LAIKIPIA DISTRICT SHORT RAINS ASSESSMENT REPORT 18th to 22nd February 2008

Laikipia District: Livelihood zones

Assessment Team

William Maritim Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development Rose Ngure Ministry of Water and Irrigation Ikeny Kapua World Food Programme Laikipia District Steering Group MembersWilliam Martim

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION...... 1 1.1 Background Information ...... 1 1.2 History of relief operations in the District ...... 1 2 DISTRICT FOOD SECURITY SITUATION ...... 1 2.1 Overall Food Security Situation...... 1 2.2 Impact of Shocks and Hazards on Food Security ...... 2 2.2.1 Rainfall...... 2 2.2.2 Crop Production and Prices...... 3 2.2.3 Livestock production and prices ...... 5 2.2.4 Water and Sanitation ...... 7 2.2.5 Health and Nutrition...... 8 2.2.6 Education...... 11 2.2.7 Population movements and migration...... 13 2.2.8 Food security prognosis ...... 13 2.2.9 Divisional Food Security Ranking ...... 13 3 RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 13 3.1 Monitoring required ...... 13 3.2 Food Aid interventions required ...... 14 3.2.1 Agriculture ...... 14 3.2.2 Livestock recommendations...... 14 3.2.3 Water and Sanitation ...... 15 3.2.4 Health and Nutrition...... 17 3.2.5 Education...... 19

Disclaimer: The recommendations of the Assessment Team are tentative and subject to approval by Kenya Food Security Steering ii Group (KFSSG)

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background Information

The assessment covered the larger Laikipia District, comprising of Laikipia East, Laikipia West and Laikipia North Districts. It borders Samburu district to the North, Isiolo to the North-East, Meru Central to the South, Nyandarua, Nyeri and Nakuru districts to the South- West and Baringo and Koibatek districts to the West. The district occupies an area of 9,693 km2 and has seven divisions namely Central and Lamuria (Laikipia East), Mukogodo (Laikipia North) and Rumuruti, Nyahururu, Ol Moran and Ngarua (Laikipia West). The total population is estimated at 418,118 people with an average population density of 53 people per km2. The district experiences largely a bimodal rainfall pattern with the long rain season occurring between March and May and the short rain season between October and November. The predominant form of rainfall experienced is the relief type with annual rainfall averaging between 400mm in the plains of Laikipia East and 1000mm in high potential parts of Laikipia West. Variance in rainfall amounts and distribution give rise to the difference in the district’s livelihood patterns.

Overall, Laikipia district has five livelihood zones (pastoral, mixed farming, marginal agricultural, ranching and urban). About 30 commercial ranches are found in Laikipia district constituting 52% of land mass. These Ranches are not available for food production for the district’s population, save for remittances paid out to those employed mainly as herders.

1.2 History of relief operations in the District

The government placed parts of Laikipia district under Emergency Operation (EMOP) in the period from March 2006 to March 2007 due to poor rainfall performance in both long and short rain seasons and the ensuing severe drought in 2005. After short rains assessment of 2006, it was found out that the food security situation had improved leading to the district being phased out of the emergency operation.

During the year, a total of 67,363 people (17% of the total district population) received food aid per month in five divisions- Central, Lamuria, Mukogondo, Rumuruti and Ol Moran. Approximately 4060.6MT of food was provided by World Food Programme, Government of Kenya, Caritas Nyeri and Kenya Red Cross and distributed by Caritas Nyeri under the supervision of the District Steering Group. School Feeding Programme are implemented in all public primary schools in Mukogondo and parts of Central Divisions.

2 DISTRICT FOOD SECURITY SITUATION

2.1 Overall Food Security Situation

Based on the factors listed in section 1.3 above, the district can be rated as food secure, with low resilience. The worst affected areas are the pastoral and marginal mixed farming zones. Livestock body condition is good though in declining trend due to deterioration in availability and access to water, pasture and browse.

Pastoralists rely on food commodities from farming community in the district and from outside the district. These are accessed in markets where the pastoralists sell off their livestock and in turn buy food, all on fortnight cycles. Due to tension caused by post- election violence elsewhere in the country, the markets have operated far below the normal capacity,

Disclaimer: The recommendations of the Assessment Team are tentative and subject to approval by Kenya Food Security Steering 1 Group (KFSSG)

with very few traders coming to the markets. This has affected them as they cannot access food and market for their livestock. In Kimanju for instance, the market recorded sales of only 200 goats and no cattle in the first week of February, compared to 1000 goats and 300 cattle under normal market days. Prices of maize and beans doubled in that week.

Although security in the district is generally good, tension is high in Rumuruti and Ol Moran divisions with the fear of attack by Pokots. By the time this report was compiled several people had been reported to have lost their lives to these skirmishes (Nation Newspaper, 22/2/08). It was noted that some households have sold their maize stocks for fear of arson and livestock from Thome sub location have been moved to Nyandarua and Thika districts to avoid being stolen (Ad hoc interviews).

Factors affecting Food Security

ƒ Poor distribution of the short rains especially in the pastoral and marginal mixed farming areas in Lamuria and Central Divisions. ƒ Socio-political induced tension inhibiting free access to livestock markets in Mukogondo, Rumuruti and Ol Moran divisions. ƒ Human-livestock-wildlife conflicts, leading to competition for the scarce resources and destruction of crops especially by elephants. ƒ Threat of spread of PPR (Peste des petit ruminants) from Samburu district where the disease has been confirmed in Wamba division. ƒ Outbreak of other livestock diseases such as rabies and contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) in Ol moran. ƒ Insecurity caused by cattle rustling in Ol moran and Rumuruti divisions

Household food access and availability

About 60% of households have food stocks from the bumper harvest as a result of 2007 long rains. Milk availability is on the decline as pastures and browse are drying up. Pastoralists rely on markets for food purchases. The evident deterioration of pasture condition in Mukogondo is affecting livestock productivity and the low activity in the livestock markets erodes pastoralist resilience as regards to food security.

Current ongoing hazards and shocks

ƒ Insecurity/ cattle rustling in Ol moran and parts of Rumuruti divisions. ƒ Wildlife menace: crops and infrastructural damage. ƒ Dry spell if it continues may delay planting, depletion of water resources and pasture. ƒ There is looming tension due to the current political situation in the country. It is notable that influx of IDPs (15,000 people currently with host families) may require attention and monitoring as this may stretch the humanitarian assistance in the district, especially in Nyahururu, Lamuria and Central divisions.

2.2 Impact of Shocks and Hazards on Food Security

2.3 Rainfall

Food crop production mainly depends on the long rains that were sufficient for maize production in Ngarua, Nyahururu, Lower Rumuruti and parts of Ol Moran and Central divisions. Beans performed poorly due to the heavy rains, but vegetables and other short term crops performed fairly. Short rains were lower than normal (Fig.1).

Disclaimer: The recommendations of the Assessment Team are tentative and subject to approval by Kenya Food Security Steering 2 Group (KFSSG)

FIG. 1: LAIKIPIA RAINFALL DATA 2006 AND 2007 In Lamuria and Central 180 Divisions, Maize and beans 160 suffered major moisture stress 140 after germination, leading to 120 stunted growth and withering. RAINFALL IN MM 100 About 45,000 people may be 80 affected by partial to total crop 60 failure in these two divisions. 40 Food security is visibly in the 20 decline in these two areas. 0

-20 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Acreage under food crops in AVERAGE FOR 2006 7 0 51.5 85.1 48.9 58.9 63 126.2 51.7 86.1 167.1 168.2 AVERAGE FOR 2007 90.4 154.7 41.2 72.8 112.7 161.7 124.1 112.2 164.5 47.8 65.5 69.2 three divisions (Lamuria, Central MONTH and Mukogondo) was low in the long rains for both maize and beans, but higher in both seasons in 2007 compared to 2006(Table 1).

Beans recorded a 96% increase in acreage in the short rains seasons 2007 compared to the same season in 2006 and acreage under maize rose by 49%. This is attributed to distribution of drought recovery seeds (40 tonnes maize) in 2006 which the farmers had conserved and planted in 2007.

Table 1: Acreage under food crops per division 2006- 2007 (Long rains and Short rains) LR 07 LR 06 SR 06 SR 07 Maize: Lamuria 1450 550 390 1150 Central 1250 856 480 550 Mukogondo 35 15 0 25 Total 2735 1421 870 1725 Beans Lamuria 816 500 24 850 Central 1000 230 35 900 Mukogondo 25 0 0 25 Total 1841 730 59 1775

2.3.1 Crop Production and Prices

The district cropping pattern has a single season maize crop in a year, planted during the long rains in March- April and harvested after the short rains in November and December. Beans are two season crop planted in March-April and Oct/Nov. During the year, rainfall was above normal in most parts of the district as a result the yields were good in Nyahururu, Rumuruti, Ol moran and Ngarua divisions (Laikipia West District) and part of Central division.

There was 60% crop failure in Lamuria division and parts of Central division adjacent to Lamuria division. Lack of diversification of crop varieties, limited use of certified seeds and fertilizers compounded the poor performance of the short rains in Lamuria division.

Maize yield is 30 – 35 bags per acre compared to the normal output of 20 – 25 bags per acre, an increase of about 25%. Bean crop however, did not perform well due to excessive rainfall during flowering stage that resulted into abortion before podding. The performance is rated as poor with yields generally estimated at 3 – 4 bags per acre from the normal 9 bags per acre. This is a drop of about 56 %( DAO report 2007). Most farmers have already depleted bean stocks from their stores since the short rains yields were poor. See table 2

Disclaimer: The recommendations of the Assessment Team are tentative and subject to approval by Kenya Food Security Steering 3 Group (KFSSG)

About 75% of crop farmers especially in Nyahururu, Ngarua and Lower Rumuruti use certified seeds for maize, probably the reason why the yields are always predictably good with sufficient rains. Use of certified seeds in bean crop is low. There is also low adoption of drought resistant crops, suitable to the northern regions of Rumuruti and Ol Moran. Efforts to promote sorghum and millet are especially difficult as they are not fully acceptable as staple food, and their marketing is equally challenging. The bumper harvest realized in western part of the district never impacts at all on the eastern part due to difficulties in transport and the trading patterns where most produce from the west is bought by millers who readily access the region through Nyahururu, from Nakuru and Nairobi.

Table2: Laikipia East/North/ West: Food (Maize) Consumption and Requirements1 District Annual Production2007(bags) District Consumption(bags) Surplus/Deficit Laikipia East/North 237,000 53,020 -183,980 Laikipia West 598,500 889,062 290,562 Total 835,500 942,082 106,582

Based on the figures above the district has a surplus of 106, 562 bags (9,592.4 MT). The available food stocks in the district are shown in Table 3, while maize and bean prices are reflected in figures 2 and 3 below:

Table 3: District Stocks for Maize and Beans Category Maize (Bags) Beans (Bags) Farmers 806,204 11,892 Traders 60,120 7,970 NCPB 97,421 1,432 Millers 45,780 0

Figure 2: Maize Prices Fig. 2:Laikipia Average market maize prices 2000

1500

1000

500

Prices Ksh/ 90kg bag 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Av. 02-06 1060 1080 1120 1250 1370 1460 1480 1430 1310 1120 1050 1020 2007 1050 1000 1000 900 900 900 1100 1200 1200 1100 1200 1100 Month

Disclaimer: The recommendations of the Assessment Team are tentative and subject to approval by Kenya Food Security Steering 4 Group (KFSSG)

Fig.3:Laikipia Average market Beans prices 4000

3000

2000

1000

Prices Ksh/ 90Kg bag 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Av. 02-06 2320 2540 2740 2640 2780 2860 2260 2210 2420 2340 2240 2260 2007 3100 2800 2800 2700 2700 2700 2700 2200 2100 2500 2700 3000 Month

Figure 3: Beans Prices

Prices of food commodities are unstable in all areas as a result of varying availability and constrained market access. This has limited household income earning capacity in the west and consumer prices have gone up in food-deficient areas of Central, Lamuria and Mukogondo. In the west, Maize prices are rising as a result of high demand. At the time of the Assessment, a bag was retailing at KSh 1,000 to 1,100 and all indicators were showing the prices shall go up though the prices are still within range (Fig.2). Beans were available in the markets but in small quantities retailing at KSh. 3200 per bag. There has been a steady increase of bean price since August 2007 when the price was KSh 2200.

2.3.2 Livestock production and prices

The district has approximately 216,000 cattle, 250,000 sheep, 250,000 goats and 6,000 camels. In most of the areas in Laikipia North and East, the rains were not sufficient to support proper regeneration of the perennial grasses resulting in quick depletion of the pastures aggravated by poor grazing management and thus the pasture and browse condition was observed to be fair in ranches and scanty to almost bare in other areas.

The body condition of cattle range between good and fair but they are bound to deteriorate if the situation persists.

Distress migration in search of pasture often seen in the district during droughts has not been observed as yet, except within localized scenarios, reported in Mukogodo.

In the pastoral areas including Mukogodo division, pastures did not sufficiently regenerate and signs of stress are evident in all low lying areas of Mukogodo and Central Divisions. Pastures are fair to poor in most areas except in higher mountainous areas around Mukogodo forest where pastures are good. Deterioration is expected if no rains are forth coming in the coming months. Pastoralists are already relocating into individually owned ranches in search of pastures, as most communal ranches are already depleted. This has been reduced availability of milk and other livestock products to household further exacerbating the food security situation in the predominant pastoral areas. Receding rivers and drying dams and other water sources is a real challenge to livestock productivity which is the only source of livelihood for pastoralists.

Outbreak of notifiable livestock diseases have also been reported in Rumuruti and Ol moran such as, LSD and Rabies in cattle, CCPP in goats and sheep and goat pox in shoats. There is

Disclaimer: The recommendations of the Assessment Team are tentative and subject to approval by Kenya Food Security Steering 5 Group (KFSSG)

a threat of spread of PPR into the district as the disease has been confirmed in the

Fig. 4: Average cattle market prices

35,000

25,000

15,000

5,000 JAN Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

Price Ksh./head of adult bull Ksh./head Price Av.2000-06 18,000 16,700 18,129 18,143 19,214 19,286 18,857 20,000 20,215 20,071 20,071 20,571 2007 24,000 24,000 24,000 24,000 24,000 24,000 24,000 24,000 24,000 23,000 28,000 28,000 Months

Fig.5: Average goat market price

4000 3000 2000 1000 0

Price Ksh./goat Price Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Month

Av.2000-2006 2007

neighbouring Samburu district.

Water availability and accessibility for livestock development remained fair but on downward trend due to the dry spell. Return distances for livestock and for domestic use to water source averaged 5 km, while the average distance over the years is 3 kilometres. Water is expected to last 2 months. This is impacting negatively on livestock body condition, prices and household food income.

Calving, lambing and kidding are at 10-20% and declining. Generally, the average milk availability per house hold is 3.0 litre/ day/HH.

Average market cattle prices for 2007 were higher than those of long term average (Figure 4) with the months of Nov. and Dec. 2007 recording the highest prices (KSh. 28,000). The trend in average market goat prices (figure 5) was similar. This is attributed to availability of pastures and thus good livestock body condition reported in the year.

Disclaimer: The recommendations of the Assessment Team are tentative and subject to approval by Kenya Food Security Steering 6 Group (KFSSG)

2.3.3 Water and Sanitation

Rivers, streams, boreholes, earth dams, pans, springs and shallow wells are the main water sources in the larger Laikipia district. In some schools, churches and a few homesteads, roof- catchment systems are a source of clean drinking water. A few rock-catchments systems and sub-surface dams have been constructed in a few areas especially in Mukogodo division.

All rivers traversing the district originate either from Mt. Kenya or the Aberdares. Replenishing these rivers is determined largely by the amount of rainfall in these main water towers and on the surrounding areas, often flows diminish during the dry spells. Boreholes are concentrated along the Laikipia plains of Central and Rumuruti divisions accounting for about 62% of all boreholes in the 3 districts. This is possibly due to the previous concentration of ranches where these boreholes were drilled for livestock watering. Boreholes provide the safest and most reliable source in Mukogodo division. (See figure 6)

The average walking distances to a water sources for both people and livestock under normal circumstances are 0-3 km, these distances rise to over 3-5 km during drought, owing to drying up of sources especially earth dams, pans, seasonal rivers and wells. Mukogodo, Lamuria and Ol Moran are more vulnerable to fluctuations in regard to water quality and quantity.

Figure 6: Distribution of Water Sources

Laikipia District: Water Sources Distribution 80 Earthdams 70 Boreholes Shallow Wells 60 Riv ers 50 r 40 Numbe 30

20

10

0 CEN LA M RUM NY A MUK NGA OLM Divis ion

Ngarua and Ol Moran divisions have no rivers traversing, and the main source of water is the large number of earth dams (Ngarua 38 and Ol Moran 32) and boreholes (Ngarua 25 and Ol Moran 42) Ngarua also has a high number of shallow wells at 39. Central division has the highest number of boreholes at 64 and 7 rivers crisscross the division. Mukogodo has the least number of water sources in the overall. Nyahururu area is the least water stressed due ton its proximity to the Aberdares which receives higher rainfall than the larger Laikipia district. There are several community-based piped water supplies in the division.

Present Water Situation

For all sources except boreholes and springs Water quality deteriorates during drought in all livelihoods .Some rivers and their tributaries have dried up. Rivers are recording reduced water sources and this reduction is reaching alarming levels. If no rains are realized, by end of March the water situation will be critical in all livelihoods which depend on surface water. Water levels are very low in rivers Nanyuki, Sirimon, Ontulili, teleshwani, Rongai and Naromoru, Mutara, karemeno, Suguloi and lower pesi and WRMA has put in place very aggressive monitoring to save the rivers form drying due to over abstraction by small scale farmers along the rivers.

Disclaimer: The recommendations of the Assessment Team are tentative and subject to approval by Kenya Food Security Steering 7 Group (KFSSG)

To cope with water stress on herds, pastoralists opt to move for longer distances and water their animals after two days. Sixteen water resources users associations have been formed in Agro pastoral and missed farming zones to monitor abstraction and resolve water conflicts. Alternative sources of water like sand dams and rock catchments are being explored although lack of funds is hampering implementation.

Small water projects under service providers, water users associations and communities provide raw water to their clients. It is a GOK requirement that they provide clean water to consumers. There are on-going interventions by the Northern Water Services Board to ensure this is adhered to. Mobile water treatment plants and tankering are not provided. In pastoral zones, water from dams and pans which is of poor quality (visual inspection) is still being consumed without treatment. The Ministry of water does water sampling every quarter while Ministry of Health sampling is done monthly and whenever there is public concern on quality of water.

Latrine coverage in the district is about 60%.Other methods of human waste disposal include bush method, Municipal sewerage system and cat method. Liquid and solid waste disposal is by septic tanks, soak pits, open field, cess pits and cess pits (No data is available on proportions). Solid waste is disposed by burning in the compound (35%), dumping(22%), indiscriminate disposal(21.7%), Burying in refuse pits(9.8%/) and organized collection(10.8).all these methods affect water quality in that some of these waste are transported by surface runoff when it rains eventually ending up in rivers and dams and even wells. This in turn contributes to the high prevalence of water borne diseases in the district.

Charcoal burning, clearing of land for cultivation, encroachment of riparian land, overgrazing are some of the human activities that contribute greatly to environmental degradation in this district.

2.3.4 Health and Nutrition

Nutrition Using Weight for Age tools (MOH-CHANIS data) indicate that the rate of malnutrition (underweight) has not improved in the year compared to the last 2 years. Based on data from 5 divisions for the period July-December 2007, and monitoring only the attending < 5s, malnutrition rate is at 6.4%. This is a slight improvement for the same period in 2006 recorded at 7.4%. 2005 was pegged at 4.9%. The vulnerable group especially children < 5 years, those infected with HIV/AIDS and the aged. (figure 7)

Although the district figures for malnutrition rates have not exceeded the emergency threshold and may still be much better compared to the WHO levels for both severe acute malnutrition and global acute malnutrition, decisions should be made based on the fact that health facilities in the 3 districts of Laikipia are thinly spread and thus a large proportion of the community do not have access to essential health services. This has also contributed to prolonged morbidity and subsequent increase in mortality rates.

Disclaimer: The recommendations of the Assessment Team are tentative and subject to approval by Kenya Food Security Steering 8 Group (KFSSG)

Figure 7: Laikipia District – Malnutrition rate 2006- 2007 (MOH-CHANIS)

Laikipia Malnutrition Status Channis %

2006 2007

10

% 5

0 Central Lamuria Mukogodo Ngarua Olmoran Rumuruti 2006 8.3 4.2 8.6 7 5 5.7 2007 5.6 4.2 8.4 5.2 7 6.9 division

Based on middle upper arm circumference (MUAC) anthropometrical indicators, the nutritional status of children Fig 8 Laikipia: Average MUAC Measurements for Under 5s 6-59 months in Laikipia 18 2005 district from a survey 16 2006 carried out by the Arid 2007 14 Land Resource 12 Management Project 10 (ALRMP) in 2007 and 8 factoring in monthly figures 6 from field stations indicate 4 a sharp rise in March 2007

2 at 14, dropping steadily and

0 stabilizing at 9. (see figure JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 8) There is a marginal decline from an average of 10 in 2006 to 9.77 in 2007. 2005 remain at an average low of 7.78. The data compares well with the MOH-CHANIS figures, for the attending children under 5 years. Although the conclusion from the figures may indicate a safe margin, the situation is expected to worsen in the coming months due to the prevailing and worsening food security situation. The post- election impacts on markets and public transport has indirect effects on the remote divisions, especially Mukogodo, parts of Central and the northern Rumuruti and Ol Moran which are predominantly inhabited by pastoralists. In this scenario, market prices and supply chains need close monitoring.

Dietary diversity Dry whole maize, beans, maize meal and potatoes remain the top common food commodities in the kitchens in most parts of the district. These are accessed in the markets or home-grown. Green vegetables are also available from own gardens or in the markets. Milk is the main diet for the pastoralists, and forms a greater part of the diet at the moment as food supplies in the markets have been disrupted by the countrywide post-election violence.

Mortality and Morbidity The top 5 recorded morbidity in the district are RTI, malaria, pneumonia, diarrhoea and intestinal worms. Others are eye infections, UTI, ear infection, HIV/AIDS and burns and accidents. Causes of mortality in the district are recorded as HIV/AIDS, Pneumonia, PTB, Malaria and G/E. others in that order are RTI, Anaemia, T/Fever, CCF/Neoplasm and diabetes.

Disclaimer: The recommendations of the Assessment Team are tentative and subject to approval by Kenya Food Security Steering 9 Group (KFSSG)

There was no disease outbreak in the period under review, and the MOH continued undertaking disease surveillance using standard systems and tools provided. These include Case-based surveillance forms, Health facility Line Listing, Monthly Surveillance Report and the Weekly Epidemic Monitoring Form.

Immunization

Coverage is above half in most of the divisions (Table 4) and this has been attributed to the existing Mobile Clinic that covers areas without health facilities in the district. % coverage is highest in Dol dol at average 79.8 for the period July – December 2007.

This is attributed to the fact that a full-time service is available at MOH Impala Ranch and at Borana Cottage Hospital that operates in the entire Mukogodo Division. July and August coverage in the same division was highest at above 95%. Coverage is lowest in Rumuruti at about 57%.

Table 4: Immunization Coverage in % (Jul - Dec 2007) Division Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Average Central 78 86 78 75 84 76 79.5 Ngarua 69 79 57 87 65 60 69.5 Lamuria 82 93 95 66 74 46 76 Rumuruti 56 40 61 64 72 54 57.8 Ol Moran 63 40 No data 54 90 No data 41.2 Dol Dol 98 96 78 56 58 93 79.8

Figure 9: Percent Immunization Coverage (Jul –Dec 2007)

Laikipia Immunization %(2006-2007)

%

Central Ngarua Lamuria Rumuruti Ol Moran Mukogodo 2006 69 80 78 76 95 78 2007 77 71 80 81 48 78 Division

2006 2007

HIV/AIDs It is notable that the prevalence has dropped from 6.5% in 2006 to 5.9 % in 2007, attributed to the current interventions through VCT, ART, PMTCT and PITC. Out of the 1622 PLWHA, 625 (23 males and 33 females under 14 years and 170 male and 389 female adults) are attended in the only comprehensive care centre based at the Nanyuki District Hospital. Home based care for the infected are available and being monitored among the several home- based care groups that are coordinated by the District Home-based Care Coordinator.

Disclaimer: The recommendations of the Assessment Team are tentative and subject to approval by Kenya Food Security Steering 10 Group (KFSSG)

Vitamin A coverage The Vitamin A supplementation coverage is very low compared to the similar period in 2005 and 2006. This may be attributed to poor reporting from the outlying health facilities. It is important to mention that this programme has in the past enjoyed support from UNICEF in both training and organizing Supplementation Days, but this has not taken place in the reporting year, probably causing a very low coverage. See figure 10 below.

Figure 10: Laikipia District: Vitamin A. Supplementation Coverage in % (2005 – 2007)

Laikipia District: Vit A Coverage %

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Yr. 2005 Yr. 2006 Yr. 2007

2.3.5 Education

Laikipia district is divided into seven (7) educational divisions namely Mukogodo, Central, Lamuria, Nyahururu, Rumuruti, Ngarua and Ol moran. The education divisions are further divided into 18 zones. There are 235 public primary schools and 474 pre-primary schools with a total enrolment of 81,039 in primary and 18681 (Boys 8993 and Girls 9688) in ECDs. In addition, the district has 52 secondary schools with an enrolment of 15,223 (Boys 7,816and Girls 7407). There are 4 boarding primary schools all in Mukogodo division within the pastoral zone.

Until the end of 2007, the district benefited from both Expanded SFP and Regular SFP funded by World Food Programme. Expanded SFP covered 54 schools while 104 were under Regular SFP and the remaining 77 schools do not benefit from food aid of any kind since they are located in food secure zones. Insecurity remains a major threat to schooling in the district especially in Ol Moran, Rumuruti and Mukogodo divisions which are inhabited by pastoralists. Repeated cattle rustling incidents have caused instability in settlements within these areas with many parents opting to move away with their children. Such a scenario led to the closure of two primary schools Tigamara in Rumuruti division and Ol Mutunyi in Ol Moran division. The same areas also recorded high drop out cases in the district over the last 2 years. In Term I 2008, there is a likelihood of an increase in drop out rate in schools that were under the Expanded SFP which was phased out. So far, these schools have not received food support from any well wishers thus 23,633 children face imminent starvation. (Figures 11 and 12 depict drop out trends for both primary and secondary schools in the district.)

A number of inhibitive cultural practices have also contributed to the declining enrolment among the pastoralist and sedentary children. These range from early marriages especially for girls and child labour for boys who work in quarries or in the numerous ranches dotting the expansive district.

Disclaimer: The recommendations of the Assessment Team are tentative and subject to approval by Kenya Food Security Steering 11 Group (KFSSG)

Sustainability projects under Food for Work have been identified and started in 30 schools. The parents’ contribution in land preparation has already been undertaken. However, the food contribution from WFP has not been delivered thus delaying the implementation of this project.

Figure 11: Primary schools drop out trends

Drop out trends – Primary Schools

300

250

200

150

100

50

0 Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls TERM I, 07 TERM II, 07 TERM III, 07 TERM I, 08

MUKOGODO 0 0 0 108 25 0 80 50 CENTRAL 0 0 30 108 0 0 0 0 LAMURIA 00000000 RUMURUTI 75 40 45 20 110 60 267 180 OLMORAN 38 42 60 50 90 45 150 90 NYAHURURU 00000000 NGARUA 00000000

Figure 12: Secondary schools drop out trends

Drop out trends - Secondary Schools

30

25

20

15

10

5

0 Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls TERM I, 07 TERM II, 07 TERM III, 07 TERM I, 08

MUKOGODO 000000 00 CENTRAL 000012 16 8 10 LAMURIA 000010 12 10 8 RUMURUTI 10 8 25 12 10 6 11 12 OLMORAN 15 10 10 8 612 910 NYAHURURU 000000 00 NGARUA 000000 00

Displaced pupils and teachers

Due to the recent post election violence, a number of pupils and teachers were received in the district and integrated in the local schools as indicated in the table below:

Disclaimer: The recommendations of the Assessment Team are tentative and subject to approval by Kenya Food Security Steering 12 Group (KFSSG)

Division Pupils Teachers Boys Girls Total Males Females Total Central 75 77 152 3 9 12 Lamuria 68 99 167 0 4 4 Mukogodo 0 0 0 0 0 0 Olmoran 28 29 57 0 0 0 Rumuruti 118 144 262 2 2 4 Ngarua 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nyahururu 292 198 490 8 6 14 Total 581 547 1128 13 21 34

2.3.6 Population movements and migration

Apart from influx of IDPs (15,000 people), no other movement or migration reported. A temporary camp is found in church at Baari around Nyahururu, and the Kenya Red Cross and local Church organizations in conjunction with the government are providing both logistical and material support.

2.3.7 Food security prognosis

The district is generally food secure but with low resilience. Favourable food security status is pegged on whether the long rains will start on time. Based on this, the ranking of food insecurity in the district is in Table 5 below:

2.3.8 Divisional Food Security Ranking

Table 5. Divisional food security ranking Division Rank* Livelihood Main food security threat Lamuria 1 Marginal mixed farming Crop failure due to below normal short rains The water sources are drying up Mukogondo 2 Pastoral No diversification of livelihood Depleting water sources and pastures Ol moran 3 Pastoral Cattle rustling No diversification of livelihood Depleting water sources and pastures Central 4 Mixed farming/ Partial crop failure due to below normal Employment/ business short rains The water sources are drying up Rumuruti 5 Mixed farming/ Pastoral Cattle rustling Wildlife-human conflicts Ngarua 6 Mixed farming Frost Nyahururu 7 Mixed farming Diversified livelihood (*1 is most affected)

3 RECOMMENDATIONS

3.1 Monitoring required

ƒ There is need to monitor food stocks, IDPs, water and pasture situation in the district as well outbreaks of livestock diseases and malnutrition trends.

Disclaimer: The recommendations of the Assessment Team are tentative and subject to approval by Kenya Food Security Steering 13 Group (KFSSG)

3.2 Food Aid interventions required

Based on the above findings, the assessment team recommends the following: -

ƒ Extension of food aid to schools currently not covered under RSFP ƒ Supplementary feeding for vulnerable groups thro’ GOK HFs ƒ FFA for vulnerable population depending on severity levels in different divisions

3.1 Non-Food Interventions

3.2.1 Agriculture

ƒ Value addition of agricultural produce to facilitate adequate storage at village (cereal banks) ƒ Up scale agricultural extension services ƒ Provision of DR seed varieties and fertilizers for 40ha of maize and 20 ha of beans. ƒ Provision of seeds and fertilizer for 20 IDP Families in Ngarua ƒ Strengthening of Community Early Warning system ƒ Promotion of drought resistant crops in the district. Cassava, sweet potatoes, finger millet, sorghum and pigeon peas are grown as part of orphaned crops. Currently the district has 128.3 Ha under drought resistant crops, compared to 35Ha in 2006.

Division Interventions Justification Total Sources of fund Immediate Long term Budget Central Provision of relief Train 100 farmers on To attain 140,000 ARLMP food for work to a conservation agriculture and sustainable population of assist them to acquire food 8.722m(food) WFP/other 21,000 appropriate inputs and production donors equipments to implement the same

Train and assist farmers on water harvesting techniques for both crop and livestock production Provision of DR To assist 770,000 MOA seed varieties and them get out fertilizers for 40ha of drought of maize and 20 ha shock of beans @ (100 households) Lamuria Same as above Ngarua Provision of seeds Resettling of families by GoK Need 272,000 Donors, GOK and fertilizer for 20 resettlement Families from post since they are election violence living on affected areas who borrowed have been settled in land Ngarua

3.2.2 Livestock recommendations

ƒ Mass vaccination to keep at bay PPR Disclaimer: The recommendations of the Assessment Team are tentative and subject to approval by Kenya Food Security Steering 14 Group (KFSSG)

ƒ Training on pasture conservation ƒ Establish marketing groups for livestock products ƒ Encourage livestock off-take prior to drought ƒ Establish a link between pastoralists and hay producers

Division/ Interventions Justification Total Sources of funds Livelihoods Immediate Long term Budget

1. Ngarua Training on Establish growing Creation of Baller/mower Farmers Lamuria pasture groups strategic fodder 2.4 m ksh. Contribution Central division conservation reserves ADB/ALRMP (agro-pastoral) 2. Ngarua Establish Open marketing Ksh.1.5m Others Lamuria marketing groups channels Farmers Central division for livestock Increased income Contribution (agro-pastoral) products and standard of NALEP/ADB/ living ALRMP 3. Ngarua Breed Through A.I Increase quality Ksh.6.0m Private Lamuria improvement services and productivity ADB/OTHERS Central division Bull schemes (agro-pastoral) 4. Ngarua Immediate Deworming Control of SNG Ksh.065m ALRMP/Farmers Lamuria vaccination regimes among and improved Ksh.4.0m ADB Central division against Sheep farmers health (agro-pastoral) and goat pox Establish vaccination regimes 1. Pastoral Establish a link Establish Continuous Ksh.6.0m ALRMP/Farmers livelihoods (Ol between producing groups availability of ADB/NALEP moran, pastoralists and among pastoralists fodder Rumuruti, hay producers Continuous Mukogodo, Ration livestock availability of partly central feeds encouraged forage “ Encourage Establish and Maintain right Ksh.6.0m ALRMP/ADB livestock off-take formalize carrying capacity NALEP/Farmers prior to drought marketing groups Stable income Training of source and proper pasture links to markets conservation Rehabilitation of Increased Ksh.6.0 ALRMP/NALEP rangeland within productivity of Farmers the group ranches rangeland Sustainable range use Immediate Establishment of Contain disease Vaccine Vet Department vaccination diseases free zones threats from purchase @ ALLPRO/ALRM against PPR in all neighbouring 500,000x26K P/NGOs shoats 500,000. districts shKsh 13.0m Logistics Kh.5.0m

3.2.3 Water and Sanitation

Level of water scarcity and its impact on food security is high especially in pastoralists’ zones. It is moderate but in alert for all other areas except Nyahururu and Ngarua.

Disclaimer: The recommendations of the Assessment Team are tentative and subject to approval by Kenya Food Security Steering 15 Group (KFSSG)

ƒ Rehabilitation and de-silting of earth dams, subsurface dams. ƒ Water quality surveillance needs to be improved to reduce the prevalence of water borne diseases. ƒ Repair and maintenance of borehole equipment ƒ Drill and equip new boreholes ƒ Construct new earth dams and sand dams ƒ More investment on rock catchments ƒ Education on Water conservation methods ƒ Promote roof catchment which is a source of quality domestic water.(Agro-pastoral and mixed farming zones)

Ongoing Division Interventions Justification Total Sources of fund Immediate Long term Budget Lamuria Rehabilitation of Reduce walking 2.7m Caritas-Nyeri, earth dam-kijabeI distances community Increase storage Mukogodo Rehabilitation of Installation of Increase water 4m NWSB Doldol water electric motor supply coverage for supply when rural new laikipia North electrification district is done Central Construction of a Increase coverage 3.4m ALRMP(II), new earth dam and accessibility community Proposed Division Interventions Justification Total Sources of fund Budget Lamuria Repair of broken Installation of Improve water 5m Community, CDF, facilities 5no. submersible pumps availability and GOK Boreholes when rural accessibility electrification is complete Complete stalled Same as above 1.5m NWCPC, Githira borehole community Rehabilitation of Same as above 3m Caritas 2No. earth dams 3.3m ENNDA, community Central Rehabilitation of Same as above 3m Caritas, community 1No. earth dams Rehabilitation of Same as above 5m ENNDA 2No. earth dams Mukogodo Repair of 1 no. Change to Same as above 3.2m ENNDA, borehole motorized unit community Rehabilitation of Same as above 3m ENNDA, 1No. earth dams community Ol Moran Repair of 4No. Equipping 5No. Same as above 6m Community, CDF, boreholes borehole with GOK wind mills Rumuruti Repair of 4No. Change to Same as above 8m Community, CDF, boreholes motorized unit GOK

Disclaimer: The recommendations of the Assessment Team are tentative and subject to approval by Kenya Food Security Steering 16 Group (KFSSG)

3.2.4 Health and Nutrition

ƒ Supplementary feeding at the District Hospital ƒ Micro-nutrients supplementation of Vitamin A, folic Acid and ferrous sulphate ƒ Capacity building through training of health workers and communities on VCT, PMTCT, PITC and ART ƒ A baseline Nutrition Survey should be conducted in the three district as a matter of urgency. ƒ Promotion of production, processing and consumption of traditional crops and the growing of drought resistant crops to improve on dietary diversity. ƒ Increase the number of health facilities to improve coverage ƒ Increase number of Comprehensive Care Clinics ƒ Provision of wash hand facilities in schools. ƒ For sustainability of hygiene and sanitation services community involvement and participation to be encouraged. ƒ Hygiene promotion training and advocacy group formation ƒ Continue and expand of supplementary feeding to vulnerable groups, especially the malnourished, PLWHA and lactating and pregnant mothers from marginalized poor communities, and the aged.

Health and Nutrition: Ongoing Interventions Division Interventions Justification Total Budget Sources of fund Immediate Long term Central Therapeutic feeding Supplementary 500,000 MOH programme feeding programme All Supplementation of All under 5s and 1,000,000 UNICEF,MOH micronutrients lactating mothers Central Provision of ARVs 625 PLWHA 2,500,000 MOH Central, Mobile clinic Under five years 2,000,000 Mpala ranch, Mukogodo, immunization MOH, Borana Lamuria defaulter tracing

Proposed Nutrition interventions Division Interventions Justification Total Budget Sources of fund Immediate Long term Central Therapeutic Supplementary 500,000 MOH Mukogodo feeding feeding programme programme All Supplementation All under 5s and 1,000,000 UNICEF,MOH of micronutrients lactating mothers Central, Mobile clinic Under five years 3,000,000 MOH Mukogodo, immunization Lamuria, Ol defaulter tracing Moran Central, Treated Mosquito Under five years 2,000,000 AMREF, World Mukogodo, nets and pregnant vision Lamuria women(4000nets) All divisions Establish 1 1000 PLWHA 10,000,000 MOH with except central CCC per without ARVs partners division Disclaimer: The recommendations of the Assessment Team are tentative and subject to approval by Kenya Food Security Steering 17 Group (KFSSG)

All divisions Provision of Provision of 5,000,000 MOH ARVs ARVs

Proposed Public health interventions

Division Interventions Justification Total Budget Sources of fund Immediate Long term Central Hygiene Construction of More than half of pop Latrine Donor support, promotion-IEC facilities:-water is without access to construction GoK, AMREF, materials, systems and water and sanitation @45,000 NGO talking walls latrines facilities consequences =22.5m include high under 5 Introduction of mortality and morbid leaky cans outside toilets for hand washing Training In emergencies Schools and other Quarterly training Donor support, PHAST school supply of water institutions developed 2no.@200,000=2. GoK, NGO WASH-target purification without provision for 4m school children chemicals PUR, these facilities chlorine tabs, Risk of pollution and mobilets, infections from poor hygiene access education and awareness Establishment Establishment High disease Purchase of Donor support, of liquid and of recycling morbidity rates recycling GoK, NGO solid waste plant for machines@3m surveillance plastics and a motorbike teams @200,000=3.2m High disease Follow-ups morbidity rates Case tracing 87 No. community Hygiene [email protected] promotion =321m Establishment of 2 community

Purchase and Malaria High malaria Purchase of ITNs Donor support, distribution of campaigns incidence and and distribution GoK, NGO insect treated prevalence rates 5000 units@ nets 500=2.5m Insect residual spray Mukogodo Hygiene Construction of High under fives 1000 units @ promotion-IEC facilities water mortality rates 45,000 materials, systems and =45,m talking walls latrines Risk of pollution and infections caused by Introduction of poor access leaky cans Purchase of water outside toilets tanks for hand @40,000x40No. washing =1.6m

Disclaimer: The recommendations of the Assessment Team are tentative and subject to approval by Kenya Food Security Steering 18 Group (KFSSG)

Reporting Ensure quality Quarterly Donor support, Training- monitoring & compliance visit@100,00=400 AMREF PHAST public evaluation ,000 Barazas Support supervision

3.2.5 Education

ƒ Provision of water tanks to 30 public primary schools ƒ Water tankering for 100 public primary schools during the dry season ƒ Supply of sanitary towels for girls in primary and secondary schools ƒ Establishment of more boarding facilities in the pastoral zones ƒ Equipping of boarding facilities in low cost boarding primary schools ƒ Deworming for all school going children ƒ 54 schools previously under the Expanded SFP should be included in Regular SFP ƒ There is urgent need to upgrade sanitation and waste disposal facilities in schools ƒ For quality food handling and preparation there is need to improve Storage and kitchen facilities

Education: Ongoing interventions

Donor No of schools Activity Status Cost (KES)

WFP/GoK 104 primary Regular SFP On going WFP 54 primary Expanded SFP Discontinued GoK/World Bank 10 primary 14 classrooms Completed 6,466,000.00 1 dormitory On going GoK/OPEC 4 primary Classrooms On going 10,500,000.00 1 secondary Nanyuki 20 primary Water bills Completed 13,685,308.00 Municipality Fencing/Gates Laikipia County 109 primary Water tanks Delivered 79 tanks 1,840,000.00 council

Disclaimer: The recommendations of the Assessment Team are tentative and subject to approval by Kenya Food Security Steering 19 Group (KFSSG)