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The Image of Canada in Blake's America a Prophecy

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The Image of Canada in Blake's America a Prophecy MINUTE PARTICULAR The Image of Canada in Blake’s America a Prophecy Warren Stevenson Blake/An Illustrated Quarterly, Volume 27, Issue 3, Winter 1993-1994, pp. 72-74 11 BLAKE/ANILLUSTRA TED QUARTERL Y Winter 1993/94 Nor wandering thought. We thank thee, 1 6 vols. (London: John Murray, 1830) 2: gracious God! 140-79. The Image of Canada For all its treasured memories! tender 2 Henry Crabb Robinson records reading in Blake's America a cares, Blake's Songs of Innocence and of Ex- Fond words, bright, bright sustaining perience to Wordsworth on 24 May 1812 Prophecy looks unchanged and notes, "He was pleased with some of Through tears and joy. O Father! most of them, and considered Blake as having the all elements of poetry a thousand times more Warren Stevenson We thank, we bless Thee, for the than either Byron or Scott." priceless trust, 3 Some early reviews did take notice of Through Thy redeeming Son the unreliability of certain aspects of he theme oi America a Prophecy' vouchsafed, to those Cunningham's account. See, for instance, is less the emergence of a new That love in Thee, of union, in Thy sight, The Athenaeum for Saturday, 6 February T And in Thy heavens, immortal!—Hear 1830 and the London University Magazine nation—about whose post-revolu- our prayer! for March 1830. John Linnell also made no tionary course, involving as it did the Take home our fond affections, purified secret of his dismay at the liberties Cunning- persistence of slavery, Blake had To spirit-radiance from all earthly stain; ham took with the truth. [G. E. Bentley, Jr., major reservations—than the downfall Exalted, solemnized, made fit to dwell, BlakeRecords (Oxford: Clarendon P, 1969) of tyranny as a prelude to the millen- Father! where all things that are lovely 395.] Mona Wilson believes that the speech meet, beginning "I glory in dying" and the other nium. More than any of the other And all things that are pure—for beginning "I am a changing man" are English romantics, with the possible evermore, Cunningham's own inventions. See The exception of Shelley, Blake had a With Thee and Thine! Life of William Blake (New York: Cooper global perspective, reflected in his fre- Square Publishers, 1969) 191, 301, This melodramatic prayer of thanks- 370n372. quent use of the term "America" and giving changes the final emphasis of « Blake died in 1827, and was 69, not 71. its cognates with reference to a hemi- the poem from a celebration of 5 She also draws on Cunningham's later sphere comprising two continents. Catherine/Teresa to a more conven- observation: "The affection and fortitude Blake's earliest such reference is the of this woman [Catherine Blake] entitle her tional celebration of God the Father— one in The Marriage of Heaven and to much respect. She shared her husband's Hell (pi. 13) to the "North American from a matriarchal to a patriarchal lot without a murmur, set her heart solely vision, from the human to the divine. upon his fame, and soothed him in those tribes"; in Visions of the Daughters of The painter/poet now becomes priest hours of misgiving and despondency Albion(\ :20) Bromion, epitome of Bri- as well. Hemans revises Cunning- which are not unknown to the strongest tish imperialism, exclaims to Oothoon, intellects." "Thy soft American plains are mine, ham's construct this second time to 6 One of her earliest books was The and mine thy north & south"; and in reflect the way in which her own agen- Restoration of the Works of Art to Italy: a da and notion of her poetic role had Poem, 1816. Milton (35:17) the similar phrase changed toward the end of her life. But 7 Disconcertingly, life has a way of im- "America north & south" occurs, con- in both of her retellings, Blake is itating art. Only three years after the first tinuing the continental emphasis. neither the wild eccentric nor the mad publication of "The Painter's Last Work," Compare Jerusalem (58:43): "Britain is Hemans was herself dying, writing until painter, but a sensitive, generous, and Los' Forge; / America North & South nearly the end. Biographers and contem- 2 talented artist/poet with a nobility of porary readers would make much of her are his baths of living waters." spirit and an enormous capacity for last poem, "Sabbath Sonnet," dictated from In America a Prophecy, notwith- love. That Felicia Hemans, a poet who her deathbed, amid fever and delirium. standing the poem's revolutionary bias, 8 probably sold more books than Byron, Published in 1834, in Edinburgh, by one notes the continental drift of such William Blackwood and in London by T. identified with Blake and mythologized Cadell. lines as, "Then had America been lost, his death in such a positive way to a o'erwhelm'd by the Atlantic" (14:17). large general reading public only four And in the text of the Preludium, in and a half years after the event, sug- which the "shadowy daughter of Ur- gests that the story of Blake's early thona" confronts Ore, her sibling posthumous reputation may be far more ravisher, in addition to the former's complex and interesting than biogra- curious use of the Bromionesque phrase phers have so far acknowledged. "my American plains" (2:10), there is reference to Canada (twice), Mexico, Peru, and Africa. The atypical doubling of the Cana- dian reference is particularly intrigu- ing. In his most pointed overture during the aforementioned verbal ex- change, Ore tells the unnamed "Dark virgin," his sister-love, "anon a serpent Winter 1993/94 BLAKE/AN ILLUSTRATED QUARTERLY 73 folding / Around the pillars of Urthona, daughter of Urthona's response to Ill and round thy dark limbs, / On the Ore's incestuous overture: "I see a ser- propos of liberty, the first British Canadian wilds I fold. ." (1:15-17). pent in Canada, who courts me to his territory to legislate against She is not slow to respond: "I see a love" (2:12). One of the two tiny A slavery was the newly formed (1791) serpent in Canada, who courts me to figures on the back of the praying fig- province of Upper Canada (now On- his love" (2: 12). It will be the conten- ure is both kneeling on one knee and tario), which had been settled almost tion of this article that these hints as to pointing skyward as well as north— entirely by those leaving the revolting the poem's overall meaning are probably to the North Star (the dark Colonies to come to loyal British land: developed in the pictorial symbolism coloration of the sky suggests that it is that is, those who came to be called the of the final Plate. nighttime), which is presumably in- United Empire Loyalists. The Lieuten- visible because located beyond the ant-Governor, John Graves Simcoe, a n upper right margin of the design. The Loyalist who had fought in the Revolu- northward momentum of the plate is tionary War and was opposed to avid V. Erdman, in an influential also indicated by the curious white slavery, led the attack. Simcoe, who Darticle entitled "America-. New mass sloping up and off to the right arrived in Upper Canada in July 1792, Expanses" and in The Illuminated beyond the Falls, adumbrating both chose Newark (later Niagara, now Blake, astutely observes that the hair Urizen's "icy magazines" (16:9) and Niagara-on-the-Lake) as his capital, of the mysterious bowed, praying fig- the glacier which caused the formation and the province's first elected as- ure on the last Plate (16) of America a of the Niagara escarpment thousands sembly met there in September of that Prophecy creates a "Niagara Falls" ef- of years ago, still as it were receding. year. Simcoe and his Attorney- fect, which "can be seen as a confla- The diagonal inclinations of the tiny General, John White, wanted to tion of the worshipful male of 14 and pointing figure's arm (the only one abolish slavery outright; this was bit- the bowed female of 15 (compare the visible), the praying figure's right fore- terly opposed among the mercantile conflation of persons toward the end arm (the only one clearly visible), the 3 and farming classes, and a com- of Jerusalem) . " That is tantamount slope of the white mass, and the ser- promise bill was arranged, which es- to saying that the bowed figure is pent's forked tongue—a possible hint tablished that any slave who came into meant to be androgynous, a sugges- of ambivalence (compare the tiny buoy- the province—whether brought by his tion with which I find myself in happy like woman walking over the thorny master or fleeing from his master— accord. Further, the Niagara Falls ef- branch away from the phallic rose past would be considered legally free. fect to which Erdman refers is created the serpent's mouth)—and the forked, There was also provision for the not only by the bowed figure's hair, headless tree arching over the praying gradual freeing of slaves born to those but also by his/her tears. Compare figure, are all approximately the same, already in the province.8 Urizen's tears as described on the same pointing in the "North Star" direction.5 Plate:"... his tears in deluge piteous / North is of course a pivotal direction The catalyst appears to have been an Falling into the deep sublime!" (16: in Blake's myth, as well as in Canada's incident involving Chloe Cooley, a 4-5).
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