Acciones Transmediáticas Propuestas Desde El Universo Cinematográfico De the Conjuring

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Acciones Transmediáticas Propuestas Desde El Universo Cinematográfico De the Conjuring B R U M A L Revista de Investigación sobre lo Fantástico DOI: https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/brumal.721 Research Journal on the Fantastic Vol. VIII, n.º 2 (otoño/autumn 2020), pp. 63-86, ISSN: 2014-7910 ACCIONES TRANSMEDIÁTICAS PROPUESTAS DESDE EL UNIVERSO CINEMATOGRÁFICO DE THE CONJURING SANTIAGO MARTÍN LÓPEZ DELACRUZ Universidad de la República (Uruguay) [email protected] Recibido: 15-06-2020 Aceptado: 21-09-2020 RESUMEN En la actualidad, las narrativas transmedia trastocan la forma en la que se interpretan los contenidos audiovisuales, posibilitando nuevas formas de interacción y consumo. Un ejemplo es la presencia de los universos cinematográficos expandidos, que han transfor- mado en materia comunicacional y creativa los procesos de recepción fílmica. Dentro de lo fantástico, el cine de terror tiene relevancia al presentar una narrativa transmedia vi- gente y paradigmática: el universo cinematográfico de The Conjuring, que propone una serie de estrategias basadas en la cultura participativa y el conocimiento colectivo que potencian la experiencia transmediática. El artículo trata de detallar las estrategias trans- mediáticas de dicho universo que replantean la manera en la que se consume e interac- túa con la producción fílmica, posibilitando nuevas experiencias de participación e inter- pretación dentro del cine de terror desde diversos lenguajes, medios y soportes. PALABRAS CLAVE: cine de terror, cultura participativa, conocimiento colectivo, narrativas transmedia, universo cinematográfico. TRANSMEDIA ACTIONS PROPOSED FROM THE CINEMATOGRAPHIC UNIVERSE OF THE CONJURING ABSTRACT Currently, transmedia narratives disrupt the way in which audio-visual content is in- terpreted, enabling new forms of interaction and consumption. An example is the 63 Santiago Martín López Delacruz presence of expanded cinematographic universes, which have transformed the pro- cesses of film reception into communicational and creative matter. Within the fantastic, horror cinema is relevant by presenting a current and paradigmatic transmedia narra- tive: the cinematographic universe of The Conjuring, which proposes a series of strate- gies based on participatory culture and collective knowledge that enhance the trans- media experience. The article tries to detail the transmedia strategies of this universe that rethink the way in which film production is consumed and interacted with, ena- bling new experiences of participation and interpretation within horror cinema from different languages, media and supports. KEYWORds: horror cinema, participatory culture, collective knowledge, transmedia nar- ratives, cinematographic universe. R LAS NARRATIVAS TRANsmEDIA EN EL ÁMBITO COMUNICACIONAL ACTUAL La presencia de la nueva cultura digital dentro de los diversos espacios de comunicación e interacción actuales ha transformado, en materia creativa, los procesos de participación en los grandes medios tradicionales, como es el caso del cine o la televisión. El auge de las narrativas transmedia ha generado un aumento considerable de la producción de contenidos audiovisuales que permiten diversificar el consumo y la recepción de los productos, posibilitan- do una mayor explotación de diversas estrategias que involucran varios as- pectos: lo discursivo, lo económico, lo cultural, entre otros factores. A nivel narrativo, técnico y estético, el formato transmediático abre un contexto mul- tiforme, en donde se fomenta la creación, consumo y participación de diver- sos contenidos audiovisuales dentro de una red de creatividad, tanto indivi- dual como colectiva, en donde se multiplican los usos y aplicaciones de los distintos soportes y lenguajes de los medios de comunicación. Según Jenkins «La narración transmediática se refiere a una nueva es- tética que ha surgido en respuesta a la convergencia de los medios, que plan- tea nuevas exigencias a los consumidores y depende de la participación activa de las comunidades de conocimientos. La narración transmediática es el arte de crear mundos» (2008: 31). Es importante comprender lo transmediático como un tipo de interac- ción que se basa en tres aspectos centrales: la convergencia de los medios de 64 Brumal, vol. VIII, n.º 2 (otoño/autumn, 2020) Acciones transmediáticas propuestas desde el universo cinematográfico de The Conjuring comunicación, la cultura participativa por parte de sus usuarios y el conoci- miento colectivo que se genera desde su uso y práctica en comunidad. La presencia de la convergencia permite que distintos medios actúen desde su posición presentando sus propios contenidos según su soporte y lenguaje, en una realidad donde en vez de fragmentar se propone converger: en lugar de dividir el contenido en múltiples fuentes de interacción, se plantea una línea estética y narrativa a la cual seguir, y desde la que cada medio puede realizar su aporte correspondiente. Como expresa Scolari (2013: 25): [C]uando se hace referencia a las NT no estamos hablando de una adaptación de un lenguaje a otro (por ejemplo del libro al cine), sino de una estrategia que va mucho más allá y desarrolla un mundo narrativo que abarca diferentes me- dios y lenguajes. De esta manera el relato se expande, aparecen nuevos perso- najes o situaciones que traspasan las fronteras del universo de ficción. Las narrativas transmedia permiten expandir el mundo sin fraccionar- lo, posibilitando una estrategia de narración global que abarca diferentes re- cursos de los universos de ficción. Esta narración, al provenir desde diferentes medios, genera diversos focos de creación e interacción de los usuarios, que pasan de ser meros consumidores de los productos que receptan a agentes creacionales de los mismos. De este modo estamos frente a lo que se denomi- na cultura participativa, en donde «[l]a industria del entretenimiento se en- frenta a un tiempo en que los usuarios no solamente retroalimentan el trabajo de productores y guionistas, sino que contribuyen en la fase de gestación de nuevos proyectos, aportando muchas veces el material de base para su reali- zación» (Cappello, 2016: 40). La cultura de la participación es un elemento central de las narrativas transmedia, ya que permite que la línea narrativa del producto no solo se vea plasmada en diferentes medios que convergen con una temática en común, sino que dicha convergencia requiere de la colaboración de múltiples usuarios para convertirlo en una gran narración global, que permita enriquecer el producto y generar diversos focos de conocimiento e información sobre el mismo. Dicho proceso de creación de conocimiento e información es lo que se denomina en el mundo digital inteligencia colectiva, «un lugar en donde las personas participan directamente en la creación y recreación de la misma; una cultura creativa de experiencia activa que genera un feedback de gran interés, permitiendo así en- riquecer la actividad comunicativa» (Ruíz Martín y Alcalá Mellado, 2019: 109). Por lo tanto, las narrativas transmedia se plantean como una estrategia donde una historia puede desarrollarse desde distintos medios de comunica- Brumal, vol. VIII, n.º 2 (otoño/autumn, 2020) 65 Santiago Martín López Delacruz ción (cine, televisión, plataformas digitales, redes sociales, libros, cómics), desde diversos soportes (una película, una serie televisiva, un video digital, un post social compartido, un libro o cómic en formato papel o digital) y des- de diversos lenguajes (audiovisual, visual, verbal, literario, escrito o una mez- cla de varios), en el que cada texto genera un tipo de contribución específico, a nivel de contenido y de forma, que posibilita dos elementos: por una parte, que los consumidores asuman una posición activa (transformándose en usua- rios), y por otra parte, que dicha posición activa plantee instancias de inter- cambio de información y conocimiento colectivo. LAS NARRATIVAS TRANsmEDIA DEsdE UN PUNTO DE VISTA TEXTUAL Las instancias de conocimiento colectivo requieren, por parte de los usuarios, de una lectura constante de los contenidos de las narrativas trans- media, que pueden entenderse como textos que circulan en diversas instan- cias de interpretación, que poseen su propia estructura y funcionamiento, pero que permanentemente se encuentran relacionados con otros textos den- tro de múltiples coyunturas de recepción. Según Kinder, cualquier texto individual puede formar parte de un discurso cultural más amplio, por lo que debe leerse no solo con relación a otros textos, sino también vinculado a sus diversas estrategias textuales y supuestos ideológicos (1991: 2). Dicha relación se denomina intertextualidad,1 y específica que frecuentemente un texto se relaciona con otro texto dentro de una instancia comunicacional, haciendo que sus contenidos puedan re- troalimentarse en conjunto de forma distinta a la generada en sus actuacio- nes individuales. La idea de intertextualidad nos permite entender que, al momento de analizar las narrativas transmedia, se pueden tomar dos perspectivas: una de carácter expansivo, referida a la expansión de los universos narrativos, y otra de carácter comprensivo, referida a los productos que tienen lugar en un sis- tema transmedia pero no afectan lo narrativo (Montoya et al., 2013: 147). En el primer caso, las narrativas transmedia se ven afectadas, precisamente, al ser modificadas, ampliadas o mantenidas en lo que intentan narrar. En el segun- 1 El concepto de intertextualidad fue acuñado por Julia Kristeva a partir del trabajo sobre la obra de Mijaíl Bajtín, y en especial, su concepto de dialogismo. Posteriormente, y desde un punto de vista
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