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00 DEMOKRASI K.Indd Derleyenler Ahmet T. Kuru - Alfred Stepan TÜRKİYE’DE DEMOKRASİ, İSLÂM VE LAİKLİK Derleyenler Ahmet T. Kuru - Alfred Stepan TÜRKİYE’DE DEMOKRASİ, İSLÂM VE LAİKLİK Çeviren Hande Tatoğlu ‹stanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yay›nlar› 420 Siyaset Bilimi 46 ISBN 978-605-399-279-0 1. Bask› ‹stanbul, Nisan 2013 © Bilgi ‹letiflim Grubu Yay›nc›l›k Müzik Yap›m ve Haber Ajans› Ltd. fiti. Yaz›flma Adresi: ‹nönü Caddesi, No: 43/A Kufltepe fiiflli 34387 ‹stanbul Telefon: 0212 311 61 34 - 311 64 63 / Faks: 0212 297 63 14 • Sertifika No: 11237 www.bilgiyay.com E-posta [email protected] Da€›t›m [email protected] Yay›na Haz›rlayan Cem Tüzün Tasar›m Mehmet Ulusel Dizgi ve Uygulama Maraton Dizgievi • www.dizgievi.com Düzelti Remzi Abbas Dizin Özgür Yıldız Baskı ve Cilt Sena Ofset Ambalaj ve Matbaacılık San. Tic. Ltd. Şti. Litros Yolu 2. Matbaacılar Sitesi B Blok Kat 6 No: 4 NB 7-9-11 Topkapı İstanbul Telefon: 0212 613 03 21 - 613 38 46 / Faks: 0212 613 38 46 • Sertifika No: 12064 ‹stanbul Bilgi University Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi Kataloglama Bölümü tarafından kataloglanmıştır. Türkiye’de Demokrasi, İslâm ve Laiklik / derleyenler Ahmet t. Kuru, Alfred Stepan; çev. Hande Tatoğlu 228 p. 16x23 cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-605-399-279-0 1. Turkey—Politics and goverment—20th centruy. 2. Turkey—Politics and goverment—21th centruy. 3. Democracy—Turkey. 4. Islam and state—Turkey. 5. Secularism—Turkey. 6. Cultural pluralism—Turkey. I. kuru, Ahmet T. II. Stepan, Alfred C. III. Tatoğlu, Hande. JQ1805. D4619 2013 Derleyenler Ahmet T. Kuru - Alfred Stepan TÜRKİYE’DE DEMOKRASİ, İSLÂM VE LAİKLİK Çeviren Hande Tatoğlu bbbbb aaaaa ‹çindekiler vii Yazarlar 1 Girifl Ahmet T. Kuru - Alfred Stepan 13 1 Osmanlı’da Farklılıkların Yönetimini Yeniden Düşünmek: Modern Türkiye İçin Ne Öğrenebiliriz? Karen Barkey 31 2 Kemalizm’in Tarihî Kökenleri M. Şükrü Hanioğlu 59 3 Türkiye: Çoğulcu Toplum ve Tekçi Devlet Ergun Özbudun 91 4 Bir ‘İdeal Tip’ ve Skala Olarak Laiklik: Türkiye, Fransa ve Senegal Karşılaştırması Ahmet T. Kuru - Alfred Stepan 115 5 Yeni Bir Siyaset Tarzı: Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri, Toplum ve AK Parti Ümit Cizre 139 6 Türkiye’de Askeri Vesayetin Yükseliş ve Düşüşü: İslâmcılık, Kürtçülük ve Komünizm Korkuları Ahmet T. Kuru 161 7 Türk Anayasa Mahkemesi ve Siyasal Kriz Ergun Özbudun 177 8 Türkiye’nin Avrupa Birliği’ne Katılımı ve Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi’nin Rolü Joost Lagendıjk 199 9 Avrupalı Hıristiyan Demokrat Partiler Işığında “Türk Modeli” Stathis N. Kalyvas 209 Seçilmiş Kaynakça 213 Dizin Yazarlar KAREN BARKEY Columbia Üniversitesi’nde sosyoloji profesörüdür. Farklılıklar İmparatorluğu: Karşılaştır- ma Tarih Perspektifinden Osmanlılar (Versus Kitap, 2001) ve Eşkiyalar ve Devlet: Osman- lı Tarzı Devlet Merkezileşmesi (Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, 1999) adlı kitapların yazarıdır. ÜMİT CİZRE Şehir Üniversitesi’nde siyaset bilimi profesörüdür. Muktedirlerin Siyaseti (İletişim Yayınla- rı, 1999) ve AP-Ordu İlişkileri (İletişim Yayınları, 1993) kitaplarının yazardır. Almanak Türkiye 2005: Güvenlik Sektörü ve Demokratik Gözetim (Tesev Yayınları, 2008) adlı ki- tabın da editörüdür. ŞÜKRÜ HANİOĞLU Princeton Üniversitesi’nde tarih profesörü ve Orta Doğu Çalışmaları Bölümü’nün başkanı- dır. Kitapları arasında Atatürk: An Intellectual Biography (Princeton University Press, 2011); Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire (Princeton University Press, 2010) ve Os- manlı İttihad ve Terakki Cemiyeti ve Jön Türklük (İletişim Yayınları, 1986) yer almaktadır. STATHIS KALYVAS Yale Üniversitesi’nde siyaset bilimi profesörü ve Düzen, Çatışma ve Şiddet Programı’nın başkanıdır. The Logic of Violence in Civil War (Cambridge University Press, 2006) ve The Rise of Christian Democracy in Europe (Cornell University Press, 1996) adlı kitaplar ile ödüllü çok sayıda makalenin yazarıdır. AHMET T. KURU San Diego State Üniversitesi’nde siyaset bilimi doçentidir. Pasif ve Dışlayıcı Laiklik: ABD, Fransa ve Türkiye (İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2011) kitabının yazarıdır. Dokto- ra çalışmasını Washington Üniversitesi’nde, postdoktora çalışmasını ise Columbia Üniver- sitesi’nde tamamlamış olan Kuru, Amerikan Siyaset Bilimciler Derneği’nin Din ve Siyaset Bölümü’nün başkanlığını da yapmıştır. JOOST LAGENDIJK Hollanda Yeşiller Partisi bünyesinde Avrupa Parlamentosu üyeliği ile AB-Türkiye ortak parlamento komitesi eşbaşkanlığı yapmıştır. Zaman gazetesinde yazar ve Sabancı Üniver- sitesi’nde araştırmacı olarak çalışmaktadır. viii yazarlar ERGUN ÖZBUDUN Bilkent Üniversitesi’nde anayasa hukuku profesörüdür. Çağdaş Türk Politikası: Demokra- tik Pekişmenin Önündeki Engeller (Doğan Kitap, 2008); Otoriter Rejimler, Seçimsel De- mokrasiler ve Türkiye (İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2011); Türkiye’de Parti ve Se- çim Sistemi (İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2011) ve (W. Hale ile) Türkiye’de İslâm- cılık, Demokrasi ve Liberalizm (Doğan Kitap, 2010) kitaplarının yazarıdır. ALFRED STEPAN Columbia Üniversitesi’nde siyaset bilimi profesörüdür ve Demokrasi, Tolerans ve Din Araştırmaları Merkezi’nin başkanıdır. Kitapları arasında Arguing Comparative Politics (Oxford University Press, 2001); Rethinking Military Politics: Brazil and the Southern Cone (Princeton University Press, 1988) ve (J. Linz ve Y. Yadav ile) Crafting State-Nati- ons: India and Other Multinational Democracies (The John Hopkins University Press, 2011) yer almaktadır. J. Linz ile kaleme aldığı Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America and Post-Communist Europe (The John Hopkins University Press, 1996) dokuz dile tercüme edilmiştir. türkiye’de demokrasi, islâm ve laiklik giriş Giriş Ahmet T. Kuru - Alfred Stepan ürkiye’nin 1982 Anayasası, 1980 askerî darbesinin hemen ardından as- Tkerî vesayet altında hazırlanmış ve kabul edilmiştir. Demokratikleşme sürecinin günümüzde ulaştığı noktada artık toplumun ve siyasetin birçok ak- törü daha demokratik yeni bir anayasaya olan ihtiyacı dile getirmektedir. Türk siyaseti adına bir diğer önemli süreç de Avrupa Birliği’ne (AB) tam üye- liktir. Bu gerçekleştiği takdirde Türkiye birliğin ilk Müslüman çoğunluğa ve ikinci en büyük nüfusa sahip üyesi olacaktır. Birçok gözlemci için ilginç olan konu İslâm’dan ilham alan, muhafazakâr ve demokratik bir parti olarak gö- rülen Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi’nin (AK Parti)1 (daha önce Avrupa’daki Hı- ristiyan Demokrat partiler örneğinde görüldüğü gibi) bazı dinî kökenlerini korurken mevcut Avrupa demokrasi modellerine olumlu bir katkıda bulunup bulunamayacağıdır.2 Elinizdeki kitap, Türk siyasetini ve daha da genel anlamda İslâm ve de- mokrasi ilişkisini şu sorular bağlamında incelemektedir: Osmanlı mirası ço- ğulculuk ve farklılıkları bir arada yaşatma adına günümüz Türkiye’sine ne anlatmaktadır? Kemalist ideolojinin tarihî kökenleri nelerdir? Cumhuriyet sonrasında kurulmaya çalışılan tek tip devlet ve tek tip toplum modeli neden denenmiş ve nasıl başarısız olmuştur? Senegal ve Endonezya gibi Müslüman çoğunluğa sahip demokrasilerde, dinî aktörlere kamusal alanda daha geniş 1 Kitapta AKP yerine partinin resmi kısaltması olan AK Parti ifadesini kullanacağız. 2 Batı Avrupa’daki Hristiyan Demokrat partiler hakkında bkz. Stathis N. Kalyvas, The Rise of Ch- ristian Democracy in Europe, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, N.Y., 1996. 2 türkiye’de demokrasi, islâm ve laiklik bir hürriyet vermek anlamında pasif laikliğin yerleşmesi nasıl mümkün ol- muştur ve bu durum dışlayıcı laik Fransa ve Türkiye’den (gerek Müslüman- lar, gerekse Hıristiyanlar adına) nasıl bir fark ortaya koymaktadır? Türk Si- lahlı Kuvvetleri’nin siyaset üzerindeki vesayeti nasıl bir dönüşüm geçirmekte- dir? Türkiye’nin AB’ye katılım sürecinde iç ve dış politika nasıl bir rol oyna- maktadır? 2007 yılında başlayan ve halen devam edegelen anayasa krizinin temel kırılma noktaları nelerdir? Arap Baharı’nın tartışıldığı günümüzde bir Türk modelinden söz edilebilir mi? Bu bağlamda AK Parti tecrübesi bir asır önce Avrupa’da ortaya çıkmış olan Hıristiyan Demokrat partilerle mukayese edilebilir mi? Türkiye’deki güncel siyaseti incelemeye başlamadan önce, modern Türkiye’nin en önemli iki tarihî mirası olan Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ve Kema- lizm konuları ele alınacaktır. Türkiye, yüzyıllar boyunca Doğu Avrupa, Or- tadoğu ve Kuzey Afrika’yı yöneten, bu süreçte çok değişik dinler ve etnik grupları bir arada yaşatan ve azınlıklara devrin Avrupa ülkeleriyle karşılaştı- rılmayacak kadar fazla özgürlük tanıyan Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun halefi- dir. Ödül kazanan Farklılıklar İmparatorluğu: Karşılaştırmalı Perspektiften Osmanlılar (2008) adlı kitabın yazarı Karen Barkey yazısında Osmanlı İmpa- ratorluğu’nda farklılıkların yönetimi konusunu ele alıyor. “Osmanlı’da Fark- lılıkların Yönetimini Yeniden Düşünmek” adlı bölümünde Barkey, Osmanlı- ların dinî ve etnik uyum ile hoşgörü konusunda kendine has, “modernite ön- cesi” bir modeli nasıl oluşturduklarını incelemektedir. Ayrıca Barkey, bu mo- delin yeniden oluşturulmasında, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’ndaki farklı dinler ve dillerin nispeten barış içinde yaşamasının oluşturduğu mirasın bileşenlerin- den hangilerinin faydalı olacağı konusunda da tahminlerde bulunmaktadır. Osmanlı’dan sonra Cumhuriyet’in çoğulculuk yerine tek tipçi toplum mühen- disliği politikaları gütmesinde Kemalist ideolojinin önemli rolü olmuştur. O nedenle bir sonraki bölüm bu ideolojiyi incelemektedir. Kemalist ideoloji Mustafa Kemal Atatürk’ün mirasını temsil etme iddi- asındadır. Şükrü Hanioğlu, “Kemalizmin Tarihi Kökenleri” başlıklı makale- sinde bu konuda yeni bir ufuk açarak Kemalizm’in
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