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Chapter 1: the First Civilizations

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Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Israel Each civilization that you will study in this unit made important contributions to history. • The Mesopotamians developed the world’s first law codes. • Egyptians built the pyramids and invented papyrus—the world’s first paper. • Israelite scripture influenced religions in Europe and Asia. 80008000 B..C.. 5000 B..C.2.2000 B..C.. FirstFirst c. 8000 B.C. c. 3200 B.C. c. 1790 B.C. CivilizationsCivilizations Farming begins in Sumerians in Hammurabi intro- southwest Asia Mesopotamia duces code of laws C 1 hapter develop writing Hammurabi stands before a god Ancient c. 5000 B.C. c. 2540 B.C. c. 1500 B.C. Egypt & Kush Hunter-gatherers settle Egyptians complete Queen Nile River valley building of Great Hatshepsut C hapter 2 Pyramid becomes pharaoh Pyramids at Giza, Egypt c. 2540 B.C. AncientAncient c. 1800 B.C. IsraelitesIsraelites Abraham enters Canaan Chapter 3 Abraham leads Israelites to Canaan 114 (t)Reunion des Musees Nationaux/Art Resource, NY, (c)John Heaton/CORBIS, (b)Tom Lovell/National Geographic Society Image Collection ers)SuperStock ° ° ° ° 0 0 1,000 mi. 30 E Caspian Sea 60 E 90 E 0 1,000 km ASIA Mercator projection Black Sea Chapter 1 T i g r i Chapter 3 s Chapter 3 E u R s ph du R r . In . at es R . 30°N N Persian W E . Gulf Chapter 2 R e l S i N Red Sea Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 AFRICA EQUATOR INDIAN (tl)Brooklyn Museum of Art, New York/Charles Edwin Wilbour Fund/Bridgeman Art Library, (bl)Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY, (oth NY, (bl)Erich Lessing/Art Resource, Edwin Wilbour Fund/Bridgeman Art Library, Museum of Art, New York/Charles (tl)Brooklyn OCEAN 10001000 B..C.7.750 B..C.. 500 B..C.. 250 B..C.. A..D.. 11 c. 744 B.C. c. 612 B.C. Assyria expands Chaldeans capture into Babylon Assyrian capital Hanging gardens of Babylon c. 600 B.C. c. 1000 B.C. 728 B.C. Kush breaks Kush free of Egypt conquers Egypt Kushite king Taharqa c. 680 B.C. c. 1000 B.C. 586 B.C. 168 B.C. A.D. 70 King David rules Israel Chaldeans Maccabean revolt Romans capture destroy temple Jerusalem in Jerusalem Solomon’s temple, Ancient Jerusalem built c. 950 B.C. 115 1 Ishtar Gate Mediterranean Sea 5 See First Civilizations 3 Chapter 1 AFRICA 2 Sumerian figures Red See First Civilizations Sea Chapter 1 4 c. 3300 B.C. Iceman found in Ruled c. 1792–1750 B.C. Ruled c. 1503–1482 B.C. the Alps Babylonian king Egyptian pharaoh Chapter 1, page 129 Chapter 1, page 138 Chapter 2, page 182 116 2–3 ©Worldsat International Inc. 2004, All Rights Reserved, (t)S. Fiore/SuperStock, (c)Scala/Art Resource, NY, (bl)Giansanti Gianni/CORBIS Sygma, (bc)Louvre Museum, Paris/Bridgeman Art Library, (br)Metropolitan Museum of Art, Rogers Fund and Edward S. Harkness Gift,1929 (29.3.3) ASIA 3 Egyptian sphinx Caspian Sea See Ancient Egypt and Kush Chapter 2 4 Kushite pyramids 1 2 See Ancient Egypt and Kush Chapter 2 Persian Gulf 5 Western Wall See Ancient Israelites Chapter 3 Ruled 1279–1213 B.C. c. 1100 B.C. Ruled c. 1000–962 B.C. Egyptian ruler Israelite women King of Israel Chapter 2, page 185 Chapter 3, page 219 Chapter 3, page 208 117 (t to b)Sylvain Grandadam/Getty Images, Timothy Kendall/Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Gary Cralle/Getty Images, (l to r)O. Louis Mazzatenta/National Geographic Society Image Collection, SuperStock, Bettmann/CORBIS The First Civilizations Ruins of a ziggurat in Iraq 3000 B.C.2000 B.C. 1000 B.C. c. 3000 B.C. c. 1792 B.C. 612 B.C. Bronze Age Hammurabi Nineveh captured; begins rules Assyrian Empire Mesopotamia crumbles Chapter Overview Visit ca.hss.glencoe.com for a preview of Chapter 1. Early Humans Studying the past helps to understand the present. Scientists who study the past have learned that the earliest humans hunted animals and gathered plants for food. When farming developed, people settled in villages and towns. Mesopotamian Civilization Religion shapes how culture develops, just as culture shapes how religion develops. In early Mesopotamian civilizations, religion and government were closely linked. Kings created strict laws to govern people. New Empires Conflict often brings about great change. New empires arose in Mesopotamia around 900 B.C. These civilizations included the Assyrians and the Chaldeans. They used powerful armies and iron weapons to conquer the region. View the Chapter 1 video in the Glencoe Video Program. Compare and Contrast Make this foldable to help you compare and contrast the ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia. Reading and Writing Step 1 Fold a sheet of paper Step 2 Turn the paper and As you read the chapter, in half from side to side. fold it into thirds. write notes under each appropriate tab of your Fold it so the left foldable. Keep in mind edge lies about that you are trying to 1 2 inch from the compare these right edge. civilizations. Step 4 Label as shown. The First Civilizations Step 3 Unfold and cut the top layer only along Early Mesopo- New Humans tamia Empires both folds. This will make three tabs. 119 Previewing Before you read, take time to preview the chapter. This will give you a head start on what you are about to learn. Follow the steps below to help you quickly read, or skim, Section 1 on page 123. 2–The 1–Read under each main Early Humans the main head tells you the headings main point of Paleolithic people adapted to in large red what you are their environment and invented many tools type. They about to read. to help them survive. show the Reading Connection What do you view as the main topics greatest human achievement—sending people to covered in 3–The Reading the moon, perhaps, or inventing the computer? the section Connection helps Read to learn about the accomplishments of or chapter. you to link what people during the Paleolithic Age. you might already know to what you History is the story of humans . are about to read. Tools of Discovery 4–Under each main head, read the sub- heads in blue type. As you skim, also look Subheads break down pictures, maps, and at each main topic into charts. smaller topics. Read to Write Use each main head, the main ideas, and the subheads in Section 2 of this chapter to create a study outline. New Empires Skim all of the main heads and main ideas in Section 3 starting on page 142. Then, in small groups, discuss the answers to these questions. •Which part of this section do you think will be most interesting to you? •What do you think will be covered in Section 3 that was not covered in Section 2? • Are there any words in the Main Ideas that you do not know how to pronounce? • Choose one of the Reading Connection questions to discuss in your group. Hanging Gardens of Babylon Skim Section 2 on your own. Write one thing in your notebook that you want to learn by reading this chapter. 121 Early Humans Looking Back, Looking Ahead Content Vocabulary Today people live in towns and anthropologist History cities of various sizes. Early humans (AN•thruh•PAH •luh•jihst) Social Science lived by moving from place to place, archaeologist Standards forming settlements, and exploring (AHR•kee•AH•luh•jihst) WH6.1 Students different ways to provide for artifact (AHR•tih•FAKT) describe what is known themselves and their families. through archaeological fossil (FAH•suhl) studies of the early nomad (NOH•MAD) physical and cultural Focusing on the technology (tehk•NAH•luh•jee) development of • Paleolithic people adapted to their humankind from the domesticate (duh•MEHS•tih•KAYT) Paleolithic era to the environment and invented many tools agricultural revolution. to help them survive. specialization (page 123) (SPEH•shuh•luh•ZAY•shuhn) • In the Neolithic Age, people started Academic Vocabulary farming, building communities, task producing goods, and trading. revolution (REH•vuh•LOO•shuhn) (page 127) Reading Strategy Locating Places Determine Cause and Effect Draw Jericho (JEHR•ih•KOH) a diagram like the one below. Use it Çatal Hüyük to explain how early humans adapted (chah•TAHL hoo•YOOK) to their environment. Cause: Effect: Cause: Effect: 8000 B..C.. 6000 B..C.. 4000 B..C.2.2000 B..C.. ¸Catal H¨uy¨uk c. 8000 B.C. c. 6700 B.C. c. 3000 B.C. Jericho Çatal Hüyük Bronze Age founded settled begins Jericho 122 CHAPTER 1 • The First Civilizations WH6.1 Students describe what is known through archaeological studies of the early physical and cultural development of humankind from the Paleolithic era to the agricultural revolution. WH6.1.1 Describe the hunter-gatherer societies, including the development of tools and the use of fire. WH6.1.2 Identify the locations of human communities that populated the major regions of the world and describe how humans adapted to a variety of environments. WH6.2.9 Trace the evolution of language and its written forms. Early Humans Paleolithic people adapted to their environment and invented many tools to help them survive. Reading Connection What do you view as the great- est human achievement—sending people to the moon, perhaps, or inventing the computer? Read to learn about the accomplishments of people during the Paleolithic Age. History is the story of humans in the past. It tells what people did and what hap- pened to them. Historians are people who study and write about the human past.
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