anatolian Studies 41: 133-43.

———. 1991b. A Possible Hittite Embargo against the Mycenaeans," Historia 40: 1-9.

———. 1995a. 'My Brother, My Son': Rulership and Trade between the Late Bronze Age Aegean, Egypt and the Near East. In The Role of the Ruler in the Prehistoric Aegean, ed. Paul Rehak, 143-50. Aegaeum 11. Liège: Université de Liège.

———. 1995b. Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Sailor: Minoans and Mycenaeans Abroad. In Politeia: Society and State in the Aegean Bronze Age, eds, Wolf-Dietrich Niemeier and Robert Laffineur, 265-87. Aegaeum 12. Liège: Université de Liège.

———. 1996. Aššuwa and the Achaeans: The ‘Mycenaean’ Sword at Hattušas and its Possible Implications. BSA 91: 137-51.

———. 1997. Achilles in Anatolia: Myth, History, and the Aššuwa Rebellion. In Crossing Boundaries and Linking Horizons: Studies in Honor of Michael Astour on His 80th Birthday, eds. Gordon D. Young, Mark W. Chavalas, and Richard E. Averbeck, 189-210. CDL Press: Bethesda, MD.

———. 1998a. Rich Beyond the Dreams of Avaris: Tell el-Dab’a and the Aegean World — A Guide for the Perplexed. BSA 93: 199-219.

———. 1998b. Amenhotep III, the Aegean and Anatolia. In Amenhotep III: Perspectives on his Reign, eds. David O'Connor and Eric H. Cline, 236-50. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

———. 1999a. The Nature of the Economic Relations of Crete with Egypt and the Near East during the Late Bronze Age. In From Minoan Farmers to Roman Traders: Sidelights on the Economy of Ancient Crete, ed. Angelos Chaniotis, 115-44. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.

———. 1999b. Littoral Truths: Seafaring in the Bronze Age. Archaeology Odyssey 2/5: 52-57, 61.

———. 1999c. Coals to Newcastle, Wallbrackets to Tiryns: Irrationality, Gift Exchange, and Distance Value. In Meletemata: Studies in Aegean Archaeology Presented to Malcolm H. Wiener as He Enters his 65th Year, eds. Philip P. Betancourt, Vassos Karageorghis, Robert Laffineur, and Wolf-Dietrich Niemeier, 119-23. Aegaeum 20. Liège: Université de Liège.

———. 2003. Canaan’s Relations with the Aegean. In 100 Years of American Archaeology in the Middle East: Proceedings of the American Schools of Oriental Research Centennial Celebration, Washington, DC, April 2000, eds. Douglas R. Clark and Victor H. Matthews, 167-79. Boston: American Schools of Oriental Research.

———. 2005. The Multivalent Nature of Imported Objects in the Ancient Mediterranean World. In Emporia: Mycenaeans and Minoans in the Central and Eastern Mediterranean, eds. Robert Laffineur and Emmanuel Greco, 45-51. Aegaeum 25. Liège: Université de Liège.

———. 2007. Rethinking Mycenaean International Trade with Egypt and the Near East. In Rethinking Mycenaean Palaces: New Interpretations of an Old Idea, eds. Michael L. Galaty and William A. Parkinson, 190-200. Second Revised and Expanded edition. Los Angeles: The Cotsen Institute of Archaeology.

———. 2008. Troy as a ‘Contested Periphery:’ Archaeological Perspectives on Cross-Cultural and Cross-Disciplinary Interactions Concerning Bronze Age Anatolia. In Anatolian Interfaces: Hittites, Greeks and their Neighbors. Proceedings of an International Conference on Cross-Cultural Interaction, September 17-19, 2004, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, eds. Billie Jean Collins, Mary R. Bachvarova, and Ian C. Rutherford, 11-20. Oxford: Oxbow Books

———. 2010. Bronze Age Interactions between the Aegean and the Eastern Mediterranean Revisited: Mainstream, Margin, or Periphery? In Archaic State Interaction: The Eastern Mediterranean in the Bronze Age, eds. William A. Parkinson and Michael L. Galaty, 161-80. Santa Fe, NM: School for Advanced Research. 7

Cline, Eric H., and Martin J. Cline. 1991. Of Shoes and Ships and Sealing Wax: International Trade and the Late Bronze Age Aegean. Expedition 33:3: 46-54.

Cline, Eric H., and David O’Connor. 2003. The Mystery of the ‘Sea Peoples.’ In Mysterious Lands, eds. David O'Connor and Stephen Quirke, 107-138. London: UCL Press.

Cline, Eric H., and Assaf Yasur-Landau. 2007a. Poetry in Motion: Canaanite Rulership and Aegean Narrative at Kabri. In EPOS: Reconsidering Greek Epic and Aegean Bronze Age Archaeology, eds. Sarah P. Morris and Robert Laffineur, 157-65. Aegaeum 28. Liège: Université de Liège.

———. 2007b. Musings from a Distant Shore: The Nature and Destination of the Uluburun Ship and Its Cargo. Tel Aviv 34/2: 125-41.

Cline, Eric H., and Assaf Yasur-Landau, and Nurith Goshen. 2011. New Fragments of Aegean-Style Painted Plaster from Tel Kabri, Israel. American Journal of Archaeology 115/2: 245-261.

Cline, Eric H., and Steven Stannish. 2011. Sailing the Great Green Sea: Amenhotep III’s “Aegean List” from Kom el-Hetan, Once More. Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections 3/2: 6-16.

Cohe, Chaim, Joseph Maran, and Melissa Vetters. 2010. An Ivory Rod with a Cuneiform Inscription, Most Probably Ugaritic, from a Final Palatial Workshop in the Lower Citadel of Tiryns. AA 2010/2: 1-22.

Duhoux, Yves. 2000. How Not to Decipher the Phaistos Disc: A Review Article. AJA 104/3: 597-600.

Feldman, Marian H. 2002. Luxurious forms: redefining a Mediterranean “International Style,” c. 1400- 1200 BCE. Art Bulletin 84: 6-29.

Friedrich, W.L. 2006. Santorini Eruption Radiocarbon Dated to 1627-1600 B.C. Science 28 April 2006: Vol. 312 no. 5773 p. 548.

Gill, David, and Christopher Chippindale. 1993. Material and intellectual consequences of esteem for Cycladic figures. AJA 97(4): 601-659.

Hansen, Ove. A Mycenaean Sword from Bogazköy-Hattusa Found in 1991. BSA 89: 213-15.

Heinemeier, J. et al. 2009. The Minoan eruption of Santorini radiocarbon dated by an olive tree buried by the eruption. In Time’s Up! Dating the Minoan eruption of Santorini, ed. by David A. Warburton, pp. 289-293. Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens Volume 10. Acts of the Minoan Eruption Chronology Workshop, Sandbjerg November 2007, initiated by Jan Heinemeier & Walter L. Friedrich. Athens: The Danish Institute at Athens.

Heltzer, Michael. 1988. Sinaranu, son of Siginu, and the Trade Relations between Ugarit and Crete. Minos 23: 7-13.

———. 1989. The Trade of Crete and Cyprus with Syria and Mesopotamia and their Eastern Tin-Sources in the XVIII-XVII Centuries B.C. Minos 24: 7-28.

Jablonka, Peter, and C. Brian Rose. 2004. Late Bronze Age Troy: A Response to Frank Kolb. AJA 108/4: 615-33.

Knapp, A. Bernard. 1992a. Bronze Age Mediterranean Island Cultures and the Ancient Near East, Part 1. Biblical Archaeologist 55/2: 52-72.

———. 1992b. Bronze Age Mediterranean Island Cultures and the Ancient Near East, Part 2. Biblical Archaeologist 55/3: 112-28.

———. 1998. Mediterranean Bronze Age Trade: Distance, Power and Place. In The Aegean and the Orient in the Second Millennium: Proceedings of the 50th Anniversary Symposium, Cincinnati, 18-20 April 1997, eds. Eric H. Cline and Diane Harris-Cline, 193-207. Aegaeum 18. Liège: Université de Liège.

Koehl, Robert B. 1986a. The Chieftain Cup and a Minoan Rite of Passage. JHS 106: 99-110.

———. 1986b. A Marinescape Floor from the Palace at Knossos. AJA 90:4: 407-417.

Kolb, Frank. 2004. Troy VI: A Trading Center and Commercial City? AJA 108/4: 577-613.

Korfmann, Manfred. 2004. Was There a Trojan War? Archaeology 57/3: 36-41.

Manning, S.W. et al. 2006. Chronology for the Aegean Late Bronze Age 1700-1400 B.C. Science 28 April 2006: 565-569.

Maran, Joseph. 2009. The Crisis Years? Reflections on Signs of Instability in the Last Decades of the Mycenaean Palaces. In Scienze dell’antichità; Storia Archeologia Antropologia 15: 241- 262.

Maran, Joseph. 2012. Ceremonial feasting equipment, social space and interculturality in Post-Palatial Tiryns. In Materiality and Social Practice: Transformative Capacities of Intercultural Encounters, ed. Joseph Maran and Philipp W. Stockhammer, 121-36. Oxford: Oxbow Books.

Mee, Christopher. 1998. Anatolia and the Aegean in the Late Bronze Age. In The Aegean and the Orient in the Second Millennium: Proceedings of the 50th Anniversary Symposium, Cincinnati, 18-20 April 1997, eds. Eric H. Cline and Diane Harris-Cline, 137-48. Aegaeum 18. Liège: Université de Liège.

Morris, Sarah P. 1989. A Tale of Two Cities: The Miniature Frescoes from Thera and the Origins of Greek Poetry. AJA 93: 511-535.

Niemeier, Wolf-Dietrich. 1988. The ‘Priest King’ Fresco from Knossos. A New Reconstruction and Interpretation. In Problems in Greek Prehistory. Papers Presented at the Centenary Conference of the British School of Archaeology at Athens, Manchester, April 1986, eds. Elizabeth B. French and Ken A. Wardle, 235-44. Bristol: Bristol Classical Press.

———. 1998. The Mycenaeans in Western Anatolia and the Problem of the Origins of the Sea Peoples.” In Mediterranean Peoples in Transition: Thirteenth to Early Tenth Centuries BCE, ed. Sy Gitin et al., 17- 65. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.

———. 1999. Mycenaeans and Hittites in War in Western Asia Minor. In Polemos: Le Contexte Guerrier en Égée a L’Âge du Bronze, ed. Robert Laffineur, 141-55. Liège: Université de Liège.

———, and Barbara Niemeier. 1998. Minoan Frescoes in the Eastern Mediterranaean. In The Aegean and the Orient in the Second Millennium: Proceedings of the 50th Anniversary Symposium, Cincinnati, 18-20 April 1997, eds. Eric H. Cline and Diane Harris-Cline, 69-97. Aegaeum 18. Liège: Université de Liège.

Nur, Amos, and Eric H. Cline. 2000. Poseidon’s Horses: Plate Tectonics and Earthquake Storms in the Late Bronze Age Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean. Journal of Archaeological Science 27.1: 43-64.

———. 2001. What Triggered the Collapse? Earthquake Storms. Archaeology Odyssey 4/5: 31-36, 62- 63.

Pfälzner, Peter. 2008. Between The Aegean And Syria: The Wall Paintings From The Royal Palace Of Qatna. In Fundstellen Gesammelte Schriften zur Archäologie und Geschichte Altvorderasiens ad honorem Hartmut Kühne, eds. Dominik Bonatz, Rainer M. Czichon, and F. Janoscha Kreppner, 95-118. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.

Phillips, Jacke, and Cline, Eric H. 2005. Amenhotep III and Mycenae: New Evidence. In Autochthon: Papers Presented to O.T.P.K. Dickinson on the Occasion of his Retirement, eds. Anastasia Dakouri-Hild and E. Susan Sherratt, 317-28. BAR International Series 1432. Oxford: Archaeopress.

Pulak, Cemal. 1999. Shipwreck! Recovering 3,000-Year-Old Cargo. Archaeology Odyssey 2/4: 18-29, 59.

———. 1998. The Uluburun Shipwreck: An Overview. IJNA 27: 188-224.

———. 2005. Who were the Mycenaeans aboard the Uluburun ship? In Emporia. Aegeans in the Central and Eastern Mediterranean. Proceedings of the 10th International Aegean Conference. Athens, Italian School of Archaeology, 14-18 April 2004, eds. Robert Laffineur and Emanuele Greco, 295-310. Aegaeum 25. Liège: Université de Liège.

Rehak, Paul. 1998. Aegean Natives in the Theban Tomb Paintings: The Keftiu Revisited. In The Aegean and the Orient in the Second Millennium: Proceedings of the 50th Anniversary Symposium, Cincinnati, 18-20 April 1997, eds. Eric H. Cline and Diane Harris-Cline, 39-51. Aegaeum 18. Liège: Université de Liège.

Schofield, Louise and Richard B. Parkinson. 1994. Of Helmets and Heretics: A Possible Egyptian Representation of Mycenaean Warriors on a Papyrus from el-Amarna. BSA 89: 157-170.

Shanks, Hershel. 2002. Greeks vs. Hittites; Why Troy is Troy and the Trojan War is Real. Archaeology Odyssey 5/4: 24-35, 53.

Shaw, Maria. 2004. The “Priest-King” Fresco from Knossos: Man, Woman, Priest, King, or Someone Else? In ΧΑΡΙΣ: Essays in Honor of Sara A. Immerwahr, ed. Anne P. Chapin, 65-84. Hesperia Supplement 33. Princeton: American School of Classical Studies at Athens.

Tournavitou, Iphigenia. 1990. Enclave Colonies Model -- True or False? BSA 85: 414-18. 10

von Kappen, Fraus. 2007. Syrian Trade Routes of the Mari Age and MB II Hazor. In The Synchronisation of Civilisations in the Eastern Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B.C. III. Proceedings of the SCIEM 2000--2nd EuroConference, Vienna, 28th of May-1st of June 2003, ed. Manfred Bietak and Ernst Czerny, 367-74. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.

NB: The above schedule and procedures in this course are subject to change in the event of extenuating circumstances.