Appendix 1 – Police Forces in the Lower Mainland LMD Municipal/Detachment police (sources: BC Police Services (MPSSG 2011b) & policeinternational.com) Municipal Forces Abbotsford Police Department (APD) Delta Police Department (DPD) New Westminster Police Service (NWPS) Port Moody Police Department (PMPD) Vancouver Police Department (VPD) West Vancouver Police Department (WVPD) RCMP Detachments (*covers multiple municipalities) Burnaby Coquitlam* Langley Mission North Vancouver Richmond Ridge Meadows* Sea to Sky* Sunshine Coast Surrey University Upper Fraser Valley* White Rock Other LMD Police South Coast BC Transit Authority Police Service (SCBC-TAPS) Canadian Forces Military Police – Chilliwack Other Police Operating in LMD RCMP Federal and Provincial Units Canadian National Railway Police Canadian Border Services Agency (CBSA) 175 176 Appendix 1 – Police Forces in the Lower Mainland Integrated Teams Operating in the LMD (Source: RCMP in BC website (RCMP 2011); *Restricted to all or part of the LMD; all others provincial or national) Integrated Homicide Investigation Team (IHIT)* Integrated Collision Analysis Reconstruction Service (ICARS)* Integrated Forensic Identification Services (IFIS)* Integrated Lower Mainland Dogs Team* RCMP LMD Emergency Response Team (LMD ERT)* Lower Mainland Traffic Safety Heli copter Program (Air 1 and Air 2)* Municipal Integrated Emergency Response Team (MIERT)* Integrated First Nations Unit (IFNU)* Integrated Municipal Provincial Auto Crime Team (IMPACT) Combined Forces Special Enforcement Unity (CFSEU), including: t Outlaw Motorcycle Gang (OMG) enforcement t Integrated Gang Task Force (IGTF) t Organized Crime Agency (OCA) Integrated Market Enforcement Teams (IMET) BC Integrated National Security Enforcement Team (E-INSET) Integrated Proceeds of Crime (IPOC) Integrated Road Safety Unit (IRSU) Notes Foreword 1 The scope of Castells’ work defies bibliographic summation. Even the end of the Millennium trilogy to which I refer here was published twice, and the second version was a substantial revision of the first. It is otiose to reference his work anyway given that he is already among the top five most referenced social science scholars in the world. Chapter 1 1 The term ‘informal’ will be used to denote activities that occur outside of official structures and channels (but not necessarily in contravention of these) and conversely treats as ‘formal’ any activity that is directed by official police operational command, policy, or relevant law. This differs somewhat from the socio-legal conception of informal/formal that is used, for example, by Hufnagel (2013), which treats as formal only those activities that have a basis in formal law or international convention and considers much police coor- dination informal in nature, even where such coordination is supported by official force-level agreements. Chapter 2 1 A component of this chapter has been previously published as: Giacomanto- nio, Chris. 2010. ‘Theorizing change in Anglo-American police organizations: On making meaningful change-claims in police scholarship.’ Papers from the British Society of Criminology Conference 10:55–69. 2 The concept of organizational culture emerges in later chapters but deliber- ately only briefly. While police sociologists reading this may find the lack of attention to culture unsettling, what is commonly referred to as ‘culture’ in most instances is of little analytic value here. The presumption here is that more tangible variables – structural, historical, and political/environmental factors – will have more purchase in explaining organizational phenomena than the often amorphous concept of culture. 3 Marx was, in this instance, discussing the areas of contest between public and private police, though this conceptualization of interstice seems equally relevant in the context of this paper. 4 For example, ICBC reported 372 traffic fatalities in 2007, the most recent year for published traffic statistics on its website (ICBC 2008). This compares with 88 homicides in the same year in British Columbia (MPSSG 2012). This trend is narrowing in the US, however, with gun deaths slated to outpace traffic fatalities within the decade (Christoff and Kolet 2012). 177 178 Notes 5 See http://policeconsolidation.msu.edu/. 6 Even where the local police power is almost entirely under local control (such as in the USA, where local and state police have exclusive jurisdiction over certain areas of criminal activity), their practices are still shaped significantly by federal court decisions. 7 ‘Lower level’ here denotes those activities that are solely subject to internal disciplinary procedures rather than tort or criminal procedure in a public court. It is not intended to be a commentary on the seriousness of officer deviance, which at this lower level can still include rather significant instances of violence or abuse against citizens and suspects. Chapter 3 1 See Appendix 1 for a list of agencies. 2 The reader should keep in mind that the following is based on the state of play during fieldwork in 2010–11, though as of publication the arrangement of policing resources and types of solutions to police coordination were largely the same as during the fieldwork period (see for example the BC provincial government’s description of policing services at http://www.pssg.gov.bc.ca/ policeservices/description/, accessed 1 January 2015). 3 We will use the LMD acronym interchangeably with the phrase Lower Main- land to refer to the region, recognizing that LMD is a term favoured by the RCMP but not necessarily all municipal police in the area. The reader should also keep in mind the subtle distinction between the LMD geographical dis- trict and the LMD Command; the former refers to all of the municipalities in the region, while the latter refers to an administrative unit overseeing all RCMP activity in the LMD. In many cases, we will move between discuss- ing the Lower Mainland and discussing only the GVRD, since much previous research on the area deals only with the GVRD, and with the exception of Abbotsford (which is not part of the GVRD but is in the LMD), all of the urban and most of the specialist policing in the LMD is centred in the GVRD. 4 There is also a multiplicity of ongoing RCMP change initiatives unrelated (at least in a direct sense) to LMD policing but nonetheless bearing on the cur- rent and future shape of police work in the region. These include the national organizational changes to the RCMP at all levels as a result of the Reform Implementation Task Force, whose final (2010) report is tellingly titled From Reform to Continuous Change, a somewhat unsettling prospect. 5 This estimate is based on the numbers in MPSSG 2011b, which counts 169 SCBCTAPS personnel and 27 Vancouver Airport personnel, as well as figures provided in my study that IMPACT membership numbers around 20–30 offic- ers at any time. 6 Protective services include security detail for international figures and dip- lomats as well as the Canadian prime minster, governor general, and so on (RCMP 2011). 7 The contract negotiations between the province and the RCMP concluded after the fieldwork and resulted in increased provincial and municipal control over RCMP ‘E’ Division and its detachments (MPSSG 2013), though many of the overarching tensions described here remain. Notes 179 8 ‘Wagon’ means transporting arrested persons from in the field to holding cells rather than responding to calls for service. 9 Compstat is a contested term even in police managerial literature. It is gener- ally meant to denote a coordinating meeting which includes spatial crime analysis, crime control strategy development, and performance measurement. 10 A duty officer is normally a supreme ranking officer in the field, and their function is to provide high-level command to daily operations. 11 Many integrated units are housed under the provincial RCMP Major Crimes section, but this appears to be more of an artifact of bureaucratic requirement than a claim to RCMP ownership of the unit. 12 There are also an inestimable number of brief and somewhat informal multi- jurisdictional ‘projects’ at any time in the LMD, and they may last as little as one night or one ‘block’ of shifts (normally four days). Projects, it should be noted, are also not always joint forces even if they involve work in multiple jurisdictions, but by definition integrated units and JFOs are. 13 Michael Slade, a Canadian crime novelist (real name Jay Clarke) has writ- ten a number of books, beginning with 1984’s Headhunter, which detail the exploits of the ‘Special X’ multi-jurisdictional RCMP homicide specialist team. It is also rumoured that Clarke, a former lawyer, consulted with the RCMP on the creation of IHIT. 14 Certainly, a majority of current federal integrated units were founded under his tenure as commissioner. Chapter 4 1 Bait cars are popular cars placed as ‘bait’ for car thieves in auto-theft hot spots and fitted with surveillance technologies to support post-crime apprehension. 2 This interpretation of strategy is drawn from interviews with IMPACT mem- bers, but I am avoiding using direct quotes as they include operational and tactical information that is protected. 3 A third major operational failure cited less frequently in the study was the bombing of Air India flight 182 in 1985, which originated at Toronto’s Pear- son Airport and was a result of a failure of coordination between the Cana- dian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) and the RCMP. The resulting inquiry, which finished in 2010