Mabadiliko Ya Maana Za Leksia Za Kiswahili: Mtazamo Linganishi Wa

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Mabadiliko Ya Maana Za Leksia Za Kiswahili: Mtazamo Linganishi Wa MABADILIKO YA MAANA ZA LEKSIA ZA KISWAHILI: MTAZAMO LINGANISHI WA KIKALE NA KISASA TIRUS MUTWIRI GICHURU TASNIFU HII IMETOLEWA KWA MADHUMUNI YA KUTOSHELEZA BAADHI YA MAHITAJI YA SHAHADA YA UZAMIFU (PhD) KATIKA CHUO KIKUU CHA KENYATTA SEPTEMBA, 2020 i TABARUKU Naitabaruku kazi hii kwa mke wangu Jemimah Kagwiria na wanangu Peace Kinya, Pretty Makena na Pathuel Munene kwa uvumilivu wao na kwa kujinyima mengi nilipokuwa nikisoma. Walinitakia ufanisi katika kazi hii. Pia naitabaruku kazi hii kwa wapenzi wote wa Kiswahili. ii SHUKRANI Shukrani za dhati ni kwa Mwenyezi Mungu aliyenirehemu na kunipa uwezo na ari ya kufanya kazi hii. Bila ya fadhila zake nisingeweza kutimiza ndoto yangu. Mungu apokee sifa na utukufu wote. Pia, ninatoa shukrani za dhati kwa wasimamizi wangu Prof. Ireri Mbaabu na Prof. Kitula King’ei kwa kuniongoza vyema katika kila hatua ya utafiti huu. Kwa kweli walinitakia ufanisi kwa kunifaa kila nilipohitaji msaada wao. Naomba Mwenyezi Mungu awabariki! Aidha, ninamshukuru Prof. Richard Wafula, mwenyekiti wa Kitivo cha Sanaa na Sayansi za Jamii, kwa ushauri wake wa busara na maneno ya kutia moyo, tangu mwanzo hadi mwisho wa utafiti huu. Wengine ambao siwezi kuwasahau ni Dkt. Pamela Ngugi, Dkt. Miriam Osore na wahadhiri wote wa Idara ya Kiswahili na Lugha za Kiafrika walionitia hamasa ya kufanya utafiti huu. Shukrani pia ziiendee familia ya Ahmed Sheikh Nabhany (sasa marehemu) mtaalamu wa Kiswahili cha kale ambaye alinisaidia sana katika hatua za mwanzo za utafiti huu. Ahmed Sheikh Nabhany aliniruhusu nifaidi vitabu na makusanyo yake ya maandishi yaliyochapishwa na mengine ambayo hayakuwa yamechapishwa. Licha ya muwele aliokuwa nao nilipohitaji msaada wake, alihakikisha kuwa nimepata usaidizi wa kutosha. Shukrani pia kwa Amira Msellem Said, mzaliwa wa Lamu lakini mkazi wa Mombasa, mwandishi na mfumbati wa muda mrefu wa Sheikh Nabhany. Amira alinifaa kwa ujuzi wake mwingi wa elimu-asilia. Alinitembeza sehemu mbalimbali za Mji wa Kale kwa marafiki zake ili niwahoji au nipate ufafanuzi niliohitaji. Shukrani pia zimwendee Fatuma Mansoor; mkutubi aliyenikongowea katika Maktaba ya Swahili Cultural Centre, iliyo kando ya Makavazi ya Fort Jesus, Mombasa. Alihakikisha kuwa nimepata kila nilichohitaji maktabani kwa muda niliotumia maktaba yake. Pia, alitenga muda akanitembeza katika familia mbalimbali za marafiki zake wanaoishi katika jiji la Mombasa ili niwahoji. Aidha, ninamshukuru Ahmed Muhala, mfanyikazi katika Makavazi ya Fort Jesus. Yeye ni gwiji wa Kiswahili hasa lahaja ya Kimvita. Shukrani pia kwa familia ya Christine Nehema na Joseph Bale Ndoti iliyonipokea Mombasa na kinifadhili kwa malazi na makazi kwa muda wote nilipokuwa nikifanya utafiti nyanjani. Wakati huo huo, nawapongeza wasaidizi wangu Bw. P.J Wanje na Bi. Everline Onyango walionisaidia katika shughuli ya kukusanya data nyanyani. Ninatoa shukrani za dhati kwa Silas Mbaabu na Emily Kagendo pamoja na familia yangu kwa kufadhili masomo yangu na kunitia shime hadi nikakamilisha utafiti huu. iii ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to investigate semantic changes in Kiswahili lexemes by comparing the pre-20th century Swahili and the modern Swahili from selected texts. The study identified lexemes that have undergone meaning change and then investigated the factors that had influenced the direction of change, the semantic relationship between the new and the old form of meaning and further, the general impact of semantic change on Swahili lexicon. The study was guided by the Cognitive Semantic theory, as the main theory, and the Semantic field theory which was needed in explaining internal relationships between words. The tenets of Cognitive Semantic theory employed in this study were derived from the works of Lakoff (1987); Taylor (1999); Lee (2001); Croft na Cruse (2004); Vyvyan n.w. (2006) and Lemmens (2017). The main tenet of Cognitive Semantic is that linguistic cognition is an inextricable phenomenon of overall human cognition. Cognitive Semantic describes the meaning associated with a lexical item as conceptual, embodied, dynamic and essentially encyclopedic. Thus lexical units cannot be understood independent of larger knowledge structure. The Semantic field Theory, developed by Jost Trier in 1931, emphasizes that words should not be considered in isolation, but in their relationship to semantically related words. Words are set in areas or fields within which words interrelate and define each other. The data for this research was collected from selected pre-20th century Swahili texts such as Utenzi wa Hamziyya (1652) and Al Inkishafi (1749) and Krapf (1882), and from the field by conducting interviews and by administering questionnaires. The study concludes that there is a high frequency of lexemes that has undergone semantic changes during the period studied. The study found that meaning extension and metaphor are the most productive type of meaning change during the period studied. The study found that change of meaning of Swahili lexemes is grounded on our physical and social experiences which arises and is tied to how we construe different structures in the society. In fact, the study found that the historic evidence derived from socio- political, economic, technology and language development accounts for most observable changes in Swahili lexicon. The study also found that semantic changes have a direct impact on Swahili lexicon and day to day language use. For instance, they lead to polysemy which causes lexical ambiguity and growth of metaphoric form of language. Other lexemes have become vague or obsolete. The results of this research therefore, will contribute to the study of phenomena of change in Swahili lexicon, dictionaries development and comparative linguistics. iv IKISIRI Utafiti huu ulilenga kuchunguza mabadiliko ya maana leksia za Kiswahili kwa kulinganisha Kiswahili cha kabla ya karne ya ishirini na Kiswahili cha kisasa kutoka kwa matini teule. Utafiti ulinuia kutambua mifano mahususi ya leksia zilizobadilika kisemantiki kisha kubainisha taratibu na mbinu zilizohusika, sababu na misukumo ya mabadiliko, mahusiano ya kisemantiki kati ya leksia zilizobadilika kimaana na leksia asilia na hatimaye kuchunguza athari za mabadiliko husika katika leksika ya Kiswahili. Ili vipengele vyote vya utafiti vishughulikiwe ipasavyo, utafiti uliongozwa na mihimili ya nadharia mbili. Kwanza, nadharia ya Semantiki tambuzi iliyowekwa msingi na Lakoff (1987); Taylor (1999); Lee (2001); Croft na Cruse (2004); Vyvyan n.w. (2006) na Lemmens (2017). Semantiki Tambuzi hueleza kuwa utambuzi wa lugha haushughulikiwi na sehemu ya kipekee bali umejumuishwa katika mfumo wa utambuzi unaoshughulikia masuala mengineyo ya binadamu. Semantiki Tambuzi hueleza kuwa maana huwa na mfumo wa kidhana, huambatana na umbile la binadamu, hubadilikabadilika na huwa na muundo wa kiensaiklopidia. Basi, maana kamili ya leksia haiwezi kuwa bayana bila kushirikisha mfumo mpana wa maarifa. Pili, ni nadharia ya Vikoamaana iliyoasisiwa na Jost Trier mwaka wa 1931 inayoeleza kwamba, maneno ya lugha si maneno ambayo hujitegemea kwa upeke wake tu, bali huwa yamepangika katika makumbo ya maeneo au nyanja ambamo maneno haya huwa yanahusiana sana kimaana. Nadharia hizi zilitoa mwongozo katika ukusanyaji, uchanganuzi na uwasilishaji wa matokeo. Asili ya data ni matini teule za kabla ya karne ya ishirini kama vile Hamziyya (1652) na Al Inkishafi (1750) na Krapf (1882) na nyanjani, kupitia mahojiano na hojaji. Utafiti umebainisha kuwa leksia za Kiswahili zimebadilika si haba katika kipindi kilichotafitiwa kutokana na sababu za ndani na nje ya lugha. Mbinu za mabadiliko ya kisemantiki za upanuzi wa upeo wa maana na sitiari ziliibuka kuwa zalishi zaidi. Utafiti ulibainisha kuwa mabadiliko yamesababishwa na misukumo ya utambuzi inayotokana na sababu za kijamii, siasa, uchumi, teknolojia, saikolojia, kiisimu, mitindo ya lugha na makosa ya lugha. Athari kuu za kubadilika kwa maana za leksia ni kuzalisha leksia zenye upolisemia unaoleta utata wa kileksia, kuongezeka kwa lugha ya kisitiari, kufinyika kwa leksia katika miktadha teule na kupunguza matumizi au kutoweka kwa baadhi ya leksia. Imethibitika kuwa historia ya jamii ni nyenzo muhimu isaidiayo kujibu maswali kadhaa ambayo hayangeweza kujibiwa kwa njia nyingine. Utafiti huu umechangia kukuza taaluma ya leksikolojia na leksikografia ya Kiswahili, Isimu-historia na Isimu-linganishi. v UFAFANUZI WA DHANA Analojia: Utaratibu wa kimantiki wa kufanya maamuzi kutokana na tajriba iliyotangulia. Tabia ya kitu kufuata mkondo au sura ya kitu cha aina yake kilichotangulia. Badiliko semantiki: Kubadilika kwa maana ya kipashio fulani cha lugha. Fahiwa: Mfumo wa mahusiano ya kiisimu yaliyopo baina ya faridi moja ya kileksia na faridi nyingine. Hapololojia: Mchakato ambapo silabi nzima hudondoshwa katika neno kwa sababu ya kupakana au kukaribiana na nyingine inayosawiana nayo kimatamshi. Kikale: Kiswahili cha kabla ya Karne ya Ishirini. Kikoa leksika: Kundi la leksia zenye kuashiria vitu vilivyo na uhusiano wa karibu. Kisasa: Kiswahili cha baada ya Karne ya Ishirini. Leksia: Kipashio kidogo ambacho kina uwezekano wa kujisimamia pekee kama kidakizo. Maana dhanishi: Maana ya kimsingi ya neno iliyo wazi au ya kawaida. Pia maana tambuzi. Mahusiano Semantiki: Mahusiano ya maneno katika dhana au maana Msawajiko wa maana: Hali ya maana ya neno iliyo nzuri kubadilika na kuwa na maana mbaya. Pia huitwa mchakato ngonoshaji au udhalilishaji wa maana. Muundochanguzi: Mchakato wa kuunda-upya mipaka ya mofimu kwa kuisogeza hadi mahali ambapo haikuwa hapo awali. Sitiari: Mbinu
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