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Methamphetamine Drug Threat Assessment

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Methamphetamine Drug Threat Assessment ARCHIVED Methamphetamine Drug Threat Assessment Product No. 2005-Q0317-009 March 2005 319 WASHINGTON STREET • 5TH FLOOR • JOHNSTOWN, PA 15901-1622 • (814) 532-4601 National Drug Intelligence Center NDIC publications are available on the following web sites: ADNET http://ndicosa LEO home.leo.gov/lesig/ndic U.S. Department of Justice RISS ndic.riss.net INTERNET www.usdoj.gov/ndic Cover photo DEA 031405 This document may contain dated information. It has been made available to provide access to historical materials. ARCHIVED U.S. Department of Justice National Drug Intelligence Center Product No. 2005-Q0317-009 March 2005 Methamphetamine Drug Threat Assessment National Drug Intelligence Center 319 Washington Street, 5th Floor Johnstown, PA 15901-1622 (814) 532-4601 This document may contain dated information. It has been made available to provide access to historical materials. ARCHIVED This page intentionally left blank. This document may contain dated information. It has been made available to provide access to historical materials. ARCHIVED National Drug Intelligence Center Table of Contents Methamphetamine . .1 Introduction and Trends . .2 Availability . 3 Demand . .3 Production . .3 Transportation . .4 Distribution . .4 Availability . .5 Demand . .8 Predominant User Groups . .8 Trends in Use . .9 Perceptions of Use . .9 Trends in Consequences of Use . .10 Production . .11 Domestic Production . 12 Foreign Production . .14 Precursor Chemicals . .15 Transportation . .16 Routes From Foreign Source Areas . .16 Routes From Domestic Source Areas . 17 Distribution . .17 Primary Market Areas . .18 Outlook . .20 Sources . .21 iii This document may contain dated information. It has been made available to provide access to historical materials. ARCHIVED iv Methamphetamine Drug Threat Assessment Primary Market Areas Pacific Midwest Northeast San Francisco West Los Angeles San Diego Phoenix SouthwestSoutheast Figure 1. Six regions and Primary Market Areas for methamphetamine. San Francisco, Los Angeles, San Diego, and Phoenix are leading consumption areas and leading distribution centers for the drug as determined through analysis of public health data and law enforcement reporting. This document may contain dated information. It has been made available to provide access to historical materials. ARCHIVED National Drug Intelligence Center March 2005 Methamphetamine Drug Threat Assessment Methamphetamine Key Findings • Law enforcement reporting as well as laboratory seizure and arrest data indicates that methamphetamine avail- ability has increased over the past year in the Northeast Region, particularly in rural areas. For example, Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) El Paso Intelligence Center (EPIC) National Clandestine Laboratory Seizure System (NCLSS) data show that the number of reported methamphetamine laboratory seizures in the North- east region increased from 94 in 2002 to 143 in 2003. DEA methamphetamine-related arrests also have increased recently in the Northeast Region from 179 in 2002 to 198 in 2003. Law enforcement reporting indi- cates that the increase in methamphetamine availability in the Northeast Region is due primarily to a significant increase in wholesale distribution by Mexican criminal groups. Nevertheless, methamphetamine availability in the Northeast remains lower than in any other region of the country. • The availability of ice methamphetamine has increased in the past year because of an increase in ice produc- tion and distribution by Mexican criminal groups; however, this form of the drug is not as widely available in the United States as powder methamphetamine. • Methamphetamine production appears to have increased sharply in Mexico since 2002 because Mexican crim- inal groups producing the drug in the United States are having greater difficulty obtaining bulk quantities of pseudoephedrine from Canada. However, Mexican criminal groups have greater access to bulk quantities of pseudoephedrine and ephedrine from China for use in Mexico–based laboratories. • Methamphetamine smuggling from Mexico into the United States via Arizona appears to have increased sharply since 2001. More methamphetamine was seized at or between ports of entry (POEs) in Arizona in 2003 than at or between POEs in California or Texas. 1 This document may contain dated information. It has been made available to provide access to historical materials. ARCHIVED Methamphetamine Drug Threat Assessment Introduction and Trends The threat posed to the United States by the The attendant dangers occasioned by domestic trafficking and abuse of methamphetamine is high methamphetamine production to individuals, prop- and increasing. Methamphetamine availability, erty, and the environment contribute to the overall production, and distribution are increasing nation- threat posed by the drug. Law enforcement person- ally; however, national-level data do not indicate a nel, first responders, clandestine laboratory opera- clear trend—either increasing or decreasing— tors, and those in proximity to laboratories, with respect to rates of methamphetamine use. particularly children, often are injured as a result of Nevertheless, demand for the drug is relatively chemical burns, fires, and explosions at clandestine high. In fact, National Survey on Drug Use and laboratories. In fact, EPIC NCLSS data show that Health (NSDUH) 2003 data indicate that more despite a decrease in the number of reported fires than 1.3 million persons aged 12 or older used and explosions at methamphetamine laboratory sites methamphetamine within the past year in 2003. (from 396 in 2002 to 361 in 2003), the number of According to state and local law enforcement reported law enforcement officers injured when agencies, the threat associated with methamphet- responding to methamphetamine laboratories amine trafficking and abuse has increased sharply increased from 129 to 255 during the same period. since 2002 and now exceeds that of any other The environmental damage caused by improper drug. NDIC National Drug Threat Survey storage and disposal of chemicals and chemical (NDTS) data show that the percentage of state and waste attendant to methamphetamine production is local law enforcement agencies that identified severe, and the cost of soil and structure remediation methamphetamine as the greatest drug threat in at contaminated methamphetamine production sites their areas has increased from 31.0 percent in is significant. For example, the annual expenditure 2002, to 36.2 percent in 2003, and 39.6 percent in for domestic clandestine laboratory (predominantly 2004. NDTS 2004 data further indicate that, for methamphetamine laboratory) remediation by DEA the first time, the percentage of state and local has increased from $2 million in fiscal year (FY) agencies that identified methamphetamine as their 1995, to $12.2 million in FY1999, and $16.2 million greatest drug threat (39.6%) surpassed that of in FY2003. cocaine (35.6%), including crack, and is much Child neglect and abuse are common within higher than marijuana (12.0%), heroin (8.6%), or families whose parents or caregivers produce or MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, use methamphetamine. According to the Depart- also known as ecstasy) (0.6%). ment of Justice’s Office for Victims of Crime, According to state and local law enforcement children who reside with methamphetamine users agencies, methamphetamine-related criminal are more likely to experience neglect as well as activity has increased concurrently with the rise physical, sexual, and mental abuse. Furthermore, in the overall threat posed by the trafficking and children who are present in homes where meth- abuse of the drug. NDTS data show that the per- amphetamine laboratories also are present often centage of state and local law enforcement agen- sustain injuries, including skin lesions, chemical cies that identified methamphetamine as the drug burns, and respiratory damage, due to drug or that most contributes to violent crime increased chemical exposure. For example, NCLSS 2003 from 31.6 percent in 2003 to 34.2 percent in data show that 66.0 percent (589 of 893) of the 2004. Similarly, the percentage of state and local children reported present at seized methamphet- law enforcement agencies that identified metham- amine laboratory sites subsequently tested posi- phetamine as the drug that most contributes to tive for toxic levels of chemicals in their bodies. property crime increased from 29.8 percent to 32.7 percent during the same period. 2 This document may contain dated information. It has been made available to provide access to historical materials. ARCHIVED National Drug Intelligence Center Availability methamphetamine laboratory seizures in the Methamphetamine availability has increased in Northeast Region increased from 94 in 2002 to the Northeast Region over the past year. All five 143 in 2003. DEA Field Divisions (Boston, New York, Newark, Philadelphia, and Washington D.C.) and five High Demand Intensity Drug Trafficking Areas (HIDTAs)— National-level drug prevalence data indicate Appalachia, New England, New York/New Jersey, that rates of past year use for powder metham- Philadelphia/Camden, and Washington/Baltimore— phetamine have fluctuated but decreased overall in the Northeast Region report that methamphet- since 1999; however, the number of treatment amine availability has increased: one of the Field admissions for methamphetamine has increased Divisions (Washington, D.C.) and the Appalachia sharply over the same period. According to Treat-
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