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Dolmens As Administrative Seats of the Ancient Khola Kingdom in Assam, India

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Dolmens As Administrative Seats of the Ancient Khola Kingdom in Assam, India THE RAJ SABHA AT SILCHANG: DOLMENS AS ADMINISTRATIVE SEATS OF THE ANCIENT KHOLA KINGDOM IN ASSAM, INDIA Manjil Hazarika Assistant Professor, Department of Archaeology, Cotton University, Guwahati, Assam, India. Email: [email protected] Raktim Patar Assistant Professor, Department of History, Gargaon College, Simaluguri, Assam, India. Email: [email protected] Sanathana, Y.S. Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of Archaeology, Cotton University, Guwahati, Assam, India. Email: [email protected] Jayanta Roy Former M.A. Student, Department of Archaeology, Cotton University, Guwahati, Assam, India. Email: [email protected] Jutimala Misra Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of Archaeology, Cotton University, Guwahati, Assam, India. Email: [email protected] Keywords: Dolmen, Tiwa community, Nartiang megalithic site, living megalithism, traditional administration ABSTRACT a unique tradition of a royal assembly function- Northeast India is well known for the wide- ing symbolically on a cluster of dolmens, and is spread megalithic structures found in different significant to understanding the functional vari- geographical and cultural contexts. Construc- ability of the megaliths and the use of megaliths tion of megaliths is also a living tradition as a seat of power in an archaic society. among many of the ethnic communities of this INTRODUCTION region. The dolmen, a megalithic structure made with a large undressed or roughly shaped The dolmen is a megalithic structure made with stone slab supported by several upright stones a large undressed or roughly shaped stone slab at the base, is invariably found in all the mega- supported by several upright stones at the base. lithic cultural traditions across India. In the It is invariably found in all the megalithic cul- northeastern parts of India, dolmens are often tural traditions across India. Since the Neolithic constructed as resting and meeting places of a period, these stone structures have often been community. This paper presents the association constructed for covering buried dead bodies, of such dolmens with a traditional Raj Sabha and sometimes they could be memorial too. (royal assembly) of the Khola king of the Tiwa Many times, grave goods have also been offered community of Assam. The Raj Sabha, even today while burying the dead, hence, study of the held annually at the Silchang megalithic site, is dolmens is important for understanding the JOURNAL OF INDO-PACIFIC ARCHAEOLOGY 44(2020):351–375 symbolic behavior and material culture of the The megaliths are commonly found in vari- ancient groups of people who constructed such ous cultural and geographical contexts of megaliths. In the northeastern parts of India, Northeast India. Since the 1870s, when dolmens and other megalithic structures are Godwin-Austen (1872) reported megalithic re- mostly commemorative in nature and a living mains throughout the Khasi Hills for the first practice among many ethnic communities. time, investigations into the tradition of erecting Dolmens are often constructed as resting and megalithic structures have been one of the core meeting places of a community. This paper re- areas of archaeological and anthropological re- ports the association of such dolmens with a searches in Northeast India. Perhaps it is the traditional Raj Sabha, or royal assembly of the most popular and preferred research topic for Khola king, which was a part of the ancient doctoral and master dissertations in Northeast Gobha kingdom of the Tiwa community living Indian archaeology, and, as a result, there are in northeastern India. The Raj Sabha is held an- several well-documented accounts of megalithic nually at the Silchang megalithic site (26o 07’ sites and traditions prevalent among different 19” N and 92o 21’ 02” E) in the Morigaon dis- Tibeto-Burman and Austro-Asiatic groups from trict of Assam. Silchang is a protected archaeo- ethnographic as well as ethno-archaeological logical site under the authority of the Director- points of view. ate of Archaeology, Govt. of Assam. The term In northeastern parts of India, megalithic re- Silchang is derived from two Assamese words, mains of different shapes and sizes are found in Sil meaning stone and chang meaning table or a belt extending from the Khasi and Jaintia Hills bed. Its unique tradition of a royal assembly through Karbi Anglong up to the Naga Hills be- functioning as a cluster of dolmens is significant sides Manipur, Mizoram and certain areas of to understanding the functional variability of the Arunachal Pradesh. The greatest concentration megaliths in Assam and other parts of Northeast of megaliths is observed in the Khasi-Jaintia India. There were 17 dolmens constructed at a Hills of Meghalaya, where large scatterings oc- certain distance in an oval shape and each of cur at Cherrapunjee, Mawphlang, Laitlyngkot, these stone seats is specific to the administrative Laitkor, Jowai and Nartiang (also spelt as Narti- posts of the archaic Khola society. yang) (Bareh 1981; Mawlong 1996, 2004; MEGALITHS IN ASSAM AND OTHER Marak 2012a, 2019; Mitri 2016). In Assam, PART OF NORTHEAST INDIA megaliths are mostly concentrated in the Mori- gaon, Kamrup, Karbi Anglong and Dima Hasao Megaliths are common in most parts of India districts (Medhi 1999; Bezbaruah 2003; Choud- with a major concentration in southern India hury 2004; Sarma 2011; Thakuria et al. 2016). (Moorty 1994; Rajan 2002). Deo (1985:449) In Manipur, megaliths are found spread over the recognized three regional complexes of Indian Naga-dominated areas of the districts of Chan- megaliths sharing certain common elements, del, Ukhrul, Tamenglong, Senapati, and i.e., (i) South Indian or Peninsular, (ii) Northern Churachandpur (Singh 1985; Binodini Devi and Northwestern and (iii) Northeastern. Al- 2011). Megaliths are found extensively in the though the present-day megalithic builders re- Kohima and Phek districts populated by An- side in an area extending from Northeast India gami and others in Nagaland (W. Jamir 1997, to the Chota Nagpur and Andhra Pradesh, they 1998; T. Jamir 2004, 2005, 2019; Venuh 2005; are a highly heterogeneous set of populations Devi and Neog 2014). A large number of mega- (Kennedy and Levisky 1985:458). Moreover, liths are also seen in Vangchhia, Ralven Puk they do not share an identical cultural back- Tlang, Lung Ropui, Sazep, and the Maullum ground. The prehistoric megalithic tradition of Hills in Mizoram (Malsawmliama 2019). In India is associated with Neolithic (Morrison Arunachal Pradesh, only at a few sites such as 2005), Chalcolithic (Singh 1985:475) and Iron Jamiri are megaliths reported (Thakur 2004). Age sites (Nagaraja Rao 1985:470). 352 This part of India is one of the few areas of can be divided into seven groups: (i) flat stone the world where the erection of megaliths per- or capstones; (ii) menhirs, alignments and ave- sists as a living practice in the form of memorial nues; (iii) cairns (with or without stone circles) stones commemorating important events or the which are further subdivided into six subtypes; disposal of the dead in accordance with old cus- (iv) stone circles; (v) dolmens; (vi) stone seats; toms and beliefs (Rao 1979). After cremating and (vii) a miscellaneous group, again function- the dead, the ashes and decalcified bones are ally divided into eight subtypes, i.e. (a) memo- deposited in a stone chamber and a memorial rial or commemorative stones, (b) stone seats or stone is erected, as practiced by several com- resting stones, (c) watch towers, (d) religious munities in Northeast India. This living practice stones, (e) grave stones, (f) witness or judiciary is closely associated with the people’s socio- stones, (g) village foundation stones, and (h) cultural traditions, social merit and religious be- village gates. On the basis of their social and liefs associated with the dead (Sen 2004; Maw- religious significance, Binodini Devi (1993) long 2004). Several British administrators and categorizes the present-day megaliths of Ma- Indian scholars contributed with valuable writ- nipur into (a) memorial and commemoratives or ings in their observations on the rituals related menhirs of social status and (b) funerary and to the megalithic structures (for recent reviews, ritualistic megaliths. The first group of mega- see Mitri 2016, Marak 2019). liths are erected by the performers either in their Roy (1963) described the funeral rites of own names, whilst they are still alive, or in lov- erecting megaliths amongst the Khasis of ing memory of their parents or any deceased Meghalaya. Rao (1991) concludes that the so- member of the family or even distant relatives. cial and ideological aspects of different mega- Different kinds of feasts of merit are performed lithic cultures must be taken into consideration by megalith builders to attain a higher social before suggesting affinities or common origin. status. The megaliths of the second category are There are attempts to seek the relationship be- funerary in nature and are ritualistically tied to tween the megaliths of Northeast India and the practice of disposing the mortal remains of Southeast Asia (Rao 1991), but any relationship dead ancestors. will have to be confirmed more precisely with Although the tradition of erecting stone for absolute dates. Bezbaruah (2003) extensively commemorative, funerary and functional pur- studied the living practice of erecting megaliths poses is widely studied, the origin and chronol- among the Karbi community as a post- ogy of this tradition are poorly understood in the cremation rite and drew parallels for the prehis- region (Sarma and Hazarika 2014; Marak 2019). toric megalithic remains found in the Karbi An- There is hardly any absolutely dated excavation glong in Assam. In some instances, menhirs also conducted at a megalithic site in the region. function as a boundary marker of an individual Lack of datable materials associated with the or a community. megaliths is another limiting factor. The clusters The work of Binodini Devi (1993, 2011) in of menhirs are the results of frequent use of the documenting the megalithic traditions among same area for erecting the menhirs by a village different tribal groups of Manipur is significant or the clan.
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