International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, Vol. 6, No. 8, August 2016 City-to-City Cooperation in Environmental Infrastructure Installation Injae Yu, Yoojung Jo, Saehyung Sohn, and Donyun Kim effects are not immediate but gradual, ongoing maintenance Abstract—Nowadays, it is estimated that 70% of cities and management is required which also means the avoidance worldwide are engaged in various forms of city-to-city or neglect of such policies on part of a city also negatively cooperation. Successful cities are able to establish a connection affects the region [6]. City-to-city cooperation is an with the creative environment by different inter-city important factor not only in the development and cooperatives and convergence. The construction of aversive facilities in the city which involves social issues such as the maintenance of such environmental policies, but also in how Nimby has found a solution in the cooperation between a city utilizes its space, how it connects its houses and streets, neighboring cities. In this study, the implications of city-to-city and on a larger scale how a city interacts with its neighbor cooperation for the installation of aversive environmental and the world at large. infrastructure will be drawn out by case analysis of Korea. The City-to-city cooperation leads to a shared purpose and focus of analysis is that the methods of city-to-city cooperation, vision, encourages a joint effort to create value, with the the result of the cooperation and its effect. City-to-city cooperation regarding environmental infrastructure is cooperating cities eventually sharing the created value. expressed in the form of “sharing” facilities. Finally, in order to Successful cities are able to establish a connection with the build a future of sustainable cities, it is wiser to focus on creative environment by different inter-city cooperatives and win-win development instead of focusing on each individual convergence. This is not limited to large cities, but can also city’s growth. Also, building the foundational infrastructure be seen expressed between smaller cities in a variety of ways necessary for city development requires a change in public within a complex relationship, as well as in the cooperation perception. between big cities. Index Terms—City-to-city cooperation, environmental The construction of aversive facilities in the city which facility, nimby phenomenon. involves social issues such as the Nimby (Not in my back yard) phenomenon has found a solution in the cooperation between neighboring cities. Also, in Korea, effective I. INTRODUCTION cooperation on environmental, social and mutual issues with regards to critical infrastructure and necessary but aversive A. Background and Purpose structures has been proven effective. In this study, the Cities have emerged as centers of the society and economic implications of city-to-city cooperation for the installation of systems of the country since the 20th century, with the world aversive environmental infrastructure will be drawn out. now reorganizing itself around the competitiveness of the city [1]. City-to-city cooperation [2] is now a critical issue in TABLE I: SELECTION OF CASES the 21st century, the so-called ‘era of the city’. Today about Case Sharing Facility Sharing Method 70% of all cities have some kind of cooperative relationship Co-construction of with other cities [3]. Now the city has a rich potential for Hwaseong city co-construction and funeral facility cross-linking, but in Asia, where demand and urbanization is comprehensive intercommunity growing [4], concrete cooperation strategies for sustainable funeral facility cities are inadequate. Intercommunity of crematorium facilities exchange The policy needed to address climate change in particular Chuncheon city and manure facilities intercommunity stands out, for not only does one city’s policy affect the Hongcheon city region, they cannot solve the issue on its own nor can one Asan Resource give fault to it in particular as well [5]. Additionally, as its incinerator sharing use Recovery Facility Dongbugwon co-construction and Manuscript received December 31, 2014; revised May 4, 2015. This work Greater Resource incinerator is financially supported by Korea Minister of Ministry of Land, intercommunity Recovery Facility Infrastructure and Transport(MOLIT) as (U-City Manpower Development Program). And this study is funded by Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Intercommunity of Transport of Korean Government which conducts the core based technology Incinerators facilities exchange Guro-gu, Seoul and development project for advancing U-City (Code 13AUDP-B070066-03). sewage treatment plant intercommunity Injae Yu and Yoojung Jo are with the Future City Convergence Gwangmyeong city Engineering Department, Sung Kyun Kwan University, 440-746, 2066, Seobu-Ro, Jangan-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea (e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]). Saehyung Sohn and Donyun Kim are with the Architecture Department, B. Methodology Sung Kyun Kwan University, 440-746, 2066, Seobu-Ro, Jangan-Gu, Suwon, Environmental infrastructure installation in the context of Gyeonggi-Do, Korea (e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]). DOI: 10.7763/IJSSH.2016.V6.722 623 International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, Vol. 6, No. 8, August 2016 inter-city cooperative methods regarding the installation of normal price, local residents had complained of difficulties in facilities seen as aversive has been investigated. These using these facilities. To this, the nearby city of Hwaseong particular facilities in Korea were chosen based on their consulted with neighboring cities and, in May of 2013, public image as aversive facilities and the city-to-city announced that they were ‘receiving applications for cooperation behind their construction. Local facilities such as candidates to build a joint funeral facility’. funeral facility, incinerators, manure facilities, and sewage The 10 cities participating in the co-construction are treatment plants were selected. First, the city-to-city methods Hwaseong, Bucheon, Gwacheon, Gunpo, Siheung, Anyang, used to use the facilities and their implications were drawn Uiwang, Pyeongtaek, Ansan, Gwangmyeong and the like, all out. Second, the result of the city-to-city cooperation and its of which are adjacent to the city seonamgwon. Each effect were investigated (see Table I). municipality sought to address potential aversion to the proposed facility by campaigning with the theme of how a “state-of-the-art crematorium can be furnished with II. STATUS OF KOREA amenities and comfortable like a park”, holding a number of In Korea, complex issues associated with graves and their guest lectures by experts and briefing sessions for local attendant funeral culture has emerged, such as graves inhabitants. encouraging land erosion, the landscaping of the funeral In addition, in August 2010, swimming pools, sports culture, site recognition, legal issues involving the centers and other such facilities were built near the resource environment and other a myriad of social and economic recovery facility in the Hwaseong Bongdam area, causing rights. Accordingly, the need for an environmentally friendly nearby residents to recognize that these aversive facilities crematorium and ossuary setup was spread. And the “Burial could lead to regional development. Eventually the residents and Graveyard, etc. ACT” was revised to the “Act on funeral in the crematorium candidates competitively supported their services. etc.”, making the local government responsible for bid, and after 10 municipalities made their evaluations, the construction of funeral facilities [7]. Due to the costs of maesongmyeon was selected in August 2013 as the final construction and the aversion of local residents about the candidate. burial facilities, however, neighboring cities began to “share” After this joint decision, there was considerable such facilities. expectation regarding economic development and job In addition, as available landfill decreases and creation spurred by visitors to the facility on part of the groundwater contamination increases, the waste incineration residents. The joint funeral facility is scheduled for policies are strengthened, meaning local governments have completion in 2018, with Hwaseong building special an increased need for resource recovery facilities. However, business accounts and operation regulations for this even though building resource recovery facilities in the city installation. reduces the waste transport time, making the waste treatment This particular case can be said to have successfully turned process more efficient, the local aversion to them remains the around the negative residential attitude towards what was biggest obstacle to that solution. Moreover, the poor financial traditionally aversive facilities. The fact that this attitude situation of local government also increase the difficulty of change came about primarily through the residents’ building a new facility. Even though newer incinerators, expectation of economic improvement suggests that the unlike their older counterparts, have a minimal impact on the change in social perception was tied to a corresponding living environment while positively affecting efficiency and economic value. applying environmentally friendly technologies, the B. Chuncheon, Hongcheon Joint-Use Facilities stereotypes based on the older models still persist and exert (Crematorium, Manure Facilities) great influence. Livestock