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8.2.1 Developments in Early —Event Cards f

5000 to 3500 BCE 600 BCE 2560 BCE This time marks the beginning of The Hanging Gardens of Babylon, The Pyramid of Giza, the First the earliest known on one of the Ancient Wonders of Wonder of the Ancient World, is Earth, the “cradle of civilization.” the World, are built in built in near the banks of The Sumerians settle in southern about 50 km south the and what is today Mesopotamia and establish , of what is now Baghdad, . the of Cairo. , , Kish, and Nippur (city-states).

3100 BCE 3000 to 300 BCE 1900 to 500 BCE King Menes unites Upper and This period of the rise and fall of This is the period of the in the Old Kingdom. , “Gift of the Nile,” powerful Empire of Babylon, became centres of religion is one of the longest lasting which rules Mesopotamia and and government. civilizations in human . rivals Egypt in its accomplishments.

1300 to 1200 BCE 722 BCE 2500 BCE The Hebrew people leave Egypt The kingdom of Israel is Civilization moves eastward to and establish Israel and the conquered by the Assyrians. (The the of western religion of Judaism (first religion Israelite Kingdom of Judah is , in what is today Pakistan with only one god). conquered by in 586 and India. BCE.)

2560 BCE 3500 to 3200 BCE 2500 to 2000 BCE Pharoah Khufu builds the Great There is evidence from this time and overland caravans Pyramid of Cheops in Egypt. that there was early use of the connect India, Mesopotamia, and wheel in Mesopotamia. Egypt in a trading network.

1900 BCE 1700 BCE 1122 BCE The Indus Valley Civilization Huang He River Valley, the 4th The Zhou (pron. JOH) dynasty begins its decline to eventually be agricultural civilization, begins in takes control of and rules defeated by nomadic chariot China. Farming gradually moved for nearly 900 . warriors from central . south to the River. The land between these became the centre of Chinese civilization.

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8.2.1 Developments in Early Civilizations—Event Cards f

3500 to 1900 BCE 1700 BCE 2500 to 1500 BCE The agricultural civilization of The world’s oldest written story, Indus River Civilization develops develops, and features the Epic of , is recorded a written language; large cities walled cities, irrigation, and on clay tablets in Ancient become centres of trade and (religious temples). Sumeria. The story includes an have sophisticated water and (earliest form of account of a great that plumbing systems; people begin writing) and a number system covered the world. to grow cotton. based on 12 are developed.

2300 BCE 1523 to 1027 BCE 2000 to 1500 BCE Sargon I of Mesopotamia The rules in China. Stonehenge and other rock conquers neighbouring lands and The agricultural civilization has a circles are built in Britain. establishes the world’s first writing system using shells and empire (a collection of societies cattle bones, and develops or city-states with one ruler). elaborate metalwork and containers.

1770 BCE 2600 to 1900 BCE 3300 BCE Hammurabi of Babylon selects the Indus River cities (e.g., ) Hieroglyphic writing first best laws from each of the develop as trading centres of appears, and papyrus is first surrounding city-states and gold, silver, copper, and turquoise; used. develops a written code of 282 astronomy is developed. laws.

2400 BCE 2300 BCE 900 to 600 BCE The 365-day calendar is The of horses Mesopotamia comes under the developed in Egypt, a forerunner begins in China. control of the warlike Assyrian to our modern calendar. empire.

Note: The following undated markers describe general characteristics that emerged during this historical era. They may be placed at the beginning or ending of the chronological sorting, or used as the basis for illustrating various aspects of this era.

During this period... During this period... During this period... Societies become larger, and becomes the main Societies become more warlike, start to become divided into source of wealth in most societies and develop stronger weapons, classes with different social roles until industrialization begins in armies, and walled cities to (e.g., wealthy landowners, priests, . protect their territories and peasant farmers, slaves). wealth.

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