JOSEPHUS DANIELS HOUSE: ADDITIONAL INFORMATION REGARDING THE SITE

PREPARED BY EDWARDS-PITMAN ENVIRONMENTAL, INC. Post Office Box 1171 Durham, North Carolina 27702 919-682-2211 www.edwards-pitman.com

FOR THE RALEIGH HISTORIC DISTRICTS COMMISSION Post Office Box 829 Century Station Raleigh, North Carolina 27602 919-832-7238

JULY 29, 2005

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Executive Summary ...... 1

Introduction ...... 1

National Historic Landmark Designation, 1976 ...... 2

Local Historic Landmark Designation, 1990 ...... 2

Inclusion in National Register of Historic Places Historic District, 2002...... 3

Summary of Significance ...... 4

Significant under NRHP Criterion B and NHL Criterion 2...... 4

Other Properties Associated with Josephus Daniels ...... 5

Historic Integrity under NRHP Criterion B and NHL Criterion 2 ...... 6

Boundary of the Historic Property...... 7

Additional Historical Information Relating to Parcel...... 9

Evaluating the Integrity of the Parcel ...... 14

Appendix A. Photographs

Appendix B: NRHP and NHL Criteria

Appendix C: Resumes

Report prepared by:

Jennifer F. Martin, Project Manager Edwards-Pitman Environmental, Inc., Durham, North Carolina

Cynthia de Miranda, Principal Investigator Edwards-Pitman Environmental, Inc., Durham, North Carolina

Susan P. Little, FASLA Little and Little Landscape Architects, Raleigh, North Carolina

Executive Summary In July 2005, the Raleigh Historic Districts Commission authorized this report to provide information about the significance and integrity of the grounds surrounding the Josephus Daniels House at 1520 Caswell Street, in Raleigh, North Carolina. The house and grounds, also known historically as Wakestone, have been designated a National Historic Landmark (1976), a Local Landmark (1990), and a contributing property in the Hayes Barton National Register Historic District (2002). All of these listings include the entire legal parcel as the boundary of the designated property; the boundaries of that parcel have not changed since any of the listings or designations.

None of the nominations or designation reports specifically discusses the history of the parcel and how it relates to the house during the period of significance. In all cases, however, use of the parcel boundary as the historic resource boundary is justified and appropriate because it is the land historically associated with the resource. 1

It is the conclusion of this report that the acreage surrounding the house was not simply land that did not get developed when the surrounding neighborhood was built. The entire parcel was integral to Josephus Daniels’s use of the property as a homeplace and part of what constituted Wakestone. The parcel, like the house, has seen some alterations since the period of significance, but the majority of those changes were made prior to the property’s designation as both a National Historic Landmark and as a Local Landmark. Changes made since designation do not compromise the historic integrity of the parcel. The entire parcel contributes to the historic significance of the overall property and retains historic integrity today. Introduction Josephus and Addie Bagley Daniels bought the land in 1920 and immediately hired Howard Satterfield to design and build the house. This was their permanent residence from 1921 until the death of Josephus Daniels in 1948 (his wife predeceased him by five years). In 1950, the Daniels’s four sons, who had been left the house and lot in their father’s will, sold both to the Raleigh Masons. The Masons have since used the property as a meeting place for three local lodges.

The parcel at 1520 Caswell Street encompasses 3.89 acres, according to the Wake County Geographic Information System (GIS) website.2 Three buildings stand on the parcel today: the house and garage, both built in 1920, and a small brick storage building erected in more recent decades. The Raleigh Masons added an auditorium to the rear of the house in 1957 and installed paved parking lots south and west of the house before and after 1976, respectively. The Masons also paved the circular drive, which had a gravel surface in 1976, according to the National Register of Historic Places nomination prepared that year. The nomination also states that the Masons were contemplating paving the area in front of the house for parking. A 1953 aerial

1 See the “Guidelines for selecting boundaries: Buildings,” in Donna J. Seifert et al., National Register Bulletin: Defining Boundaries for National Register Properties (Washington, D.C.: US Department of the Interior, 1995, revised 1997), 7. 2 The GIS system is available on the World Wide Web at http://imaps.co.wake.nc.us/imaps/. Information in the report was acquired when the system was accessed on July 13, 2005.

Josephus Daniels House: Information to Supplement 1976 NRHP Nomination Page 1 Prepared by Edwards-Pitman Environmental, Inc. Durham, NC 919-682-2211 July 29, 2005

photograph shows that grass no longer grew in the area between the circular drive and the sidewalk by the early 1950s. The photograph indicates that the Masons, or possibly the Daniels, had been using the area for parking long before the property was designated a National Historic Landmark. (See photographs and a site plan in Appendix A.)

National Historic Landmark Designation, 1976 The Josephus Daniels House, or Wakestone as the Daniels called their home on the hill, was designated a National Historic Landmark and—by default—listed in the National Register of Historic Places in December 1976. The verbal boundary description in the nomination form reads: “The boundary of the nominated property includes both the Daniels’ garage and the main house and coincides with the boundary of the legal lot known as 1520 Caswell Street, Raleigh, North Carolina.” The period of significance is 1920 through 1948, which includes construction and the entire period of Josephus Daniels’s ownership and residence. The boundary of the listed property is the legal parcel at 1520 Caswell Street; the limits of that parcel have not changed since listing.

Changes to the property since listing include the paving of the circular driveway, the addition of pavement to what had already become a parking area in front of the house, construction of a small storage building in the woods just southeast of the garage, and some planting of the southeast corner of the parcel along Williamson Drive and along Glenwood Avenue. The nomination mentions that the owners were contemplating paving the second parking lot at the time of the nomination.

Local Historic Landmark Designation, 1990 The house (excluding the auditorium addition), garage, and parcel were designated a Local Landmark by the City of Raleigh in 1990. The designating ordinance establishes that:

Section 1. The property designated as Josephus Daniels House, in the planning jurisdiction of the City of Raleigh, North Carolina, be and is declared a Raleigh Historic Property. Said property being more particularly described as follows: Josephus Daniels House, 1520 Caswell Street, including the parcel which contains approximately three (3) acres and has its boundary coincident with the legal boundary of the lot known as 1520 Caswell Street. It is bounded by Caswell Street, Glenwood Avenue, and Williamson Drive. Section 2. Those elements of the property that are integral to its historical, architectural, archaeological significance, or any combination thereof are as follows: The 1920 randomly laid stone Georgian Revival-style original section of the house with its wings and all pre-1950 additions and dependencies (including the garage), which excludes the massive 1956-58 rear wing, but includes all grounds and landscape features and all appurtenant features on the designated portion of the building and grounds as described in Section 1.

A mistake on the “Raleigh Historic Property Designation Application and Report” cover form records that there is one contributing building and no noncontributing buildings on the parcel. The form should list two contributing buildings (house and garage) and possibly one noncontributing building (the storage building, if built before 1990). The ordinance, as demonstrated above, makes clear that there is more than one building on the parcel.

Josephus Daniels House: Information to Supplement 1976 NRHP Nomination Page 2 Prepared by Edwards-Pitman Environmental, Inc. Durham, NC 919-682-2211 July 29, 2005

The form also lists the “approximate acreage or dimensions” of the parcel as 3 acres. The ordinance does not clarify that the lot is actually 3.89 acres; instead the ordinance repeats the approximate acreage that had been included on the National Register of Historic Places Nomination. The ordinance does, however, describe the boundary as being coincident with the legal boundary of the lot at 1520 Caswell, which does include the full 3.89 acres, according to Wake County GIS, as stated above. The limits of that parcel have not changed since designation.

Changes to the property since listing as a Local Landmark are difficult to determine, since a new description of the property was not submitted in 1990 when the property was designated. Alterations likely include the construction of the small storage building in the woods just southeast of the garage and the planting in the southeast corner of the parcel along Williamson Drive.

Note that the North Carolina enabling legislation for local preservation programs and the City of Raleigh preservation ordinance both set forth the same set of criteria to be used in designating properties as local landmarks. In addition, those criteria are essentially the same employed by the National Register of Historic Places program (see Appendix B). Accordingly, the Local Landmark designation report for the Josephus Daniels House used the National Historic Landmark application form prepared in 1976 as the argument for the property’s Local Landmark status.

The National Register program has published several instructional bulletins providing extensive guidance on how to apply those criteria. Appropriate National Register bulletins are referenced in this report to clarify points regarding the historic significance and integrity of the Josephus Daniels House and its parcel. Because Raleigh’s Local Landmark program uses the same criteria in listing and designating properties, these explanations of National Register evaluation procedures hold for the Local Landmark program as well.

Inclusion in National Register of Historic Places Historic District, 2002 The surrounding neighborhood, Hayes Barton, was listed in the National Register of Historic Places as a historic district in 2002. Wakestone is included in the district as a contributing property, meaning that it contributes to the significance of the historic district. The district is roughly bounded by St. Mary’s Street on the east, Fairview Road on the north, Scales Street on the east, and Aycock Street and Williamson Drive on the south. The southernmost edge of the parcel at 1520 Caswell Street forms a portion of the district’s boundary. There have apparently been no changes to the property since it was listed as a contributing property in the Hayes Barton Historic District. The limits of the parcel at 1520 Caswell Street have not changed since the district was listed.

Josephus Daniels House: Information to Supplement 1976 NRHP Nomination Page 3 Prepared by Edwards-Pitman Environmental, Inc. Durham, NC 919-682-2211 July 29, 2005

Summary of Significance Wakestone was listed in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) and as a National Historic Landmark (NHL) and designated a Local Landmark for its association with Josephus Daniels. As secretary of the navy under Woodrow Wilson, Daniels overhauled policies, training, and recruitment in the U.S. Navy, democratizing and professionalizing that branch of the military. Daniels served in Wilson’s cabinet from 1913 through 1921. Energetic and productive throughout his long life, Daniels was also a prominent newspaperman and later a diplomat. Daniels was owner and often editor of the News and Observer from the late nineteenth century into the 1940s. In 1933, Franklin D. Roosevelt, who had been the assistant secretary of the navy under Daniels, appointed his old chief to be the ambassador to Mexico, a position Daniels held until resigning in 1941 due to his wife’s health.3

Once Daniels purchased the Raleigh News and Observer in 1894, he “breathed new life into the paper and made it one of the leading instruments in the overthrow of the State’s Republican- Populist fusion government.” Daniels biographer E. David Cronon calls Daniels the “leading voice of reform in North Carolina and the upper South and a fervent partisan of the progressive wing of the Democratic party.” Daniels’s involvement in the Democratic party led to his cabinet appointment as secretary of the navy in 1913. Daniels was, according to biographer Joseph L. Morrison, “one of the great Secretaries of the Navy,” who prepared the Navy for World War I and instituted several changes in operational policy. Those included mandatory education for illiterate sailors, opening enlistment to women, making sea service a prerequisite for promotions, banning alcoholic drink from the officer’s mess, and the establishment of a civilian advisory board to keep up with changing naval technology. A magazine article about Daniels’s cabinet service took the headline, “The Man Who Has Democratized the Navy.” As ambassador to Mexico, Daniels “won the favor of the Mexican people and did much to advance the Good Neighbor Policy.”4

Daniels resigned his post as ambassador to Mexico so that his wife, who suffered from severe arthritis, could return to private life. Daniels, as he always did upon completing a term of government service, resumed work once again on the News and Observer.5

Significant under NRHP Criterion B and NHL Criterion 2 Both the NRHP and the NHL programs have established various criteria under which properties are evaluated for eligibility. A property needs to meet only one of the criteria to be eligible.

3 Information here and throughout the summary of significance (unless otherwise cited) is from the National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form (which also served as the National Historic Landmark application) for the Josephus Daniels House, prepared by Mary Jane Gregory, Ralph Christian, and George R. Adams of the American Association for State and Local History in 1976. 4 Mary Jane Gregory, Ralph Christian, and George R. Adams, “Josephus Daniels House; Wakestone,” National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form, January 1976, cover form and pages 1-3; Cronon and Morrison quoted in the NRHP nomination on page 1; Theodore H. Price, “The Man Who Has Democratized the Navy,” The Outlook, 27 March 1918, 484-486. 5 Gregory, Christian, and Adams, 4.

Josephus Daniels House: Information to Supplement 1976 NRHP Nomination Page 4 Prepared by Edwards-Pitman Environmental, Inc. Durham, NC 919-682-2211 July 29, 2005

Properties designated as NHLs are by default also listed in the NRHP. As described above, criteria used by the City of Raleigh to evaluate properties for eligibility as Local Landmarks are essentially the same as the NRHP criteria. Accordingly, this report will discuss guidelines employed in evaluating properties and determining boundaries for the NRHP in evaluating the parcel.

The National Park Service, which oversees both the NRHP and NHL programs, publishes bulletins that provide explanatory information and guidance on how to navigate the programs. National Register Bulletin: How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation (1990, revised 1997) describes properties eligible for the NRHP under Criterion B as those “associated with the lives of persons significant in our past.” The same bulletin relates NHL Criterion 2 to properties “that are associated importantly with the lives of persons nationally significant in the history of the United States” [emphasis added]. Eligibility for the NRHP, on the other hand, requires significance at any one of three levels: local, statewide, or national. (A full list of all criteria for both programs can be found in Appendix B.)

Daniels’s achievements in Woodrow Wilson’s cabinet as secretary of the navy fulfill the requirement of national significance in NHL Criterion 2. Daniels work in President Wilson’s cabinet was obviously at a national level and affected national policies regarding the Navy and its operations.

Other Properties Associated with Josephus Daniels For both the NRHP and NHL programs, the association between nominated property and significant person must be with the person’s productive life, if possible. When there is more than one property associated with a person, the one most strongly associated with the person’s significant achievements generally receives designation.6

The nomination states that Daniels lived in three residences in Washington, D.C.; two of those three were still extant in 1975, at the time of the nomination. Those two houses are Single Oak at 2920 Cathedral Avenue NW (rented from 1913 to 1915) and 3000 Woodley Road (occupied in 1915). Addie Bagley Daniels writes fondly of the family’s short time at Single Oak in her posthumous memoir, Recollections of a Cabinet Minister’s Wife, but the brief stay at the Woodley Road house does not even rate a mention.7 Furthermore, the houses in Washington, always rented, were never seen as permanent homes. The family did not occupy either house during the majority of Daniels’s tenure as secretary of the navy, and neither become strongly associated with Josephus Daniels in the way that Wakestone did.

The Daniels also lived in at least two other Raleigh houses: the Rogers-Bagley-Daniels-Pegues House at 125 East South Street (NR 1979) and at 801 New Bern Avenue. The East South Street

6 National Park Service, National Register Bulletin: How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation (n.p., 1990, revised 1997), 14. 7 Addie Worth Bagley Daniels, Recollections of a Cabinet Minister’s Wife (n.p. 1945[?]). The volume comprises articles written for the Saturday Evening Post while the Daniels was living in Washington during Josephus Daniels’s tenure as Secretary of the Navy. Daniels, in the foreword, indicates that he “took the liberty to insert the text of letters to which she only made reference and to add several of the incidents and stories she loved to tell.”

Josephus Daniels House: Information to Supplement 1976 NRHP Nomination Page 5 Prepared by Edwards-Pitman Environmental, Inc. Durham, NC 919-682-2211 July 29, 2005

house belonged to Josephus Daniels’s mother-in-law, Adelaide Worth Bagley, although the Daniels lived there for nineteen years. During this time, Daniels, who had just purchased the News and Observer, edited the newspaper and immersed himself in local and national politics, often entertaining at the house. Daniels left the house in 1913 and moved his family to Washington, D.C., to accept his cabinet appointment.8

The New Bern Avenue house appears to be a rental house the Daniels lived in upon returning to Raleigh and while awaiting completion of Wakestone. The 1921-1922 Raleigh city directory list 801 New Bern Avenue as Josephus Daniels’s address; the 1922-1923 documents him living at “Wake Stone.” In both 1919-1920 and 1923-1924, Mrs. M.D. Sears is listed as the resident of 801 New Bern Avenue.9

The house at 1520 Caswell was built during the final year of Daniels’s tenure as a Wilson cabinet member, and its size, siting, and grandness are all consequences of that prominent position and Daniels’s achievements in it. Indeed, the house was financed in part with honoraria from speaking engagements around the country that Daniels would not have had without his eight years’ experience working in a presidential administration. The grounds also feature an emblem of Daniels’s position as Secretary of the Navy: a deck gun from a World War I-era German battleship was installed in the front yard.10 Wakestone is the only house built for Josephus and Addie Daniels, the only house owned by the Daniels, and the house they lived in longest, from 1921 through 1948. It features large public rooms and more bedrooms than a couple with grown children would need. It was apparently designed for hosting parties and guests—necessary for a public figure on both state and national stages. Wakestone is the residence most strongly associated with Daniels productive life and achievements, particularly those achievements lending him national significance.

Historic Integrity under NRHP Criterion B and NHL Criterion 2 Significance is just one of two elements that must be present for a property to be eligible in the NRHP and NHL programs. Integrity—“the ability of a property to convey its significance” as it is described in National Register Bulletin: How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation—must also be present. The bulletin acknowledges that properties experience changes and alterations, but that a property must retain “the essential physical features that enable it to convey its historic identity.” 11

The 1976 nomination describes interior and exterior changes to the house and alterations to the grounds that had been made since Daniels’s residency. Notably, the nomination states that the Masons’ addition “extends downhill from the original structure which stands atop a gently sloping hill and therefore does not significantly detract from the house when the latter is viewed

8 David W. Parham, “Rogers-Bagley-Daniels-Pegues House” National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form, 1979. 9 Hill’s Raleigh (Wake County, N.C.) City Directories. Richmond: Hill Directory Co., 1919-1924. 10 Joseph L. Morrison, Josephus Danels: The Small-d Democrat (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1966), 143, 146; Gregory, Christian and Adams, cover form. 11 National Register Bulletin: NR Criteria for Evaluation, 44; Gregory, Christian, and Adams, cover form.

Josephus Daniels House: Information to Supplement 1976 NRHP Nomination Page 6 Prepared by Edwards-Pitman Environmental, Inc. Durham, NC 919-682-2211 July 29, 2005

from the front.” The nomination also includes descriptions regarding parking areas: “A sprawling, paved parking lot now lies to the south of the house, in an area once covered by Daniels’ gardens. The Masons are considering constructing a second parking lot on the front lawn.” That the property received designation as a National Historic Landmark demonstrates that these changes were not sufficient to destroy the historic integrity of the site.12

National Register Bulletin: How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation also reminds us that a property significant for their association with an important person is eligible if it “retains the essential physical features that made up its character of appearance during the period of its association” with the person.13

Boundary of the Historic Property The original nomination for Wakestone indicates that the boundary for the property “coincides with the boundary of the legal lot known as 1520 Caswell Street, Raleigh, North Carolina.” The figure below shows that boundary in a map generated by the Wake County iMAPS program, accessible from the following website: http://imaps.co.wake.nc.us/imaps/

12 Gregory, Christian, and Adams, cover form. 13 National Register Bulletin: NR Criteria for Evaluation, 46.

Josephus Daniels House: Information to Supplement 1976 NRHP Nomination Page 7 Prepared by Edwards-Pitman Environmental, Inc. Durham, NC 919-682-2211 July 29, 2005

While the nomination asserts that the entire parcel is included as the nominated property, it does not explicitly state that the land and house together constitute the significant resource. Despite the lack of such a statement in the nomination, this is, in fact, the case. This is standard procedure in determining eligible properties and their boundaries, which accounts for the lack of explanatory statements to that effect in the nomination. The point can also be clarified by examining the “Guidelines for Selecting Boundaries: Buildings” on page 7 of the National Register Bulletin: Defining Boundaries for National Register Properties. The bulletin provides the following direction.

• Select boundaries that encompass the entire resource, including both historic and modern additions. Include surrounding land historically associated with the resource that retains integrity and contributes to the property’s historic significance.

• Use the legally recorded parcel number or lot lines for urban and suburban properties that retain their historic boundaries and integrity.

Since its designation as an NHL and Local Landmark, there have been no major changes to the parcel. The 3.89 acres was the legally recorded parcel at the time of these designations and it remains so today. During the period of significance, the parcel was integral to the Daniels’s use of the property as their home. This 3.89 acres functioned as the setting for the house and as useful recreational and productive land for Josephus Daniels and his family and therefore contributes to the property’s overall significance.

Josephus Daniels House: Information to Supplement 1976 NRHP Nomination Page 8 Prepared by Edwards-Pitman Environmental, Inc. Durham, NC 919-682-2211 July 29, 2005

Additional Historical Information Relating to Parcel On January 22, 1920, at the start of Josephus Daniels’s last year as secretary of the navy, Addie Daniels took the train to Raleigh to arrange for housing upon their return. Two days later, Josephus wrote in his diary, “Telegram from Addie who said she had bought 11 lots for $8,500 on the hill beyond the Methodist orphanage. We will build on the hill and be happy.” An entry on January 25 says “Talked with [Daniels’s nephew] Frank and [Frank’s wife] Cora about the house—Both glad of the hill and opportunity to build out there.” Before the end of the month, Daniels’s diary reveals that he “spent afternoon with architect and builder from Raleigh over plans for house.” The architect and builder was Howard Satterfield, who built several houses in Hayes Barton after completing the Daniels’s house. In late February, 1920, Daniels himself went to Raleigh to talk over the plan of building with his sons.14

The lots Daniels referred to—“on the hill beyond the Methodist Orphanage”—were in the not- yet-platted Hayes Barton development, west of Glenwood Avenue and its trolley line and north of Raleigh’s city limits. In 1919, Allen Brothers Realty had struck an agreement with Ella Williamson to develop her farm on the northern outskirts of Raleigh into a residential suburb. In January 1920, months before the Allen Brothers filed a plat for Hayes Barton, they and Mrs. Williamson filed an agreement with Addie Daniels to sell her approximately 3.75 acres of land. The agreement refers to a “preliminary survey and map” and describes the intended parcel as bordered on the east by Glenwood Avenue, on the south by the “lower park road” and on the west by “a proposed Street running in Northwardly direction.” By July 1, 1920, the official deed of sale was recorded; it included parcels 454 through 477 in the Hayes Barton Plat. In 1922, after moving into the house, Addie Daniels also purchased lots 451, 452, 453, 478, and 479, providing more space on the north side of the house (see Figure 1 in Appendix A).15

So stood Wakestone in 1922, on a prominent hill beyond Raleigh’s limits, surrounded by well over three acres. (see Figures 2, 3, and 4 in Appendix A.) The Daniels’s may have had more land than anyone else in the neighborhood, but theirs was by no means the only large parcel occupied by a single house. While the lots in the Hayes Barton plat—generally 40 feet wide and 150 feet to 200 feet deep—seem to imply that development was intended to be very dense, the deed restrictions required that each building lot have a minimum frontage of eighty feet. Most prospective homeowners purchasing land in Hayes Barton bought the minimum two lots, but

14 Diary of Josephus Daniels, January 22, 24, and 25 and February 22, 1920, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. E. David Cronon, who edited the diaries in the published volume Cabinet Diaries of Josephus Daniels, 1913-1921 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1963), conjectured that “Frank and Cora” referred to Josephus Daniels’s nephew Frank B. Daniels and his wife Rosa; Catherine W. Bishir and Michael T. Southern, A Guide to the Historic Architecture of Piedmont North Carolina (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003), 130-131. 15 Sherry Joines Wyatt, Hayes Barton Historic District,” National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form, 2002; Mrs. Ella S. Williamson et als to Mrs. Addie W. Daniels, January 28, 1920, Book 355 p. 169 (microfilm), Wake County Deeds, Wake County Register of Deeds, Raleigh; Mrs. Ella S. Williamson to Mrs. Addie W. Daniels, July 1, 1920, Book 368 p. 14 (microfilm), Wake County Deeds, Wake County Register of Deeds, Raleigh; Mrs. Maggie Edmunson to Mrs. Addie W. Bagley Daniels, Book 565 p. 352 (microfilm), Wake County Deeds, Wake County Register of Deeds, Raleigh.

Josephus Daniels House: Information to Supplement 1976 NRHP Nomination Page 9 Prepared by Edwards-Pitman Environmental, Inc. Durham, NC 919-682-2211 July 29, 2005

many bought more than the minimum. Overall, the Hayes Barton neighborhood is noticeably less compact than surrounding Five Points subdivisions.16

In addition, Hayes Barton features several single-house parcels consisting of between one and two acres (1019 Cowper Drive; 1021 Cowper Drive; 1520 Jarvis Street; 803 Holt Drive; 815 Holt Drive; 1912 Stone Street) and even some over two acres (1006 Harvey Street; 908 Williamson Drive). The NRHP nomination for the Hayes Barton Historic District explains that that the development was aimed at “Raleigh’s elite citizens.” The nomination further explains that, accordingly, the Allen Brothers had hired prominent landscape architect Earle Sumner Draper to design the plat, through some connection with Josephus Daniels. Draper included a long stretch of parkland through the heart of the development, and the houses overlooking that park “were conceived of as small estates,” as described in the nomination, consisting of substantial houses on large parcels. While Draper designed the overall landscape of the neighborhood, laying out streets to curve around the natural topography of the land, early twentieth century homeowners tended to do their own planting at their residences without benefit of formal landscape plans.17

The Daniels returned to Raleigh in February 1921, and the family moved into a house at 801 New Bern Avenue while Satterfield finished building the house. Addie immediately set herself to the task of homemaking at Wakestone. Josephus Daniels wrote to his mother-in-law on Easter Sunday that “Before the car of furniture had arrived Addie had been planting trees and plants on her hill, dressed in heavy shoes and brown sweater (tell Henry that wasn’t all).”18 Addie Daniels’s documented activities associated with the home site demonstrate that the parcel was integral to the family’s use of the property.

The large purchase of land for Wakestone afforded the Daniels grounds, space, and views and they appreciated all three. The land was never just a setting for the house; the Daniels changed the grounds often while they were there, sometimes to accommodate specific uses. Shrubs that Addie planted on “her hill” grew to imposing heights by the mid-1930s, lining the circular drive. Photographs from the 1940s show them cut back completely. Frank A. Daniels Jr., who grew up and now lives next door, recalls that a great swath of the land was taken up by a victory garden during World War II. Frank Daniels Jr.’s recollection is that the garden occupied the space in front of the house and spread down the hill along Caswell Street down to Williamson Drive. A

16 Mrs. Ella S. Williamson to Mrs. Addie W. Daniels, July 1, 1920, Book 368 p. 14 (microfilm), Wake County Deeds, Wake County Register of Deeds, Raleigh. 17 Mrs. Ella S. Williamson to Mrs. Addie W. Daniels, July 1, 1920, Book 368 p. 14 (microfilm), Wake County Deeds, Wake County Register of Deeds, Raleigh; Wyatt, “Hayes Barton” Nomination Form; Susan Little, Little and Little Landscape Architects, interview with the author, July 22, 2005. 18 Diary of Josephus Daniels, February 3, 1921, Josephus Daniels Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill ; Hill’s Raleigh City Directories (Richmond: Hill Directory Co., 1921-1922); Josephus Daniels to Adelaide Worth Bagley, March 27, 1921, Bagley Family Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. The “Henry” referred to in the letter was Addie Daniels’s brother.

Josephus Daniels House: Information to Supplement 1976 NRHP Nomination Page 10 Prepared by Edwards-Pitman Environmental, Inc. Durham, NC 919-682-2211 July 29, 2005

long-time resident of Williamson Drive, Susan Peden, also recalls the garden occupying the open area along the south slope, taking advantage of the plentiful sun at that vantage.19

This would have been Addie’s second such garden, having had one in Washington during World War I at the urging of First Lady Edith Wilson. After the World War II, according to Frank A. Daniels Jr., the garden was plowed under and the lawn restored. Addie was, by this time, suffering too greatly from arthritis to have done much work in her second victory garden, and the family gardener Claude Snelling did most of the gardening, assisted by young Frank. Josephus Daniels, in his will, left a sum of money to Snelling, recording that he was a “faithful and skilled gardener.”20

Frank Daniels Jr. also recalls a small “glade” near the south end of the house with a Winged Victory statue and a flower garden. The garden—which featured grass between rows of roses and other flowers—may have been a cutting garden rather than landscaped flower beds. There was also a pergola between the rose garden and the victory garden. An aerial photograph of most of the parcel shows the pergola and some defined space, although there are no flowers (see Figure 2 in Appendix A). The photograph does show some structure to the landscaping south of the house: large shrubs form an allèe from the south porch down into a clearing. A pergola is visible at the south side of the clearing, amidst some more shrubs, and a small arbor gate stands even farther down the hill. There are no flower gardens in the photograph, however, and no victory garden. The photograph, which is published in Lucy Daniels’s memoir, is undated, but was probably taken between 1935 and 1941, based on comparison with other photographs, known construction dates of surrounding buildings, and the absence of the victory garden.21

A North Carolina Department of Transportation aerial photograph, thought to date to the late 1950s or early 1960s, shows a path leading down the slope at the southeast corner of the property (see Figure 3 in Appendix A). Frank Daniels Jr. also remembers this path. He describes it as an unpaved with two sets of stepping stones (about ten stones, in two groups of five). The path was lined with trees, according to Daniels’s recollection, and led from the southeast corner of the side porch to the bus stop at the place where Williamson Drive and Glenwood Avenue meet. Daniels remembers sitting on the low stone wall that edged the curve of the parcel at the southeast corner.

The large parcel and the commodious house enabled Josephus and Addie Daniels to provide their children with living space. Upon Frank Daniels’s 1929 marriage to Ruth Aunspaugh, the couple moved into the Daniels’s house, living in “an apartment furnished for them in ‘Wakestone,’ the

19 Photographs of Wakefield in the snow in 1926 in the Bagley Family Papers at the Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; photographs from the 1940s are from the News & Observer Archive; Frank A. Daniels Jr. interviewed by the author, Raleigh, N.C., July 19, 2005; Melissa Peden, interviewed by Susan Little, Raleigh, N.C., July 21, 2005; the Victory Garden is also mentioned in Lou Rogers, “Addie Worth Bagley Daniels,” We the People 4 (May 1946): 20-23. 20 Addie Bagley Daniels, 137; Will of Josephus Daniels, November 20, 1946, Frank A. Daniels Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. 21 Lucy Daniels, With a Woman’s Voice: A Writer’s Struggle for Emotional Freedom (Laham, Md.: Madison Books, 2001), between 192 and 193.

Josephus Daniels House: Information to Supplement 1976 NRHP Nomination Page 11 Prepared by Edwards-Pitman Environmental, Inc. Durham, NC 919-682-2211 July 29, 2005

beautiful and palatial home of Mr. and Mrs. Josephus Daniels, parents of the bridegroom,” as reported by the Raleigh Times on November 21, 1929. Around 1931, Frank and Ruth built their own house at 1515 Glenwood Avenue on a parcel taken from the northeast corner of Josephus and Addie’s large lot.22

In 1932, Jonathan Daniels decided to settle in Raleigh and return to the News and Observer, leaving New York and a job on the staff of Fortune. Josephus happily wrote to his son in April “It looks like it is about time to hang out the shingle ‘Jonathan Worth Daniels and Father.’ ” Later in the letter, Josephus reveals that “your mother has been planning how happily we could live. She has fixed up in her mind to fix up the two rooms in the north end of the house (where Frank and Ruth lived.)” In 1934, Jonathan wrote to his parents in Mexico to tell them of his plans to build his own house in Raleigh. The Daniels wrote back enthusiastically, with offers of land— the northwest corner of their lot—and advice on construction. “Your mother will be glad to make a deed for the lot,” wrote Josephus to his son in August. “Your mother is an architect of rare judgment and when you get along with plans etc. I advise you to get her expert advice.” Addie wrote the following day: “The news that you are going to build makes me very happy, for you will feel better settled in your own house and you are entitled to a home of your own….I have written you a three page letter that I hope you can read. It is my idea about the land and a few suggestions about the house.”23

That letter, unfortunately, was not located during research for this report, but a later letter from Josephus to Jonathan reveals an important information about intentions for the Wakestone parcel. Josephus wrote in response to specific plans that Jonathan was developing for his house: “If your house fronts south, your mother will make a legal paper making a perpetual easement of the roadway. With it fronting south, all the Wakestone yard will always be (as long as we live there at least) open to your children. If you face the building south (sic) you will face the kitchens and the close-up wall of another house. The south way is the way” [Daniels’s emphasis]. The letter indicates that Josephus and Addie did not intend to sell land in their parcel or build on the south slope of their beloved hill. Ultimately, Jonathan and his wife Lucy didn’t turn their house to the south, as the Jonathan’s parents suggested, but they did include a terrace and balcony on the south side. 24

In both cases of reducing the Wakestone parcel to supply lots for their sons to build, the land that Josephus and Addie transferred to their sons was on the north side of their own house and not on the slope of the hill that had apparently caught their eye when it was still Mrs. Williamson’s farm. The transferred land is, in fact, mainly the land purchased in 1922, after construction of the Daniels own house. The Daniels may have been planning to reserve those lots for their sons by

22 Clipping of Frank A. and Ruth Daniels’s wedding announcement from the Raleigh Times is in the Frank A. Daniels Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Wyatt, “Hayes Barton” Nomination Form. 23 Josephus Daniels to Jonathan Daniels, April 5, 1932, and August 20, 1934; Addie Bagley Daniels to Jonathan and Lucy Daniels, August 21, 1934, Jonathan Daniels Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. 24 Josephus Daniels to Jonathan Daniels, December 8, 1934, Jonathan Daniels Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.

Josephus Daniels House: Information to Supplement 1976 NRHP Nomination Page 12 Prepared by Edwards-Pitman Environmental, Inc. Durham, NC 919-682-2211 July 29, 2005

purchasing them themselves, while leaving the slope on the south side intact. Even Wakestone is sited closer to the original north lot line, rather than centered in the original parcel, partly to take advantage of the highest part of the hill and partly to preserve the openness and the slope of the much-loved hill.

The original purchase, the particular lots given to their sons, and the letters advising Jonathan and Lucy Daniels about how to site their own house all show that what Josephus and Addie Daniels valued about the grounds was the land itself, the beauty of the hill, and the opportunity for useful enterprise and recreation on it, especially for children. The large land purchase was clearly not an investment, made with the intention of selling parcels later as another income source. The hill and the house together made Wakestone home.

Josephus Daniels House: Information to Supplement 1976 NRHP Nomination Page 13 Prepared by Edwards-Pitman Environmental, Inc. Durham, NC 919-682-2211 July 29, 2005

Evaluating the Integrity of the Parcel Historical research has provided evidence in photographs, letters, and interviews that the parcel at 1520 Caswell Street consisted generally of lawn with some unpretentious arrangements of trees and shrubs. The historic photographs show a simple planting structure overall, with some definition of space near the south side of the house with trees, shrubs, and small structures. Much of the parcel is taken up by lawn; trees and shrubs more often dot the lawn on the higher ground closer to the house. Gardens came and went throughout the period of significance. A path led down the slope at the southeast corner to the intersection of Williamson Drive and Glenwood Avenue. Before the house was built, the land was referred to as “the hill” or “her hill” in reference to Addie Daniels. After construction, the family referred to the homeplace as Wakestone.

The grounds at Wakestone must be evaluated for historic integrity as the parcel historically associated with the Daniels’s house and garage. The grounds do not qualify as a designed historic landscape according to the NRHP definition outlined in National Register Bulletin: How to Evaluate and Nominate Designed Historic Landscapes. The definition in that bulletin reads:

For the purposes of the National Register, a designed historic landscape is defined as a landscape that has ƒ significance as a design or work of art; ƒ was consciously designed and laid out by a master gardener, landscape architect, architect, or horticulturalist to a design principle, or an owner or other amateur using a recognized style or tradition in response or reaction to a recognized style or tradition; ƒ has a historical association with a significant person, trend, event, etc. in landscape gardening or landscape architecture; or ƒ a significant relationship to the theory or practice of landscape architecture.

There is no evidence that a professional designer prepared a landscape plan, and there is no evidence that either Addie Daniels or Claude Snelling were designing a landscape using a recognized style or traditions.

On July 22, 2005, the author completed a site visit with Susan Little, FASLA, of Little and Little Landscape Architects in Raleigh, to evaluate the historic integrity of the parcel. Ms. Little’s experience is in evaluating landscapes from the viewpoint of a landscape architect. In doing so, she provides site observations and follow up research to gain insight into sites both natural and constructed including such features as orientation, grades, soils, aspects of water and drainage, trees and other plants. Little and Little has provided services for Tryon Palace, for the State Capitol Foundation, Inc., and for the City of Raleigh at Pullen Park. Ms. Little viewed the three historic aerial views reproduced in this report (see Figures 2, 3, and 4 in Appendix A) and familiarized herself with other documentary material regarding the site during the period of significance, also incorporated into this report. Her overall impression was that the grade was generally intact throughout the site when compared to historic photographs, with the exception of the steepened slope on the east side, a result of the 1957 addition, and the grading at the far east edge of the parking lot south of the house. Elsewhere, the parking lots are generally on grade.

Josephus Daniels House: Information to Supplement 1976 NRHP Nomination Page 14 Prepared by Edwards-Pitman Environmental, Inc. Durham, NC 919-682-2211 July 29, 2005

No specific individual extant large trees or large groups of plants were identified. The site has examples of native plants the sizes of which indicate they were planted or seeded out after the period of significance. These include trees deemed “dependable” garden trees: winged elm, pine, a variety of oaks, maples and the evergreens American Holly and Eastern red cedars.

Introduced garden plants that are part of the southern garden heritage are also present; these would have been passed along from person to person or were available in nurseries. Such plants found at Wakestone include rose of Sharon, abelia grandiflora, fig, mock orange, crape myrtle, and pecan trees. Crape myrtles were often planted and cut back as shrubs during in the period of significance; today, they are generally cultivated as street trees. Some crape myrtles on the site appear to match the locations of unidentified cut-back shrubs along the entry drive and in the southeast corner, the location of the footpath. These include a variety of colors of Lagerstroemia indica, a crape myrtle variety most widely available in southern gardens for many years before the Lagerstroemia fauriei, with its superior forms and mildew resistance, was introduced sometime after 1959 by the National Arboretum.

The wooded areas at the parcel’s curved southeast corner and along the north east edge of the parcel have the appearance of unmanaged growth and may obscure evidence remnants from the period of significance. Along the southeast curve especially, it is possible that overgrowth is obscuring the path once lined with cut-back shrubs visible in the department of transportation aerial photograph. The site visit revealed crape myrtles and a winged elm in that area among the overgrowth. Overgrowth in that area is so heavy that the stepping stones described by Frank Daniels Jr. could not be located without disturbing the growth. The stone wall, however, remains. A different small path of stepping stones was discovered in the area south of the house, in line with the side porch.

Contemporary plantings include parking lot plantings of Chinese holly near the house and the ligustrum hedge along the Glenwood Avenue edge of the property. Some younger trees in the lower part of the hill along Williamson Drive have been planted in the last fifteen years; historically, this part of the lawn was more open than it is today.

The two paved parking lots and the auditorium addition are the major elements that have been introduced to the landscape since the period of significance. Additionally, a small, front-gabled, brick storage building has been erected slightly southeast of the garage and hidden by the new growth on the northeast edge of the parcel. The two largest of these changes—the building addition and the parking lot south of the house—were existing at the time of all three historic designations, as noted above. The additional changes—paving in the west parking lot, the small storage building, and contemporary plantings—have less impact on the site than did the large addition that was present at the time of all three historic designations. Overall, changes to the site have not destroyed the historic integrity of the site. Wakestone was, from the start, a big stone house on a hill, and those essential features are intact. The historic use and setting are still apparent today, despite modern plantings and parking lots.

Josephus Daniels House: Information to Supplement 1976 NRHP Nomination Page 15 Prepared by Edwards-Pitman Environmental, Inc. Durham, NC 919-682-2211 July 29, 2005

Bibliography

Primary Sources Josephus Daniels Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Frank A. Daniels Sr. Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Jonathan Daniels Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Bagley Family Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Wake County Deeds Wake County Register of Deeds, Raleigh.

Secondary Sources Bishir, Catherine W., and Michael T. Southern. A Guide to the Historic Architecture of Piedmont North Carolina. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003. Cronon, E. David, ed. Cabinet Diaries of Josephus Daniels, 1913-1921. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1963. Daniels, Addie Worth Bagley. Recollections of a Cabinet Minister’s Wife (n.p. 1945[?]). Daniels, Lucy. With a Woman’s Voice: A Writer’s Struggle for Emotional Freedom. Laham, Md.: Madison Books, 2001. Gregory, Mary Jane, Ralph Christian, and George R. Adams. “Josephus Daniels House; Wakestone.” National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form, January 1976. Hill’s Raleigh (Wake County, N.C.) City Directories. Richmond: Hill Directory Co., 1919-1924. Keller, J. Timothy, and Genevieve P. Keller. National Register Bulletin: How to Evaluate and Nominate Designed Historic Landscapes. Washington, D.C.: US Department of the Interior, n.d. Morrison, Joseph L. Josephus Danels: The Small-d Democrat. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1966. National Park Service. National Register Bulletin: How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation. Washington, D.C.: US Department of the Interior, 1990, revised 1997. Parham, David W. “Rogers-Bagley-Daniels-Pegues House.” National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form, 1979. Price, Theodore H. “The Man Who Has Democratized the Navy.” The Outlook, 27 March 1918, 484-486. Rogers, Lou. “Addie Worth Bagley Daniels.” We the People 4 (May 1946): 20-23. Seifert Donna J. et al. National Register Bulletin: Defining Boundaries for National Register Properties. Washington, D.C.: US Department of the Interior, 1995, revised 1997. Wyatt, Sherry Joines. Hayes Barton Historic District.” National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form, 2002.

Josephus Daniels House: Information to Supplement 1976 NRHP Nomination Page 16 Prepared by Edwards-Pitman Environmental, Inc. Durham, NC 919-682-2211 July 29, 2005

Interviews Frank A. Daniels Jr. Interview with the author. Raleigh, N.C., July 19, 2005. Susan Little, Little and Little Landscape Architects. Interview with the author Raleigh, N.C., July 22, 2005. Melissa Peden. Interview with Susan Little, Raleigh, N.C., July 21, 2005.

Josephus Daniels House: Information to Supplement 1976 NRHP Nomination Page 17 Prepared by Edwards-Pitman Environmental, Inc. Durham, NC 919-682-2211 July 29, 2005

Appendix A. Photographs and Illustrations

Figure 1. Hayes Barton Plat (revised version, dated 1922), showing parcel lines and numbers. From the Hayes Barton File in the File Room of the State Historic Preservation Office.

Josephus Daniels House: Information to Supplement 1976 NRHP Nomination Page A-1 Prepared by Edwards-Pitman Environmental, Inc. Durham, NC 919-682-2211 July 29, 2005

Figure 2. Undated aerial, ca 1940, published in Lucy Daniels, With a Woman’s Voice: A Writer’s Struggle for Emotional Freedom (Laham, Md.: Madison Books, 2001)

The Josephus Daniels House is roughly in the center of the photograph, with much of the parcel visible in the foreground and right and left of the house.

Josephus Daniels House: Information to Supplement 1976 NRHP Nomination Page A-2 Prepared by Edwards-Pitman Environmental, Inc. Durham, NC 919-682-2211 July 29, 2005

Figure 3. Aerial photograph, 1953, North Carolina Department of Transportation.

The parcel at 1520 Caswell Street is in the center of the photograph. This image shows that front lawn was already in use as an unpaved parking lot under the Masons’ use. Path from SE corner visible.

Josephus Daniels House: Information to Supplement 1976 NRHP Nomination Page A-3 Prepared by Edwards-Pitman Environmental, Inc. Durham, NC 919-682-2211 July 29, 2005

Figure 4. Aerial photograph, ca. 1955, published in John Harden, North Carolina Roads and their Builders, Volume Two (Raleigh: Superior Stone Company, 1966).

The parcel at 1520 Caswell Street is in the center of the bottom edge of the photograph, showing the curve along Williamson Drive. This photograph shows the Wade Avenue exit construction, which did not effect Williamson Drive.

Josephus Daniels House: Information to Supplement 1976 NRHP Nomination Page A-4 Prepared by Edwards-Pitman Environmental, Inc. Durham, NC 919-682-2211 July 29, 2005

Figure 5. Facade (west side) of Josephus Daniels House in the snow, 1926, Bagley Family Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Figure 6. South and east elevations of Josephus Daniels House in the snow, 1926, Bagley Family Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Josephus Daniels House: Information to Supplement 1976 NRHP Nomination Page A-5 Prepared by Edwards-Pitman Environmental, Inc. Durham, NC 919-682-2211 July 29, 2005

Figure 7. Site plan, showing buildings, parking lots, driveway, parcel lines, and surrounding streets.

Josephus Daniels House: Information to Supplement 1976 NRHP Nomination Page A-6 Prepared by Edwards-Pitman Environmental, Inc. Durham, NC 919-682-2211 July 29, 2005

Figure 8. Josephus Daniels House, view from southwest, standing in parking lot

Figure 9. Front of house, showing naval deck gun commemorating Daniels's service as Secretary of the Navy

Josephus Daniels House: Information to Supplement 1976 NRHP Nomination Page A-7 Prepared by Edwards-Pitman Environmental, Inc. Durham, NC 919-682-2211 July 29, 2005

Figure 10. Approach to house along circular drive, view from S-SW

Figure 11. Historic view of approach to house along circular drive, 1935. From Bagley Family Papers, Southern Historical Collection, UNC-Chapel Hill

Josephus Daniels House: Information to Supplement 1976 NRHP Nomination Page A-8 Prepared by Edwards-Pitman Environmental, Inc. Durham, NC 919-682-2211 July 29, 2005

Figure 12. S side of house showing enclosed side porch, view from S.

Figure 13. View from side porch steps, looking S across parking lot toward south lawn

Josephus Daniels House: Information to Supplement 1976 NRHP Nomination Page A-9 Prepared by Edwards-Pitman Environmental, Inc. Durham, NC 919-682-2211 July 29, 2005

Figure 14. South lawn showing pecan trees, looking S-SE

Figure 15. South lawn showing young trees with Williamson Drive visible at L, looking W-SW

Josephus Daniels House: Information to Supplement 1976 NRHP Nomination Page A-10 Prepared by Edwards-Pitman Environmental, Inc. Durham, NC 919-682-2211 July 29, 2005

Figure 16. Stepping stones found in south lawn, roughly aligned with side porch, looking SW

Figure 17. SE corner of house (center L), showing addition at R and south parking lot in foreground, view from SE

Josephus Daniels House: Information to Supplement 1976 NRHP Nomination Page A-11 Prepared by Edwards-Pitman Environmental, Inc. Durham, NC 919-682-2211 July 29, 2005

Figure 18. View from SE corner of lawn, at the edge of overgrowth area, near the corner of Williamson Drive and Glenwood Avenue

Figure 19. Stone wall and overgrowth at Williamson Drive, near intersection with Glenwood Avenue, view from SE

Josephus Daniels House: Information to Supplement 1976 NRHP Nomination Page A-12 Prepared by Edwards-Pitman Environmental, Inc. Durham, NC 919-682-2211 July 29, 2005

Figure 20. Overgrowth, privet hedge, and stone wall, looking N along sidewalk on Glenwood Avenue

Figure 21. Stone wall, privet hedge, and overgrowth, looking S along sidewalk on Glenwood Avenue

Josephus Daniels House: Information to Supplement 1976 NRHP Nomination Page A-13 Prepared by Edwards-Pitman Environmental, Inc. Durham, NC 919-682-2211 July 29, 2005

Figure 22. Rear addition, view from NE across Glenwood Avenue

Figure 23. Garage, view from SW

Josephus Daniels House: Information to Supplement 1976 NRHP Nomination Page A-14 Prepared by Edwards-Pitman Environmental, Inc. Durham, NC 919-682-2211 July 29, 2005

Figure 24. Storage building, view from S

Josephus Daniels House: Information to Supplement 1976 NRHP Nomination Page A-15 Prepared by Edwards-Pitman Environmental, Inc. Durham, NC 919-682-2211 July 29, 2005

Appendix B: NRHP and NHL Criteria Both the National Register of Historic Places and the National Historic Landmark programs have established various criteria under which properties are evaluated for eligibility in one or both programs. A property needs to meet only one of the criteria to be determined eligible. The National Register of Historic Places criteria are listed below. The quality of significance in American history, architecture, archaeology, engineering, and culture is present in districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects that possess integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling and association and:

A. That are associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history B. That are associated with the lives of persons significant in our past C. That embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction; or that represent the work of a master; or that possess high artistic values; or that represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction D. That have yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history. The National Historic Landmark criteria relate to properties of exceptional value or quality in illustrating national themes. The criteria are listed below. The quality of national significance is ascribed to districts, sites buildings, structures, and objects that possess exceptional value or quality in illustrating or interpreting the heritage of the United States in history, architecture, archeology, engineering, and culture and that possess a high degree of integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling and association, and:

1. That is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to, and are identified with, or that outstandingly represent, the broad national patterns of United States history and from which an understanding and appreciation of those patterns may be gained 2. Are associated importantly with the lives of persons nationally significant in the history of the United States 3. That represent some great idea or ideal of the American people 4. That embody the distinguishing characteristics or an architectural type specimen exceptionally valuable for the study of a period, style, or method of construction, or that represent a significant, distinctive, and exceptional entity whose components may lack individual distinction 5. That are composed of integral parts of the environment not sufficiently significant by reason of historical association or artistic merit to warrant individual recognition but collectively compose an entity or exceptional historical or artistic significance, or outstandingly commemorate or illustrate a way of life or culture 6. That have yielded or may be likely to yield information of major scientific importance by revealing new cultures, or by shedding light upon periods of occupation of large areas of the United States. Such sites are those which have yielded, or which may reasonably be expected to yield, data affecting theories, concepts, and ideas to a major degree.

Josephus Daniels House: Information to Supplement 1976 NRHP Nomination Page B-1 Prepared by Edwards-Pitman Environmental, Inc. Durham, NC 919-682-2211 July 29, 2005

Appendix C: Resumes

Resumes attached for:

Jennifer F. Martin, Project Manager Edwards-Pitman Environmental, Inc.

Cynthia de Miranda, Principal Investigator Edwards-Pitman Environmental, Inc.

Susan P. Little, FASLA Landscape Architect Little and Little Landscape Architects

JENNIFER F. MARTIN EDWARDS-PITMAN ENVIRONMENTAL, INC. ______

POSITION: Project Manager and Senior Architectural Historian

EDUCATION: M.A. History with Emphasis in Historic Preservation (1994) Middle Tennessee State University

B.A. History and B.A. Sociology (1987) University of South Carolina

Introduction to Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (2001) University of Nevada, Reno

Southern Region Workshop on Community Impact Assessment for Transportation Professionals (2001) Raleigh, North Carolina EXPERIENCE:

Ms. Martin currently serves as the Senior Architectural Historian and Regional Manager for the North Carolina offices of Edwards-Pitman Environmental. She is responsible for preparing documentation in accordance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, and various other state and federal environmental laws and regulations. Prior to joining the firm, Ms. Martin was employed with the North Carolina Division of Archives and History in Raleigh as the National Register Coordinator for the State Historic Preservation Office. She is the author of Along the Banks of the Old Northeast: The Historical and Architectural Development of Duplin County, North Carolina, and co-author of A Guide to the Historic Architecture of Western North Carolina.

Some projects Ms. Martin has been involved with are listed below.

o York-Chester Historic District National Register Nomination, Gastonia, North Carolina (June 2005) o Dr. E.N. Lawrence House National Register Nomination, Raleigh, North Carolina (June 2005) o City of Thomasville Architectural Survey, Thomasville, North Carolina (October 2004) o Rowland Commercial Historic District National Register Nomination, Rowland, North Carolina (September 2004) o Washington Graded and High School National Register Nomination, Raleigh, North Carolina (June 2004) o Valle Crucis Historic District National Register Nomination, Valle Crucis, Watauga County, North Carolina (March 2004) o Historic Preservation Component of the Apex Master Plan, Apex, North Carolina (January 2004) o West Raleigh Historic District National Register Nomination, Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolina (August 2003) o Yancey Collegiate Institute National Register Nomination, Burnsville, North Carolina (June 2003) o Belmont Hosiery Mill National Register Nomination, Belmont, Gaston County, North Carolina (October 2002) o Historic Structures Report on the Marion Depot, Marion, North Carolina: A Transportation Enhancement Grant (TEA-21) Project for the North Carolina Department of Transportation (September 2002) o Dudley High School National Register Nomination, Greensboro, Guilford County, North Carolina, (August 2002) o Mitchell College Historic District Boundary Expansion National Register Nomination, Statesville, Iredell County, North Carolina (April 2002) o Jean Pierre Dalmas House National Register Nomination, Burke County, North Carolina (January 2002) o Occoneechee Speedway National Register Nomination, Hillsborough, North Carolina (August 2001)

Josephus Daniels House: Information to Supplement 1976 NRHP Nomination Page C-1 Prepared by Edwards-Pitman Environmental, Inc. Durham, NC 919-682-2211 July 29, 2005

CYNTHIA DE MIRANDA EDWARDS-PITMAN ENVIRONMENTAL, INC. ______

POSITION: Architectural Historian and Historic Preservation Planner

EDUCATION: B.A. cum laude, Public Policy Studies (1991) Duke University

Introduction to Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (1993) Washington, DC EXPERIENCE:

Ms. de Miranda is an Architectural Historian/Historic Preservation Planner for Edwards-Pitman Environmental, Inc., and is responsible for preparing documentation in accordance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, and various other state and federal environmental laws and regulations. Prior to joining the firm, Ms. de Miranda worked as an architectural historian with Hess, Roise and Company of Minneapolis, Minnesota. During her employment there, she conducted historic resource surveys; prepared National Register nominations; documented properties for the Historic American Buildings Survey and Historic American Engineering Record; and developed regional heritage tourism initiatives. Ms. de Miranda has also worked on the staff of the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation in Washington, DC, and the Raleigh Historic Districts Commission in Raleigh, North Carolina.

Some projects Ms. de Miranda has been involved with are listed below.

o Wiley Forbus House National Register Nomination, Durham, North Carolina (February 2005) Wachovia Bank Building Study List Application, Greensboro, North Carolina (February 2005) o North Carolina Department of Transportation Phase II Survey for the Construction of the Windsor Bypass, Bertie County, North Carolina (February 2005) o Wachovia Bank Building Part 1 Historic Rehabilitation Tax Credit Application, Greensboro, North Carolina (January 2005) o Apex Historic District Boundary Increase and Additional Documentation Study List Application, Apex, North Carolina (October 2004) o West Greenville Historic District National Register Nomination, Greenville, North Carolina (January 2005) o City of Greenville Revitalization Area Historic and Architectural Evaluation, Greenville, North Carolina (March 2004) o City of Rock Hill, South Carolina, Architectural Survey( for the City of Rock Hill and the South Carolina State Historic Preservation Office) (2003-2004) o Valle Crucis Historic District National Register Nomination, Valle Crucis, Watauga County, North Carolina (March 2004) o Part 1 Historic Rehabilitation Tax Credit Application for the Liggett & Myers Tobacco Co. Complex, Durham, North Carolina (January 2004) o Report on the Statewide Significance of All Saints Chapel, Raleigh, North Carolina for the Raleigh Historic Districts Commission (December 2003) o Washington Graded and High School National Register Nomination, Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolina (September 2003) o West Raleigh Historic District National Register Nomination, Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolina (August 2003) o Fayetteville Street Historic District Study List Application, Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolina (Spring 2003) o City of Greenville, South Carolina Architectural Survey (for the City of Greenville and the South Carolina State Historic Preservation Office) (2002-2003)

Josephus Daniels House: Information to Supplement 1976 NRHP Nomination Page C-2 Prepared by Edwards-Pitman Environmental, Inc. Durham, NC 919-682-2211 July 29, 2005

SUSAN P. LITTLE, FASLA LITTLE AND LITTLE LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS ______

POSITION: Managing Partner, Project Manager, and Landscape Architect

EDUCATION: Master of Landscape Architecture, North Carolina State University, 1974

B.A., Randolph-Macon Woman’s College, 1969

REGISTRATION: North Carolina Board of Landscape Architects, 1980, Certificate #342 Virginia State Board of Landscape Architects, 1983, Certificate #0406-000172 PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATIONS: American Society of Landscape Architects, Fellow North Carolina Chapter, American Society of Landscape Architects, President, 1982 JC Raulston Arboretum Board of Advisors and Long Range Planning Committee NC Botanical Garden North Carolina Landscape Association North Carolina Association of Nurserymen Livable Streets Partnership, Member, 2002 EXPERIENCE:

Susan Little is the managing partner of Little & Little, a landscape architect and a project manager. She is interested in all aspects of community planning and design, gardens, plants, and their effects on people. She has lived for 27 years at Five Points, a walking community. She is interested in the preservation of historic landscapes and participated in NC Main Street community assistance teams in Georgetown, S.C., Elizabeth City and Elkin. Susan served as President of the North Carolina Chapter of the American Society of Landscape Architects and continues as a mentor for students. In support of the growing presence of the green industry in North Carolina, Susan is a board member of the Green Industry Council, Region 5. Some projects Ms. Little has been involved with are listed below.

o Rex Convalescent Center Courtyard Renovation and Adult Daycare Center, Raleigh o Venture Center, Centennial Campus, North Carolina State University, Raleigh o Arboretum: a terrace within a garden and a private arboretum, Winston-Salem o Meadowmont Village Streetscape, Chapel Hill o St. Paul’s Episcopal Church Master Plan, Winston-Salem o Greensboro Day School circulation and planting, Greensboro o Grove Arcade streetscape, Asheville o Washington Plaza, North Carolina State Capitol, Raleigh

Josephus Daniels House: Information to Supplement 1976 NRHP Nomination Page C-3 Prepared by Edwards-Pitman Environmental, Inc. Durham, NC 919-682-2211 July 29, 2005