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South-West Ravensthorpe Greenstone Belt

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South-West Ravensthorpe Greenstone Belt Conservation Science W. Aust. 8 (3) : 313–332 (2013) Flora and vegetation of greenstone formations of the Yilgarn Craton: south-west Ravensthorpe Greenstone Belt WENDY A THOMPSON, JESSICA ALLEN AND ROSEMARY JASPER Science Division, Department of Environment and Conservation, PO Box 51, Wanneroo, Western Australia, 6946. Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT A quadrat-based survey of the flora of the south-west region of the Ravensthorpe Greenstone Belt identified 321 taxa, including six taxa of conservation significance and three weed species. All of the conservation-listed taxa were known to the area. Range extensions were recorded for three taxa and additional collections of two Austrostipa species currently under taxonomic description were made. Six community types were derived from statistical classification of the 50 quadrats. These community types were similar to those described from other parts of the Ravensthorpe Greenstone Belt. As with the other greenstone belts of the Yilgarn Craton, soil chemical parameters and site physical characteristics were influential in delineating community types. Only a small portion of the study area is in the conservation estate; mining and exploration pressures remain the primary threat to this species-rich area. Keywords: classification, Esperance Plains, Fitzgerald Biosphere, floristic diversity, ultramafics, vegetation communities INTRODUCTION target area of the Ravensthorpe Greenstone Belt are roughly 33° 30’ S, 33° 50’ S and 119° 45’ E, 120° 05’ E, Recent surveys of the flora and vegetation of the Yilgarn respectively. The land tenure for the greenstone belt, Craton have identified patterns of high beta-diversity located within the Ravensthorpe Shire, includes freehold, between banded ironstone ranges and associated unallocated crown land and crown land, including the greenstone belts (Gibson et al. 2007). The greenstone belts Fitzgerald River National Park, Cocanarup Timber of the Yilgarn Craton have long been of interest for pastoral Reserve and Crown Reserve 12324 (recreation). settlement and resource exploration. The south-west region of the Ravensthorpe Greenstone Belt has received Land use history attention for its mineral deposits, yet scant attention in terms of systematic description of its flora and vegetation, The Ravensthorpe area was first surveyed in 1848, with despite being part of the UNESCO Fitzgerald Biosphere the Dunn brothers taking up land in 1868 at Cocanarup. Reserve. This study is part of a survey effort to document Following the discovery of gold in Annabel Creek, the flora, vegetation communities and associated development occurred in association with gold and copper environmental parameters of the greenstone belts in the mines. Ravensthorpe was the state’s main copper- Yilgarn Craton (see Gibson et al. 2012). producing area until the closure of major operations in 1971 (Thom et al. 1977). Mineral exploration and mining has continued sporadically in the Ravensthorpe area, with STUDY SITE particular interest in deposits of gold, copper, nickel and tantalum. At present, the Galaxy Resources Ltd operation The south-western region of the Ravensthorpe Greenstone is focused on tantalum extraction north of Ravensthorpe, Belt is situated in the centre of the Esperance Plains and Tectonic Resources has two operations centred on Bioregion (IBRA; Thackway & Cresswell 1995). The belt gold, copper, lead and zinc, primarily south of begins c. 25 km south of the South Coast Highway near Ravensthorpe. A nickel mine operation in the the West River, trending north-north-east toward Ravensthorpe Range, which was placed in ‘care and Ravensthorpe township (Fig. 1). The greenstone belt maintenance’ in 2009, has been acquired by First covers c. 45 km from north to south and c. 20 km west to Quantum, with annual production estimated to be east. The latitudinal and longitudinal boundaries of the between 28,000–39,000 tonnes per annum (First Quantum 2010). In addition to the mineral interest, the © The Government of Western Australia, 2013 area is farmed by a mixture of free- and lease-hold sheep 314 WA Thompson et al. Figure 1. Map showing the location of the south-west region of the Ravensthorpe Greenstone Belt survey area, with major landforms and landmarks indicated. The locations of the 50 permanent quadrats are marked by solid triangles (). and cereal producers. Fitzgerald River National Park sits with warm to hot summers and mild winters. Rain falls in the south-west of the study area. The park and study throughout the year, with a slight increase in average area are within the UNESCO Fitzgerald River Biosphere monthly rainfall between May and September (mean >40 Reserve. The area is recognised internationally as a mm per month; Bureau of Meteorology 2010). Average biodiversity hotspot that is biologically rich in both flora annual rainfall at Ravensthorpe township (c. 10 km north- and fauna (Myers et al. 2000). east of the survey area) is 425.1 mm (based on records from 1901 to 2010), with the months of July and Climate December having the highest and lowest mean monthly rainfall, respectively. The mean annual maximum and mean The south-west region of the Ravensthorpe Greenstone minimum temperatures recorded between 1962 and 2010 Belt sits in the central portion of the Esperance Plains are 22.7 °C and 10.4 °C, respectively. The warmest months Bioregion, which has a temperate Mediterranean climate are from November through to March, with average Flora and vegetation of south-west Ravensthorpe Greenstone Belt 315 maximum daily temperatures above 25 °C. The lowest values and is recognised for being floristically rich daily minimum temperatures occur between May and (Chapman & Newbey 1995a; Craig et al. 2008; Kern et October, where mean daily minimum temperatures are al. 2008). Vegetation surveys and mapping have occurred below 10 °C. Temperatures below zero are an infrequent across the greenstone belt and survey area, principally occurrence. focusing on the Fitzgerald River National Park (Alpin & Newbey 1990; Chapman & Newbey 1995b) and the Geology Ravensthorpe Range (Chapman & Newbey 1995a; Craig et al. 2008; Kern et al. 2008; Markey et al. 2012). The south-west region of the Ravensthorpe Greenstone The area is dominated by scrub- and mallee-heath Belt has been mapped and described on the Newdegate sandplains, characterised by the presence of Eucalyptus (Thom et al. 1984) and Ravensthorpe (Thom et al. 1977) pleurocarpa (formerly E. tetragona; Beard 1990). Beard 1:250,000 geological sheets and straddles the 1:100,000 (1981) mapped the south-west portion of the Cocanarup and Ravensthorpe map sheets (Witt 1994, Ravensthorpe Greenstone Belt as predominantly E. nutans 1995). This region of the greenstone belt is characterised mallee on greenstone, with pockets of E. loxophleba and by relatively low relief, and is surrounded by low granite E. occidentalis woodlands and E. redunca scrub in the hills. The dominant feature in the landscape is the south. The western boundary of the study area, Ravensthorpe Range, a north-west trending band of hills encompassing some of the Fitzgerald River National Park, that rises c. 400 m above sea level, north-east of the is chiefly mallee and mallee-heath. Ravensthorpe township (Thom et al. 1984). The Ravensthorpe Greenstone Belt belongs to the The Ravensthorpe Greenstone Belt, part of the Yilgarn Ravensthope Vegetation System (Beard 1981). Vegetation Craton, occurs at the southern extent of the Southern associations tend to change with changes in topography Cross Domain within the Youanmi Terrane (Cassidy et and soil depth. Recent surveys have focused on the flora al. 2006). The Archaean-aged Yilgarn Craton is an example and vegetation of the Ravensthorpe Range (Craig et al. of the intact, tectonically stable crusts that occur in the 2008; Kern et al. 2008; Markey et al. 2012), a narrow central portion of the Pre-Cambrian Western Shield of range of hills with subdued relief occupying much of the Australia (Anand & Paine 2002). The craton contains a north-east area of the greenstone belt. The Ravensthorpe series of greenstone belts within vast areas of granitoid Range is dominated by thicket communities on the and gneiss, believed to have formed between 3000 Ma uplands, including E. preissiana and E. lehmannii with and 2600 Ma (Myers 1993; Myers & Swagers 1997). Banksia heliantha (formerly Dryandra quercifolia; Beard Greenstone refers to the surface expression of ultramafic 1981). Mallee communities tend to be found further and mafics associated with Archaean meta-volcanic and downslope, with E. loxophleba and E. salmonophloia meta-sedimentary rock sequences in Western Australia, woodlands occurring on the deeper valley soils (Beard occurring as outcrops or ranges (Cole 1992). 1981). The majority of the Ravensthorpe Greenstone Belt is Following detailed vegetation mapping (1:10,000), composed of tonalite and volcanic associations with the Craig et al. (2008) identified 70 vegetation units associated western edge dominated by strongly deformed meta- with the Ravensthorpe Range between Mt. Short and sedimentary rocks (Witt 1997). The principal geologic Kundip. Two-hundred permanent vegetation quadrats units of the study area belong to Archaean Annabelle were established on the Ravensthorpe Range in 2007, and volcanics (metamorphosed mafics to intermediate tuffs), 627 taxa representing 59 families were recorded (Kern et Manyutup tonalite (metamorphosed tonalite and quartz al. 2008). Recently, Markey et al. (2012) analysed the Kern diorite
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