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Where the Pampa Meets the Moon: a Search for Ethnobotanical Knowledge in Quillabamba

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WHERE THE PAMPA MEETS THE MOON: A SEARCH FOR ETHNOBOTANICAL KNOWLEDGE IN QUILLABAMBA A Project Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Anthropology San Jose State University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts by Andrea Leah Presler August 2009 © 2009 Andrea Leah Presler ALL RIGHTS RESERVED SAN JOSÉ STATE UNIVERSITY The Undersigned Project Committee Approves the Project Titled WHERE THE PAMPA MEETS THE MOON: A SEARCH FOR ETHNOBOTANICAL KNOWLEDGE IN QUILLABAMBA by Andrea Leah Presler APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY ___________________________________________________________ Dr. Guadalupe Salazar, Department of Anthropology Date __________________________________________________________ Dr. Roberto Gonzalez, Department of Anthropology Date __________________________________________________________ Dr. Kathryn Davis, Department of Geography Date ABSTRACT WHERE THE PAMPA MEETS THE MOON: A SEARCH FOR ETHNOBOTANICAL KNOWLEDGE IN QUILLABAMBA by Andrea Presler This interdisciplinary research project incorporates history, botany, geography and applied anthropology in an attempt to retrace the 1936 travel routes and botanical collection sites of Ynés Mexía near Quillabamba, Peru. It documents perspectives of environmental change as well as the transfer of ethnobotanical and environmental knowledge inter-generationally. Divided into four distinct but interrelated phases, data collection for this project was completed both at San Jose State University and in Peru. This project provides insight regarding the relationship between the environment and the people of the Quillabamba region of Peru. The cosmological perspectives of the Peruvian people provide a holistic and nurturing approach to the environment and subsistence levels of living. However, current issues associated with climate change, the economy, and regional development, have challenged their ability to live subsistently. This project presents cultural, ethnobotanical, and environmental data that may be used in intercultural education and for developing sustainable policies for cultural and environmental resources. This project triangulates ethnographic information, visual representations, and regional cultural interpretations of the surrounding environment with ethnobotanical data. The interdisciplinary nature of this pilot research project may serve as a model to guide similar projects that attempt to delve into the temporal and spatial interface between humans and the environment. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS All things are related, this I know. This pilot project would not have been initiated without the serendipitous convergence of my life with that of my advisor Dr. Guadalupe Salazar, my advisory committee Dr. Kathryn Davis and Dr. Roberto Gonzalez; and Dr. George Vasquez who directed the study abroad program in Peru. Dr. Kathryn Davis introduced me to the remarkable life of Ynés Mexía (1870-1938), which provided me, with the idea for this project. Mexía’s journey to Peru in search of botanical specimens intrigued me, and in a way, seduced me into going to Peru. Although she died in 1938, and is not here physically to accept my appreciation, it is her shoulders that I stand on as she provided the impetus and the courage for this exploratory project. Our connection to and dependence on the environment is something that I have always respected and have sought to understand. Our place in this world and our relationship with it is shaped by the forces of our own history and upbringing. My parents, Jack and Virginia Presler were instrumental in teaching me about the natural world, how to work the land and how to balance subsistence level living with a wage economy. It was my mother who first planted the seed and introduced me to the world of wild edible and medicinal plants, which grew to become my passion. I also want to thank my nine siblings: Karla, Sharla, Mark, Maetha, Alisa, John, Joella, Tanya and Amelia, for always being supportive of my numerous endeavors and journey through life. I am forever grateful and indebted to my partner and wife, Dr. Caroline Whitehill who nurtured me, encouraged me, and provided me with emotional and financial support. I also want to thank Carrie’s family: her mother Sharon Carpenter, her sister Catherine Willey and brother-in-law Jason Willey, and her father Bob Whitehill for their continued support as Carrie and I struggled through this academic process. I am sincerely appreciative for the help that I received from Mayra Cerda for watching my videos and translating several hours’ worth of interviews from Spanish to English. Mayra was able to clarify some of the translations that were difficult to discern and kindly offered her time and effort while also working on her master’s degree. Without the help of my translators and friends: Melania Garcia Vizcarra, Karla Salazar in Cusco and Edison Cárdenas in Quillabamba I would not have been able to proceed with this project. I am forever grateful for their patience and generosity in helping me not only with interpretations, but with all of the logistical considerations that allowed me to conduct research in Peru. In addition I want to thank Edison’s family, for kindly inviting me for cuy dinner. I am sincerely appreciative and respectful of all of the participants in this project who shared their knowledge and a piece of their lives with me. Without their generosity and trust this project would not have been accomplished. Their insight regarding the environment, culture, and cosmology has provided me with a greater understanding of the world in which they live. The voices of the people and the sights, smells, and sounds of Peru will always remain with me. I am especially grateful for those people who took me by the hand and led me into to the pampa. v TABLE OF CONTENTS PROLOGUE: RETRACING THE FOOTSTEPS OF YNÉS MEXÍA………………..….1 Ynés Mexía Botanical Collection and Historical Documents…...………………..1 Research Design and Methodological Approaches…………………………..…...4 Phase I: Historical Literature and Map Review……………………………..…….4 A. Geographic Information: Preliminary Investigation of the Travel Routes Used By Ynés Mexía in the Quillabamba region of Peru (1936)………..4 B. Botanical Collections……………………………………………………..……4 C. Applied Anthropology: Ethnographic and Ethnobotanical Information…….....6 Phase II: Triangulation of Historical, Botanical and Ethnographic Data to Develop an Interdisciplinary Model to Map Travel Routes and Botanical Collection Sites………………………………………………………………………..7 Phase III: Visual Representations ……………………………...………………….8 Phase IV. Applied Anthropology: Intercultural Education and Interpretive Voice……………………………………………………………………………..11 THE MEXÍA COLLECTIONS………………...………………………………………..12 Geographic Information and Challenges of Proximity………………..…12 Km 153: The Search for Ruellia…………………………………………13 The Rios………………………………………………………………….15 The Mission……………………………………………………………...16 Project Review and Outcome of Phases I and II…………………………………19 CHAPTER ONE; INTRODUCTION:………………………………………….……..…21 Environmental Change, Cultural Perceptions and Access to Subsistence Resources in Quillabamba, Peru…………………………………………………21 Fieldwork and Data Collection…………………………………………………..24 Organization of Project Report…………………………………………………..29 CHAPTER TWO: SENSORY ECOLOGY AND THE MEDIUM OF PLANTS…………………………………………………………………….……...…....32 vi Culture and Cosmology in Four Places in Peru………………………………….34 Kiswarani…………………..……………………………………………...……..36 Mission of Chinche……………………………………………………….…..….39 Perspectives of a Healer in Cusco…………………………………….….………43 Issues of Bioprospecting…………………………………………………………50 CHAPTER THREE: WHERE THE PAMPA MEETS THE MOON………...…………55 Bio-Geographic Context…………...…………………………………….....……56 Where in the world is Quillabamba?.....................................................................58 Subsistence and the Economy……………………………………………………62 Food Sovereignty……...…………………………………………………………68 CHAPTER FOUR: CURRENT ISSUES………………….……………………………73 Environmental Perspectives……………………...………………………………73 City of Eternal Summer…………………….……………………………………78 CHAPTER FIVE: THE TRANSFER OF KNOWLEDGE TO FUTURE GENERATIONS…………………………………………………………………………88 Interviews with Multigenerational Families……………………………..………91 CHAPTER SIX: LESSONS LEARNED……...………………………………………101 Project Review and Outcome ………..…………….………...…………………101 The Mexía Collections and Ethnobotanical Data………………………………101 Perceptions of Change…………….……………………………………………106 Intercultural Education and Research Reciprocity……………………………..108 REFERENCES CITED…………………………………………………………………112 APPENDIX A: Ethnobotanical Data Associated with the Mexía Collections…….…...120 vii APPENDIX B: Ethnobotanical data …………………………………...………………124 viii LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………………….. Figure 1 Road through the Valley of Rio Vilcanota looking north toward Quillabamba...3 Figure 2 Scanned botanical document from Mexía collection..…………………..………5 Figure 3 Original 1931 Map of Peru and Bolivia used by Ynés Mexía in 1936…….....…8 Figure 4 Child’s depiction of cultivation around Chinche…………………..…………..10 Figure 5 Landslides along road to Quillabamba…………………………………………13 Figure 6 Travel routes of Mexía 1936…………………………………………...………15 Figure 7 Mission of Chinche with arches from colonial era cloisters …..………………18 Figure 8 Child's rendering of environmental change near Quillabamba, Peru.………....22 Figure 9 Cusco: “Viva El Peru” and modern rock glyphs on facing mountainside……..35 Figure 10 Trail to papa fields and glacial lakes above Kiswarani, Peru…………………37 Figure 11 Textile Weaving and
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