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Resistencia a Antibióticos En Bacterias Recolectadas En Agua De Mar En Las Proximidades De Bases Antárticas

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Resistencia a Antibióticos En Bacterias Recolectadas En Agua De Mar En Las Proximidades De Bases Antárticas Anales Instituto Patagonia (Chile), 2018. Vol. 46(3):29-39 29 ARTÍCULO CIENTÍFICO Resistencia a antibióticos en bacterias recolectadas en agua de mar en las proximidades de bases antárticas Antibiotic resistance in bacteria from seawater surrounding antarctic stations Nancy Calisto-Ulloa1, Claudio Gómez-Fuentes1, Patricio Muñoz2 Resumen agentes antimicrobianos en el medio ambiente Se estudió la presencia y distribución de bacterias antártico es indicativa de cuán extendida se ha vuelto con resistencia a antibióticos en el agua de la situación mundial de resistencia a antibióticos. mar próxima a distintas bases antárticas. Se tomaron muestras distribuidas uniformemente Palabras clave: alrededor de las descargas de aguas residuales Base Frei, Base Carlini, Base Bellingshausen, de siete bases antárticas y se aislaron colonias de Base Great Wall , Base Escudero, Base Prat. Escherichia coli. Los patrones de susceptibilidad de las bacterias a distintos agentes microbianos se Abstract determinaron utilizando el método de difusión en Antimicrobial resistant bacteria are widespread in disco y analizando diferentes grupos de antibióticos: aquatic environments. The aim of the present study penicilinas, carbapenémicos, aminoglicosidos, was to obtain information on the occurrence of quinolonas, tetraciclinas, fenicoles y trimetoprim. bacteria with antimicrobial resistance in seawater Para el control de calidad del método se utilizó la surrounding Antarctic stations. cepa Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. Escherichia coli strains were isolated from Se analizaron 216 muestras de agua de mar y en el seawater. The samples were collected from sites 58% de éstas se detectó la presencia de E. coli. Las distributed around the sewage outfalls of seven muestras más cercanas a las descargas de aguas Antarctic stations. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns residuales presentaron los mayores conteos de E. were determined with the disk diffusion method coli observándose una disminución significativa using different groups of antibiotics: penicillins, del número de bacterias a medida que aumenta la carbapenems, aminoglycosides, quinolones, distancia de la muestra a la descarga. En 70 cepas tetracycline, phenicols and trimethoprim. aisladas de E. coli se estudió la susceptibilidad a Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 was used as the los distintos agentes microbianos. En las cepas control for the susceptibility tests. estudiadas se observó resistencia a 16 de los 17 A total of 216 samples were analysed. Escherichia coli antibióticos probados. Treinta y seis cepas fueron were detected in 58 % of the samples. The highest susceptibles a todos los antibióticos evaluados, 34 cepas fueron resistentes a al menos un antibiótico 1 Centro de Investigación y Monitoreo Ambiental Antártico, y 20 mostraron resistencia a la ampicilina. Doce Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de cepas estudiadas fueron resistentes a múltiples Magallanes, Avenida Bulnes 01855. agentes microbianos. Finalmente, se detectó la 2 presencia de betalactamasas de espectro extendido Laboratorio de microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Magallanes, Avenida Bulnes 01855. (BLEE) en dos cepas estudiadas. [email protected] La presencia de bacterias con resistencia a distintos Recibido: 09, nov. 2018 Aceptado: 08, dic. 2018 30 Calisto-Ulloa et al. bacterial counts were found in seawater surrounding (Dantas et al. 2008). Por otro lado, los genes de the sewage outfalls. However, the bacterial counts resistencia son elementos auto-replicativos que se decreased rapidly with increasing distance from pueden mantener en las poblaciones microbianas, the outfall. Seventy strains isolated were studied to excepto cuando esta mantención implica un costo determine antibiotic susceptibility. The strains studied biológico significativo a las bacterias receptoras. showed resistant to 16 out of the 17 antibiotics Algunos trabajos han demostrado que la reducción tested. Thirty-six strains were susceptible to all the de la carga de antibióticos en los ecosistemas antibiotics tested Thirty-four were resistant to at least naturales también puede reducir la resistencia a one antibiotic, 12 were multidrug resistant and 20 los antibióticos (Gonzalo et al. 1989; Aarestrup showed resistant to Ampicillin. Finally, the presence et al. 2001). Sin embargo, la situación real es of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) was más compleja, se ha descrito, por ejemplo, que determined in two strains studied aunque la incidencia de la resistencia disminuye, esta The presence of bacteria with antimicrobial disminución es lenta y parte de la población permanece resistance in the Antarctic environment is indicative resistente (Andersson, 2003). Además, la presencia of how widespread the global antibiotic resistance de los mismos genes de resistencia actualmente situation has become. presentes en patógenos humanos se ha reportado en ambientes sin antecedentes de contaminación por Key words: antibióticos (Pallecchi et al. 2008). Estos entornos Frei Station, Carlini Stattion, Bellingshausen incluyen poblaciones remotas de humanos y animales Station, Great Wall Station, Escudero Station, Prat sin una exposición conocida a los antibióticos, lo que Station. podría indicar una alta prevalencia de resistencia a pesar de no recibir ningún antibiótico (Gilliver et al. INTRODUCCIÓN 1999; Livermore et al. 2001; Grenet et al. 2004; Bartoloni et al. 2009). Durante las últimas décadas, una gran El grado de resistencia a los antibióticos cantidad de micro contaminantes orgánicos en las comunidades bacterianas de un entorno se han liberado en el medio ambiente como dado, se ha relacionado con frecuencia con las resultado de actividades antropogénicas. Entre actividades antropogénicas, por lo tanto, en áreas ellos, los productos farmacéuticos humanos y en las que la actividad humana es limitada, se veterinarios son motivo de preocupación debido al espera que las bacterias contengan pocos genes posible impacto de estos compuestos en el medio de resistencia a los antibióticos. Un ejemplo de acuático. A largo plazo, preocupan especialmente, esto es el continente antártico, donde el impacto los efectos toxicológicos en los organismos antropogénico ha aumentado en los últimos años vivos y el efecto combinado de la exposición a con actividades turísticas y científicas (Bonnedahl múltiples compuestos, en particular los antibióticos et al. 2008; Cowan et al. 2011; Skurnik et al. (Richardson, 2012). 2006). Los principales vectores de introducción de La utilización de antibióticos con fines clínicos microorganismos extraños en la Antártida son las o agrícolas favorece la selección y supervivencia personas que habitan en Bases de investigación y de microorganismos resistentes (Teuber, 2001; animales antárticos, principalmente aves (Cowan Livermore, 2005). Por lo tanto, es previsible que los et al. 2011; Hughes, 2003). Varios estudios han residuos de hospitales o granjas contengan como reportado la presencia de coliformes fecales, así contaminantes, tanto antibióticos como genes de como E. coli, cerca de las descargas de aguas resistencia. Debe notarse que el destino de ambos residuales en diferentes lugares de la Antártica, lo tipos de contaminantes es probablemente diferente. que sugiere que las aguas residuales son una fuente En el caso de los antibióticos, varios de éstos son extrínseca de microorganismos no nativos en el compuestos naturales que han estado en contacto área del Tratado Antártico (Delille & Delille, 2000; con la microbiota ambiental durante millones de Delille & Gleizon, 2003). años y, por lo tanto, son biodegradables, e incluso Uno de los métodos para destruir bacterias sirven como alimento para varios microorganismos patógenas, o sus grupos indicadores, de las aguas RESISTENCIA A ANTIBIÓTICOS EN BACTERIAS RECOLECTADAS EN AGUA DE MAR 31 residuales es su tratamiento en plantas depuradoras. mes de enero del año 2017 en sitios distribuidos Las depuradoras presentan condiciones hostiles uniformemente alrededor de las descargas de para la supervivencia de dichas bacterias debido aguas residuales tratadas de 7 bases antárticas. a su temperatura ambiente, las condiciones físico- Cinco ubicadas en la Isla Rey Jorge (Bases: Frei, químicas de los reactores y la gran abundancia de Carlini, Bellingshausen, Great Wall y Escudero- depredadores (organismos bacterívoros y virus). Estación Marítima de Bahía Fildes), una en la Isla En general, las depuradoras reducen en 1-3 Greenwich (Base Prat), ambas islas pertenecientes logaritmos la abundancia de bacterias del agua al archipiélago de las Shetland del Sur y finalmente, de entrada (Hirata et al. 1993). Sin embargo, una base ubicada en la Península Antártica (Base esta reducción en la abundancia de bacterias no O´Higgins) (Fig. 1). va acompañada de una reducción de bacterias Se recolectaron un total de 216 muestras resistentes. Algunos estudios indican que las de agua de mar superficial, 120 recolectadas en plantas de tratamiento convencionales de aguas el borde costero y 96 en el mar abierto del área residuales (lodos activados) tienden a aumentar el de estudio., a distancias de 0, 10, 25, 50 y 150 porcentaje de bacterias resistentes en su efluente m de las descargas de las plantas de tratamiento como consecuencia de la gran abundancia de de cada bases. Adicionalmente, se recolectaron bacterias en el reactor biológico y del tiempo muestras fuera de la zona de influencia de las de contacto entre ellas, lo que incrementa las descargas de aguas residuales de cada base para tasas de intercambio
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