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WRA Species Report Family: Phyllanthaceae Taxon: Bridelia insulana Synonym: Bridelia insulana var. subnuda Common Name Grey Birch Briedelia penangiana Hook.f. Prickly Bridelia Briedelia minutiflora Hook.f. Bridelia nicobarica Chakrab. & Vasudeva Ra Questionaire : current 20090513 Assessor: Chuck Chimera Designation: EVALUATE Status: Assessor Approved Data Entry Person: Chuck Chimera WRA Score 1 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? y=1, n=-1 103 Does the species have weedy races? y=1, n=-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primarily wet habitat, then (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appendix 2) 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High high) (See Appendix 2) 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y 204 Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates y=1, n=0 y 205 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 n 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 y 402 Allelopathic y=1, n=0 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 Print Date: 3/10/2011 Bridelia insulana (Phyllanthaceae) Page 1 of 7 410 Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) y=1, n=0 y 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n 504 Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) y=1, n=0 n 601 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat y=1, n=0 n 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally y=1, n=-1 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 701 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked y=1, n=-1 n areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 n 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 y 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 n 802 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) y=1, n=-1 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 805 Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) y=-1, n=1 Designation: EVALUATE WRA Score 1 Print Date: 3/10/2011 Bridelia insulana (Phyllanthaceae) Page 2 of 7 Supporting Data: 101 2011. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. No evidence 102 2011. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 103 2011. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 201 2010. CSIRO. Australian Tropical Rainforest "Occurs in CYP and NEQ, widespread. Altitudinal range from near sea level to Plants [online database] - Bridelia insulana. 200 m. Grows in well developed coastal lowland rain forest. Also occurs in SE http://keys.trin.org.au:8080/key- Asia, Malesia and Sri Lanka." server/data/0e0f0504-0103-430d-8004- 060d07080d04/media/Html/taxon/Bridelia_insulan a.htm 202 2010. CSIRO. Australian Tropical Rainforest "Occurs in CYP and NEQ, widespread. Altitudinal range from near sea level to Plants [online database] - Bridelia insulana. 200 m. Grows in well developed coastal lowland rain forest. Also occurs in SE http://keys.trin.org.au:8080/key- Asia, Malesia and Sri Lanka." server/data/0e0f0504-0103-430d-8004- 060d07080d04/media/Html/taxon/Bridelia_insulan a.htm 203 2010. Welzen, P.C. van/Chayamarit, K.. Flora of "Distribution.— From Myanmar to Vietnam (type) throughout Malesia to the Thailand Euphorbiaceae. Nationaal Herbarium Solomons and N.E. Australia...Altitude: from sea level to 1500 m." [native to Nederland, Leiden; Forest Herbarium, National tropical climates, but elevation range exceeds 1000 m, demonstrating some Park, Wildlife & Plant Conservation Dept., environmental versatility] Bangkok www.nationaalherbarium.nl/thaieuph 204 2010. CSIRO. Australian Tropical Rainforest "Occurs in CYP and NEQ, widespread. Altitudinal range from near sea level to Plants [online database] - Bridelia insulana. 200 m. Grows in well developed coastal lowland rain forest. Also occurs in SE http://keys.trin.org.au:8080/key- Asia, Malesia and Sri Lanka." server/data/0e0f0504-0103-430d-8004- 060d07080d04/media/Html/taxon/Bridelia_insulan a.htm 205 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. No evidence CAB International, Wallingford, UK 205 2010. Welzen, P.C. van/Chayamarit, K.. Flora of No evidence Thailand Euphorbiaceae. Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden; Forest Herbarium, National Park, Wildlife & Plant Conservation Dept., Bangkok www.nationaalherbarium.nl/thaieuph 205 2011. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. No evidence of a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range 301 1992. Herbst, D.R./Staples, G.W./Medbury, S.. "Locality: USA, Polynesia, Hawaiian Islands, Oahu,& Kaneohe: Ho'omaluhia Specimen Details for Bridelia insulana Hance Botanical Garden, Malaysian section. Unaccessioned seedlings growing beneath [BISH 627911]. Bishop Museum, 1 of 4 trees with HBG acc. no. 76.0302. Seedlings of Herbst et al. 9605, listed as http://nsdb.bishopmuseum.org/include/cpop.asp? Cratoxylon sp., but surely a Flacourtiaceae. Hundreds of seedlings present" [no catnum=21787025 records of naturalization, but seedling establishing in botanical garden in urban Honolulu suggest tree could naturalize in more wild settings] 301 2007. Randall, R.P.. Global Compendium of No evidence Weeds - Index [Online Database]. http://www.hear.org/gcw/ 302 2002. Richards, S.J./Suryadi, S. (eds.). A "In disturbed or gap areas, common species include Macaranga mappa, Biodiversity Assessment of Yongsu - Cyclops Macaranga sp., Bridelia insulana, Cananga odorata, Endospermum moluccanum, Mountains and the Southern Mamberamo Basin, Leucosyke capitelata, Glochidion sp., and Campnosperma auriculata." Papua, Indonesia. RAP Bulletin of Biological [description as a colonizer of disturbed and gap areas is from native range. Assessment 25. Conservation International, Suggests potential to exploit these areas in introduced range.] Washington, DC 302 2007. Randall, R.P.. Global Compendium of No evidence Weeds - Index [Online Database]. http://www.hear.org/gcw/ Print Date: 3/10/2011 Bridelia insulana (Phyllanthaceae) Page 3 of 7 302 2009. Oauh Invasive Species Committee. OISC "Honolulu Botanical Gardens, Naomi Hoffman. At Ho‘omaluhia we are controlling General Meeting - December 8, 2009, Meeting albizia, macaranga, fiddlewood, Schefflera, we are trying to control a lot of things. Notes. A new species we are dealing with is Bridelia, Alex and Danielle identified it. It is http://www.hawaiiinvasivespecies.org/iscs/oisc/pd a big horrible tree. A farmer next to Ho‘omaluhia called Becky Azama at DOA fs/20091208oiscmeetingnotes.pdf about it. The whole tree has thorns, all the way up. We only have four gardeners and they can barely keep up with the mowing. We have not heard back from Becky. The farmer has mature trees; on our property it is only keikis. If anyone has any ideas how we can control it, let us know. The keikis are maturing. We don’t have it as an accession, it could have been an unaccessioned plant. A lot of things were planted at Ho‘omaluhia that were not identified. I cannot find it in our database. It seemed like there was a gap in communication, the farmer did not want to talk directly to us." 303 2007. Randall, R.P.. Global Compendium of No evidence Weeds - Index [Online Database]. http://www.hear.org/gcw/ 304 2007. Randall, R.P.. Global Compendium of No evidence Weeds - Index [Online Database]. http://www.hear.org/gcw/ 305 2006. Tassin, J./Riviere, J.-N./Cazanove, "Bridelia micrantha...known as a coloniser in Reunion Island" [but with no M./Bruzzese, E.. Ranking of invasive woody plant description of impacts] species for management on Reunion Island. Weed Research. 46: 388–403. 305 2007. Randall, R.P.. Global Compendium of No other Bridelia species listed as invasive or as weeds Weeds - Index [Online Database]. http://www.hear.org/gcw/ 401 2004. Hong Kong Flora and Vegetation. Bridelia "Habit: Trees up to 17 m tall, 30 cm in d. b. h.; bark fulvous, nearly smooth; insulana. branchlets glabrous, with elevated lenticels" [common name "Prickly Bridelia"] http://www.hkflora.com/v2/leaf/euphor_show_plan t.php?plantid=1021 401 2009. Oauh Invasive Species Committee. OISC "The whole tree has thorns, all the way up." General Meeting - December 8, 2009, Meeting Notes.
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