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PROC SORT (Then And) NOW Derek Morgan, PAREXEL International
Paper 143-2019 PROC SORT (then and) NOW Derek Morgan, PAREXEL International ABSTRACT The SORT procedure has been an integral part of SAS® since its creation. The sort-in-place paradigm made the most of the limited resources at the time, and almost every SAS program had at least one PROC SORT in it. The biggest options at the time were to use something other than the IBM procedure SYNCSORT as the sorting algorithm, or whether you were sorting ASCII data versus EBCDIC data. These days, PROC SORT has fallen out of favor; after all, PROC SQL enables merging without using PROC SORT first, while the performance advantages of HASH sorting cannot be overstated. This leads to the question: Is the SORT procedure still relevant to any other than the SAS novice or the terminally stubborn who refuse to HASH? The answer is a surprisingly clear “yes". PROC SORT has been enhanced to accommodate twenty-first century needs, and this paper discusses those enhancements. INTRODUCTION The largest enhancement to the SORT procedure is the addition of collating sequence options. This is first and foremost recognition that SAS is an international software package, and SAS users no longer work exclusively with English-language data. This capability is part of National Language Support (NLS) and doesn’t require any additional modules. You may use standard collations, SAS-provided translation tables, custom translation tables, standard encodings, or rules to produce your sorted dataset. However, you may only use one collation method at a time. USING STANDARD COLLATIONS, TRANSLATION TABLES AND ENCODINGS A long time ago, SAS would allow you to sort data using ASCII rules on an EBCDIC system, and vice versa. -
1 Introduction 1
The Unicode® Standard Version 13.0 – Core Specification To learn about the latest version of the Unicode Standard, see http://www.unicode.org/versions/latest/. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trade- mark claim, the designations have been printed with initial capital letters or in all capitals. Unicode and the Unicode Logo are registered trademarks of Unicode, Inc., in the United States and other countries. The authors and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this specification, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein. The Unicode Character Database and other files are provided as-is by Unicode, Inc. No claims are made as to fitness for any particular purpose. No warranties of any kind are expressed or implied. The recipient agrees to determine applicability of information provided. © 2020 Unicode, Inc. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission must be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction. For information regarding permissions, inquire at http://www.unicode.org/reporting.html. For information about the Unicode terms of use, please see http://www.unicode.org/copyright.html. The Unicode Standard / the Unicode Consortium; edited by the Unicode Consortium. — Version 13.0. Includes index. ISBN 978-1-936213-26-9 (http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode13.0.0/) 1. -
Unicode Ate My Brain
UNICODE ATE MY BRAIN John Cowan Reuters Health Information Copyright 2001-04 John Cowan under GNU GPL 1 Copyright • Copyright © 2001 John Cowan • Licensed under the GNU General Public License • ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTIES; USE AT YOUR OWN RISK • Portions written by Tim Bray; used by permission • Title devised by Smarasderagd; used by permission • Black and white for readability Copyright 2001-04 John Cowan under GNU GPL 2 Abstract Unicode, the universal character set, is one of the foundation technologies of XML. However, it is not as widely understood as it should be, because of the unavoidable complexity of handling all of the world's writing systems, even in a fairly uniform way. This tutorial will provide the basics about using Unicode and XML to save lots of money and achieve world domination at the same time. Copyright 2001-04 John Cowan under GNU GPL 3 Roadmap • Brief introduction (4 slides) • Before Unicode (16 slides) • The Unicode Standard (25 slides) • Encodings (11 slides) • XML (10 slides) • The Programmer's View (27 slides) • Points to Remember (1 slide) Copyright 2001-04 John Cowan under GNU GPL 4 How Many Different Characters? a A à á â ã ä å ā ă ą a a a a a a a a a a a Copyright 2001-04 John Cowan under GNU GPL 5 How Computers Do Text • Characters in computer storage are represented by “small” numbers • The numbers use a small number of bits: from 6 (BCD) to 21 (Unicode) to 32 (wchar_t on some Unix boxes) • Design choices: – Which numbers encode which characters – How to pack the numbers into bytes Copyright 2001-04 John Cowan under GNU GPL 6 Where Does XML Come In? • XML is a textual data format • XML software is required to handle all commercially important characters in the world; a promise to “handle XML” implies a promise to be international • Applications can do what they want; monolingual applications can mostly ignore internationalization Copyright 2001-04 John Cowan under GNU GPL 7 $$$ £££ ¥¥¥ • Extra cost of building-in internationalization to a new computer application: about 20% (assuming XML and Unicode). -
SUPPORTING the CHINESE, JAPANESE, and KOREAN LANGUAGES in the OPENVMS OPERATING SYSTEM by Michael M. T. Yau ABSTRACT the Asian L
SUPPORTING THE CHINESE, JAPANESE, AND KOREAN LANGUAGES IN THE OPENVMS OPERATING SYSTEM By Michael M. T. Yau ABSTRACT The Asian language versions of the OpenVMS operating system allow Asian-speaking users to interact with the OpenVMS system in their native languages and provide a platform for developing Asian applications. Since the OpenVMS variants must be able to handle multibyte character sets, the requirements for the internal representation, input, and output differ considerably from those for the standard English version. A review of the Japanese, Chinese, and Korean writing systems and character set standards provides the context for a discussion of the features of the Asian OpenVMS variants. The localization approach adopted in developing these Asian variants was shaped by business and engineering constraints; issues related to this approach are presented. INTRODUCTION The OpenVMS operating system was designed in an era when English was the only language supported in computer systems. The Digital Command Language (DCL) commands and utilities, system help and message texts, run-time libraries and system services, and names of system objects such as file names and user names all assume English text encoded in the 7-bit American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) character set. As Digital's business began to expand into markets where common end users are non-English speaking, the requirement for the OpenVMS system to support languages other than English became inevitable. In contrast to the migration to support single-byte, 8-bit European characters, OpenVMS localization efforts to support the Asian languages, namely Japanese, Chinese, and Korean, must deal with a more complex issue, i.e., the handling of multibyte character sets. -
PCL PC-8, Code Page 437 Page 1 of 5 PCL PC-8, Code Page 437
PCL PC-8, Code Page 437 Page 1 of 5 PCL PC-8, Code Page 437 PCL Symbol Set: 10U Unicode glyph correspondence tables. Contact:[email protected] http://pcl.to -- -- -- -- $90 U00C9 Ê Uppercase e acute $21 U0021 Ë Exclamation $91 U00E6 Ì Lowercase ae diphthong $22 U0022 Í Neutral double quote $92 U00C6 Î Uppercase ae diphthong $23 U0023 Ï Number $93 U00F4 & Lowercase o circumflex $24 U0024 ' Dollar $94 U00F6 ( Lowercase o dieresis $25 U0025 ) Per cent $95 U00F2 * Lowercase o grave $26 U0026 + Ampersand $96 U00FB , Lowercase u circumflex $27 U0027 - Neutral single quote $97 U00F9 . Lowercase u grave $28 U0028 / Left parenthesis $98 U00FF 0 Lowercase y dieresis $29 U0029 1 Right parenthesis $99 U00D6 2 Uppercase o dieresis $2A U002A 3 Asterisk $9A U00DC 4 Uppercase u dieresis $2B U002B 5 Plus $9B U00A2 6 Cent sign $2C U002C 7 Comma, decimal separator $9C U00A3 8 Pound sterling $2D U002D 9 Hyphen $9D U00A5 : Yen sign $2E U002E ; Period, full stop $9E U20A7 < Pesetas $2F U002F = Solidus, slash $9F U0192 > Florin sign $30 U0030 ? Numeral zero $A0 U00E1 ê Lowercase a acute $31 U0031 A Numeral one $A1 U00ED B Lowercase i acute $32 U0032 C Numeral two $A2 U00F3 D Lowercase o acute $33 U0033 E Numeral three $A3 U00FA F Lowercase u acute $34 U0034 G Numeral four $A4 U00F1 H Lowercase n tilde $35 U0035 I Numeral five $A5 U00D1 J Uppercase n tilde $36 U0036 K Numeral six $A6 U00AA L Female ordinal (a) http://www.pclviewer.com (c) RedTitan Technology 2005 PCL PC-8, Code Page 437 Page 2 of 5 $37 U0037 M Numeral seven $A7 U00BA N Male ordinal (o) $38 U0038 -
Computer Science II
Computer Science II Dr. Chris Bourke Department of Computer Science & Engineering University of Nebraska|Lincoln Lincoln, NE 68588, USA http://chrisbourke.unl.edu [email protected] 2019/08/15 13:02:17 Version 0.2.0 This book is a draft covering Computer Science II topics as presented in CSCE 156 (Computer Science II) at the University of Nebraska|Lincoln. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License i Contents 1 Introduction1 2 Object Oriented Programming3 2.1 Introduction.................................... 3 2.2 Objects....................................... 4 2.3 The Four Pillars.................................. 4 2.3.1 Abstraction................................. 4 2.3.2 Encapsulation................................ 4 2.3.3 Inheritance ................................. 4 2.3.4 Polymorphism................................ 4 2.4 SOLID Principles................................. 4 2.4.1 Inversion of Control............................. 4 3 Relational Databases5 3.1 Introduction.................................... 5 3.2 Tables ....................................... 9 3.2.1 Creating Tables...............................10 3.2.2 Primary Keys................................16 3.2.3 Foreign Keys & Relating Tables......................18 3.2.4 Many-To-Many Relations .........................22 3.2.5 Other Keys .................................24 3.3 Structured Query Language ...........................26 3.3.1 Creating Data................................28 3.3.2 Retrieving Data...............................30 -
Character Set Migration Best Practices For
Character Set Migration Best Practices $Q2UDFOH:KLWH3DSHU October 2002 Server Globalization Technology Oracle Corporation Introduction - Database Character Set Migration Migrating from one database character set to another requires proper strategy and tools. This paper outlines the best practices for database character set migration that has been utilized on behalf of hundreds of customers successfully. Following these methods will help determine what strategies are best suited for your environment and will help minimize risk and downtime. This paper also highlights migration to Unicode. Many customers today are finding Unicode to be essential to supporting their global businesses. Oracle provides consulting services for very large or complex environments to help minimize the downtime while maximizing the safe migration of business critical data. Why migrate? Database character set migration often occurs from a requirement to support new languages. As companies internationalize their operations and expand services to customers all around the world, they find the need to support data storage of more World languages than are available within their existing database character set. Historically, many legacy systems required support for only one or possibly a few languages; therefore, the original character set chosen had a limited repertoire of characters that could be supported. For example, in America a 7-bit character set called ASCII is satisfactory for supporting English data exclusively. While in Europe a variety of 8 bit European character sets can support specific subsets of European languages together with English. In Asia, multi byte character sets that could support a given Asian language and English were chosen. These were reasonable choices that fulfilled the initial requirements and provided the best combination of economy and performance. -
Unicode and Code Page Support
Natural for Mainframes Unicode and Code Page Support Version 4.2.6 for Mainframes October 2009 This document applies to Natural Version 4.2.6 for Mainframes and to all subsequent releases. Specifications contained herein are subject to change and these changes will be reported in subsequent release notes or new editions. Copyright © Software AG 1979-2009. All rights reserved. The name Software AG, webMethods and all Software AG product names are either trademarks or registered trademarks of Software AG and/or Software AG USA, Inc. Other company and product names mentioned herein may be trademarks of their respective owners. Table of Contents 1 Unicode and Code Page Support .................................................................................... 1 2 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 3 About Code Pages and Unicode ................................................................................ 4 About Unicode and Code Page Support in Natural .................................................. 5 ICU on Mainframe Platforms ..................................................................................... 6 3 Unicode and Code Page Support in the Natural Programming Language .................... 7 Natural Data Format U for Unicode-Based Data ....................................................... 8 Statements .................................................................................................................. 9 Logical -
Unicode Collators
Title stata.com unicode collator — Language-specific Unicode collators Description Syntax Remarks and examples Also see Description unicode collator list lists the subset of locales that have language-specific collators for the Unicode string comparison functions: ustrcompare(), ustrcompareex(), ustrsortkey(), and ustrsortkeyex(). Syntax unicode collator list pattern pattern is one of all, *, *name*, *name, or name*. If you specify nothing, all, or *, then all results will be listed. *name* lists all results containing name; *name lists all results ending with name; and name* lists all results starting with name. Remarks and examples stata.com Remarks are presented under the following headings: Overview of collation The role of locales in collation Further controlling collation Overview of collation Collation is the process of comparing and sorting Unicode character strings as a human might logically order them. We call this ordering strings in a language-sensitive manner. To do this, Stata uses a Unicode tool known as the Unicode collation algorithm, or UCA. To perform language-sensitive string sorts, you must combine ustrsortkey() or ustr- sortkeyex() with sort. It is a complicated process and there are several issues about which you need to be aware. For details, see [U] 12.4.2.5 Sorting strings containing Unicode characters. To perform language-sensitive string comparisons, you can use ustrcompare() or ustrcompareex(). For details about the UCA, see http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr10/. The role of locales in collation During collation, Stata can use the default collator or it can perform language-sensitive string comparisons or sorts that require knowledge of a locale. A locale identifies a community with a certain set of preferences for how their language should be written; see [U] 12.4.2.4 Locales in Unicode. -
Legacy Character Sets & Encodings
Legacy & Not-So-Legacy Character Sets & Encodings Ken Lunde CJKV Type Development Adobe Systems Incorporated bc ftp://ftp.oreilly.com/pub/examples/nutshell/cjkv/unicode/iuc15-tb1-slides.pdf Tutorial Overview dc • What is a character set? What is an encoding? • How are character sets and encodings different? • Legacy character sets. • Non-legacy character sets. • Legacy encodings. • How does Unicode fit it? • Code conversion issues. • Disclaimer: The focus of this tutorial is primarily on Asian (CJKV) issues, which tend to be complex from a character set and encoding standpoint. 15th International Unicode Conference Copyright © 1999 Adobe Systems Incorporated Terminology & Abbreviations dc • GB (China) — Stands for “Guo Biao” (国标 guóbiâo ). — Short for “Guojia Biaozhun” (国家标准 guójiâ biâozhün). — Means “National Standard.” • GB/T (China) — “T” stands for “Tui” (推 tuî ). — Short for “Tuijian” (推荐 tuîjiàn ). — “T” means “Recommended.” • CNS (Taiwan) — 中國國家標準 ( zhôngguó guójiâ biâozhün) in Chinese. — Abbreviation for “Chinese National Standard.” 15th International Unicode Conference Copyright © 1999 Adobe Systems Incorporated Terminology & Abbreviations (Cont’d) dc • GCCS (Hong Kong) — Abbreviation for “Government Chinese Character Set.” • JIS (Japan) — 日本工業規格 ( nihon kôgyô kikaku) in Japanese. — Abbreviation for “Japanese Industrial Standard.” — 〄 • KS (Korea) — 한국 공업 규격 (韓國工業規格 hangug gongeob gyugyeog) in Korean. — Abbreviation for “Korean Standard.” — ㉿ — Designation change from “C” to “X” on August 20, 1997. 15th International Unicode Conference Copyright © 1999 Adobe Systems Incorporated Terminology & Abbreviations (Cont’d) dc • TCVN (Vietnam) — Tiu Chun Vit Nam in Vietnamese. — Means “Vietnamese Standard.” • CJKV — Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese. 15th International Unicode Conference Copyright © 1999 Adobe Systems Incorporated What Is A Character Set? dc • A collection of characters that are intended to be used together to create meaningful text. -
IBM Data Conversion Under Websphere MQ
IBM WebSphere MQ Data Conversion Under WebSphere MQ Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................................... 3 .................................................................................................................................................... 3 Int roduction............................................................................................................................... 4 Ac ronyms and terms used in Data Conversion........................................................................ 5 T he Pieces in the Data Conversion Puzzle............................................................................... 7 Coded Character Set Identifier (CCSID)........................................................................................ 7 Encoding .............................................................................................................................................. 7 What Gets Converted, and How............................................................................................... 9 The Message Descriptor.................................................................................................................... 9 The User portion of the message..................................................................................................... 10 Common Procedures when doing the MQPUT................................................................. 10 The message -
SAP IQ Administration: Globalization Company
ADMINISTRATION GUIDE | PUBLIC SAP IQ 16.1 SP 02 Document Version: 1.0.0 – 2018-12-10 SAP IQ Administration: Globalization company. All rights reserved. All rights company. affiliate THE BEST RUN 2019 SAP SE or an SAP SE or an SAP SAP 2019 © Content 1 SAP IQ Administration: Globalization.............................................4 2 About International Language Data..............................................5 2.1 International Languages and Character Sets..........................................5 What is ICU, and when is it needed?............................................. 6 2.2 Character sets...............................................................7 Code Pages in Windows......................................................8 How the Collation Sequence Sorts Characters......................................11 2.3 Collations..................................................................12 SQL Anywhere Collation Algorithm (SACA)........................................14 Unicode Collation Algorithm (UCA).............................................15 Collations in a database.....................................................16 Alternate collations........................................................ 17 Turkish character sets and collations............................................20 2.4 Locales...................................................................23 Locale language...........................................................23 Locale character set........................................................24