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Farming and Patterns of Agrobiodiversity on the Amazon Floodplain in the Vicinity of Mamirauá, Amazonas, Brazil

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Farming and Patterns of Agrobiodiversity on the Amazon Floodplain in the Vicinity of Mamirauá, Amazonas, Brazil FARMING AND PATTERNS OF AGROBIODIVERSITY ON THE AMAZON FLOODPLAIN IN THE VICINITY OF MAMIRAUÁ, AMAZONAS, BRAZIL By MORGAN J. SCHMIDT A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2003 Copyright 2003 by Morgan J. Schmidt ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research was supported by a Charles Wagley Research Fellowship through the Center for Latin American Studies and Tropical Conservation and Development Program at the University of Florida. Graduate studies were supported by a Graduate Alumni Fellowship from the University of Florida through the Department of Geography. The research was further supported by the Mamirauá Sustainable Development Institute. I would especially like to thank Jomber Chota Inuma who introduced me to the Mamirauá reserve and contributed much encouragement, advice, and support during the research. I am grateful for the hospitality of Jomber’s family, Dina and Ortila, who gave me a home in Tefé. I would also like to thank Niele Peralta Bezerra, José Márcio Ayres, Edila Moura, and Ana Claudeíse Nascimento for their support of the research; and José Elizon Rocha da Silva, for his tireless efforts in the field. I am grateful to all of the other assistants, informants, farmers, and families (too numerous to name) for their help, cooperation, and wonderful hospitality. Finally, I would like to thank my family, whose support made my graduate career possible; and my committee members (Dr. Nigel Smith, Dr. Hugh Popenoe, and Dr. Michael Heckenberger) for their guidance, advice, and support. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. iii LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................. vi LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... ix ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................... xi CHAPTER 1 AGRICULTURAL BIODIVERSITY AND SHIFTING CULTIVATION: THE RESEARCH IN CONTEXT.........................................................................................1 Introduction...................................................................................................................1 Our Stake in Agricultural Biodiversity.........................................................................3 Call for Conservation....................................................................................................6 Swidden Model.............................................................................................................9 Why Study Swidden? .................................................................................................12 Swidden Agriculture in Time and Space....................................................................14 2 FOCUSING ON THE MIDDLE SOLIMÕES REGION ...........................................18 Prehistoric Agriculture and Settlement on the Amazon River ...................................18 Practical Aspects of Swidden Research in Amazonia ................................................20 Amazon Caboclo ........................................................................................................27 Middle Solimões Region ............................................................................................28 Connservation of the Várzea Ecosystem: The Mamirauá and Amanã Sustainable Development Reserves...........................................................................................30 Data and Methods.......................................................................................................31 Research Considerations of the Flood Season............................................................36 Life on the Várzea ......................................................................................................38 3 STRATEGIES FOR FARMING ON THE FLOODPLAIN: THE ROÇA ...............43 Characteristics of the Roça .........................................................................................45 Farming Praias and Lamas..........................................................................................49 Diversity and Management of Restinga Baixa Fields ................................................51 Restinga Alta: The Preferred Habitat for Planting .....................................................55 Crop Losses from Flooding, Pests, and Diseases .......................................................62 iv Storage and Loss of Planting Material........................................................................67 4 CAPOEIRAS: ENRICHED FORESTS AND MANAGED FALLOWS..................71 Restinga Baixa............................................................................................................73 Restinga alta................................................................................................................76 Bananal .......................................................................................................................78 Capoeira......................................................................................................................83 Capoeira Bananal........................................................................................................87 Capoeira Cacaual........................................................................................................90 Capoeira Fruteira ........................................................................................................90 Frutal...........................................................................................................................93 Sitio.............................................................................................................................94 5 DIVERSITY IN HOME GARDENS .......................................................................100 Diversity in Middle Solimões Várzea Home Gardens .............................................104 Losses from Flooding ...............................................................................................114 Size of Home Gardens..............................................................................................115 Livestock in Home Gardens .....................................................................................117 Terra Firme Home Gardens......................................................................................118 6 A MORE STABLE ENVIRONMENT: TERRA FIRME........................................126 Field and Fallow Management on Terra Firme ........................................................130 Agrobiodiversity in Terra Firme Roças....................................................................138 Agrobiodiversity in Terra Firme Capoeiras..............................................................143 Other Non-Roças ......................................................................................................148 7 LESSONS FOR CONSERVATION OF AGROBIODIVERSITY IN THE MIDDLE SOLIMÕES..............................................................................................150 Distribution of Agrobiodiversity ..............................................................................151 Theoretical Implications ...........................................................................................155 Directions for further research..................................................................................158 APPENDIX A USEFUL SPECIES OCCURRING IN FIELDS AND FALLOWS.........................166 B USEFUL SPECIES OCCURRING IN HOME GARDENS ....................................174 LIST OF REFERENCES.................................................................................................186 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ...........................................................................................199 v LIST OF TABLES Table page 2-1 Number of home gardens, fields, and fallows visited in 19 communities on uplands and floodplains in the middle Solimões region. .......................................32 3-1 Summary of statistics for low levee fields.............................................................54 3-2 The eight most common species remaining in sixteen harvested fields on low levees......................................................................................................................55 3-3 Summary of statistics for high levee fields............................................................56 3-4 The 19 most common useful species found in planted fields on high levees with corresponding number of harvested fields.....................................................59 3-5 Varieties of bitter manioc (mandioca) growing in 70 fields on high levees..........61 3-6 Varieties of sweet manioc (macaxeira) growing in 70 fields on high levees. .......61 3-7 Varieties of banana growing in 70 fields on high levees.......................................62 3-8 Perennials that were reported lost in fields and fallows. .......................................66 4-1 Summary of statistics for fallows on low levees. ..................................................74 4-2 The 25 useful species occurring in 17 capoeiras on low levees. ...........................75 4-3 Local
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