Index of Names

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-50637-3 — Paradise and Hell in Islamic Traditions Christian Lange Index More Information

Index of Names

1 Enoch , 60 , 68 , 74 Abu Sufya n, 124 n23 2 Enoch , 58 , 60 n108, 63 , 68 , 74 Abu T alh a, 114 n112 3 Baruch , 60 Abu T a lib, 8 , 156 3 Enoch , 59 n95 , 68 , 74 Abu Tamma m, 211 n90, 212 n93 Abu ʿUdhba, 177 , 178 n85 and n88 Aaron, 52 n67 Acts of Thomas , 63 ʿAbba da n, 253 n43 Adam, 4 – 6 , 8 , 41 , 68 , 128 , 133 n92 , 138 , ʿAbba sids, 71 , 78 n38 , 79 , 252 n32 , 255 , 262 146 , 148 , 150 , 166 – 8 , 171 , 199 – 200 , ʿAbd al-ʿAzı z b. ʿAbd al-S amad, 82 n57 201 n37, 211 , 216 , 234 n76 , 246 , 264 , ʿAbd al-H akam II, caliph, 265 268 n113 , 272 ʿAbd al-H akı m, Mans u r, 283 Adams, Charles, 267 n104 ʿAbd al-Jabba r, 180 n108 Africa, 257 n66 ʿAbd al-Malik, caliph, 159 , 255 n55 Agra, 229 , 260 , 278 ʿAbd al-Rah ma n III, caliph, 262 – 5 Ahl-i H adı th, 91 ʿAbd al-Rah ma n b. Mahdı , 82 n56 and n57 Ahrens, Karl, 64 n129 ʿAbd al-Razza q al-S anʿa nı , 72, 74 n14 , 79 -Ah s a ʾı , 194 – 5 ʿAbd al-Wa h id b. Zayd, 222 – 3 , 240 -Ahwa zı , 196 – 7 , 204 n52 ʿAbdalla h b. Masʿu d. See Ibn Masʿu d ʿA ʾisha, 140 n163 , 159 ʿAbdalla h b. ʿUmar, 123 ʿAja ʾib al-makhlu qa t , 14 n61 , 34, 77 , ʿAbdalla h b. al-Zubayr, 123 151 n260 , 162 , 162 ʿAbda n, 212 n93 , 215 Akbar, emperor, 260 ʿ Abduh, Muh ammad, 281 – 2 , 284 – 5 Alamu t, 216 Abraham, prophet, 60, 124 n22, 140 , 156 – 7 , Al-Azmeh, Aziz, 15 , 17 n83 , 29 – 30 , 130 n63, 199 , 208 , 211 151 n260 Abraham’s Station, 174 , 268 -Alba nı , 170 n33 , 284 Abu l-ʿAta hiya, 202 n47 Aleppo and Aleppines, 16 , 189 , 280 Abu Bakr, caliph, 159 , 198 n24 , 215 n111 Alexander the Great, 57 n87 , 118 Abu Dharr, 159 n337 ʿAlı b. Abı T a lib, 8 , 53 n71 , 114 n114 , Abu H anı fa, 168 n17 124 n20 , 125 , 128 , 133 , 136 , 143 , Abu l-Hudhayl, 139 – 40 , 168 – 9 , 182 159 n337 , 160 , 195 , 198 – 201 , 206 – 8 , Abu H ulma n, 233 213 , 215 n111 , 243 n130 , 254 , 256 n59 , Abu Hurayra, 72 , 73 n7 and n13 , 112 – 3 , 170 275 n140 Abu Jahl, 137 – 8 ʿAlı b. Maʿbad, 76 n25 Abu Muʿa wiya Muh ammad b. Kha zim, 2 n7 ʿAlı b. al-H usayn Zayn al-ʿA bidı n, Imam, 140 , Abu Nuʿaym al-Is faha nı , 83 – 8 , 116 , 123 n11 195 , 221 Abu Saʿı d b. Abı l-Khayr, 223 – 4 ʿAlı al-Rid a , Imam, 161 , 198 , 201 n43 , 254

347

348 Index of Names

Allen, Terri, 261 n83 234 n78 , 240 , 246 , 255 , 259 n72 , 262 , Almohads, 102 , 252 274 – 5 , 279 -A lu sı , 181 n109 Baha ʾ al-Walad, 225 -Aʿmash, 53 n71 -Ba hilı , Abu Uma ma, 94 ʿA mir b. ʿAbd al-Qays, 226 Bahlu l, 122 -ʿA mirı , 186 n135 -Bah ra nı , Ha shim b. Sulayma n, 121 , 124 , Amman, 284 129 n57 , 141, 156 , 159 , 161 – 2 , 205 – 9 , ʿAmma r, 159 n337 256 n60 , 275 n140 Anas b. Malik, 123 -Bah ra nı , Sulayma n, 92 n107 , 157 n315 -Andalus and Andalusians, 19 , 75 , 86, -Bah ra nı , Yu suf, 205 n57 109, 121 , 232 , 240 n114 , 252 , 254 , -Ba ju rı , 166 n4 264 – 5 , 277 -Bakrı , 113 – 4 Andræ, Tor, 25 , 39 n6 , 65 n140 Balʿam b. Baʿu ra, 140 -Ans a rı , ʿAbdalla h, 104 n61 Balkh, 76 , 256 Antioch, 255 -Balkhı , Abu l-Qa sim, 166 n9 Aphrahat, 3 n8 -Baqı ʿ cemetery, 195 , 259 , 269 Apocalypse of Paul , 51 n61 , 63 – 4 , 68 , 115 Baqlı , Ruzbiha n-i, 269 Apocalypse of Peter , 63 -Barbaha rı , 169 n24 and n28 Aqs a mosque, 1 Barhu t, 21 , 124 , 127 , 166 n5 , 256 , 268 Arabia and Arabs, 10 , 17 n83 , 40, 49, 51 , -Barzanjı , 74 n14 , 90 n99 53 , 57 , 58 n90 , 66 – 8 , 74 – 5 , 79, 93 , 138 , Bashier, Shahzad, 237 n100 172 , 198 , 205 , 216 n118 , 256 , 286 Basra, 18 – 9 , 82 n56 and n57 , 103 n56 , 172 , Arabian Nights , 6 – 7 , 118 , 275 212 , 222, 227 , 234 n78 Arda vı ra fna mak , 115 -Bas rı , Abu l-H usayn, 168 n16 Ariès, Phillipe, 281 n12 Bast a mı , 88 , 220 , 227 – 8 , 233 – 4 -ʿArj, 248 n19 Bauer, Thomas, 30 , 34 n158 , 71 n1 , 86 n80 Arkoun, Mohamed, 16 n79 , 70 n165 , 280 – 1 Bayd a ʾ, 149 Asad b. Mu sa , 25, 75 , 76 n25 , 78 , 83 n59 -Bayd a wı , 21 -Ashʿarı , Abu l-H asan Ah mad, 109 -Bayhaqı , 84 , 123 n11 , 228 n48 -Ashʿarı , Abu l-H asan ʿAlı , 109 n83 , 177 n85 , Béjaïa, 102 179 , 223 n23 , 234 Bell, Catherine, 278 n155 -Ashqar, ʿUmar Sulayma n, 284 – 5 Bell, Richard, 39 n5 , 51 n55 , 52 n62 and n66 , Asín Palacios, Miguel, 28 59 n100, 64 n129 , 67 n148 A siya, 124 , 158 Bellamy, James, 59 n99 Asma ʾ bt. Abı Bakr, 123 Bergson, Henri, 281 Assmann, Jan, 11 – 2 n55 Berthels, E., 29 n152 ʿAt t a r, Farı d al-Dı n, 3 n12 , 116 , 122 , 228 Bhopal, 90 Auffarth, Christoph, 9 n39 , 40 n9 Bilqı s, 140 Augustine of Hippo, 4 , 18 , 69 n163 Birgiwı , 227 n41 Avicenna (Ibn Sı na), 16, 21 – 2 , 108 n77 , Bishr al-Ma risı , 168 n17 183 – 6 , 188 – 91 , 193 , 195 , 205, Bishr b. al-Muʿtamir, 168 213 n104 , 237 , 279 , 288 Books of Omen. See Fa lna ma s Awf b. ʿAbdalla h, 198 n26 Brethren of Purity. See Ikhwa n al-S afa -Awza ʿı , 127 Brown, Jonathan, 82 n56 , 94 n11 ʿAyr, 248 , 269 – 70 Brown, Norman O., 70 n165 -Azhar, 26 , 285 -Bukha rı , 80 – 1 , 90 , 168 n20 Bulu qiya, 6 , 118 – 9 Ba ba Afd al, 213 n104 Bura q, 112 Ba dı s, 276 Bursawi, Ismail Hakki, 181 , 220 Baghdad and Baghdadis, 19 , 71 , 79 , 84 – 5 , -Bu s ı rı , 225 87 , 94 , 103 , 139 , 152 n264 , 166 , 168 , But h a n, 248 , 250 196 n21 , 198 , 200 – 1 , 210, 221 , 230 , Byron, 23 n125

Index of Names 349

Byzantium and Byzantines, 18 , 20 , 76 , Dhu l-Nuwa s, 61 222 n22 , 255 Dhu l-Thadya, 160 Diderot, 23 Cain, 256 n60 -Dı nawa rı , 137 n137 Cairo and Cairenes, 86 n78 , 88 n90 , 91 , 118 , D ira r b. ʿAmr, 167 , 168 n17 , 180 n107 , 201 122 , 210 , 253 , 276 , 281 , 283 , 285 – 6 Donner, Fred, 69 n159 Carlyle, Thomas, 15 Carmathians, 211 n90, 212 n93, 216 n118 Eden, 2 n8, 4 , 7 , 38 , 41, 50, 52 , 58 , 65 – 6 , Carra de Vaux, Bernard, 15, 17 n84 , 24 – 5 131 – 2 , 133 n92 , 167 , 246 n2 , 250 , 253 , Casablanca, 286 260 , 278 Casanova, Paul, 69 n159 Egypt and Egyptians, 8 , 12 n55 , 19 , 25 , 41 , Casey, John, 15 64 , 67, 72, 74 – 6 , 78 n38 , 80 , 87 – 8 , Cave of Treasures , 59 91 n102, 94, 101 n42 , 110 n87 , 120 – 2 , Central Asia and Central Asians, 105 – 6 , 176 , 141 n180 , 152 n272 , 162 n356 , 166 , 253 . See also Turkmenistan 170 , 177 , 228 n46 , 232 , 233 n74 , Cerulli, Enrico, 28 n148 234 n77, 253 , 262 , 269 , 276 , Chittick, William, 67 n151, 237 n95 and n96 280 – 1 , 284 – 5 Chosroe Anushirvan, 206 Eilers, W., 65 Cobb, Paul, 72 n6 , 264 n98 Eklund, Ragnar, 17 n84 , 110 n92 , 122 n6 Coleridge, 15 , 277 Elija Muhammad, 284 Colloquy of Moses with God 72, 4 , 116 n26 El-Saleh, Soubhi, 26 – 7 , 33 Constantinople. See Byzantium Encyclopaedia of Islam , 27 Coppens, Pieter, 219 n2 , 226 n35 Enoch. See Idrı s Corbin, Henry, 189 n154 , 193 n1 and n4 and Ephrem of Nisibis, 18 , 59 – 61 , 63 – 5 , 68 n8 , 195 n13 , 196 Epicurus, 279 Cordoba and Cordovans, 19 , 87 , 90 n97 , Euphrates, 7 , 133 , 247, 251 n29 , 282 167 , 232 n64, 252, 259 n74 , 262 – 5 Eve, 4 – 6 , 8 , 41 , 68 , 148, 166 – 8 , 171 , 201, Crone, Patricia, 10– 1 , 58 n90 264 , 272

da Monte Croce, Riccoldo, 20 , 23 Fa lna ma s, 34 , 265 – 6 -D ah h a k b. Muza him, 76, 113 , 131 n77 -Fara bı , 108 n77 , 186 Damascus and Damascenes, 18 , 84 n65 , Farrin, Raymond, 37 n1 85 – 6 , 87 n86 , 88 , 91 , 104 , 124 n23, 127 , Fa t ima, 124 n22, 136 , 158 , 195 – 6 , 207 170 , 221 , 233 , 250 – 2 , 255 – 6 , 264 – 5 , Fa t imids, 210 , 212 , 216 , 262 – 3 , 267 , 278 , 283 274 n136 , 276 Daniel, Norman, 18 Fierro, Maribel, 263 n89 Dante, 28 , 103 Firdaws, 14 n65 , 38 , 50 n53 , 131 – 2 , 157 , Daqa ʾiq al-akhba r , 24, 32, 106 n65 , 109 – 12 , 253 , 262 146 n214 , 285 Fust a t , 74 – 5 -Da ra nı , 221 – 2 -Fuwatı , Hisha m, 167 n15 , 169 Da ra ya , 221 David, psalmist, 152 Gabriel, angel, 112 , 114 – 5 , 128 , 143 , 207, Da wu d b. al-Muh abbar, 103 n56 254 n45 Dayeh, Islam, 67 n154 Gacek, Adam, 110 n88 Daylam, 253 n42 Gardet, Louis, 15 n69 , 26 , 27 n144 , de Certeau, Michel, 9 174 n58 Decartes, René, 22 Gautier, Lucien, 24 , 32 Delhi, 260 , 262 Gehinnom. See Valley of Hinnom Denkha, Ataa, 25 , 30 Geoffroy, Eric, 228 n46 -Dhahabı , 86 , 174 -Ghariyya n, 254 n50 Dhu l-Nu n, 152 n268 and n272 , 188 n145 , Ghassa nids, 252 n33 232 – 3 , 269 -Ghawth, Muh ammad, 228 n46

350 Index of Names

-Ghaza lı , 7 n24 , 9 , 17, 21, 24 , 33 , 78 n36 , -H illı , Muh ammad b. Idrı s, 157 n315 87 , 97 – 9 , 101 – 3 , 105 , 107 – 9 , 168 n18 , Hims, 75 , 253 n43 174 n52, 176 , 177 n85 , 179 , 186 – 9 , 191 , Hind, 158 193 n1 , 209 – 10 , 215 n111 , 222 n19 , Hinnom. See Valley of Hinnom 226 , 231 , 236 – 7 , 241 n126 , 268 n115 , -H ı ra, 66 n144 269 , 277 , 280 , 288 Hobbes, 14 Gilgamesh, 6 , 118 n130 Hodgson, Marshal, 216 Gilliot, Claude, 80 n48 Horovitz, Josef, 25 , 50 n53 Goethe, 15 Hujwı rı , 234 , 240 Gog and Magog, 21 -H usayn, Imam, 154 , 197 – 8 , 254 Golconda, 96 Goldziher, Ignaz, 26 , 82 n56 , 108 n80 , Iblı s. See Devil (Index of terms) 171 n37 , 177 n83 , 220 n3 Ibn ʿAbba s, 8 , 72 , 103 n56 , 105 , 173 , 194 n9 Graham, William, 267 n104 , 268 n115 Ibn ʿAbd al-H akam, 76 n25 Granada, 252 , 261 , 276 Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahha b, 90 Gruber, Christiane, 30 n158 , 34 n163 Ibn Abı l-Dunya , 79 , 81 , 85 – 6 , 88 , 123 n11 , Guadalquivir, 262 225 n29 Günther, Sebastian, 15 n74 , 29 n150 Ibn Abı H a tim, 84 Ibn Abı Shayba, 72 n4 , 73 n12 , 79 – 81 , 83, H aba ba, 100 n38 86, 123 n11 , 181 n109 H abash, Muh ammad, 284 Ibn Abı ʿUmayr, 196 n21 Haddad, Yvonne, 26 – 8 , 171 n37 Ibn Adham, 225 n33 , 227 Hades, 60 – 1 , 74 n17 Ibn ʿAmma r al-Sulamı , 104 n58 Hadramawt, 21 , 74, 125 , 166 n5 , 256 , 268 Ibn ʿAqı l, 274 -H ad rı , Abu Saʿı d, 202 n47 Ibn al-ʿArabı , Muh ammad b. ʿAbdalla h, H a fi ,z 224 87 n83 , 264 n96 H ajjna ma s, 34 , 126 , 270 , 271 n121 Ibn al-ʿArabı , Muh ammad b. ʿAlı , 27 , 33 , 87 , H a jjı Khalı fa, 87 n86 , 109 – 10 105 n61, 170 n33 , 175 n67 , 189 , 217 , -H a kim, caliph, 216 n118 226 n33 , 227 n46 , 228 n46 and n48 , -H a kim al-Naysa bu rı , 84 232 , 236 – 44 , 281 , 288 -H akı m al-Tirmidhı , 241 n126 , 255 n57 Ibn ʿAsa kir, 123 n11 Hakkı, 246 Ibn ʿAtta b, 265 Halevi, Leor, 122 n6 , 124 n21 , 168 n17 Ibn Ba bu ya, 103 n56 , 199 – 201 , 206 -H alla j, 230 n54 , 244 n133 Ibn Ba jja, 186 Halm, Heinz, 213 n104 Ibn Barraja n, 232 n64 , 240 n114 H amma dids, 102 Ibn Bat t u t a, 256 , 277 Hamma m b. Munabbih, 2 n7 , 19 , 72 – 3 Ibn Fad la n, 255 H amda n Qarmat , 215 Ibn al-Farra ʾ, 8 Hamda n tribe, 75 n19 and n21 Ibn H abı b, 75 – 6 Hamza, Feras, 27 n143 , 176 n75 Ibn H ajar al-ʿAsqala nı , 88 n90 H anafı , H assan, 280 – 1 Ibn H ajar al-Haythamı , 174 Hanna d b. al-Sarı , 78 Ibn H anbal, 75 n23 , 79 – 80, 82 n56 , 83 , -H aram al-sharı f . See Jerusalem 84 n66 , 123 n11, 124 , 149 n229 , H arı sh, monster, 110 168 n19, 175 n67, 182 n114 Ha ru n al-Rashı d, caliph, 104 n58 Ibn H azm, 94 n9 , 170 – 1 , 174 -H asan, Imam, 154 , 197 – 8 Ibn Hisha m, 113 , 167 n13 H asan II, Imam, 216 – 7 Ibn H usa m, 197 H asan al-Bas rı , 172 , 221 , 223 n22 , 282 Ibn Jana h , 198 – 9 , 204 n52 -H awlı , 247 n13 Ibn al-Jawzı , 84 – 5 , 103 – 5 , 271 , 275, 277 Hawting, Gerald, 274 n136 Ibn Jubayr, 251 – 3 , 255 Hijaz, 248 , 252 , 254 , 269 Ibn Judʿa n, 156 -H illı , al-ʿAlla ma, 201 – 2 Ibn Kathı r, 84 n67 , 85 – 6 , 285

Index of Names 351

Ibn al-Kharra t , 87 , 97, 99 – 102 , 105 Irenaeus of Lyon, 18, 66 n143 , 69 n163 Ibn Lahı ʿa, 72 , 74 – 6 Isfahan, 23 , 83 – 5 , 116 , 192 , 213 n104 Ibn Manda, 84, 255 n57 -Is faha nı , Abu Muslim, 166 n9 Ibn Masʿada, 253 Isma ʿı l, 140 , 267 n106 , 268 Ibn Masarra, 232 n64 Isma ʿı l b. Jaʿfar al-S a diq, 210 Ibn Masʿu d, 3 , 53 n71 , 76 , 81 – 2 It fayyish, Muh ammad, 282 Ibn Miskawayh, 186 n135 Iya s b. Muʿa wiya, 19 Ibn al-Muba rak, 76 – 8 , 81 , 83 , 87 , 129 n56 , I zmirli,- Ismail Hakkı, 284 233 n74 Ibn Mubashshir, 174 n61 -Ja biya, 252 n33 Ibn Muljam, 160 Jacques de Vitry, 20 n205 Ibn Naja h , 198 n26 , 199 , 218 Jaʿfar b. Abı T a lib, 146 n217 Ibn al-Nafı s, 186 n135 Jaʿfar al-S a diq, Imam, 113 n104 , 123 – 4 , 195 , Ibn Nuba ta, 104 196 n20 , 198 , 201 n43, 208 , 210 , 218 , Ibn al-Qa rih , 280 226, 240 n117 , 248 n19, 271 n121 Ibn Qası , 226 n33 , 240 n114 Jahannam, hell-monster, 54 , 127 – 8 , 228 Ibn Qays, 151 Jahm b. S afwa n, 168 n17, 169 – 70 , 179 – 80 Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, 84 n67 , 127 , Ja mı , 229 129 n52 , 170 – 1 , 204 , 205 n53 , 284 Jarı r, 251 Ibn Qutayba, 166 , 169 n29 -Jawa lı qı , 113 n104 , 196 n20 and n21 Ibn Rajab, 27 , 86, 88, 104 – 5 , 285 Jayh a n, 7 , 133 , 247 Ibn Rushd, 186 n135 , 279 -Jazu lı , 250 n22 Ibn Saʿd, 73 n7 and n8 Jerusalem, 1 , 112 – 3 , 115 , 127 , 151 n254 , Ibn Sahl, 265 247 – 50 , 252 , 254 – 5 , 265 , 267 Ibn al-S ala h , 84 n65 Jesus, prophet, 40 n9 , 61 , 74 n14 , 116 , 118 , Ibn Sı na. See Avicenna 146 , 156 , 160, 199, 206 , 211 , 247 Ibn Taymiyya, 86 , 88 n93 , 170 – 1 , 179 , Jesus and the Skull , 116 , 118 , 206 186 n134 , 247 n7 , 284 n26 -Jı lı , 228 n46 , 234 , 239 n113 Ibn T ulu n, 91 n103 Job, prophet, 8 n35 Ibn Wahb, 74 – 5 John of Damascus, 18 Ibn al-Walı d, 213 n104 Jonah, prophet, 140 Ibn Waththa b, 53 n71 Jones, Alan, xvii , 39 n7 , 49 n48 , 64 n129 Ibn al-Wazı r, 171 Joseph, prophet, 8 n35 , 147 , 209 Ibn Yaʿmar, 53 n71 Juan Andrés/Johannes Maurus, 23 Ibn al-Zaqqa q, 253 -Jubba ʾı , 168 n16 Ibra hı m b. al-Walı d, caliph, 78 n38 -Juʿal, 180 n106 Idrı s (Enoch), prophet, 6 , 116 Jumna, 259 -Idrı sı , 246 Jung, Carl Gustav, 11 Ifrı qiya, 210 -Jurja nı , Abu l-Futu h , 276 -I jı , 21 , 191 n167 -Jurja nı , ʿAlı b. Muh ammad, 191 n167 -ʿIjlı , 201 n38 Juynboll, G.H.A., 2 n7 , 72 n7 , 74 n14 , Ikhwa n al-S afa , 212 78 n38 , 158 n328 , 250 n22 India, 8 , 90 – 1 , 96 , 109 , 126 , 147 , 213 n104 , 228 n46, 229 , 259 , 266 , 270 , 271 n121 , Kaaba, 174, 208 , 225 , 240 , 254 , 267 – 9 277 , 284 Kaʿb al-Ah ba r, 2 , 72 , 73 n12 , 75, 94, 103 , Innocent III, pope, 20 105 , 116 , 247 , 253 n43 , 255 n55 Iqbal, 281 and n57 Iram, 264 – 5 -Kala ba dhı , 220 Iran. See Persia Karamustafa, Ahmet, 234 n78 Iraq and Iraqis, 19 , 77 – 9 , 81 , 85 , 104 , 167 , Ka sha nı , Muh s in Fayd , 207 , 243 n130 172 , 194 – 5 , 202 n47 , 205 , 210 , 215, -Ka shgharı , 246 221 , 230 , 234 , 240 , 253 – 4 , 259 , 279 Katz, Marion, 272 n132

352 Index of Names

Kerbela, 254 , 257 -Makkı , Abu T a lib, 108 n77 , 174 , 175 n67 , Khadı ja, 50, 124 , 136, 156 , 158 , 207 222 , 226 Khalı t and Malı t, 118 Maʾku l, tribe, 75 n19 -Khayya t , 199 Ma lik, angel, 53 , 113 , 116 , 145 – 7 , 271 n121 , Khorasan and Khorasanians, 76 , 80 n48 , 274 , 276 n150 , 280 , 283 212 n93 , 223 , 227 , 240 – 1 Ma lik b. Anas, 74, 182 n114 , 250 n22 Khoury, Raif Georges, 25 n133, Ma lik b. Dı na r, 104 78 n38 , 83 n59 Maʿmar b. Ra shid, 72 – 3 n7 -Khudrı , 114 n114 Mamluks, 86, 110 n87, 228 n46 -Kindı , Muh ammad b. Ibra hı m, 282 n21 -Maʾmu n, caliph, 71 -Kirma nı , 209 – 10 -Maqdisı , ʿAbd al-Ghanı , 85 -Kisa ʾı , 116 -Maqdisı , D iya ʾ al-Dı n Muh ammad, 85 – 6 Kishk, Muh ammad Jala l, 285 -Maqqarı , 253 Kubra , Najm al-Dı n, 229 -Maqrı zı , 122 , 276 Kufa, 2 n7 , 75 n21 , 78 , 81, 125 , 196 n21 , Marco Polo, 215 198 , 253 n42 , 254 Marʿı b. Yu suf al-Karmı , 101 n42, 162 n356 -Ku fı , ʿAlı , 198 n25 Maʿru f al-Karkhı , 226 Kulthu m, 124 Marvels of Creation. See ʿAja ʾib Kuwait, 284 al-makhlu qa t Mary, 124 , 158 Lacan, Jacques, 29 Massignon, Louis, 222 Lakhmids, 66 n144 -Ma turı dı , 73 n10 -Lamat ı , 88 n90 , 135 n106 , 141 n170 , -Ma wardı , 174 n57, 259 n72 142 n180 , 153 n279 Maybudı , 269 n118 Landolt, Herman, 193 n5 and n8 Maysara b. ʿAbd Rabbih, 103 n56 Latour, Bruno, 12 -Mayyafariqin, 104 Lawson, Todd, 69 n162 Mecca and Meccans, 21 , 30, 49 – 57 , 74 , 76 , Lazarus, 60 91 – 2 , 112 , 123 – 4 , 139 , 156 – 7 , 174 n58 , Le Goff, Jacques, 13, 14 n61 , 16 – 7 177 , 195 , 220 n3 , 248 n19 , 249 , 252 , Lebanon, 248 n19 254 – 6 , 259 , 267 – 9 , 272 , 274 n136 , 278 Leo III, king, 18 , 19 n99 Medina and Medinans, 49 – 56 , 69 n159 , 90 , Leszynsky, Rudolf, 25 , 78 n38 103 , 123 , 179 , 195 , 215 n111 , 220 n3 , Leviathan, 151 n254 221 , 232 , 248 , 250 , 252 , 254 – 6 , 259 , Liber scalae , 113 – 4 267 , 269 , 278 Llull, Ramon, 20 Mehmet II, sultan, 20 Lory, Pierre, 227 n46 Meier, Fritz, 15 , 241 n121 -Luʾluʾı , 87 n86 Melchert, Christopher, 77 n32 , 84 n66 Luther, Martin, 20 Merv, 76 , 259 Methodius, 69 n163 -Maʿa fi rı family, 74 Meyer, Jonas, 27 -Maʿarrı , 21, 152 n265 , 280 – 1 Michael, angel, 64 , 128 MacDonald, John, 109 n85 -Miqda d, 159 n337 Madelung, Wilferd, 16 Mittermaier, Amira, 14 , 16 n76 Madhh ij, tribe, 75 Monfarrer Sala, Juan Pedro, 76 n25 Madı nat al-Zahra ʾ, 252 , 262 – 5 , 278 Mongols, 87 , 216 n117 -Mah allı , 21 Montesquieu, 23 Mah mu d, Ibra hı m, 29 n153 Moosa, Ebrahim, 17 n81 , 30 n158 Maimonides, 20 Morocco and Moroccans, 102 , 250 n22 , 256 -Majlisı , 120 , 122 , 128 , 130 n68 , 131 – 8 , Morony, Michael, 41 n14 140 – 2 , 145 , 149 – 56 , 158 – 62 , 169 n28, Moses, prophet, 41 , 52 n67 , 72 n4 , 116 n126 , 198 n26 , 201 – 2 , 204 – 6 , 209 n75, 124 , 140 , 150 , 166 , 199 , 208 , 211 , 236 248 n19 , 254 n50 , 256 n61 , 288 Motzki, Harald, 73 n8

Index of Names 353

Muʿa wiya, caliph, 159 -Nasa ʾı , 75 n19 Mughals, 213 n104 , 259 , 260 – 1 , 269 -Nas ı bı , 180 n106 Muh ammad, the Prophet, 2 , 6 – 8 , 34 , 37 , Na s ir-i Khusraw, 212 n99 49 – 50 , 52 , 54 – 5 , 58 n91 , 65, 71 , 76 , -Naz z a m, 139 n156 , 169 n28 , 180 97 , 104 , 112 – 5 , 118, 127 – 8 , 136 – 7 , Neuwirth, Angelika, 9 n37 , 39 n6 , 45 n35 , 142 n180 , 145 , 151 n254 , 156 – 8 , 172 , 52 n67 , 69 n162 178 , 181 , 183 , 194 – 7 , 199 , 203 , 220 , -Niffarı , 230 – 1 225 , 227 , 232 – 3 , 247 , 249 – 50 . See also Nile, 7 , 133 , 247 , 253 , 282 Ascension of the Prophet ; intercession Niza rı s, 216 – 7 (Index of terms) Noah, prophet, 40 , 211 as eschatological prophet, 25 , 37 , 58 n91 , Nöldeke, Theodor, 49 , 51 – 2 , 54 n77 , 57 69 n159 North Africa, 80 , 109 , 262 grave of, 7 n26 , 250 , 257 Nuʿaym b. H amma d, 75 – 6 , 78, 233 n74 in Ismaʿilism, 211 Nu r al-Dı n Muh ammad, Imam, 217 parents of, 92 , 156 – 7 , 177 n85 -Nu rı , 240 in Twelver Shiʿism, 136 , 194 – 7 , 203 , 208 Nwyia, Paul, 70 n165 Western views of, 19 – 20, 23 , 25 , 28 , 69 n159 Old Man of the Mountain, 215 – 6 Muhammad Ali, 284 Orestes, 22 Muh ammad al-Ba qir, Imam, 140 Origen, 183 , 184 n125 -Muh a sibı , 87, 94 – 5 , 97 – 99 , 108 , 175 n169 , O’Shaughnessy, Thomas, 25 n135 , 222 n21 39 n5 , 56 n83 -Muʿizz, caliph, 263 Ottomans, 20 , 24 n127 , 109 , 177 , 220 , Muja hid b. Jabr, 76 227 n41 , 246 , 276 -Mulaththam, 228 n46 Oxford, 15 , 20 Mulla S adra , 139 n159 , 187 n144 , 193 , 195 , 199 n32 , 207 , 213 n104 , 239 , Palace of the Otherworld (da r al-a khira ), 256 n59 , 281 259 , 278 Mumtaz Mahal, 260 Palestine and Palestinians, 89 , 284 -Mu nawı , 231 Palmer, Edward Henry, 241 n121 Mundhir b. Saʿı d, 167 , 264 Palmyra, 66 n144 -Mundhirı , 90 n99 Parviz b. Hurmuz, 206 Munkar and Nakı r, angels, 125 – 6 , 198 , 269 Paul, apostle, 2 n8 , 51 n61 , 58 , 115 , 160 -Muqaddası , 253 Persia and Persians, 5 – 7 , 11 n53 , 19, Muqa til b. Sulayma n, 8 n35 , 58 n92 , 76, 65 n136, 66 n144, 76 , 81 , 83 , 85 , 97 , 80 n48 , 127 n42 103 n56, 109 , 114 n109 and n111 , Muqat t am, 122 115 , 117 – 8 , 120 , 122 , 145 n212 , 169 , Murata, Sachiko, 67 n151 179 , 183 – 4 , 189 , 194 – 5 , 200 , 203 – 6 , Mu sa al-Ka z im, Imam, 113 n104 , 196 n20 , 208 , 210 , 213 , 215 – 6 , 224 , 227 – 8 , 232 , 198 n26 233 n74, 237 n100 , 240 , 253 , 256 , Muslim b. al-H ajja j, 80 – 2 257 n66 and n68 , 258 – 62 , 265 , 283 Muʾta, 114 n112 , 146 n217 Peter of Cluny, 19 -Muttaqı al-Hindı , 80 Petrus Alfonsi, 19 – 20 Pharaoh, 40, 124 , 127 , 175 , 236 -Na bulusı , 8 n30, 91 , 208 n72 Pius II, pope, 20 Nahj al-bala gha , 196 n21, 204 n52 Plotinus, 210 Najaf, 254 Pococke, Edward, 20 – 22 , 24 , 26 Najd, 47 n42 Proclus, 210 n83 Najran, 61 Pseudo-Ammonius, 210 n83 -Nasafı , Abu H afs , 179 n96 -Nasafı , Abu l-Muʿı n, 176 – 7 -Qa d ı , ʿAbd al-Rah ı m, 109 – 12 Nasafı , ʿAzı z-i, 213 n104 , 241 – 3 -Qa d ı ʿIya d , 90 n97

354 Index of Names

-Qa d ı al-Nuʿma n, 215 Sala ma n and Absa l, 118 Qa f, 257 – 8 -Salamiyya, 1 -Qara d a wı , Yu suf, 284 Sale, George, 22 -Qara fa, 122 S a lih , prophet, 140 -Qa rı al-Harawı , 92 n103 , 174 n60, -S a lih ı , 91 n103 175 n67 , 177 -S a lih iyya, 85 -Qa sha nı , 241 n122 Salma n, 159 Qazwin, 117 , 253 Sa m Mı rza , 224 Qis as al-anbiya ʾ , 6 , 34 , 113 n108 , 116 – 8 Samʿa nı , Ah mad, 171 -Qummı , ʿAbba s, 283 Samarqand, 251 n29 -Qummı , ʿAlı , 113 n104 , 196 n20 -Samarqandı , Abu l-Layth, 81 n49 , 97 , Qumran, 61 105 – 6 , 109 – 10 , 168 Quraysh, 50 , 159 Sanjar, 259 , 278 Qurrat al-ʿuyu n , 105 – 7 , 110 , 166 n5 , Sarah, 157 256 n59 Sarandı b. See Sri Lanka -Qurt ubı , 87 , 109 , 204 Sarı al-Saqat ı , 221 -Qushayrı , 228 n46 , 240 -Sarra j, 220 , 230 n57 Sassanians, 66 n144 -Rabaʿı , 264 n98 Satan. See Devil Rabı ʿ b. Khuthaym, 53 n71 Saudi-Arabia and Saudis, 259 n72 , Ra biʿa of Baghdad, 227 , 230 284 n24 , 285 -Ra fiʿ ı , 253 n41 Sa wı , Jama l al-Dı n, 226 n33 Rafraf, 138 Sayh a n, 7 , 133 , 247 Rahman, Fazlur, 178 n89 , 281 – 2 Schoeler, Gregor, 143 n197 Raven, Wim, 162 n355 Segal, Alan S., 30 – 1 , 184 n125 -Rayh a nı , ʿAlı b. ʿUbayda, 71 – 2 , 97 n20 Sells, Michael, 39 n6, 41 n15 Rayy, 84 Seville, 97 , 102 , 232 n64 , 252 , 264 n96 -Ra zı , Najm al-Dı n, 241 n122 Sezgin, Fuat, 105 n62 -Ra zı , Fakhr al-Dı n, 21 , 105 , 109 Shadda d, 264 , 266 -Ra zı , Yah ya b. Muʿa dh, 228 n50 , 234 n77 Sha dhiliyya, 88 Reinhart, Kevin, 138 n138 , 269 n116 , Sha h Walı Alla h, 90 271 n123 -Shah h a m, 168 n17 Reland, Adriaan, 22 – 3 -Shahı d al-Tha nı , 91 n103 Rid a , Rashı d, 282 , 284 -Shahrazu rı , 191 , 194 n9 Rid wa n, angel, 116 , 132 , 141 Sha h Jaha n, 260 – 1 Robson, James, 284 n27 Shajahan Begum, 90 Rome, 255 Shamash, 62 n118 Rosenthal, Franz, 4 , 29 , 30 n158, 39 n6 , Shaqı q al-Balkhı , 223 98 n29 , 158 n321 -Shaʿra nı , 87 – 8 , 110 n87 , 141 – 2 n80 , Rüling, J. B., 24 – 6 148 n225 Ru mı , 220 , 232 , 234 – 6 , 237 n100 -Sharı f al-Murtad a , 92 n107 , 201 Rus a fa , 251 -Shaykh al-Mufı d, 200 – 2 , 204 n52 Rustom, Mohammed, 193 n8 , 195 n15 Shaykhza deh, 177 Rustomji, Nerina, 14 n62 , 30, 58 n90 , 72 n3 , Shiʿb Bawwa n, 251 n29 80 – 1 n49, 109 n85 -Shiblı , 221 n14 , 230 -Shı ra zı , al-Muʾayyad fı l-Dı n, 211 n87 S afa and Marwa, 269 -Shı ra zı , Qut b al-Dı n, 191 , 194 n9 Safavids, 204 – 5 , 224 -Shirbı nı , 234 n77 -Saffa rı nı , 89 – 91, 101 n42 , 284 – 5 Shoemaker, Stephen, 25 n136 , 37 n1 , Sah qat a ʾı l, angel, 145 n212 69 n159 Saʿı d b. al-ʿA s , 253 n42 Shoshan, Boaz, 113 n108 Sakhr, 118 Shuja ʾı Mashhadı , 203 , 208

Index of Names 355

Shurayk b. Khaba sha al-Numayrı , 1 – 4 , 6 T a riq b. Kha lid, 253 – 4 S iddı q H asan Kha n, 90 – 1 -Tawh ı dı , 180 n106 -Sijista nı , 209 – 11 , 213 n104 Teheran, 286 Simancas, battle of, 263 Temple Mount. See Jerusalem Simurgh, 257 n66 Tertullian, 69 n163 Sinai, 248 n19 -Thaʿa libı , 87 , 252 n32 Sinai, Nicolai, 49 n47 , 180 n155 -Thaʿlabı , 9 , 118 , 221 n10 -Sindı , Muh ammad H aya t, 90 Thamu d, 140 Sirhindı , 213 n104 , 228 n46 Thaqı f, 248 -Sirja nı , 226 Theodor Abu Qurra, 18 Smith, Jane, 26 – 8 , 47 n43 , 108 n77, 171 n37 Tiha ma, 9 , 47 n42 , 137 Smith, Jonathan Z., 17 -Tilimsa nı , 91 n103 Snouck Hurgronje, Christiaan, 69 n159 Timurids, 259 Socrates, 279 -Tirmidhı , 8 – 82 , 85 – 6 , 102 Solomon, 140 Toelle, Heidi, 47 n42 , 68 n155 Spain. See Andalus Tottoli, Roberto, 106 n65 , 110 n89 , Speraindeo, abbot, 19 116 n125 Spinoza, 279 -Tublı , 205 Sri Lanka, 246 Turkey, 21 , 132 , 258 , 273 Stolz, Fritz, 11 n55 Turkmenistan, 76 , 259 . See also Central Asia -Subkı , Ta j al-Dı n, 177 , 178 n88 Tus, 254 -Subkı , Taqı l-Dı n, 170 – 1 T u sı , Nas ı r al-Dı n, 213 – 5 , 279 Subtle Traditions. See Daqa ʾiq al-akhba r -Tustarı , 222 , 228 n49, 232 – 3 , 236 Süleiman the Magnifi cent, 276 Tweed, Thomas, 12 – 3 S u fı , Ma hir Ah mad, 283 n23 -Suh aymı , 87 n86 -Ubulla, 251 n29 -Suhrawardı , 16 , 33 , 186 , 189 – 95 , 205 , Uh ud, 124 n22 , 149 , 248 214 n107 , 288 -Ukhayd ir valley, 256 -Sulamı , ʿAlı b. T a hir, 124 n23 ʿUmar II, caliph, 18 , 19 n99 Sult a n-Muh ammad, 224 ʿUmar b. al-Khat t a b, caliph, 1 – 3 , 72 , -Suyu t ı , 8 , 17 n84 , 21, 87 n86 , 88 – 9 , 91 – 2 , 103 , 114 n112 , 124 n23, 133 , 170 , 99 , 105 , 106 n65 , 120 , 122 – 4 , 127 – 8 , 198 n24 129 n52 and n57 , 130 – 1 , 133 – 6 , Shiʿi views of, 141 , 159 138 – 43 , 145 , 148 , 150 – 2 , 156 – 62 , 204, Umayyads, 75, 78 n38 , 94, 100 , 159 , 248 n19 , 256 n59 , 288 199 n31 , 248 , 250 – 2 , 259 n74 , 262 , Stories of the Prophets. See Qis as al-anbiya ʾ 264 – 5 , 374 n136 Swedenborg, 18 ʿUthma n, caliph, 74 , 159 – 60 Syria and Syrians, 1 , 3 n8 , 4 , 49 , 75 , 80 , 86, Utrecht, 22 94 , 127, 138 , 146 n217 , 248 , 250 – 2 , ʿUzayr, 140 253 n43 , 254 , 265 , 280 , 284 Szombathy, Zoltán, 30 Valencia, 252– 3 Valley of Hinnom, 51 , 255 -T abara nı , 80 , 83, 85, 88 , 123 n11 , 248 n19 van Bladel, Kevin, 57 n86 -T abarı , ʿAlı b. Rabba n, 19 van Ess, Josef, 10 – 1 , 66 n144 , 148 – 9 n227 , -T abarı , Muh ammad b. Jarı r, 78, 93 n2 , 112 , 182 n112 , 246 n5 148 n227 , 173 van Gelder, Geert Jan, 143 n197 -Taftaza nı , 191 n167 van Lit, Eric, 191 n164 and n167 , 193 n1 -T aht a wı , ʿAlı , 285 n31 Voetius, Gisbertus, 22 -T a ʾif, 50 , 248 Volga, 255 Taj Mahal, 259 – 61 , 278 Voltaire, 279 Tales of the Prophets. See Qis as al-anbiya ʾ von Grunebaum, Gustav, 4 , 26 Tamer, Georges, 40 – 1 n14 Vuckovic, Brooke Olson, 30 , 154 n291

356 Index of Names

Wa dı Jahannam, 256 Yabrı n, 251 n28 Wahb b. Munabbih, 73 , 257 -Ya fiʿ ı , 222 n22 -Wahra nı , 280 Yah ya b. Muʿa dh, 223 Waines, David, 58 n90 -Yamanı , Abu Muh ammad, 211 n90 Wajj, 248 Ya qu t, 251, 253 n41 and n42 , 254 n50 Walbridge, John, 190 n163 Yazı d II, caliph, 100 -Walı d I, caliph, 250 Yazı d b. Abı H abı b, 74 Wariqa n, 149 , 248 n19 Yemen and Yemenis, 9 , 61 , 72, 74 – 6 , -Wa sit ı , 1 , 255 n55 79 – 80 , 90 , 136 , 166 n5 , 171 , 212 , Watt, William Montgomery, 39 n5 , 52 n62 256 , 268 and n66 , 59 n100, 168 n18 Weber, Max, 29 n152 -Zaha wı , 279 – 81 Weil, Gustav, 49 -Zamakhsharı , 16, 173 n44 , 174 n61 , 181 Wheeler, Brannon, 30 , 172 n130 , 272 n130 Zamzam, 21 , 125 , 174 , 268 William of Auvergne, 19 -Zarkashı , 67 Winter, Timothy, 98 Zayd b. H a ritha, 114 , 143 Wolff, Moritz, 24 , 32 , 111 n93 Zaynab bt. Jahsh, 114 n112 Würtz, Thomas, 191 n167 Ziai, Hossein, 189 n154 , 190 n163

Index of Terms

ablution ( wud u ʿ ), 52, 155 , 159 , 255 , 271 in paradise, 43, 45 , 77 , 136 , 141 , 143 , 153 , acacias, 43 , 136 189 , 195 , 199 , 201 , 228 n46 , 235 , 268 ʿadha b al-qabr . See punishment of in the grave, 125 – 6 , 198 , 269 , 280 the grave anthropomorphism, 11 , 74 , 148 – 9 n227, adultery. See unlawful sexual intercourse 153 , 179 ajwaf , 148 apocalypse, 4 – 5 , 21 , 42 , 73 , 84 n66 , 85 , 141 Akhba rı s and Akhba rı Shiʿism, 33 , apples, 74 , 136 , 160 , 207 – 8 92 n110 , 204 – 9 ʿaql. See intellect a khira , translation of, 38 , 41 a ʿra f . See wall, between paradise and hell ʿa lam al-mitha l. See World of Image architecture, 33 , 253 , 256 – 65 , 269 , 277 – 8 Alevites, 285 in hell, 14 , 133 , 154 Aljamiado, 97 in paradise, 14, 44 – 5 , 83 , 97 , 101 , amber, 111 , 133 114 n112 , 133 , 135 – 6 , 141 , 143 , 225 , animals. See also bestialisation ; 250 , 269 scorpions ; snakes symbolic interpretation of, 261 – 2 earthly, 21 , 190 n137 , 211 n92, 212 , ʿarsh. See Throne of God 232 – 4 , 269 as h a b al-ukhdu d , 61 – 2 in hell, 14 , 109 , 139 , 154 , 181 - ʿashara l-mubashshara , 159 – 60 in paradise, 138 – 40 , 181 Ascension of the Prophet (mi ʿra j ), 6 – 7 , 28 , names of, 91 , 140 32, 34, 112 – 6 , 128 , 136 , 143 , 145 – 6 , punished at Judgment, 138 154 , 168 , 181 , 183 , 194 , 196 , 199 , 201 , Angel of Death, 53, 116 , 129 , 265 – 6 , 269 203 , 208 , 232 – 3 , 247 , 257 angels, 3 , 18 , 22 , 37 , 40 – 1 , 53, 74 n17 , emulation of, 183 , 189 , 227 – 9 , 232 n64 , 115 – 6 , 124 , 128 – 9 , 141 , 154 , 175 n67 , 239 n113 , 243 , 269 202 , 208 , 214 n106 , 247, 254 . See also ascetics and asceticism. See renunciation cherubs ; Gabriel (Index of names) ; Ashʿarites and Ashʿarism, 21 , 26 , 139 , 170 , khazana ; Ma lik ; Michael ; Munkar and 175 – 7 , 178 n88, 182 , 187 , 287 Nakı r ; Rid wa n ; S ah qat a ʾil (Index of Assassins, 215 names) ; zaba niya a tha m , 134 at Judgment, 127 aya t al-waʿı d. See verses of threat as intercessors, 45 , 48 as animals, 77 , 129 , 138 n146 bananas, 136 as carriers of the Throne, 180 barzakh , 2 , 17 n84 , 87 n86 , 122– 8 , 194 , in hell, 46 – 7 , 53 – 4 , 56, 63 – 5 , 67 , 106 , 109 , 204 – 5 , 211 n92, 214 , 237 , 257 , 268 – 9 , 118 , 131 , 139 , 141 , 144 – 6 , 149 , 154 , 283 , 288 . See also interstitial (barzakhı ) 274 , 276 bath/bathhouses, 10 , 156 , 246 , 255 n54

357

358 Index of Terms

-bayt al-maʾmu r , 267 Companions of the Right/Left, 43 – 4 , 46 , 157 beards, 52 n67 , 78, 91, 129 , 135 , 150 , compulsory return, 217 , 236 – 9 216 n118 , 233 – 4 contemptus ultramundi , 225 – 231 , 244 bees, 139 cosmology, 3 , 37, 41 – 3 , 50, 55, 57 – 9 , 63 , 68 , bestialisation, 47 , 99 , 150 165 – 7 , 183 , 187 – 95 , 209 , 215 n106 , Bible, 2 – 3 , 19 n99 , 40 n9 , 50 – 1 , 57 – 8 , 63 , 238 , 245 – 6 , 252 72 – 3 , 93 , 115 , 255 . See also Jews/ couches, 3 , 7 , 14, 44 – 5 , 82 , 125 , 131 Judaism ; Christians/Christianity cress, 137 , 139 n113 , 279 biblicisation of Qurʾa nic eschatology, 51, cushions, 7 , 14 , 44 , 125 , 150 54 , 56 , 68 birds, 123 – 4 , 127 , 129 – 30 , 138 , 153 , 232 , Da r 256 , 269 – 70 al-Khuld, 50 n53 , 131 , 200 bi-la kayf , 182 , 187 , 282 al-Jala l, 131 Black Stone, 208 , 268 , 272 al-Sala m, 38 , 50 , 131 bricolage , 13 , 288 d arı ʿ and ghislı n , 47 , 125 , 137 Bridge ( s ira t ), 95 – 6 , 98 , 101 , 109 , 128 – 9 , dates, 8 , 44 , 136 – 7 , 207 , 208 n75 180 , 182, 201 n38, 257 , 273 dead, interaction of the living with, 2 , 7 , 104, body of spiritual fl esh, 194 – 5 122 – 5 , 206 , 289 bulh. See simpletons death, 40 , 54 , 64 , 78 , 80 , 88 , 91, 97 – 101 , 104 , 107 , 123 – 4 , 140, 167 n13 , 168 , camels, 47 , 118 , 134 , 136 , 138 – 40 , 150 , 159 , 183 , 187 , 190 , 241 n122 , 254 , 280 – 1 , 208 , 275 283 . See also barzakh ; Angel of Death camphor, 44 , 66 , 111 , 142 ~ before death, 241 n122 canopies, 46 , 133 slaughtered, 129 castles. See also palaces deeds ( aʿma l ), 4 , 56 , 74 n17 , 82 , 89 , 157 , in hell, 133 180 , 249 in paradise, 133 , 135 , 143 , 280 bad ~ ( aʿma l sayyiʾa ), 129 , 139 , 143 – 44, cats, 73 173 , 199 n31 , 241 n126 , 241 – 2 cemeteries, 104 , 105 n61 , 122 , 195 , 257 , good ~ (a ʿma l h asana ), 54 – 5 , 107 , 129 , 259 , 269 135 , 139 , 141 , 143 , 156 , 158 , 172 , 174 , chaha rba gh , 260 180 , 199 n31, 241 – 3 , 285 cherubs, 214 n106 embodied in the otherworld, 125 , children 143 , 237 born in paradise, 151 desire, 13 , 23 , 29, 89, 95 , 101 , 141 – 2 , 148 , death of, 91 151 – 3 , 185 , 202, 222 – 3 , 226 n35 , 227 , in hell, 63 , 92 233 , 241 n124 in paradise, 45 , 52 , 92, 124 , 139 n156 , Devil, 5 – 6 , 41 , 46 , 140 – 1 , 152 n265 , 167 , 157 , 243 239 n113 , 264 of non-Muslims, 142 , 157 dhikr , 232 Christians/Christianity, 2 , 4 , 9 n39 , 15, 26, digestion, 19 , 148 , 150 31 , 48 n44 , 57 – 70 , 73, 79, 115, 160 , donkeys, 46 n39 , 140 , 150 , 275 183 , 184 n125 , 202 , 246 , 287 . See also dreaming and sleeping, 3 , 7 , 17 n83 , 39 , 69 , Bible; Syriac and Syriac literature 104 n58, 116 , 129 , 148 , 167 , 186 – 9 , Christian view of Muslim eschatology, 195 , 205 , 207 , 216 , 222 , 229 , 237 n95 , 17 – 25 , 39 n6 , 41 n14 239 , 247 n13 , 271 , 279 , 280 , 289 chrysolites, 264 Druzes, 216 n118 , 284 cities, 247 – 55 , 259 , 261 – 5 , 267 dunes of musk, 14 , 77 , 133 , 152 clothes, 14, 18, 44 , 47 , 125 , 136 , 150 , dunya . See world 272 n130 dunya /a khira relationship, 2 – 13 , 33, 37 – 8 , colour of paradise and hell, 134 41 – 3 , 55 – 6 , 68 – 70 , 132 n79 , 138 n138 , Companions (s ah a ba ), 3 , 9 , 73 n7 , 76 , 188 , 199, 207 , 214, 231 , 235 , 246 – 57 , 81, 105 , 112 , 114 n112 , 123 , 210 , 280 , 286 – 9 . See also synchronicity 215 n111 , 268 n107 dystopia, 6 , 10 , 13 , 46 , 246 – 78

Index of Terms 359

Enoch literature, 58 , 60 , 63 , 68, 74 , 116 fruits, eating and reaching for the ~ of eschatology, 287 – 9 and passim. See also paradise, 75 n18 , 166, 215 n111 , 232 – 3 . apocalypse ; barzakh ; hell ; Judgment See further apples ; bananas ; dates ; Day ; paradise grapes; pomegranates; quinces defi nition of, 12 , 69 n159, 99 , 236 narrative, 71 , 83 , 92 garments. See clothes realised, 4 , 10 , 69 n159, 215 , 289 garments of fi re, 125 eternal now, 69 ghayb , 3 , 282 ethics. See deeds ghayy , 134 eutopia. See utopia/eutopia geomorphisation of the otherworld, 138 , executions in hell, 154 195 , 288 exegesis. See under hadith ; Qurʾa n ghislı n , 137 expiation, 174 – 5 gnosticism, 13 , 74 , 210 God faces, 44 , 46 – 8 , 95 , 106 , 135 , 142 , attributes of, 171 144 – 5 , 149 , 154 – 6 , 221 , 225 , beyond paradise, 11 , 182 n115 , 234 n7 , 275 – 6 227 – 8 , 238 blackened, 47 , 154 , 156 , 275 – 6 forgiveness of, 5 , 45 , 55 , 101 – 3 , 106, 108 , fana ʾ al-na r. See hell, duration of 171 , 174 – 7 , 202 , 275 faith, 32 , 37 , 43 , 78, 100 , 125 , 160 , 172 , 177 , punishment of, 39 n6 , 54 , 106 , 170 – 1 , 201 n38, 203 n48 176 – 7 , 206, 234 , 238, 269 , 274 fasting, 78 , 82 , 107, 129 n56, 158 , 174 n57 , seen as a young boy, 216 n118 , 233 – 4 216 , 241 n126 , 267 , 271 transcendence of, 10 – 1 , 179 – 80, 182 , 238 fear, 13 , 32, 39 n6 , 42, 45 , 55 , 72 , 82 , 92 , vision of, 23 , 83 – 4 , 89 , 91, 95, 99 , 101 , 94 – 5 , 98 – 99 , 103 , 116 , 119 , 168 , 188 , 105 , 106 m65 , 111 , 115 , 141, 152 – 4 , 219 – 23 , 225 – 7 , 240, 269 n118 , 278 , 180 , 182 , 201 , 216 n118 , 217 – 8 , 281 , 287 226 , 234 felicity (sa ʿa da ), 19 , 21 , 23 , 45 , 59 , 97, 171 , wisdom ( h ikma ) of, 90 , 170 – 1 183 – 5 , 187 – 8 , 211 – 2 , 215 , 218 , 223 , government offi cials in hell, 160 241 n124 , 242 grapes, 44 , 65 , 75 n18 , 136 , 166 , 208 n75 , fever, 10 215 n111 , 232 Firdaws, 14 n65 , 38 , 50 n53 , 131 – 2 , 157 , Great Resurrection, 211 , 216 – 7 253 , 262 ghuraf , 44 , 60 , 157 , 259 n74 fi re as the name of hell, 38 , 104 hadith, 2 , 26 , 72 , 76 , 78 , 81 , 97 , 105 , executions by, 274 – 5 168 , 185 , 225 , 234 , 247 , 274 – 5 , 286 extinguished, 230 and passim. See also traditionists ; in hell, 14 , 40 , 46 – 7 , 61, 77, 97 and passim traditionism/traditionist in this world and the otherworld about barzakh , 122 – 4 , 127 compared, 98, 102 , 221 , 235 and narrativity, 29 n150 , 71 not the only source of suffering in and theology, 173 – 4 , 175 , 176 n75 , hell, 154 178 , 181 – 2 of love, 228 apocalyptic ~s, 32 , 75 , 81 – 2 , 128 – 9 of the sun, 42 collections of eschatological ~s, 71 , 76 , 79 , -fi rqa al-na jiya , 284 83, 85 – 92 , 99 , 104 , 114 , 119 – 21 , 284 food. See also digestion ; fruit criticism of eschatological ~s, 32 , 79 , in barzakh , 123 , 125 82 – 91 , 94 , 100 , 103 , 162 , 180 , 231 , 282 in hell, 47 , 67 , 78 , 114 , 137 – 8 , 150 eschatological ~s, 10 , 31 – 2 , 73 – 4 , 86 , in paradise, 18 – 9 , 44 , 55 , 65 – 7 , 111 , 136 , 88 – 9 , 97 – 8 , 101 – 2 , 129 , 150 – 1 , 150 – 1 , 153 , 180 n106 , 202 , 233 152 n270 , 153 , 155 , 228 n48 , 232 , 248 , forgiveness. See sins, forgiven 253 , 257 , 289 and passim Friday, 77 , 125 , 142 n180 , 152 , 187 , exegesis of eschatological ~s, 87 , 89 – 90 , 263 , 275 158 – 9 , 284 – 5

360 Index of Terms

hadith (cont.) Western views of, 29 n152 “sandal” ~, 3 , 9 with names, 111 , 114 , 143 , 161 Shiʿi eschatological, 33 , 139 , 192 , 196 – 200, h ulu l. See indwelling 202 , 204 – 9 , 283 Hu rqalya , 194 – 6 Western study of eschatological, 29 -H ut ama/ h ut ama , 39 , 46 , 53 , 132 , 242 hair, 46 , 52, 63 n125 , 77 , 142 , 145, 148 , 150 , 159 , 272 n130 . See also beards Iba d ism and Iba d is, 282 hajj, 174 , 268 – 9 , 272 , 276 , 280 ʿIlliyyı n/ʿIlliyyu n, 21, 38, 50 n53 , 153 H ajjna ma s, 34, 126 , 270 , 271 n121 Illuminationism. See ishra q/ishra qı h amı m , 46 , 63 , 145 imaginal, 193 n5 , 237 – 9 , 243 – 4 , 287 h amma m. See bath/bathhouses imagination, 2 , 9 , 13 – 7, 29 n150 , 30 n158 , H anafi sm and H anafı s, 106 – 7 , 152 n267 33 , 56 , 73 , 115 , 120 , 131 , 134, 146 , 153 , h aqq. See reality of the otherworld 162 , 187, 195 , 214, 242 , 287 – 8 . See also h asana t. See deeds, good World of Image Ha wiya/ha wiya , 39 , 132 creative, 153 , 193 h awd . See Pool defi nition of, 13 Heavenly Council, 41 , 65 in Western thought, 14 – 5 , 277 n152 Hell. See also Ha wiya; H ut ama ; Jahannam ; Muslim philosophical conception of, Jahannam, hell-monster (Index of 185 – 91 , 244 names) ; Jah ı m ; Laz a ; na r ; Sa ʿı r ; Saqar Imams, 8 , 113 n104 , 123 , 128 , 133 , 140 , belittled, 228 – 30 154 , 157 , 161 , 195 – 9 , 202 n47, 203 – 4 , creation of, 167 – 8 , 202 – 3 , 206 206 – 13 , 215 – 7 , 221 , 254 , 256 – 7 duration of, 21 , 54 , 56 , 89, 106 , 129 , 155 , immanence/immanentism, 3 – 4 , 9 n37 , 11, 13, 169 – 73 , 176 , 202 , 204 , 239 , 279 , 284 32, 69 – 70 , 88 n93 , 231 – 44 layers of, 21 , 118 , 131 , 162 , 166 , 191 , 242 Immortal Youths (wilda n ), 44 , 142 , 151 – 2 , location of, 42 , 112 , 114 , 131 , 165 – 7 , 236 , 158 , 234 n77 238 , 247 , 256 n59 , 257 indwelling (h ulu l ), 11 , 231 names of, 38 – 9 , 50 , 56 , 131 – 2 , 162 , 242 infants, 7 , 208 punishments in, 14 – 15 , 21 , 23 , 47 – 8 , 54 , intellect (ʿ aql ), 183 – 5 , 188 – 91, 195 , 209 , 56 , 63 – 4 , 82 , 84 , 89 , 98 , 102 – 3 , 105 – 7 , 211 , 214 , 230 , 234, 242 , 281 , 285 109 – 10 , 114 – 6 , 129 , 145 – 50 , 153 – 4 , interfusion, 277 – 8 156 , 159 – 60 , 170 – 3 , 176 – 7 , 178 , 184 – 5 , intercession (shafa ʿa ), 26 – 7, 45 , 48 , 53 , 118, 190 , 199 n31 , 201 n38 , 202 , 204 – 5 , 172 , 178 – 9 , 197 , 201 n38, 202 n47, 203 , 209 , 226 , 228 , 238 – 9 , 248 , 279 , 282, 204 n49 284 , 288 interstitial (barzakhı ), 237 – 8 h ikma. See God, wisdom of ishra q/ishra qı , 13 , 16, 189 , 190 n157 , 191 , homiletics. See preaching and preachers 209 , 237 honey, 8 n28 , 43 , 133 , 136 , 139 n152 , 213 , Ismaʿilis and Ismaʿilism, 33 , 192 , 209 – 17, 236 – 8 , 253 232 n64, 262 , 274 hope, 13 , 32 , 94 – 5 , 99 – 102, 119 , 168 , 176 , isra ʾı liyya t , 93 , 247 n7 177 n85, 219 , 221 – 3 , 227 , 240 horses, 73 , 77 , 83, 134 , 136 , 138 – 40 , 181 Ja balaq, 194 n9 houris Ja baras , 194 n9 in the Arabian Nights , 7 Jabaru t. See malaku t and jabaru t in paradise, 44 – 5 , 51 – 3 , 56 , 65 , 67, 74, 89 , jahannam , layer in hell, 38, 46 , 51 , 63 , 116 , 111 , 130 , 135 – 6 , 141 – 5 , 152 – 3 , 158 , 131 – 2 , 155 , 188 , 242 161 , 180 , 214 , 222 – 5 , 232 – 3 , 234 n77 , jahannamiyyu n , 21 , 156 – 7 , 176 n75 235 , 237 n100 , 246 n2 , 251 , 272, ja hiliyya , 4 – 5 280 , 285 – 6 Jah ı m/ jah ı m , 38, 51, 132 , 191 , 242 Fa t ima as, 107 janna , translation of, 14 . See further paradise number of, 142 – 3 Jannat relationship with earthly women, 45, 51, ~ ʿAdn, 38, 50 – 1 , 131 – 2, 133 n83 , 157 56 , 142 , 158 , 253 ~ al-Baqı ʿ, 259

Index of Terms 361

~ al-Firdaws. See Firdaws Ma turı dites and Ma turı dism, 26 , 106 – 7 , ~ al-Khuld, 200 175 – 8 , 287 ~ al-Mashriq, 251 Mazdakism, 64 ~ al-Maʾwa , 38 , 50 n53 , 112 , 131 , merismos , 32, 43, 55 – 6, 68 , 288 133 n83 , 157 messianism, 13 , 196 , 210 , 215 – 7 , 263 . ~ al-Naʿı m, 38 , 50 – 1 , 131 , 157 See also Mahdi ~ al-Nu r, 131 n80 metempsychosis, 183 , 190 n157 , 211 – 2 Javanese, 109 Midrash. See Rabbinic literature Jews/Judaism, 2 – 3 , 25 , 31, 40 n9 , 48 n44 , modern and modernity, 27 49 , 50 n53 , 54 , 57 , 58 n91 and n94 , monism. See unitive mysticism 61 , 62 n120 , 63 , 66 – 9 , 72, 74, 113 , monsters and monstrous, 14, 17 , 46 , 53 , 60 , 115 – 6 , 118 , 122 n6 , 151 n254 , 160 , 247 . 110 , 127 , 144 , 228 . See also H arı sh, See also Talmud ; Rabbinic literature monster; Jahannam, hell-monster (Index jihad. See warfare of names) jinn, 46 , 118 , 140 – 1 , 214 mosques, 1 , 84 , 89, 103 , 111 – 2 , 215 n111 , Jirjı r, 239 n113 232 , 246 , 250 , 254, 256 , 259 , 262 – 3 , Jujube tree of the Boundary (sidrat 265 , 269 , 275 , 278 . See also Aqs a al-muntaha ), 43 , 68 , 112 , 135 n114 , 136 mosque (Index of names) Judgement Day, 4 – 5 , 21 , 37 , 39 , 42 , 45 – 7 , 59 , muh addithu n. See traditionists 62 , 63 n125 , 73 , 75 , 76 n25 , 78 , 95 – 6 , 98 , Muh ammadiyyu n , 156 n302 101 , 106 – 7 , 108 , 118 , 122 , 128 – 9 , 143 , muqarrabu n , 43 , 60 , 124 , 157 , 195 154 , 161 , 167 – 8 , 180 , 187 , 198 , 200 , murder and murderers, 89 , 94 , 106 , 155 , 160 , 204 , 212 , 231 , 247 n6 , 255 n55 , 269 , 271 175 n61 Murjiʾa and Murjiʾites, 103 n , 176 Kabı ra. See sins, grave mu ʿat t ila , 179 Kaffa ra. See expiation music, 10 , 106 , 232 , 236 Kawthar, 7 , 73 n10 , 132, 133 , 134 n98 , 249 , in paradise, 136 – 7 , 152 , 236 260 , 263 no ~ in hell, 154 khaya l . See imagination musk, 14 , 44 , 66 , 77, 104 , 111 , 133 , 142 , khazana , 46 , 53 152 , 271 khulf al-waʿı d , 177 – 8 mutakallimu n. See theologians mystics and mysticism. See Sufi sm Laz a / laz a , 39 , 132 , 242 and Sufi s Law. See Shariʿa lawh mah fuz , 8 nafs. See soul, impure and lower limbo, 60 – 1 . See also aʿra f ; wall naql al-mawta , 257 – 9 na r , translation of, 14. See further fi re ; hell -mabda ʿ wa l-maʿa d , 21 , 213 n104 nature, 66 – 7 , 232 , 234 – 6 Mahdi, 21 , 195 – 6 , 215 – 6 , 248 n19 . See also Neoplatonism, 13, 183 , 209 – 10 messianism nineteen, 53 , 63 – 4 , 145 , 214 maidens of paradise. See houris nutmeg, 8 -mala ʾ al-aʿla . See Heavenly Council malaku t and jabaru t , 108 , 186 – 9 , 193 n1 , ontology. See reality of the otherworld 243 , 269 otherworldly journeys, 1 – 4 , 6 – 7 , 28, 32, Malay, 109 115 – 9 , 239 n113 , 269 Mandaeism, 64 market, 202 , 246 , 259 n72 palaces, 100 , 169 , 253 – 4 , 260 n79 , 261 , in paradise, 101 , 153 , 193 264 – 5 , 277 – 8 . See also castles ; Madı nat martyrs, 40 , 61 , 74 , 89 , 124 , 130 n68, 133 , al-Zahra ʾ ; Palace of the Otherworld 146 n216 , 153 , 157, 179 , 254 (Index of names) marvellous, 13 , 14 n61 , 15, 16 n79 , 32, 77 , God’s palace, 21 , 97 , 105 n65 119 , 136 , 138 , 162 in paradise, 14 , 44 , 101 , 133 n92 , 136 , mathal , 3 n10 , 55 , 215 225 , 250 , 254 , 269

362 Index of Terms

palm trees, 4 , 8 , 43 , 118 , 136 , 139 , 208 , 247 preaching and preachers, 1 , 25 , 29 , 49 , 81 – 2 , paradise. See also Da r ; Firdaws ; 84 , 93 – 4 , 97 , 102 – 5 , 113 – 6 , 160 – 1 , 168 , ʿIlliyyu n ; Jannat 169 n24, 227 n41 , 250 belittled, 225 – 8 precious stones, 14 , 133 , 209 , 268. See also creation of, 128 , 167 – 8 , 202 – 3 , 206 rubies; chrysolites duration of, 116 , 129 , 167 , 239 punishment of the grave (ʿ adha b al-qabr ), 40 , language spoken in, 8 , 147 123 , 125 – 6 , 128 , 168 n17 layers of, 130 – 1 , 191 , 267 punishment. See also God, punishment of ; location of, 41 – 2 , 112 , 114 , 131 , 165 – 7 , hell, punishments in 236 , 238 , 247 earthly, 5 , 267 , 274 – 7 names of, 38 , 50 – 1 , 131 metempsychosis as, 190 n157 , 211 , 212 no sleep in, 129 , 148 , 167 purgatory. See jahannam , layer in hell ; primordial, 4 – 5, 8 – 9 , 41 – 2 , 58 – 9 , 68 , jahannamiyyu n 146 , 148 , 166 – 7 , 169 – 70, 200 – 1 , purity/impurity, 91 , 148 , 150 , 271 , 275 , 288 216 , 248 rewards in, 37 , 39 , 52, 74 , 82 , 84, Qadarism and Qadarites, 103 n56 , 160 89 , 99, 105 , 107 – 8 , 128 – 9 , 138 – 9 , Qalandars, 7 , 104 n61 , 226 n33 146 – 8 , 150 – 3 , 155 , 158 n321 , 167 , qas ı da s, 66 201 , 210 – 1 , 223 , 225 , 272 , 282 quinces, 208 n75 and passim Qurʾa n, 1 – 5 , 8 – 9 , 15 – 6 , 18 , 21 – 6 , 29 n150 , subterranean, 1 – 2 , 7 , 58 , 125 , 248 , 31 – 2 , 37 – 70 , 71 – 2 , 74, 76 – 7 , 80 – 2 , 250 , 268 87, 89 , 93, 98 , 100 – 1 , 105 , 108 , 110 , pavilions, 14 , 114 , 125 , 141 , 264 112 , 114 n112 , 116 , 122 – 3 , 125 , 127 , pearls, 45 , 66 , 107 , 133 134 , 136 – 7 , 140 , 142 , 145 – 6 , 148 , 155 , People of the Cave, 140 157 , 158 , 166 – 9 , 170 – 3 , 175, 176 n71 , People of the Interval, 156 178 – 83 , 185 , 188, 199 , 204 n52, Perfect Man (al-insa n al-ka mil ), 217 , 243 219 – 20 , 223 , 250 n22 , 251 , 259 n74 , perfume, 7 , 66 , 95 , 125 , 251 , 271 , 272 n130 . 260 – 1 , 263 , 275 – 6 , 288 See also musk ; camphor chronological ordering of, 48 – 50 , 56 – 7 perpetuum mobile, 129 in the barzakh , 187 , 238 Persian (language), 109 , 149 , 187 exegesis of, 3 , 21 , 23 , 26 , 38 , 61, 72, Pilgrimage. See hajj 73 n10 , 76 – 7 , 80 – 1 , 82 n54 , 84 n66 , pious formulas, 89, 141 , 155 87 , 93, 105 , 107 n72 , 134 – 5 , 136 – 7 , plants. See also cress ; d arı ʿ and ghislı n ; trees 138 n147 , 145 , 148 – 9 n227 , 153 n275 , brought from paradise, 7 – 8 , 122 , 233 , 265 157 – 8 , 161 , 169 , 179 – 81, 181 n109 , in paradise, 43 , 135 – 7 , 263 193, 195 , 204 n52 , 210 , 211 – 4 , 248 , in hell, 9, 14 , 125 , 137 – 8 , 279 n3 264 , 275 , 281 – 2 , 284 , 286 metempsychosis in, 212 Ismaʿili exegesis of, 209 – 14 poetry and poets, 24 n127 , 30, 47 n42 , 57, room given to paradise and hell 66 , 97 , 99 – 102, 107 , 110, 140 n164 , in, 38 – 9 143 n197 , 220 , 234 , 246 n2 , 251 , 253 , Shiʿi exegesis of, 136 , 140 , 142 , 260 , 279 – 80 , 282 193 – 5 , 205 polygamy, 90 Sufi exegesis of, 220 , 222 n10, 223 , polytheism (shirk ), 52 , 114 n112 , 155 , 175 , 225 n28 , 233 , 235 , 238 – 9 , 241 n122 222 , 242 Qurʾa n readers, 89 , 115 , 160 pomegranates, 8 , 43 – 4 , 100 , 136 , 208 , qus s a s . See preaching and preachers 215 n111 , 233 Pool ( h awd ), 180 , 182 , 250 , 260 , 263 Rabbinic literature, 59 n95 , 62 n120 , 63 , prayer, 10 n47 , 55, 103 n53 , 106 – 7 , 129 n56 , 65 , 66 n142 , 68 , 122 n6 , 133 n92 , 151 . 152 , 155, 158 , 179 , 187 , 217, 222 , 227 , See also Talmud 232 , 233 n72 , 241 n126 , 249 , 263 , 265 , Ramadan, month, 89 , 272 267 , 271 – 2 , 274 , 283 raqa ʾiq/riqa q , 76 , 79 , 81 , 162

Index of Terms 363

reality of the otherworld, 3 n10, 7 n24 , 9 n38 , sex and sexuality, 18 – 20, 24, 29 , 45 , 106 , 15 – 6 , 26 , 33 , 91 , 129 n57, 168 n17, 111 , 151 – 2 , 202 , 207 , 223 n23 , 234 n77 , 179 – 91 , 193 – 5 , 226 , 235 , 237 – 8 , 244 , 235 , 271 , 285 , 288 282 , 286 – 7 shafa ʿa . See intercession renunciation (zuhd ) and renunciants Shariʿa, 82 , 90, 103 , 106, 124 , 148 n225 , ( zuhha d ), 33, 76 – 9 , 87 , 93 , 100 , 107 , 151 n254 , 211 n90 , 216 – 7 , 226 , 162 , 172 , 219 – 21 , 222 n20 , 223 , 226 – 7 , 259 n72 , 267 n103 , 271 , 273 , 278 , 284 230 , 232 Shirk. See polytheism repentance (tawba ), 26 , 64, 94 – 5 , 102 , 175 – 6 Shiʿism and Shiʿis, 8 , 13, 28, 31 – 3 , 92 n107 rewards. See paradise, rewards in and n110 , 120 –62 , 192 – 209 , 213 , 218 , rid a , 240 221 , 246 , 254 , 256 – 9 , 281 , 283 – 4 , 288 . ritual, 12 , 30 , 33 , 55 , 83, 104 n58, 217 , 232, See also ʿAlı (Index of names) ; Imams ; 246 , 267 – 78 , 288 – 9 . See also ablution ; Ismaʿilism ; Mahdi fasting ; hajj ; prayer; Ramadan factionalism of, 159 – 61 shaming ~s, 48 , 275 – 6 mi ʿra j in, 114 n114 , 145 n212 , 196 , 199 , River of Life, 148 , 156 203 , 208 rivers of paradise, 2 , 8 n35 , 9 , 14 , 21 , 39 , sidrat al-muntaha . See Jujube 43 – 4 , 51 , 55 , 58 n90 , 67 , 73 n10 , 130 , Sijjı n, 21, 166 , 212 , 214 , 242 132 – 3 , 134 n98 , 143 , 148 , 153 , 156 , simpletons (bulh ), 157, 185 , 228 , 279 – 80 213 – 5 , 225 , 240 , 247 , 253 , 260 , 264 , sins, 13, 26, 31 , 40 , 78 , 95 , 101 , 107 , 122 , 275. See also Euphrates ; Jayh a n ; Jumna ; 146 , 154 – 6 , 203 – 4 , 242 , 268 . See also Nile ; S ayh a n (Index of names) deeds, bad rubies, 133, 138 , 264 forgiven, 5 , 45, 55, 101 – 3 , 106 , 108 , ru ʾya. See God, vision of 142 n180 , 171 – 7 , 202 , 272 , 275 grave, 106 , 173 – 7 , 241 n126 sa ʿa da. See felicity embodied in the otherworld, 143 – 4 , Sabianism, 64 237 , 276 sa biqu n , 43 minor, 173 – 4 saffron, 111 , 133 , 142 number of grave, 155 , 173 – 4 s aghı ra. See sins, minor s ira t . See Bridge s ah a ba. See Companions Six Books , 81 – 3 Saʿı r/ saʿı r , 38 , 132 , 242 Sleeping. See dreaming and sleeping Salafi sm and Salafı s, 26 , 81 , 86 , 91 , 170 , 282 snakes, 9 , 118 , 126 , 130, 137 , 139 , 149 , 181 , Salsabı l, 21, 44, 133 , 251 , 283 – 5 186 – 7 , 236 , 240 n114 , 269 salvation, 26 , 38 , 103 , 165, 170 – 9 , 196 , 214 , sodomy, 106 , 151 – 2 , 275 n140 , 280 , 285 241, 263 , 268 n114 , 281 soteriology. See salvation anxiety of, 99 – 101 , 176 – 8 , 221 soul, 3 , 5 , 40 , 99 – 100, 103 , 105 , 107 , certainty of, 20, 26 – 7 , 33 , 80, 99 , 287 175 n67 , 189 , 212 – 3 , 251 , 261 . See also Qurʾa nic view of, 47 , 50 , 54 – 5 , 68 – 9 metempsychosis s amad , 148 and body, 186 , 207 sandals. See under hadith and imagination, 22 , 185 – 6 , 189 – 90 , Saqar/saqar , 38, 132 , 242 193 , 237 Scales ( mı za n ), 180, 201 n38, 249 , 283 impure and lower ~ (nafs ), 214 , 240 scholars ( ʿulama ʾ ) immortality of, 107 , 183 – 4 , 210 , 212 in hell, 160 , 284 materiality of, 182 – 3 in paradise, 160 , 284 reckoning of ~s, 39 – 40 , 64 , 69 , 74 n17 , scorpions, 9 , 111 , 118 , 126 , 130 , 137 , 139 , 118 , 186 , 210 , 256 , 266 181, 186 , 269 ~s between death and resurrection, 21 , senses and sensuality, 18 – 24, 29, 66 , 95 – 7 , 39 , 123 – 7 , 205 , 248 n19, 252 n33 , 254 , 152 , 167 , 180 , 185, 186 n135 , 187 – 8 , 255 n57 , 268 – 9 202 , 211 , 214 , 222 , 242 , 287 . See also space, 31 , 33 , 41 – 2 , 67 – 8 , 122 – 3 , 130 – 1 , sex and sexuality 134 , 165 , 214 , 245 – 6 , 262 , 278 , 288

364 Index of Terms

Sufi sm and Sufi s, 3 n12 , 6 , 13 , 26 , 28 , 32 – 3 , earthly, 118 , 122 , 136, 138 , 155 , 208 , 211, 71 , 83 , 87 , 91 n104 , 97 , 104 – 5 n61 , 232 , 240 , 247 , 250 , 259 , 264 – 5 107 n72 , 110 n87 , 119 , 122 , 148 n225 , forbidden, 6 , 148 171 n39 , 175 n66 , 181 n109 , 184 n126 , in paradise, 1 , 4 , 21 , 43 , 73 , 83 , 112 , 116 , 189 , 191 , 194 , 198 , 208, 213 n104 , 122 , 129 – 31 , 135 – 8 , 142 , 144 , 152, 155 , 217 – 44 , 246 , 250 n22 , 269, 271 , 289 208 , 240 , 247 and Shiʿism, 209 , 217 – 8 in hell, 9 , 47, 144 , 239 n113 and traditionism, 87 – 8 , 238 on al-a ʿra f , 140 ascensions in, 227 – 8 , 243 true allegories, 129 , 161 synchronicity, 11 – 3 , 68 , 168 , 274 , 289 T u ba , 21 , 131 , 135 – 8 , 144 Syriac and Syriac literature, 2 , 8 , 39 n8, 50 n53 , 51 , 57 n86 , 59, 64 – 5 , 149 n229 , ʿulama ʾ. See scholars 188 n145 . See also Aphrahat ; Cave of unfathomability, 2 – 3 , 11 , 206 , 282 , 286 – 7 Treasures ; Ephrem ; Jacob of Serugh unfathomability tradition, 2 – 3 , 73, 83 , 91 , (Index of names) 105 , 181 unitive mysticism, 13, 220 , 231 – 2 , 235 takhallı min al-kawnayn , 225 unlawful sexual intercourse (zina ʾ ), 92 , 106 , Talmud, 2 , 3 n8 , 51 , 62 , 63 n125, 66 n142, 114 – 5 , 157 n315 73 , 115 n117 , 257 n66 . See also Urdu, 109 Rabbinic literature ʿutaqa ʾ Alla h , 156 - targhı b wa l-tarhı b , 82 , 90 n99 , 94 utopia/eutopia, 6 , 10 , 13 , 59 , 246 – 78 Tasnı m, 21 , 44 , 133 tawba. See repentance verses of threat, 172 – 3 , 177 , 185 , 223 ta ʾwı l , 209 – 15 , 217 virgins of paradise. See houris tents, 14 , 44 – 5 , 66 , 83 , 143 , 269 virtues, 26 , 31 , 78 , 84 , 121 , 146 , 154 – 5 , terrorists, 286 241 n126 . See also deeds, good theologians ( mutakallimu n ), 8 , 11 , 18 – 20, visuality, 134 – 5 22 , 41 n14 , 94 , 97 , 109 n83 , 120 , 129 , voluntary return, 217 , 236 , 239 – 43 139 , 151, 159 , 165 , 167 – 8 , 170 , 172 – 9 , 182 – 3 , 186 , 199, 201 – 2 , 204 , 206 , 208 , Wahha bism and Wahha bı s, 90 – 1 , 179 218 , 227 , 234 , 244 , 265 , 271 , 281 , wahm , 16 , 188 , 214 , 242 284 n26 wa ʿı d . See khulf al-waʿı d ; verses of threat theology/theological, 11, 21 – 6 , 32 – 3 , 40 n9 , wailing, 106 54 , 57 , 59, 71, 84 , 91 n102 , 106 , 139 , wall, 14 , 125 , 134 – 5 , 208 , 250 , 261 – 2 160 , 162 , 165 – 83 , 192, 194 – 205 , 210 , between paradise and hell (a ʿra f ), 42 , 59 , 222 n20 , 245 – 6 , 264 , 281 129 , 140 , 199 Throne of God, 95 , 99 , 123 , 131 – 2 , 152 – 4 , of Medina mosque, 232 , 250 , 251 n111 180 , 182 , 199 , 207 , 238 , 240 n117 , of Temple Mount, 248 , 253 261 , 279 surrounding paradise, 136 time, 4 , 11 , 33 , 40 – 1 , 66, 69 – 70 , 123 , 128 – 9 , water, 51 , 122 , 135 , 230 , 232 , 131 , 167 – 9 259 – 60 , 282 traditionists, 2 n7 , 72 , 74 – 5 , 76 n25 , 83 – 6 , in hell, 9 – 10 , 46 – 7 , 62 – 3 , 102 , 123 , 137 , 88 n90 , 120 – 1 , 123 , 127, 146 , 166 , 201 , 145 , 154 , 255 220 n4 , 244 in paradise, 43 – 4 , 58 – 60 , 66 – 7 , 95 , 102 , traditionism/traditionist, 15, 25 – 6 , 29 n153 , 123 , 133 , 150 , 153 , 213 , 225 n28, 248 , 32 – 3 , 71 – 93 , 99 – 100, 101 n42, 102 n50 , 250 – 1 , 254 , 268 , 282 108 , 118 , 120 – 2 , 127 – 8 , 130 , 142, of life, 111 , 148 145 – 6 , 150 – 1 , 154 – 5 , 157 , 159 , 161 – 2 , of Zamzam, 174 181 n109 , 192, 196 , 199 , 202 , 204 , 238 , warfare (jihad), 47 , 76 – 8 , 80 – 1 , 102 , 124 , 246 , 271 , 282 – 3 , 285 – 6 , 288 140 , 155 , 172 , 174 n58 , 222 n22 , trees. See also Jujube tree of the Boundary ; 241 n126 , 253 – 4 , 286 palm trees ; T u ba ; Zaqqu m wayl , 180

Index of Terms 365

Western views of the Muslim paradise and 237 – 8 , 240 , 241 n122 , 246 – 7 , 253 n41 , hell, 18 – 31 , 260 – 1 , 287 , 289 254 – 5 , 257 , 263 , 267 , 281 , 285 Wilda n. See Immortal Youths world of falsehood and delusion, 188 wine and wine drinkers, 7 , 19, 21 , 43 – 4 , 52 , World of Image (ʿ a lam al-mitha l ), 33 , 191 – 6 , 66 , 110 – 1 , 133 , 135 , 151 – 2 , 155 , 169 , 205 , 237 n100 214, 216 , 225 , 233 n71 , 237 wud u ʿ. See ablution women, 18 , 20 , 77 , 129 n56, 153 , 222 , 275 , 285 yawm al-mazı d , 152 allegedly barred from paradise, 23 in hell, 40 , 73 , 90 , 106 , 114 , 159 , 285 zaba niya , 46 , 52 – 3 , 56 , 64 – 5 , 206 , 214 , in paradise, 21 , 44 – 5 , 51 – 2 , 56, 77 , 89 , 91 , 246 n2 , 276 . See also angels, in hell 95 , 135 , 141 – 2 , 148 , 151 – 3 , 158 , 285 Zanjabı l, 133 world (dunya )/worldly ( dunyawı ), 4 – 5 , 9 – 13 , Zaqqu m, 9 , 47 , 53 , 63 , 68, 125 , 137 – 8 , 144 , 25 , 38 , 41 , 43 , 58 – 9 , 64, 68 – 70 , 90 , 98 , 146 , 154 , 157 100 , 102 , 104 , 111 , 119 , 129 n57 , 131 , zina ʾ. See unlawful sexual intercourse 135 , 138 – 9 , 148 , 151 , 155 , 158, 161 , zodiac, 64, 214 , 238 179 , 187 – 8 , 190 , 201 n38, 207 – 8 , 214 , Zoroastrianism and Zoroastrians, 149 216 , 220 , 223 n23 , 228 n50, 231 – 5 , zuhd . See renunciation