DOCSLIB.ORG

The Challenges and Potential of Pakistan-India Trade Public Disclosure Authorized

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Challenges and Potential of Pakistan-India Trade Public Disclosure Authorized 40273 The Challenges and Potential of Pakistan-India Trade Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Zareen Fatima Naqvi and Philip Schuler, Editors The World Bank Public Disclosure Authorized The Challenges and Potential of Pakistan–India Trade Zareen Fatima Naqvi and Philip Schuler, Editors The World Bank June 2007 © 2007 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 United States of America All rights reserved. A publication of the World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Board of Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments that they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of the World Bank concerning legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Research for this study was funded in part by a grant from the Bank-Netherlands Partnership Program. i TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface and Acknowledgements ..................................................................................iv 1. Pakistan–India Trade: Overview and Key Issues.......................................................1 Zareen F. Naqvi, Philip Schuler, and Kaspar Richter (The World Bank). 2. South Asia Free-Trade Area—Promises and Pitfalls of Preferential Trade Arrangements ..............................................................................................................29 Richard S. Newfarmer and Martha Denisse Piérola (The World Bank). 3. The “Peace Dividend,” SAFTA, and Pakistan–India Trade ...................................59 Eugenia Baroncelli (The World Bank). 4. Pakistan–India Trade: The View from the Indian Side ..........................................69 Nisha Taneja (Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations). 5. Quantifying Informal Trade Between Pakistan and India .....................................87 Shaheen Rafi Khan, Moeed Yusuf, Shahbaz Bohkari, and Shoaib Aziz (Sustainable Development Policy Institute). 6. Pakistan and India: Possibilities and Implications for Trade in Agriculture Sectors with Focus on Wheat and Sugar ......................................................................................105 Abid A. Burki, Mushtaq A. Khan, and S. M. Turab Hussain (Lahore University of Management Sciences). 7. Pakistan–India Trade: Impact on the Textile Sector .............................................123 Garry Pursell (The World Bank). 8. Prospects for Trade in the Light Engineering Sector - A Case Study of Fan and Bicycle Industries ...................................................................................................................143 Dr. Khalid Aftab, Dr. Qais Aslam, Asif Saeed, and Uzair Ahson (Government College University). 9. Analyzing Potential Economic Costs and Benefits of Pak–India Trade: A Case Study of the Chemical Industry ..............................................................................................158 Dr. Shabbir Ahmad and Shabbir Ahmad (International Islamic University). List of Contributors...................................................................................................171 Endnotes .....................................................................................................................173 iii Preface and Acknowledgements This volume is based on background papers prepared for the Pakistan Trade Policy Notes during FY2004–2006. The Ministry of Commerce made the original request for technical assistance on trade issues in a letter of July 2003. A number of donors, including the Bank, Asian Development Bank (ADB), U.K. Department for International Development (DFID), and the European Union (EU) responded to that request by agreeing to prepare technical studies for the Ministry. The Bank took up analytical work on a range of issues as part of Trade Policy Notes, including a paper on tariff rationalization, the impact of the end of textile quotas on Pakistan, the possible implications of SAFTA and a series of papers on Pakistan–India trade. This edited volume has thematically linked the background papers on regional and Pakistan–India bilateral trade, condensed them to get their essence out, and compiled them in an edited volume to be available for a wide audience. We appreciate the collaboration on the Pakistan Trade Policy Notes by the Ministry of Commerce. H.E. Humayun Akhtar Khan, Minister for Commerce, took a lot of interest in the trade- related technical assistance and guided our work. Secretary Commerce Syed Asif Shah and former Secretary Commerce Tasnim Noorani provided valuable insights into bilateral and regional trade issues. Shahid Bashir, Senior Joint Secretary, External Trade, was our focal person on the Pakistan– India trade study and we appreciate his role and assistance. Syed Irtiqa Ahmed Zaidi, Economic Consultant, managed the donor-assisted studies, and his can-do approach was both a source of great help and an inspiration. We would also like to thank the section officers and deputy secretaries in the ministry for help with data and information. We would like to thank Miria Pigato, Sector Manager, Middle East and North Africa Region Poverty Reduction and Economic Management (PREM), for her initial team leadership on the Pakistan–India trade study and other work on Pakistan’s trade. We appreciate the financial support provided by the Bank-Netherlands Partnership Program for Capacity Building for Trade Policy Formulation and Implementation in South Asia (TF 058307) for the Pakistan–India trade study and its dissemination. The editors would like to thank Ijaz Nabi, Sector Manager, South Asia PREM, for his able guidance and innovative ideas on the background papers and on the edited volume. Manuela Ferro, Lead Economist for Pakistan, pushed us to compile the edited volume on the important issue of regional trade and Pakistan’s trade with India, so that it would be available to a range of stakeholders. Kaspar Richter, Senior Economist, South Asia PREM, came in late in the process but provided constructive inputs in editing the volume. Nusrat Sultana Chaudhry and Syed Sayem Ali provided valuable research assistance. Muhammad Shafiq, Shahnaz Rana, and Irum Touqeer provided invaluable support in handling all logistical arrangements for the mission and with processing the volume. The volume draws upon the contributions from the authors of eight background papers. We would like to thank all the contributors and teams for going through an almost two-year process of preparing papers, participating in various workshops to discuss results with the government at different stages, and then helping us put together the shortened versions of the original papers. We would also like to thank the peer reviewers who helped us improve the technical quality of the papers. The peer reviewers are Tercan Baysan, Marcelo Olarreaga, and State Bank of Pakistan (Eugenia Baroncelli’s paper); Richard Newfarmer (Nisha Taneja’s paper), Amer Z. Durrani and Central Board of Revenue (Sustainable Development Policy Institute [SDPI’s] paper on informal trade), Don Mitchell, Tekola Dejene, and Ministry of Food Agriculture and Livestock’s (Lahore University of Management Sciences’ [LUMS’s] paper on the agriculture sector), Paul Brenton and Ministry of Textiles (Garry Pursell’s paper on textile sector), Peter Walkenhorst and Engineering Development Board ([Government College University’s [GCU’s] paper on the engineering sector); and Calgar Ozden and Pakistan–India CEOs’ Business Forum (International Islamic University’s [IIU’s] paper on the chemicals sector). We would also like to acknowledge the collaboration of the Lahore Chamber of Commerce and Industry and the Pakistan–India CEOs’ Business Forum in disseminating the findings of this study. iv Chapter 1 Pakistan–India Trade: Overview and Key Issues Zareen F. Naqvi, Philip Schuler, and Kaspar Richter The World Bank Over a half -decade into the launch of Pakistan’s economic reforms, trade with India remains negligible. The share of total trade between Pakistan and India measured by the sum of the bilateral exports amounted in 2004 to only 0.9 percent of total exports between India and Pakistan. This is less than 40 percent of the equivalent measure for trade between Malaysia and China, two countries of comparable gross domestic product (GDP), and only 9 percent of the trade that occurs between Argentina and Brazil, two countries of comparable size and proximity.1 Pakistan–India trade is not just low; it also falls short compared to what it could be. Recent estimates on trade potential range from $3 to $10 billion, while the annual official trade flows over the last six years averaged to no more than $400 million.2 Since Pakistan and India account for almost 90 percent of South Asia’s GDP, low bilateral trade is an important constraint for growth of South Asian exports to the rest of the world, as well as for an expansion of intraregional trade. South Asia’s trade grew to only $126 billion in 2005 from $12 billion in 1980, while East Asia, a region of comparable size in population and GDP, saw its exports increase in the early 1980s to over $1 trillion from $48 billion.3 Over the same period, intraregional trade as a share of total trade within South Asia rose to
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Security Council Distr.: General 25 November 2015
    United Nations S/2015/905 Security Council Distr.: General 25 November 2015 Original: English Letter dated 24 November 2015 from the Permanent Representative of Pakistan to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council Upon instructions from my Government, I have the honour to enclose copies of letters, written by the Adviser to the Prime Minister of Pakistan on National Security and Foreign Affairs (annex I) and the Foreign Secretary (annex II) to their Indian counterparts on 8 September 2015, regarding the following: (a) The letter from the Adviser proposes a mechanism for preserving the ceasefire arrangement of 2003 and ending ceasefire violations on the Line of Control and the Working Boundary; release of fishermen; and religious tourism; (b) The letter from the Foreign Secretary provides details of lack of cooperation by the Indian authorities in the Government of Pakistan’s efforts to effectively prosecute the accused in the Mumbai trial and lack of prosecution by the Indian authorities of the accused in the Samjhauta Express attack, in which 42 innocent Pakistanis lost their lives. I should be grateful if you could kindly circulate these letters as a document of the Security Council. (Signed) Maleeha Lodhi 15-20844 (E) 031215 *1520844* S/2015/905 Annex I to the letter dated 24 November 2015 from the Permanent Representative of Pakistan to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council Letter dated 8 September 2015 from the Minister for Foreign Affairs and Adviser to the Prime Minister on National Security and Foreign Affairs of Pakistan addressed to the Minister for External Affairs of India Even though the planned meeting between the two National Security Advisers could not take place, you would agree that sustainable peace and progress of South Asia and its people are inextricably linked to friendly relations between Pakistan and India.
    [Show full text]
  • Kashmir Conflict: a Critical Analysis
    Society & Change Vol. VI, No. 3, July-September 2012 ISSN :1997-1052 (Print), 227-202X (Online) Kashmir Conflict: A Critical Analysis Saifuddin Ahmed1 Anurug Chakma2 Abstract The conflict between India and Pakistan over Kashmir which is considered as the major obstacle in promoting regional integration as well as in bringing peace in South Asia is one of the most intractable and long-standing conflicts in the world. The conflict originated in 1947 along with the emergence of India and Pakistan as two separate independent states based on the ‘Two-Nations’ theory. Scholarly literature has found out many factors that have contributed to cause and escalate the conflict and also to make protracted in nature. Five armed conflicts have taken place over the Kashmir. The implications of this protracted conflict are very far-reaching. Thousands of peoples have become uprooted; more than 60,000 people have died; thousands of women have lost their beloved husbands; nuclear arms race has geared up; insecurity has increased; in spite of huge destruction and war like situation the possibility of negotiation and compromise is still absence . This paper is an attempt to analyze the causes and consequences of Kashmir conflict as well as its security implications in South Asia. Introduction Jahangir writes: “Kashmir is a garden of eternal spring, a delightful flower-bed and a heart-expanding heritage for dervishes. Its pleasant meads and enchanting cascades are beyond all description. There are running streams and fountains beyond count. Wherever the eye
    [Show full text]
  • Samjhauta Express Case Verdict
    Samjhauta Express Case Verdict Jess metaphrase northerly if multilineal Nels nid-nod or beaches. Jesse remains furcate after Rodd aggregate tactfully or gasiform.cavorts any altimetry. Flourishing Thorny bespangled no purfles spiral unaccompanied after Binky forays heavily, quite Zakir was devoid of the resultant fire could not allow your home in samjhauta express is required and all been tortured to appear in pakistani law Afghan national and planing to purchase property in Bahria town Islamabad. The investigators had therefore to move carefully and look at unimpeachable evidence to come to any conclusion about the actual perpetrators. The station consists of one platform. The NIA in its charge sheet had named eight persons as accused. Must I use the services of a USA visa center? Time updates on stories, as they get published on our website. Our pen analogy can be extended to renting property. Crime log Between India And Pakistan Safety Comparison. What happens after I have applied? Two unexploded suitcase bombs were also found in other compartments of the train. PR ordeal in busy places, so pick and choose your battles wisely. New India, however, abounds in mysteries. File photo of Swami Aseemanand. The Indian government and media initially began pointing the finger at Pakistan for the terror attacks. In its charge sheet, the NIA named, Naba Kumar Sarkar also known as Swami Aseemanand, Sunil Joshi, Lokesh Sharma, Sandeep Dange, Ramchandra Kalasangra, Rajinder Chaudhary and Kamal Chauhan as accused. What are the processing times and prices? However, the judge added, the call details of any mobile phone or any other evidence related to the ownership of any mobile phone by the suspects were not brought on record.
    [Show full text]
  • Joint Proceeding Second Indo-Pak Locust Officers Border Meeting 2018 Year 2018 / No
    JOINT PROCEEDING SECOND INDO-PAK LOCUST OFFICERS BORDER MEETING 2018 YEAR 2018 / NO. 2 Period : 01-31 July, 2018 LOCUST SITUATION INDIA : Distant, cross country and LOCUST SITUATION PAKISTAN : The routine fortnightly special border surveys on locust in the Scheduled Desert Areas locust surveys were carried out in the summer-monsoon breeding areas of Nara and Tharparkar deserts in Sindh, (SDA) of India were conducted by 11 Locust Circle Offices Cholistan desert in Punjab and overlapping area of Uthal in (Jaisalmer, Barmer, Bikaner, Suratgarh, Churu, Nagaur, Phalodi, Balochistan during the reporting period. A total number of 403 Jodhpur, Jalore, Palanpur and Bhuj) in their respective localities were surveyed. No gregarious locust activity was jurisdiction and surveyed 282 localities. Based on the survey found in Pakistan .However, isolated mature solitarious adults data/observations, India remained free from gregarious as well were seen at four localities southeast of Bahawalpur (285832N-711738E) in Cholistan Desert with a density of 12 as solitary desert locust activities. adults/ hectare on 24-07-2018. Locust survey : 01-31 July, 2018 Low density solitary adults INDIA PAKISTAN Rajasthan Gujarat Desert Locust Desert Locust Present L = Present Absent N = Absent Low density solitary desert locust adult were seen at four localities southeast of Bahawalpur (Pakistan) near Indo-Pak border during the survey whereas India remain free from any locust activities. ECOLOGY AND WEATHER: Rainfall estimates (11-20 July 2018) shows moderate to heavy rainfall in the SDA of India and light to heavy in locust potential breeding areas in Pakistan. Greenness estimates of 2nd decade of July, 2018 indicate fresh vegetation patches in the areas of Bikaner, Nagaur, Churu, Suratgarh, Barmer, Jaisalmer and Bhuj of India and Surface vegetation was observed green/ greening in Bahawalpur, Rahimyar Khan and Mirpur Khas areas of Pakistan except Sukkur area where it was observed dry during the survey.
    [Show full text]
  • Jago Pakistan Wake Up, Pakistan
    Members of The Century Foundation International Working Group on Pakistan Pakistan Jago Thomas R. Pickering Working Group Chair Jean-Marie Guéhenno President, Vice Chairman, Hills and Company; former U.S. International Crisis Group Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs Nobuaki Tanaka Former Japanese Robert P. Finn Principal Investigator Ambassador to Turkey and Pakistan Non-Resident Fellow, Liechtenstein Institute on Self-Determination, Princeton University; Ann Wilkens Former Chair, Swedish Pakistan Up, Wake former U.S. Ambassador to Afghanistan Committee for Afghanistan; former Swedish Ambassador to Pakistan and Afghanistan Michael Wahid Hanna Principal Investigator Senior Fellow, The Century Foundation Pakistan Mosharraf Zaidi Principal Investigator Tariq Banuri Professor in the Departments Campaign Director, Alif Ailaan of Economics and City and Metropolitan United States Planning at the University of Utah Steve Coll Dean, Columbia University Graduate Imtiaz Gul Executive Director, Center for School of Journalism Research and Security Studies Cameron Munter Professor of Practice in Ishrat Husain Dean and Director of the International Relations, Pomona College; Institute of Business Administration, Karachi former U.S. Ambassador to Pakistan Jago Asma Jahangir Advocate of the Supreme Barnett Rubin Senior Fellow and Associate Court of Pakistan; Chairperson, Human Director, Afghanistan Pakistan Regional Rights Commission of Pakistan Program, New York University Center on International Cooperation; former Senior Riaz Khohkar Former
    [Show full text]
  • In This Act, Unless There Is Anything Repugnant in Lhe Subject Or Context
    @s INTRODUCIID IN'IHE NA-tlOrr-AI- ASSIIMBLYI A BILL to provide for a system of administration of justice, maintenance of peace ,)nd good governance in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas and Protected or Administered Areas WHEREAS it is expedient to provide for a system of administration ot lustice, maintenance of peace and good governance in the Federally Admrnistered Tribal Areas and Protected or Admrnrstered Areas for matters connected therewith and ancillary thereto; It rs hereby enacted as Follows:- 1. Short title and commencement.-( 1) fhis Act may be called the Triba Areas Rewal Act,2077. (2) It shali come into force in such Federally Administered Tribal Area or Areas mentioned in the Frrst Schedule as Protected or Adrn nistered Areas or any part thereof as the Federal Government may, by notification in the official Gazefte, determine, 2. Definitions.- In this Act, unless there is anything repugnant in lhe subject or context,-- (a) "Councrl of Elders" means a )irga of four or more respectable elders aDpointed under sections 8 or i0, as the case may be, and presided over by the Judge; (b) "Cou.t means the Court comprising,- (i) the ludqe; and (ii) the Councrl of Elders; (b) "CPC" means the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (Act V of 1908) as applicable in the Province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa; (d) "Cr.PC" rneans the Code of Criminal procedure, 1898 (Act V of 1898 ); (e) "FATA" means the Federally Administered Tribal Areas and such other areas as specified in the First Schedule; (f) "Judge' means a judicial officer appornted by the Federal Government to exercise powers under this Act, Cr.PC and cPc; (S) "prescribed" means prescribed by rules made under this Act; (h) "Protected Area or Administered Area" means the Areas specrfi€d in the First Schedule; (i) "Qaumt Jirga" means a lirga consisting of respectablq elders and retresentatives of the tribes; (l) "Rewaj' means customs, traditions and usages of the tribes in vogue i'r FATA; and (k) "Schedule" means a Schedule to this Act 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Contested Border and Division of Families in Kashmir: Contextualizing the Ordeal of the Kargil Women
    Contested Border and Division of Families in Kashmir: Contextualizing the Ordeal of the Kargil Women Seema Shekhawat Debidatta Aurobinda Mahapatra Contested Border and Division of Families in Kashmir: Contextualizing the Ordeal of the Kargil Women Copyright© WISCOMP Foundation for Universal Responsibility Of His Holiness the Dalai Lama, New Delhi, India, 2009. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Published by WISCOMP Foundation for Universal Responsibility Of His Holiness the Dalai Lama Core 4A, UGF, India Habitat Center Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110 003, India This initiative was made possible by a grant from the Ford Foundation. The views expressed here are those of the authors. They do not necessarily reflect those of WISCOMP or the Foundation for Universal Responsibility of HH the Dalai Lama, nor are they endorsed by them. 2 Contents Preface ................................................................................................ 5 Acknowledgements ............................................................................ 8 Chapter I ............................................................................................. 9 Introduction Chapter II ......................................................................................... 17 Drawing and Redrawing of Borders Chapter III .......................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Indian Railways Plans for DFC, Multomodal & International Cargo
    Indian Railways Plans for DFC, Multomodal & International Rail Cargo Transportation Sanjiv Garg Additional Member Railway Board, India September 28, 2018 DEDICATED FREIGHT CORRIDORS Golden Quadrilateral & Its Diagonals High Density Corridor (Golden Quadrilateral DELHI + Diagonals) 16% of route KOLKATTA Km carries more than MUMBAI 52% of passenger & 58 % of freight CHENNAI www.dfccil.gov.in CONCEPT PLAN OF DEDICATED FREIGHT CORRIDOR NETWORK LUDHIANA DELHI KOLKATA MUMBAI Sanctioned projects VIJAYAWADA VASCO Unsanctioned projects CHENNAI www.dfccil.gov.in Eastern Corridor (1856 km) Khurja -Bhaupur (343 km) Bhaupur-Mughalsarai (402 km) Khurja-Ludhiana (400 km) Khurja-Dadri (47 km) Western Corridor (1504 km) Mughalsarai-Sonnagar (126 km) Rewari-Vadodara (947 km) Sonnagar-Dankuni (538 km) Vadodara-JNPT ( 430 km) Rewari-Dadri (127 km) 5 Introduction Feb 2006 CCEA approved feasibility reports of DFC. Nov 2007 CCEA gave ‘in principle’ approval with authorization to incur expenditure on preliminary and preparatory works. Feb 2008 CCEA approved undertaking work & extension of EDFC from Sonnagar to Dankuni. Directed MoR to finalise financing and implementation mechanisms Sept 2009 Cabinet approved JICA loan for WDFC along with STEP loan conditionalities Mar 2010 JICA Loan Agreement for JPY 90 billion (Rs. 5100 crores) signed for WDFC-I. Oct 2011 Loan Agreement with World Bank for USD 975 Million (Rs. 5850 crores) signed for EDFC -1 (Khurja-Bhaupur). Mar 2013 JICA Loan Agreement for WDFC Phase-II: 1st Tranche amounting JPY 136 billion (Rs. 7750 crores) signed. Dec 2014 Loan Agreement with World Bank loan of USD 1100 million signed (EDFC-2). June 2015 Cost estimate of Rs. 81,459 Crores approved by CCEA.
    [Show full text]
  • 3 Who Is Who and What Is What
    3 e who is who and what is what Ever Success - General Knowledge 4 Saad Book Bank, Lahore Ever Success Revised and Updated GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Who is who? What is what? CSS, PCS, PMS, FPSC, ISSB Police, Banks, Wapda, Entry Tests and for all Competitive Exames and Interviews World Pakistan Science English Computer Geography Islamic Studies Subjectives + Objectives etc. Abbreviations Current Affair Sports + Games Ever Success - General Knowledge 5 Saad Book Bank, Lahore © ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No part of this book may be reproduced In any form, by photostate, electronic or mechanical, or any other means without the written permission of author and publisher. Composed By Muhammad Tahsin Ever Success - General Knowledge 6 Saad Book Bank, Lahore Dedicated To ME Ever Success - General Knowledge 7 Saad Book Bank, Lahore Ever Success - General Knowledge 8 Saad Book Bank, Lahore P R E F A C E I offer my services for designing this strategy of success. The material is evidence of my claim, which I had collected from various resources. I have written this book with an aim in my mind. I am sure this book will prove to be an invaluable asset for learners. I have tried my best to include all those topics which are important for all competitive exams and interviews. No book can be claimed as prefect except Holy Quran. So if you found any shortcoming or mistake, you should inform me, according to your suggestions, improvements will be made in next edition. The author would like to thank all readers and who gave me their valuable suggestions for the completion of this book.
    [Show full text]
  • Senate Secretariat ————— “Questions
    (104th Session) SENATE SECRETARIAT ————— “QUESTIONS FOR ORAL ANSWERS AND THEIR REPLIES” to be asked at a sitting of the Senate to be held on Wednesday, the 21st May, 2014 DEFERRED QUESTIONS (Questions Nos, 94, 95, 103, 108, 111, 112, 140, 142, 148, 152, 153, 156, 157, 163,164, 165, and 169 Deferred on 23rd April, 2014 (103rd Session) 94. (Def) *Mr. Muhammad Talha Mehmood: (Notice received on 01-01-2014 at 09:10 am) Will the Minister for Railways be pleased to state: (a) the average time of delay in departure and arrival of trains recorded during the last two years; and (b) the steps taken / being taken by the Government for departure and arrival of trains on scheduled time? Khawaja Saad Rafique: (a) Average time of delay per train during the last two years (2012 and 2013) is as under.— Year Average delay per train 2012 2 hour and 30 minutes 2013 1 hours and 30 minutes (b) The following steps have been taken for running trains on scheduled timings. (i) Procurment of 58 new locomotives. (ii) Rehablitation of 27 locomotives. (iii) Manufacturing of 202 new design modern passenger coaches. (iv) Doubling of track from Lodhran to Raiwind. (v) Installation of computer based signaling equipment on Shahdara Bagh – Lodhran section and Bin Qasim to Mirpur Mathelo sections. (vi) Footplat inspections by Assistant and Divisional Officers in their jurisdictions. (vii) Improved track maintenance to increase speed of trains. (viii) Effective repair and maintenance of locomotives and coaches. (ix) Improved washing lines facilities. (x) HSD Oil reserve was limited for two days which has been enhanced to 15 days to streamline the operations of trains.
    [Show full text]
  • FATA) Et De La Province De Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa (KP) : Frontier Corps, Frontier Constabulary, Levies, Khasadar Forces
    PAKISTAN 27 juillet 2017 Les organisations paramilitaires des Federally Administrated Tribal Areas (FATA) et de la province de Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa (KP) : Frontier Corps, Frontier Constabulary, Levies, Khasadar Forces Avertissement Ce document a été élaboré par la Division de l’Information, de la Documentation et des Recherches de l’Ofpra en vue de fournir des informations utiles à l’examen des demandes de protection internationale. Il ne prétend pas faire le traitement exhaustif de la problématique, ni apporter de preuves concluantes quant au fondement d’une demande de protection internationale particulière. Il ne doit pas être considéré comme une position officielle de l’Ofpra ou des autorités françaises. Ce document, rédigé conformément aux lignes directrices communes à l’Union européenne pour le traitement de l’information sur le pays d’origine (avril 2008) [cf. https://www.ofpra.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/atoms/files/lignes_directrices_europeennes.pdf ], se veut impartial et se fonde principalement sur des renseignements puisés dans des sources qui sont à la disposition du public. Toutes les sources utilisées sont référencées. Elles ont été sélectionnées avec un souci constant de recouper les informations. Le fait qu’un événement, une personne ou une organisation déterminée ne soit pas mentionné(e) dans la présente production ne préjuge pas de son inexistence. La reproduction ou diffusion du document n’est pas autorisée, à l’exception d’un usage personnel, sauf accord de l’Ofpra en vertu de l’article L. 335-3 du code de la propriété intellectuelle. Résumé : Quatre types d’organisations paramilitaires sont déployées dans les FATA et la PKP.
    [Show full text]
  • The Question of the India-Pakistan Conflict
    th th Online Model United Nations @ Newton International Academy II 2020 | 11 ​ – 14 ​ of November 2020 ​ ​ ​ ​ Forum: Sustainable Development Goals 16 Issue: The Question of India-Pakistan Conflict Student Officer: Maliha Muhajid Position: Head Chair Introduction Dispute after dispute, conflict after conflict, war after war: that is what the history of the India and Pakistan conflict looks like. The India-Pakistan conflict has been going on for years, and has been one of those conflicts that almost everyone has at least heard of; but more than that, it is one that has affected millions of lives till date. In the beginning, India and Pakistan weren’t separate nations. They were both previously ruled by the British, and in 1947, the countries gained their independence and were separated, with Pakistan containing a majority of the Muslims and India containing a majority of the Hindus. Though their independence could’ve led to more peaceful and positive happenings, what happened was the opposite, especially with the situation regarding Kashmir. The independence of the countries has led to unending internal and external conflicts between the two, and though the situation was close to getting better a few years prior, it almost seems impossible to turn the two enemies in favor of each other. Talking about enmity, it’s not only the governments who are constantly causing issues for each other, but rather, the residents of the countries’ have contributed majorly to the minor conflicts that have occured. It is said that only 5% of the Indian population view Pakistanis positively, and only 11% of the Pakistan’s population views Indians positively - shocking, right? Well, not for those who have been directly affected by these disputes and conflicts.
    [Show full text]