Forest Tree Improvement Research in the South and Southeast

Home , Pinus taeda

This summary of forest tree improvement and forest genetics research projects in the southern pine region informs research workers and other interested people about work under way and where it is being done. The survey also strengthens and coordinates such research. The U. S. Forest Service is glad to foster the work of the Committee on Southern Forest Tree Improvement by publishing this report.

T. F. McLINTOCK, DIRECTOR Southeastern Forest Experiment Station The Committee on Southern Forest Tree improvement has directed its Subcommittee on Tree Selection and Breeding to summarize the projects by agencies doing forest tree improvement research in the South and Southeast. This area corresponds roughly to what is known as the southern pine region. The project summaries and the consolidated report were to be patterned after those issued from the Lake States and from the Western states including British Columbia, Canada.

The Southern and Southeastern report describes 305 research projects being conducted by 36 research agencies at various locations. The survey gives reasonably good coverage of present forest tree improvement research in the area. The report is presented for the consideration of those conducting or supporting forest tree improvement and forest genetics research, and for others interested in the broad forestry research program that is developing in the South and Southeast. Any survey of research in an active field of work is somewhat out of date by the time it is printed. However, studies that are costly and run for many years do not change quickly, and it is these that should not be duplicated. It is hoped that the survey of current work will help researchers to avoid such duplication. Often there is no sharp distinction between tree improvement or forest genetics studies and certain other fields of forestry. The only logical basis for classifying many studies is their basic purpose. For example, seed orchard culture is an important general subject of interest to many people. Yet individual studies are appropriately classified under basic subjects such as variation and inheritance of flower production, flower induction, nutritional studies, tree spacing studies, vegetative propagation, pollen flight, tree crown shaping, cone or seed insect control, cone or seed disease control, and others relating to growing trees or managing areas of trees for seed production. Classification of studies by the basic subject or subjects covered has made extensive cross referencing unnecessary. Each statement shows the scientific names of the tree species, or the group, such as hardwood or softwood. Occasionally the word “General” is used instead of the species name to indicate broad projects applying to many genera. Work under the Regional Project, “Forest Tree Genetics, S-23,” of the State Agricultural Experiment Stations is indicated for some studies under the college or university of the State involved. The following State experiment stations cooperate at present in this project: Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Tennessee, Texas, Georgia, Florida, North and South Carolina. No attempt has been made to report all seed orchards and seed production areas established by all agencies. This activity was the object of a special survey by the U. S. Forest Service, and acreage figures were published in Tree Planters’ Notes No. 74, December 1965. However, some agencies have included seed orchards in their survey reports because of the research aspects, or for other reasons. This report supersedes one published in 1952, “Directory of forest genetic activities in the South,” Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, Station Paper No. 17. The Subcommittee on Tree Selection and Breeding gratefully acknow- ledges the assistance of research agencies and workers who generously gave their time in preparing the project statements, the men who assembled the report by States, and the Forest Genetics Research Foundation, which stimu- lated this work and set a pattern for the report.

KEITH W. DORMAN, CHAIRMAN Subcommittee on Tree Selection and Breeding

ii AGENCIES CONDUCTING RESEARCH

Code Number of Number Name Projects Reported 1 Auburn University 8 2 Buckeye Cellulose Corporation 1 3 Clemson University 8 4 Continental Can Company 10 5 Florida Forest Service 3 6 Florida Forests Foundation 3 7 Ida Cason Callaway Foundation 2 8 International Paper Company 4 9 Louisiana State University 2 10 North Carolina State University 11 11 Tennessee Valley Authority 4 12 Texas Forest Service 10 13 Union Bag-Camp Paper Corporation 8 14 United States Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory 1 15 United States Forest Service, Region 8 1

United States Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station 88

16 Asheville, North Carolina 11 17 Athens, Georgia 8 18 Blacksburg, Virginia 5 19 Charleston, South Carolina 10 20 Cordele, Georgia 3 21 Fort Myers, Florida 2 22 Franklin, Virginia 1 23 Macon, Georgia 14 24 Marianna, Florida 6 25 Olustee, Florida 28

United States Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station 98

26 Alexandria, Louisiana 7 27 Crossett, Arkansas 17 28 Gulfport, Mississippi 53 29 Harrison, Arkansas 4 30 Stoneville, Mississippi 17

31 University of Florida 6 32 University of Georgia 11 33 University of Tennessee 14 34 University of Virginia 1 35 Virginia Division of Forestry 1 36 West Virginia Pulp and Paper Corporation 10 Total 305 CONTENTS

Page 1.. Agencies conducting research . . . . 111

The pattern of the project descriptions . . 1

Research projects . . . 1

A tabular summary . . 77

A general summary . . . 83

Subject-matter classification . . . 84

Index to genera ...... 85

Index to research workers . 88

Index to cooperators . . . . . 89

iv Forest Tree Improvement Research in the South and Southeast

A Survey by the Committee on Southern Forest Tree Improvement

Keith W. Dorman, Principal Silvieulturist Southeastern Forest Experiment Station Forest Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture

THE PATTERN OF THE PROJECT DESCRIPTIONS In the following pages, each person in charge and the second the project under that agency. of the work describes his current forest tree Following the title are classification numbers improvement research project in the South and showing the subject-matter category of the Southeast in a brief statement consisting of project. These categories are listed on page 84 the title, description of the objectives and meth- in accordance with a classification systems ods, a list of cooperators (if any), and the prepared by Dr. Scott S. Pauley. names of those responsible for the study. To insure that pertinent material is seen, the Each statement is preceded by a hyphenated reader should study the subject-matter classi- reference number for identification of the pro- fication outline before attempting to review ject in cross references and the indexes; the various topics. first number identifies the research agency,

RESEARCH PROJECTS 1. AUBURN UNIVERSITY, DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY Auburn, Alabama l-l. VARIATION IN Cupressus. 111.0, 111.1, OBJECT: Evaluate promising exotics as re- 111.3. Cupressus arizonica, Cupressus placements for currently grown species and SPP* establish these exotics as a source of breeding material. OBJECT : ( 1) Investigate phenotypic variation in species of Cupressus native to the METHODS : Introduce trees not native to United States, and (2) determine genetic vari- the area. Establish in plots and evaluate in ation in Cupressus arizonica. terms of growth, form, wood quality, insect and disease resistance, and tolerance to cli- METHODS : Collect seed from and study mate. all species in their native habitats. Seed is kept separate by mother tree to establish one open- ASSIGNMENT : James F. Goggans, Asso- pollinated progeny test planting of approxi- ciate Professor. mately 10 acres. Provenance test plantings of all species will be established in different re- l-3. VARIABILITY WITHIN FOREST TREE SPE- gions of Alabama. CIES. 111.1, 111.2, 111.3, 211.1, 211.2, 211.3. Pinus taeda, P. virginiana, Li- ASSIGNMENT : James F. Goggans, Asso- quidambar styraciflua, and others to be ciate Professor. selected. l-2. TRIALS OF EXOTIC SPECIES. 111.0, 211.0. OBJECT : ( 1) Determine phenotypic va- Softwood and hardwoods. riation in selected characteristics within and

1 among races of major forest tree species in ASSIGNMENT : James F. Goggans, Asso Alabama and surrounding areas, and ( 2) de- ciate Professor. termine variation within and among progenies of races and selected individuals from Alabama l-5. HYBRIDIZATION. 112.01, 112.02. Pinu. and surrounding areas. SPP. METHODS : Select sample trees within OBJECT : Develop hybrid forest trees fol stands, sites, and physiographic regions. Meas- problem sites such as the dry, shallow-soilec ure growth, form, and wood characteristics. sites found in the southern Appalachians. Analyze to estimate phenotypic variation within stands, between stands, and between regions. METHOD : Cross within and between spe Collect seed from sample trees, selected as a- ties parent trees selected for improved wooc bove, and plant seedlings in designed plantings quality, insect and disease resistance, and abil, on varying sites. As part of these studies a ity to grow on the problem site involved. Pinus taeda provenance study was established ASSIGNMENT : James F. Goggans, Asso, 5 years ago. It involves eight seed sources in ciate Professor. Alabama with plantings near each source. Phe- notypic variation in growth and wood characteristics of Liquidambar styraciflua is also be- 1-6. D EVELOPMENT OF IMPROVED CYPRES: ing investigated. Eighty-five 5-tree plots have CI~RISTMAS TREES. 122.1. Cupressus ari, been established throughout Alabama. Wood zonica. characteristics being studied are percent heart- OBJECT : Develop an improved synthetic wood, specific gravity, and fiber length. variety of Cupressus arizonica for use as : ASSIGNMENT : James F. Goggans, Asso- Christmas tree. ciate Professor. METHODS : Collect seed from native habi tats in the southwestern U. S. and grow tree: 1-4. WOOD CELL ANATOMY. 111.3, 151.321, in various regions of Alabama. Select outstand, 151.322, 211.3, 251.321, 251.322, 251.324. ing trees from these plantings and transfer by Pinus taeda, Liquidambar styraciflua. vegetative propagation to seed orchards. Re, OBJECT : ( 1) Determine a practical, ac- current selection procedures will be used ir curate method of measuring cell diameters developing the improved variety. and wall thicknesses; (2) determine the with- ASSIGNMENT : James F. Goggans, Asso. in-tree variation in cell diameter, wall thick- ciate Professor. ness and length, and devise a method of sampling these characteristics; and (3) determine the degree of correlation between cell dimen- l-7. D EVELOPMENTOFIMPROVEDTREES. 122.1 sions, specific gravity, percentage of summer- Pinus taeda, P. palustris, P. elliottii, P wood, and rate of growth. virginiana, P. echinata. METHODS : Compare precision of cell di- OBJECT : Develop improved synthetic va, ameter and wall thickness measurements made rieties of forest trees. on macerated and solid wood samples under METHODS : Use selection procedures corn, various combinations of transmitted and re- bined with seed orchards to develop synthetic flected normal and polarized light and fluores- varieties. cence. Measure total variation with annual ring. Try sampling schemes to estimate means COOPERATOR : Alabama Department o: and variation. Use best scheme to measure Conservation, Division of Forestry. variation along several radii at breast height. ASSIGNMENT: James F. Goggans, Asso, Extend sampling scheme to devise method for ciate Professor. sampling cell dimensions in bole. Measure specific gravity, percentage summerwood, and rate of growth. Use correlation techniques to in- l-8. ROOTING STUDIES. 151.02, 251.02. Cup vestigate relations between these characteris- ressus arizonica, Pinus virginiana, Li tics and cell dimensions. quidambar styracijlua. OBJECT: Develop and try techniques of ment with 500 ppm IBA or NAA solution rooting forest tree species in order to make the Other root inducing substances will be tried production of large quantities of asexually re- also. Methods developed by the Horticulture produced trees easier. Department of the Alabama Agricultural Ex- periment Station will be tried on all three listed METHODS : Try Arizona cypress rooting species. These methods involve treatment with techniques developed by the Horticulture De- material extracted from germinating chestnut partment of the Arkansas Agricultural Experi- seeds or placing the cutting directly in a germ- ment Station. Try these techniques on Virginia inating chestnut seed. pine also. The above developed techniques involve initial treatment with-20 ppm IBA solu- ASSIGNMENT : James F. Goggans, Asso- tion, and after 45 days, rewounding and treat- ciate Professor.

2. BUCKEYE CELLULOSE CORPORATION Perry, Florida

2-1. SLASH PINE RACIAL VARIATION. 111.1. spacing. Crown shape was selection basis for Pinus elliottii. source trees. Anatomical features of needles, i.e., resin ducts, marginal teeth, number and OBJECT : To investigate the existence of size of stomates, etc., to be used for initial sep- a Gulf coastal race of slash pine. aration of ecotypes. Crosses of source trees in METHODS : Reciprocal plantings w e r e both directions are planned. Coastal outplant- made on coastal and inland sites during 1959- ing : Sec. 22 of T9S, R9E, Taylor County, Flor- 60 planting season. Open-pollinated seedlings ida. Inland outplanting: Sec. 9 of T5S, R7E, grown from typical inland and coastal forms Taylor County, Florida. were planted in completely randomized experi- ASSIGNMENT : Walter L. Beers, Jr., Re- mental designs-single-tree plots, lo- x lo-foot search Forester.

3. CLEMSON UNIVERSITY, DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY Clemson, South Carolina

3-l. SEED SOURCE STUDY IN EASTERN REDCE- METHODS : Cones have been collected DAR. 111.1. Juniperus virginiana. from 5 trees in each of the 34 counties in South Carolina where the species occur. These will OBJECT : To locate and propagate strains be grown in a South Carolina nursery and out- of eastern redcedar suitable for Christmas trees planted on a coastal plain and a sandhills site. in South Carolina. METHODS : Two hundred seedlings are be- COOPERATORS : South Carolina Commis- ing obtained from each of 24 states, mostly sion of Forestry; Atomic Energy Commission, from state nurseries. These will be grown in Savannah River Project. a South Carolina state nursery for one year to ASSIGNMENT : R. E. Schoenike, Associate minimize original nursery effects, and then Professor. will be outplanted on the Clemson Forest. COOPERATOR : South Carolina Commis- 3-3. VARIATION IN VIRGINIA PINE. 111.3. Pi- sion of Forestry. nus virginiana. ASSIGNMENT : R. E. Schoenike, Associate OBJECT: To ascertain the variation among Professor. the progeny of individual trees growing in South Carolina. 3-2. VARIATION IN LONGLEAF PINE. 111.1, METHODS: Seed has been collected from 111.2, 111.3. Pinus palustris. 65 trees located in 10 counties of the upper OBJECT : To study variation in longleaf in Piedmont, S. C. Seedlings were outplanted in South Carolina. January 1965 on the Clemson Forest. A lo-

3 tree randomized row plot was used. Number OBJECT: To determine the effect of self of replications varied from 3 to 10 depending ing. on the supply of seedlings. METHODS : Twenty-five trees on the Clem COOPERATOR : South Carolina Commis- son Forest were selfed in 1963. A repeat wa: sion of Forestry. made in 1964. Observations will be made or ASSIGNMENT : R. E. Schoenike, Associate nursery bed seedlings and on outplantings. Professor. ASSIGNMENT : R. E. Schoenike, Associate Professor. 3-4. SUPERIOR TREE SELECTION IN LOBLOLLY PINE. 111.3, 112.02. PiTtUS tUf?da. 3-7. X-RAY EXAMINATION OF SEED EMBRYOS OBJECT: To locate superior trees and use 151.3, 251.3. Pinus palustris, P. elk these in breeding studies. ottii, P. taeda, P. echinata, Juniperu: virginiana, Fraxinus spp., Liquidamba? METHODS : Approximately 2,300 acres of styraciflua, Nyssa sylvatica, and Lirio. 25- to 30-year-old plantations of loblolly pine dendron tulipifera. on the Clemson Forest are being systematically searched for superior trees. Selected trees will OBJECT : ( 1) Attempt to obtain clear X- be evaluated by standard methods. The trees ray pictures of seed embryos within the intacl will later be used in developing an experimen- seed, and (2) attempt to correlate embryo con- tal seed orchard for carrying on breeding stu- ditions determined from such pictures with dies. seed viability as determined from actual germination tests or other tests. COOPERATOR : Management staff of the Clemson Forest. METHODS : Seed samples are photo- ASSIGNMENT : R. E. Schoenike, Associ- graphed with a low-voltage industrial X-ray ate Professor. machine using Type M film. The same seed are then tested by other methods to determine whether X-ray examination can replace or sup- 3-5. S EED PRODUCTION AREA IN LOBLOLLY plement conventional testing methods. PINE. 122.0. Pinus taeda. COOPERATOR: U. S. Atomic Energy Com- OBJECT : To develop an area for tempo- mission, Savannah River Operations. rary seed production, demonstration, and edu- cational purposes. ASSIGNMENT: W. H. Davis McGregor, As- sociate Professor. METHODS : A lo-acre, 30-year-old planted stand has been rogued of undesirable trees and thinned to leave the best 40 trees per acre. A 3-8. VARIATION IN Quercus SPP. 211.1, 211.3. second cut next year will reduce the stand to Quercus falcata. 25 trees per acre. The central 2 acres will be OBJECT : To study individual tree and the seed production proper. First seed collec- racial variation in selected species of Quercus, tions will be made in fall 1966. These will beginning with Quercus falcata. partially meet the needs of management objectives of the Clemson Forest until improved seed METHODS : Acorns will be collected from from seed orchards become available. 5 trees in each of about 40 localities throughout the range of southern red oak. Material will COOPERATOR : Management staff, De- be grown in a South Carolina nursery and out- partment of Forestry, Clemson University. planted in the Piedmont and coastal plain areas of the state. ASSIGNMENT : R. E. Schoenike, Associate Professor; A. T. Shearin, Assistant Forester. COOPERATOR : S-23 Project members; South Carolina Commission of Forestry.

3-6. INBREEDING IN VIRGINIA PINE. 112.03, ASSIGNMENT : R. E. Schoenike, Associate 141. Pinus virginiana. Professor.

4 4. CONTINENTAL CAN COMPANY, INC. Savannah, Georgia

4-l. TRIALS OF SOME MEXICAN PINE SPECIES. 1Omm. breast height cores; and the other 16 111.0. Pinus. trees sampled with a single 10mm. breast height core. Wood properties determined are moisture OBJECT : To compare the performance of content, specific gravity, tracheid length, per- some of the Mexican pine species with slash cent compression wood, percent extractives, and loblolly pine. chemical heartwood and cellulose content (plot METHODS : Species under test include Pi- average) ; separate determination, all proper- nus montezumae, P. rudis, P. Hartweggii, P. ties, for corewood and outerwood. oocarpa, P. michoacana, P. Lawsoni, P. tenui- ASSIGNMENT : D. E. Cole, Research For- folia, P. Douglasiana, P. teocote, P. patula, P. ester. durangensis, P. pseudostrobus, P. Zeiophylla, P. Herrerai, P. arizonica, P. chihuahuana, and 4-3. WOOD PROPERTIES OF OPEN-POLLINATED slash and loblolly pine. Test plantings have PROGENIES OF SLASH AND LOBLOLLY SE- been established in Florida, Georgia, and Vir- LECT TREES. 111.0, 111.1, 111.3, 112.02, ginia; 15-tree plots, 4-6 replications. Additional 141, 151.32. Pinus elliottii, P. taeda. plantings are planned (initial survival was poor). This seed was collected in 1963 by the OBJECT : ( 1) To establish the correlation Cooperative Industry-North Carolina State between the wood properties of various slash College Group; wood samples, botanical speci- and loblolly select trees and their open-pollina- mens, and mensurational data were collected ted progenies; (2) to get an estimate of the at the same time. heritability of these properties; (3) to see if any effect of geographic origin is detectable on COOPERATORS : Kimberly-Clark Corp.; wood properties; and (4) to establish a base Bowaters Inc.; Union Bag-Camp Corp.; Cham- for correlation between juvenile and mature pion Paper Co.; West Virginia Pulp & Paper characteristics of wood. Co.; and North Carolina State University. METHODS : Bark-to-bark 10mm. cores ASSIGNMENT : D. E. Cole, Research For- were pulled from 6-year-old trees in open-pol- ester linated slash and loblolly progeny tests; 10 trees per plot, 4 replications; 13 slash clones, 4-2. WOOD PROPERTIES OF SLASH, LOBLOLLY, 3 loblolly clones, and about 12 check lots. Liv- AND LONGLEAF PINE IN NORTHEAST FLOR- ing parent trees will be resampled for wood IDA, EASTERN GEORGIA, AND SOUTHEAST- properties and regraded for bole and crown ERN SOUTH CAROLINA. 111.0, 111.1, characteristics. Progenies will be evaluated 111.3, 151.32. Pinus elliottii, P. taeda, for bole and crown characteristics. Wood prop- P. palustris. erties to be determined are moisture content, OBJECT : (1) To determine the wood specific gravity, extractive content, tracheid properties of these species as they vary with length, summerwood cell wall thickness, per- site, age, geographic area, species, between na- cent compression wood, and cellulose content. tural stands and plantations, etc., and (2) to COOPERATOR: University of Florida locate trees with outstanding wood properties for future use. ASSIGNMENT : D. E. Cole, Research For- ester METHODS : Twenty-tree plots of domin- ants and codominants only; 50 slash plots, 30 4-4. A COMPARISON OF THE WOOD PROPERTIES plots each of loblolly and longleaf are planned. OF SLASH,LOBLOLLY,AND LONGLEAF PINE Four site classes, four age classes, three geo- IN A MIXED NATURAL STAND. 111.0, graphic areas, and two plots in each condition 151.32. Pinus elliottii, P. taeda, and P. class are used. Two trees per plot (random palustris. selections) are felled, weighed bolt by bolt, and each bolt sampled with 10mm. cores and wed- OBJECT : ( 1) To compare the wood prop- ges; 2 trees per plot are sampled with two erties of these species where age, site, and spac-

5 ing are uniform; (2) to determine which spe- loblolly blocks; each block is replicated foul cies produces the most wood under these con- times. There are slash plantings at five loca. ditions; and (3) to see if there is any correlations; loblolly plantings are duplicated at foul tion between species, wood properties, and bole of these locations and there are loblolly plant and crown characteristics. ings at three other locations. Slash planting: are located in Jasper County, South Carolina METHODS : Fifty sample trees, dominant Appling County, Georgia; Long County, Gear. or codominant, were selected for each species gia; Baker County, Florida; and Bullock in a 15-acre old field stand, Bulloch County, Georgia. Bark-to-bark 10mm. cores were County, Georgia. Loblolly plantings are dupli. pulled at b.h. from each tree; height, diameter, cated in each of the first four slash plantings and also in Bleckley County, Georgia; Han and bole and crown were measured. Wood properties determined were moisture content, cock County, Georgia; and Saluda County specific gravity, percent extractives, percent South Carolina. Most of the slash planting5 are on flatwoods or upper coastal plain soils compression wood, percent corewood, tracheid the loblolly plantings range from the flatwoods length, and cellulose content; separate deter- to the Piedmont. minations, all properties, for corewood and outerwood. Then 5 trees with high specific This study, established in 1958-59, has beer gravity and 5 trees with low specific gravity expanded to cover the Hodge, Louisiana, and were selected for each species; these trees were Hopewell, Virginia, Districts. felled, weighed bolt by bolt and each bolt sampled with 10mm. cores and wedges. Final- The plantings in the Hodge District include ly, pulp and paper tests were run on one high six Louisiana, Arkansas, and East Texas lob- and one low specific gravity tree of each spe- lolly seed sources, slash from Southeast Louisi- cies. ana, the loblolly testers from the Hopewell and Savannah District tests, and the slash tester COOPERATOR : North Carolina State Uni- from the Savannah District test. There will versity. be plantings at five different locations on company lands. ASSIGNMENT : D. E. Cole, Research For- ester The plantings in the Hopewell District include six Virginia and North Carolina loblolly 4-5. LOCAL SEED SOURCE TESTS OF LOBLOLLY pine seed sources, one Virginia source of Vir- AND SLASHPINE FORTHE SAVANNAH, Au- ginia pine, the loblolly pine testers from the GUSTA, HODGE, LOUISIANA, AND HOPE- Hodge and Savannah Districts, and the slash WELL, VIRGINIA, WOODLANDS DISTRICTS. pine tester from the Savannah District. 111.1 Pinus taeda, P. elliottii, P. vir- There will be plantings at six locations in giniana, P. palustris. Maryland, North Carolina, and Virginia. OBJECT : ( 1) To establish test plantings A series of supplemental plantings are being of slash and loblolly pine in the various major established in the Savannah and Augusta Dis- areas where the company collects seed, so as tricts. This will include two Georgia source!: to compare the performance of seedlings from of longleaf pine, slash pine from southeast Lou- these areas in the areas where they originate isiana and Georgetown, South Carolina, a Geor- and in other areas where that species might gia coastal plain loblolly pine seed source, the be planted; ( 2) to get a comparison of the loblolly pine testers from the Hodge and Hope- performance of slash and loblolly by including well Districts, and the slash and loblolly pine one plot of loblolly in each of the slash blocks testers from the Savannah and Augusta Dis- and vice versa; and ( 3 ) to design the plantings tricts. so that valid comparisons can be made with Twenty-five tree plots and four replications later plantings representing our various seed are to be used in the Hodge and Hopewell Dis- production areas and seed orchards. tricts. Forty-nine tree plots are being used METHODS : The design is as follows: Plots for the supplemental plantings in the SavannaE of 49 seedlings, spacing 7 x 9 feet; eight seed and Augusta Districts but only the 25 trees ir sources are represented in both the slash and the middle of the plots will be measured. Spat.

6 ing is 9 x 9 in all cases; planting sites have METHOD : This hybrid is represented in been chosen to sample a range of soil types. the open-pollinated progeny test of slash select These plantings were established in winter of trees referred to in project 3; its seedlings ap- 1962-63. pear to be significantly higher than the average at the end of the first year in the field. First ASSIGNMENT : D. E. Cole, Research For- pollinations using pollen from this tree were ester. made in the spring of 1962.

4-6. TESTING VARIATION AMONG INDIVIDUALS. ASSIGNMENT : D. E. Cole, Research For- 111.3. Pinus elliottii, P. taeda. ester.

OBJECT : To locate individual trees with 4-9. ESTABLISHMENT OF CERTIFIED SEED PRO- a high degree of resistance to Cronartium fusi- DUCTION AREAS. 122.0, 122.2. Pinus forme for use in a program to develop strains taeda, P. elliottii. resistant to Cronarhum fusiforme. OBJECT: To develop sources of seed of the METHOD : Open-pollinated progenies from best possible quality until our seed orchards trees being used in our slash and loblolly seed come into quantity production. orchards and from sample trees on seed production areas are grown in plots and force- METHODS : Establish slash and loblolly inoculated with Cronartium fusiforme. The seed production areas according to the stand- following winter the infection rate is checked. ards of the Georgia Crop Improvement Asso- Any which show appreciable resistance will be ciation. To date we have two certified loblolly control-pollinated to determine if they pass on production areas, one in Jeff Davis County, to their progeny any of their apparent resis- Georgia, and one in Hancock County, Georgia, tance. Results to date are negative. with a total of 17 acres. We also have three certified slash seed production areas which ASSIGNMENT : D. E. Cole, Research For- total 42 acres; one in Long County, and two in ester Emanuel County, Georgia.

4-7. TESTING VARIATION AMONG INDIVIDUALS. These areas are being fertilized and observa- 111.3. Pinus taeda, P. elliottii. tions will be made on the effect of fertilization of seed production. Progeny tests will be estab- OBJECT: To establish open-pollinated pro- lished as seed becomes available. The first geny tests of various trees represented in slash harvest on the oldest certified areas was in and loblolly seed orchards which have been the fall of 1960. established in cooperation with the University Progeny tests were established during the of Florida and North Carolina State College. 1962-63 winter in Bryan County, Georgia; METHOD : Test design and production of Emanuel County, Georgia; Twiggs County, progeny test material will be done according Georgia; Nassau County, Florida; and Jasper to plans developed by cooperative forest tree County, South Carolina, with 25 tree plots and improvement projects. 6 replications. Seed lots include slash and lob- COOPERATORS : University of Florida; 1011~ certified seed production area seed, slash North Carolina State University. and loblolly uncertified seed production area seed, seed collected from the isolation zone of ASSIGNMENT : D. E. Cole, Research For- certified seed production areas and from the ester. adjacent unrogued stand, and the tester seed lots from our local seed source test. 4-8. C ROSSES OF NATURAL SLASH- LOBLOLLY In addition, seed production areas have been HYBRID AND INDIVIDUAL SLASH AND LOB- established on Company lands in Virginia and LOLLY SELECT TREES. 111.3, 112.02. Pi- Louisiana using the Georgia Crop Improvement nus spp. Association Standards (these areas are not OBJECT: To assay the genetic makeup of certified, however). an apparent slash-loblolly hybrid by using pol- Harvests were made in all Districts in 1961 len from it on both slash and loblolly select and in the Hodge and Savannah-Augusta Dis- trees. tricts in 1962. A new certified area has been established in the properties of pulp and paper. Effingham County, Georgia; the one in Long METHODS : Twenty-five dominant or co County, Georgia, has been increased in size. dominant sample trees were selected for eacl species in an even-aged natural stand, Han ASSIGNMENT : D. E. Cole, Research For- ester. cock County, Georgia. Bark-to-bark 10mm cores were taken at b.h. from each tree ant they were measured for bole, crown, ant 4-10. A COMPARISONOFTHEWOODPROPERTIES growth characteristics. Seed and cuttings have OF SWEETGUM, SYCAMORE, AND WHITE been taken from the sycamore sample trees ASH IN A MIXED NATURAL STAND. 211.0, 211.3, 212.02, 251.32. Liquidambar an attempt will be made to collect seed fron styraciflua, Platanus occidentalis, the ash and sweetgum next fall ( 1965 ). Tht Fraxinus americana. sycamore cuttings are in the greenhouse ant part of the seed will be sowed this spring OBJECT : ( 1) To compare the wood prop- Wood properties to be determined are moisture erties of these species under conditions where content, specific gravity, fiber length, percenl age, site, and spacing are uniform; (2) to de- vessels by volume, cellulose content, perceni termine relationship between wood properties corewood volume. Separate determination: and bole form, crown characteristics, growth will be made for all properties in the corewood rate, etc.; (3) to establish relationship be- and outerwood. tween the wood properties of selected sample trees, ramets established vegetatively from COOPERATOR : North Carolina State Uni. them, and their open-pollinated progenies; and versity. (4) to establish the relationship between wood ASSIGNMENT : D. E. Cole, Research For properties, bole and crown characteristics, and ester.

5. FLORIDA FOREST SERVICE Tallahassee, Florida

5-l. S LASH PINE SEED PRODUCTION AREAS. OBJECT : To improve the genetic quality 122.0. Pinus elliottii. of seedlings produced in State nurseries by collecting seed from selected clones of slash- OBJECT : To collect as much seed as pos- pine. sible from phenotypically selected stands for the production of better seedlings in the State METHODS : Work on this project was be. nurseries. gun in 1958 with the initial selection of over 400 phenotypically superior trees. These selec. METHODS : A total of 600 acres of slash tions will be screened more closely and the pine stands have been rogued of the poorer final selections propagated by grafting. The phenotypes and thinned to permit fuller crown ultimate goal is a total of 900 acres of seed development. One seed production area of 225 orchards. Individual orchards will be located acres is located in the rolling uplands of west on the Blackwater River State Forest and the Florida on the Blackwater River State Forest. Withlachoochee State Forest. A second area containing 375 acres of former Of this acreage approximately 37 acres wil plantations on a flatwoods site is located in be Pinus palustris, approximately 50 acres wil Camp Blanding Military Reservation near be Pinus clausa, 50 acres high gum yield Pinw Starke, Florida. elliottii, and approximately 15 acres of Pinuz elliottii var. densa. ASSIGNMENT : R. A. Jordan, Reforesta- tion Supervisor. COOPERATORS : University of Florida. ASSIGNMENT : R. A. Jordan, Reforesta- 5-2. SEED ORCHARDS FOR PINE SEED PRODUC- tion Supervisor; H. R. Kok, Tree Improvemenl TION. 122.1. Pinus elliottii, P. e%ottii Supervisor; M. H. Zoerb, Jr., Tree Improve- var. densa, P. palustris, and P. clausa. ment Forester.

8 5-3. TROPICAL INTRODUCTION RESEARCH. Gorda, Florida, and seedlings produced there- 111.0, 211.0. Softwoods, hardwoods. from are planted on various sites in south Flor- ida to test their performance on these sites and OBJECT: To introduce various tropical weather conditions. As species prove them- forest species that will grow and produce forest selves worthy, they are placed on the market products in south Florida. to the public for forest planting. METHODS : Seeds of exotic tropicals are ASSIGNMENT : E. A. Schory, Tropical Re- planted in our nursery located near Punta search Forester.

6. FLORIDA FORESTS FOUNDATION Fort Myers, Florida 6-l. SITE-PHOSPHATE STUDY. 211.0, 251.09. METHODS : A 25-acre acid flatwoods site Eucalyptus camaldulensis (two seed was disced, bedded, and planted in 1961. De- sources), E. grandis, E. grandis x cam- sign is randomized block with four replications aldulensis, E. robusta, E. rudis. and 64-tree square plots. Individual species OBJECT : ( 1) To define the adaptability represented by 2 to 12 seed sources; a total of of promising eucalypts to representative south- 50 seed sources in the project. west Florida land types, and (2) to determine COOPERATOR : The Collier Company. if application of ground rock phosphate alters species adaptability patterns. ASSIGNMENT : George F. Meskimen, Re- search Forester. METHODS : The following land types are represented by single sites: acid flatwoods, sweet flatwoods, wet prairie, palmetto prairie, 6-3. OPEN-POLLINATED PROGENY TEST. 211.1, and dry ridge. Each site is an independent ex- 211.3. Eucalyptus grandis. periment with species planted with 0 and 1,250 OBJECT : ( 1) To compare performance of pounds per acre of ground rock phosphate. progenies from Florida-selected, plus phenc- The design is a four-replicated, randomized types; ( 2) to compare progeny performance block with 25-tree square plots. Planted 1963. against the Australian seed sources from which COOPERATORS : American Agricultural the mother trees were selected; and ( 3 ) to com- Chemical Company; Babcock Florida Com- pare several Australian seed sources. pany; Lykes Bros. Inc.; Florida Forest Service. METHODS : Open-pollinated seed was col- ASSIGNMENT : George F. Meskimen, Re- lected from eight 2-year-old trees selected for search Forester. form and vigor under local conditions. Pro- geny were outplanted with seedlings from the 6-2. SPECIES AND SEED SOURCE COMPARISON. original Australian seed sources and other re- 211.0, 211.1. Eucalyptus botryoides, E. cently introduced sources of E. grandis. De- camaldulensis, E. grandis, E. robusta, sign is completely randomized with single-tree E. rudis, E. saligna, E. tereticornis, Cas- plots. Each progeny or source is represented uarina equisetifolia, C. glauca, Grevillea by 48 to 100 trees. Planted 1964. robusta. COOPERATORS : Lykes Bros. Inc.; Flor- OBJECT : To compare the southwest Flor- ida Forest Service. ida performance of rapidly growing exotic hardwood species; and to indicate the impor- ASSIGNMENT : George F. Meskimen, Re- tance of seed source in species introduction. search Forester.

7. IDA CASON CALLAWAY FOUNDATION Pine Mountain, Georgia 7-l. PINE TREE BREEDING PROJECT. 112.01, OBJECT: To develop improved strains of 112.02. Pinus palustris, P. taeda, P. the four major species of southern pine for echinata, P. elliottii. planting in west central Georgia (see project

9 8, SEFES, Macon, Georgia). OBJECT : To establish sources of improvec METHOD : Selections were made of slash, tree seeds for commercial use. loblolly, shortleaf, and longleaf pines, and open- METHOD : Parental selections were madt pollinated progeny tests established. Subse- based on progeny tests in project 1 above. Or quently, controlled intra- and inter-specific chards of open-pollinated seedlings from se crosses were made and planted in progeny lected parents were established beginning ir tests. Emphasis is on growth, form, and dis- 1954. Acreages established are 2 loblolly ant ease resistance. 49 slash pine. A study is being conducted or COOPERATOR: U. S. F o r e s t Service, methods of grading individual trees and rogu Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. ing the areas to insure seed of improved genetic ASSIGNMENT : Eitel Bauer, Forester. constitution. COOPERATOR : U.S. Forest Service 7-2. D EVELOPMENT OF COMMERCIAL SEED OR- Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. CHARDS OF SLASH AND LOBLOLLY PINE. 122.1. Pinus taeda, P. elliottii. ASSIGNMENT : Eitel Bauer, Forester.

8. INTERNATIONAL PAPER CO., SOUTHLANDS EXPERIMENT FOREST Bainbridge, Georgia

8-l. RACIAL STUDIES IN SLASH PINE. 111.1. 8-3. T ESTS OF COMPANY SEED ORCHARDS Pinus elliottii. 122.1. Pinus. OBJECT : ( 1) To test the possibility of eco- OBJECT : To progeny test all Company typic differentiation within slash pine and (2) seed orchard selection. to test the superiority of certain slash pine seed sources on wet and dry sites. METHODS : Replicated progeny tests 0: METHODS : Replicated tests of slash pine each seed orchard or section are being estab, seed sources have been established in three lished in at least two locations in each Corn, locations; one in Decatur County, Georgia, one pany region. in Calhoun County, Florida, and the other in ASSIGNMENT : Roy W. Stonecypher, Sil Mobile County, Alabama. viculturist. ASSIGNMENT : Roy W. Stonecypher, Sil- viculturist; Coleman Carr; Claude O’Gwynn. 84. USE OF ELECTRONIC COMPUTER IN AN, ALYZINGFORESTGENETICSRESEARCH. 153 8-2. T ESTS OF COMPANY SEED PRODUCTION AREAS. 122.0. Pi?WS. Pinus. OBJECT : To test the gains obtained by use OBJECT: To develop computer program: of planting stock derived from Company seed to efficiently manipulate and analyze data ob. production areas. tained from basic quantitative genetics studie: METHODS : Replicated tests comparing and progeny tests. nursery run to seed production area seedlings have been established in Florida and Alabama. METHODS : Computer programs are being Similar tests of all Company seed production written for use on the Company’s IBM 162( areas are planned. computer. ASSIGNMENT : Roy W. Stonecypher, Sil- ASSIGNMENT : Roy W. Stonecypher, Sil, viculturist. viculturist.

9. LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY, SCHOOL OF FORESTRY AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT Baton Rouge, Louisiana

9-l. EFFECTS OF GEOGRAPHIC SOURCE OF SEED OBJECT: To discover if there are any im ONPLANTED LOBLOLLYPINE. 111.1 .Pinus portant differences among sources of 1oblollJ taeda. pine which would warrant delineating see<

10 collection zones within the state. 9-2. NATURAL VARIATION IN AMERICAN SYCA- METHODS : ( 1) Exploratory plantation MORE. 211.3. %L&UULS OCCidfXtUk L. established in coastal plain soil in Washington OBJECT: To assess the natural variation in Parish, La., in winter of 1954. There were botanical features and certain wood character- four seed sources. A randomized block design istics of American sycamore; and to assess the was used, with four replications of each seed relationship of such variation to the existence source. Seedlings were planted at 6 x 6 spacing of geographic races, clines, or to environmental in a square of 11 rows of 11 trees each, the two influences. outermost rows serving as border strips. (2) January 1958 plantations: five sources, three METHODS : (1) Variation will be deter- locations-Washington, East Feliciana, and mined in fiber length, growth rate, specific Vernon Parishes. (3) January 1959 planta- gravity, and ash content of increment-core tions: 12 sources, Claiborne Parish; 10 sources, samples, and in leaf, fruit, and twig character- East Feliciana Parish. Statistical design of istics collected from within the natural range 1958 and 1959 plantations: See “Standardized of sycamore and will be correlated with geo- Working Plan for Local Tests of Seed Source,” graphic, climate, or site characteristics. (2) prepared by the Committee on Southern For- Outplanting will be made of trees grown from est Tree Improvement, Subcommittee on Geo- seed from geographic locations throughout the graphic Source of Seed, dated October 25, 1951. natural range. The study is part of the S-23 The study is part of the S-23 project. project. ASSIGNMENT: A. B. Crow, Professor. ASSIGNMENT: P. J. Fogg, Instructor.

10. NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY, SCHOOL OF FORESTRY Raleigh, North Carolina

10-l. C OLLECTION AND STUDY OF MEXICAN d&dron tulipifera, Liquidambar styra- PINES. 11. Pi?%US. ciflua. OBJECT: To collect seed, foliage, and wood. OBJECT : ( 1) To determine variation specimens of various Mexican pines. To test within trees, among trees, and among stands these seed in a number of plantings throughout in wood quality factors; (2) to isolate wood the Southeastern United States, Brazil, and quality factors important in final products; and Hawaii. (3) to determine inheritance patterns of the factors. METHOD : Collections were made from a total of 110 trees representing 15 species by a METHODS : Variation in wood properties 6-man team in 1952, sponsored by six industries among trees in different geographic races is and North Carolina State. Pilot-plant studies determined. Wood variation with a tree; the are underway throughout the southeast. basic inheritance patterns of wood specific gravity; and the inter-relations of wood char- COOPERATORS : Hiwassee Land Com- acteristics are determined as well as gross heri- pany (Bowaters) ; Continental Can Company; tabilities and parent-offspring relationships. Kimberly-Clark Corporation; Champion Pa- The occurrence and importance of compression pers Inc.; West Virginia Pulp and Paper Com- wood has been evaluated; the effect of certain pany; Union Bag-Camp Paper Corporation. wood and fiber qualities on final product will ASSIGNMENT: L. C. Saylor, Assistant be worked out to aid selective breeding pro- Professor; R. L. McElwee, Geneticist; B. J. Zo- grams. The studies are part of the S-23 project. bel, Professor; R. C. Kellison, Liaison Geneti- COOPERATORS : Members of cooperators cist; Foresters from cooperating agencies. in Tree Improvement Program, especially In- ternational Paper Company, Union Bag-Camp 10-2. VARIATION AND INHERITANCE OF WOOD Paper Corporation, Weyerhaeuser Timber Com- PROPERTIES. 111, 141, 151.32, 211, 241, pany, Continental Can Company (See Project 251.32. Pinus taeda, P. elliottii, P. ser- No. 6), State and Federal Research Organiza- otina, P. strobus, P. virginiana, Lirio- tions, Staffs of cooperating companies.

11 ASSIGNMENT : B. J. Zobel, Professor; R. Company; Halifax Company; numerous corn C. Kellison, Liaison Geneticist; J. W. Duffield, pany foresters. Professor; C. Browne, Laboratory Technician; ASSIGNMENT: L. C. Saylor, Assistant Pro M. Mathias and C. Kennedy, Research Assist- fessor; B. J. Zobel, Professor; J. W. Duffield ants; Graduate students: F. Taylor (yellow-pop- Professor; G. Namkoong, Research Forester lar ) ; K. A. Taft (yellow-poplar) ; M. A. Taras Institute of Forest Genetics at Gulfport (U. S ( loblolly pine) ; C. Posey (loblolly pine) ; R. W. Forest Service); K. W. Kang, Graduate Assist Stonecypher ( loblolly pine) ; J. E. Kundt (Vir- ant (South Korea) ; D. G. Nikles, Graduate Stu ginia pine) ; K. W. Kang (pond pine and pond dent (Australia) ; J. H. Roberds, Graduate As X loblolly hybrid ) ; T. Shelbourne (loblolly sistant; R. C. Kellison, Liaison Geneticist; J and slash pine) ; D. G. Nikles (Caribbean slash Hofmann, Albemarle. pine).

104. INHERITANCE 0~ PHYSIOLOGICAL ANI 10-3. H YBRIDIZATION, INTROGRESSION, AND CLOSELYRELATEDCHARACTERISTICS.111 CYTOGENETICS. 111, 112.01, 141, 151.1, 141,211,241. Pinus taeda. Hardwoods 211, 241, 251.1. Pinus, Liriodendron tulipifera, Liquidambar styraciflua. OBJECT : To determine variation and in, OBJECT : ( 1) To determine chromosome heritance of physiological and closely relatec characteristics in some forest trees. morphology in the genus Pinus; ( 2) determine the chromosome pairing patterns among pines; METHOD : Studies are underway on photo, (3) conduct a “directed breeding” hybridiza- synthetic efficiency, differential photoperiodic tion program; and (4) investigate variation, reaction, nutrient content of needles, dry mat inheritance, and breeding characteristics of ter content of needles, salt-tolerant races ol yellow-poplar and sweetgum. loblolly pine, drought-tolerant races of loblolly METHODS: The chromosome morphology pine, and bark thickness in young loblolly pine of over 70 species of pines from seed collected COOPERATORS : Members of North Care. in Mexico and other areas are being studied lina State-Industry Cooperative Program. and test plantings of trees are being made. The ASSIGNMENT : T. 0. Perry, Associate Pro. chromosome pairing patterns among wide fessor; B. J. Zobel, Professor; J. W. Duffield crosses in pines produced at the Institute of Professor; T. E. Maki, Head, Department oj Forest Genetics at Placerville, Institute of For- Forest Management; F. Ledig, Graduate As est Genetics at Gulfport, and Texas Forest sistant; W. Beineke, Graduate Assistant; C Service, are being worked out. Hybridization Franklin, Graduate Assistant; S. Land, Gradu to produce a tree suitable to grow on certain ate Assistant; T. Shelbourne, Graduate Assist. problem sites is being conducted for industrial ant. use (Union Bag-Camp and West Virginia Pulp and Paper Companies). A study of introgres- 10-5. P ROVENANCE STUDIES. 111.1, 211.1 sion is being made based on the natural hybrid Pinus, Liquidambar styraciflua, Lirio. between loblolly and longleaf pine, loblolly dendron tulipifera. and pond pine, and of the slash pine complex in the Caribbean. Morphological and growth OBJECT: To determine the existence ol characteristics of native sweetgum are being geographic races in certain forest tree species studied to work out individual, clinal, and eco- METHODS : A study of racial variation ir typic variation patterns. The degree of com- loblolly, established in 1958, consists of 20 acre: patibility for yellow-poplar and sweetgum is of outplantings in the coastal plain replicated being determined through use of recently de- eight times in the design. A study of sweetgun veloped techniques for controlling pollination was installed in 1959 with plantings of tree5 in these two species. from various locations in North Carolina, and COOPERATORS : B. Smith, N. C. State; planting of seed from areas throughout the spe. W. Critchfield, Institute of Forest Genetics at ties range is completed. A study with yellow. Placerville; E. B. Snyder, Institute of Forest poplar has been started, comprising investiga. Genetics at Gulfport; Union Bag-Camp Paper tion of wild stands in North Carolina from the Corporation; West Virginia Pulp and Paper seacoast to the mountains, and the growing ot

12 seedlings from different stands for planting in pany, Catawba Timber Company (Bowaters) , areas on the coastal plain and Piedmont. In Champion Papers Incorporated, Chesapeake addition, studies are in progress for several Corporation of Virginia, Continental Can Com- other species of pines, including P. virginiana. pany, Georgia Kraft Company, Hiwassee Land A region-wide provenance study involving 140 Company (Bowaters) , International Paper individual tree seed lots (open-pollinated) Company, Kimberly-Clark Corporation, Amer- from 28 locations is being established through- ican Can Company, North Carolina Forest Serv- out the range of sweetgum in the South with ice, Riegel Paper Corporation, South Carolina seed from the 1964 and 1965 seed crops. All Forestry Commission, Tennessee River Pulp cooperators in the Hardwood Research Pro- and Paper Company, Union Bag-Camp Paper gram are taking active parts in this study. Corporation, West Virginia Pulp and Paper COOPERATORS : Members of North Caro- Company, Weyerhaeuser Paper Company. lina State-Industry Cooperative Program. ASSIGNMENT : B. J. Zobel, Professor; R. ASSIGNMENT : B. J. Zobel, Professor; R. C. Kellison, Liaison Geneticist; L. C. Saylor, C. Kellison, Liaison Geneticist; R. L. McElwee, Assistant Professor; T. E. Maki, Professor; T. 0. Geneticist. Perry, Associate Professor; J. W. Duffield, Pro- fessor; Personnel from each cooperating organ-

10-6. D EVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF PINE ization; 15 graduate students. SEED ORCHARDS FOR COMMERCIAL USE. 111.3, 122. Pinus. 10-7. S TATISTICAL METHODS IN FOREST GE- 141, 153, 253. Softwoods, OBJECT : ( 1) To develop and apply se- NETICS. hardwoods. lective breeding methods for mass production of improved seed with maximum genetic gain OBJECT : ( 1) To develop statistical meth- in the shortest time, and (2) to develop a tree ods applicable to quantitative genetics and to bank with a broad genetic base from which to progeny testing forest trees, and (2) determine draw for improved, future seed orchards. the role of inbreeding and selfing in pine. METHODS : ( 1) Trees used in the estab- METHOD : Assessment is under way to de- lishment of seed orchards by forest industries termine design efficiency and analyses that are are selected, graded, and progeny tested. Pro- characteristic of studies in quantitative genet- geny testing is by open- and control-pollinated ics. Studies of the importance of plot size have seed, using a 4-tester system for the latter. been included, as well as comparative efficien- Data from progeny tests will be used to de- cies between open- and control-pollinated pro- velop improved selection indices. Seed progenies from the same trees. Extent and im- duction areas are developed for use until seed portance of inbreeding will be studied. orchards begin production. Seed orchard management procedures, particularly fertilizer and COOPERATORS : International Paper Com- irrigation schedules, will be worked out. (2) pany ( Southlands Experiment Forest) ; Na- Inasmuch as future seed orchards may need tional Science Foundation; National Institute genetic types much different from those we of Health; Genetics Department, North Caro- have today, it is prudent to develop a “gene lina State University. pool” by preserving different genotypes in a ASSIGNMENT : R. W. Stonecypher, Inter- tree bank. Trees that are well-formed and fast- national Paper Company; G. Namkoong, Re- growing and which also react well to fertilizer, search Forester, Institute of Forest Genetics intensive management, or cultivation are ex- at Gulfport (U. S. Forest Service) ; J. H. Ro- amples. Several hundred clones have been berds, Graduate Assistant; H. F. Robinson, established to date; wide crosses within species Head, Institute of Biology, N. C. State Univer- and inter-specific crosses are made to insure sity; C. Cockerham, Institute of Statistics, N. C. a wide variety of different and new genotypes. State University. COOPERATORS : Cooperating agencies in the North Carolina State-Industry Tree Im- 10-8. INHERITANCE PATTERNS,VARIANCE COM- provement Program. Organizations included PONENTS, AND BREEDING PROCEDURES. are : Albemarle Paper Manufacturing Com- 141, 241. Pinus, hardwoods.

13 OBJECT : To determine inheritance pat- to determine the value of radio-active material, terns, variance components, and best breeding to solution of pollen problems. procedures for several species of pine and hard- METHODS: Studies of pollination are es woods. sential to understanding the pattern amom METHODS : Inheritance patterns and vari- trees and the evolutionary significance of pol ance components are being obtained from a len spread. Future work will involve the us6 large cooperative study located largely on the of radio-active materials to add to the infor Southlands Experiment Forest of the Inter- mation now available on pollen problems. 0. national Paper Company. Characteristics such immediate, practical importance is informatior as needle anatomy, growth habit, wood prop- obtained on requirements for isolation of seec erties, physiological reactions, disease resist- orchards and seed production areas and on de, ance, and many others are being studied. Plant- gree of contamination to be expected in seec ings have been made in the greenhouse and on orchards. Differential pollination by individ. Piedmont and coastal plain soils. Both open- ual trees will be studied. pollinated and control-pollinated seed are used; COOPERATORS : Savannah River Project the latter is a modification of N. C. State De- Atomic Energy Commission. sign I, (male group method). Clonal material ASSIGNMENT: R. L. McElwee, Geneticist from the same parents used for open- and con- B. J. Zobel, Professor; J. B. Hatcher, Forester trol-pollination will be established. Selected U. S. Forest Service. parent trees and some of their progeny will be cut and pulped to determine inheritance of certain wood characteristics. Also, seed orchard 10-10. VARIATION AND INHERITANCE OF woor crosses from progeny tests will be used in PROPERTIES. 211, 241, 251.32. Quercu: studies of variance components. Juvenile-ma- phellos, Quercus nigra, Nyssa sylva. var. ture correlations will be computed. Variance tica biflora, N. aquatica. components of yellow-poplar and Virginia pine OBJECT : (1) To determine variatior will be determined by means of diallel crosses. within tree, among trees, and among stands ir Inheritance patterns in sweetgum and yellow- wood quality factors; (2) to isolate good qual- poplar will be determined from a series of open- ity factors important in final products; and (3) pollinated progeny tests. to determine inheritance patterns of the fac- COOPERATORS : International Paper Com- tors. pany; Wood Products Department, N. C. State METHODS : Variation in wood propertie: University; Members of cooperative Tree Im- within trees, among trees, and geographic areas provement Program; Genetics Department, is determined. The basic inheritance patterns N. C. State; National Science Foundation; Na- of wood specific gravity, and the inter-relations tional Institute of Health. of wood characteristics are determined. The effect of certain wood and fiber qualities on ASSIGNMENT : B. J. Zobel, Professor; R. C. final product will be worked out. Kellison, Liaison Geneticist; R. W. Stonecy- pher, Silviculturist, International Paper Com- COOPERATORS : Members of the Cooper- pany; H. F. Robinson, Head, Institute of Biol- ative Hardwood Research Program; State and ogy, N. C. State; J. H. Roberds, Graduate As- Federal research organizations, staffs of coop- sistant; C. Franklin, Graduate Assistant; K. A. erating agencies; Albemarle Paper Manufac- Taft, Graduate Assistant; B. B. Kinloch, Jr., turing Co.; Champion Papers; Continental Car Graduate Assistant; G. Namkoong, Research Co., Inc.; Georgia Pacific Corp.; International Forester, Institute of Forest Genetics at Gulf- Paper Co.; Kimberly-Clark Corp.; Riegel Paper port, U. S. Forest Service. Corp. ; Riverside Manufacturing Co.; Unior Bag-Camp Paper Corp.; Weyerhaeuser Co., 10-9. POLLEN FLIGHT CHARACTERISTICS. 154.5. and Williams Furniture Co. Pinus. ASSIGNMENT : R. L. McElwee, Geneticist, OBJECT: To determine the horizontal and J. W. Duffield, Professor; J. B. Faircloth, Lab- vertical aspects of pollen flight in addition to oratory Technician; R. A. Usanis, Graduate the viability pattern of long-flight pollen, and Student.

14 10-11. VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF FOREST METHODS : Methods of grafting in the TREES. 251.02. Liquidambar styra- greenhouse and field are under way for all ciflua, Liriodendron tulipifera, Plata- species. nus occidentalis, Fraxinus americana. COOPERATORS : Several cooperating industries. OBJECT: To develop methods of vegetative ASSIGNMENT : R. L. McElwee, Geneti- propagation for sweetgum, yellow-poplar, syca- cist; B. J. Zobel, Professor; T. Shelbourne, more, white ash. Graduate Assistant.

11. TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY, DIVISION OF FORESTRY DEVELOPMENT Norris, Tennessee

11-l. SELECTION AND TESTING OF IMPROVED Pulp and Paper Company, Counce, Tennessee; FOREST TREES. 111.0, 111.3, 211.0, Tennessee Department of Conservation, Nash- 211.3. Pinus taeda, P. echinata, P. ville, Tennessee; U. S. Forest Service, South- strobus, P. virginiana, Castanea den- eastern Forest Experiment Station, Asheville, tata, Populus spp., Juniperus virgini- North Carolina, and Northeastern Forest Ex- ana, Juglans nigra, Prunus serotina, periment Station, Laurel, Maryland; Univer- Quercus spp., Acer rubrum, Betula sity of Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Sta- verrucosa, Liriodendron tulipifera. tion, Knoxville, Tennessee. OBJECT : To select and develop trees of ASSIGNMENT : A. A. Foster, Supervisor, most rapid growth, highest quality, and great- Forest Tree Improvement Section; T. G. Zar- est economic usefulness for growing in the ger, Staff Forester; K. A. Taft, Staff Forester; Tennessee Valley. D. C. Forbes, Staff Forester.

METHODS : An active search is being con- 11-2. SEED ORCHARDS AND SEED PRODUCING ducted for superior pine and hardwood trees- AREA TESTS. 122.0, 122.1. General. to date 136 superior selections of loblolly, short- OBJECT : To determine optimum practices leaf, Virginia, and white pine, 117 selections for establishing and caring for seed orchards of black cherry, black walnut, yellow-poplar, and seed production areas; to promote estab- and northern red, chestnut, and white oaks for lishment of seed orchards and seed producing pulpwood and timber production, and 8 selec- areas in the Tennessee Valley so that future tions of yellow-poplar, maple, and birch species reforestation programs can be carried out with with figured wood for veneer have been made. trees of optimum growth and quality potential. Twenty-seven selections of cottonwood are being compared for their form and growth quali- METHODS : Twelve pine seed orchards ties in four plantations in the Valley and re- have been completed. Production of grafted sponse to nutrients. Four selections of Ameri- planting stock is being continued to replace can chestnut were propagated to test their those which die. Experience in establishing blight resistance, and records are being kept and maintaining seed orchards is being noted on two timber-type Asiatic and hybrid chestnut to provide information on sound orchard man- plantings. A total of 2,400 pine super-seedlings agement practices to assure an abundant, reg- at the Clinton Nursery have been selected and ular, and dependable seed supply. outplanted in order to determine whether nurs- COOPERATORS : Alabama Division of For- ery selection is a feasible method of discovering estry, Montgomery, Alabama; Carter Patten, genetically superior strains of trees. Arbore- Chattanooga, Tennessee; Georgia Forestry tums and other test plantings of forest species Commission, Macon, Georgia; Hassell and in the Norris, Tennessee, area total 21. A col- Hughes Lumber Company, Waynesboro, Ten- umnar redcedar progeny test has been estab- nessee; Hiwassee Land Company, Calhoun, lished at three locations in the Valley and pine Tennessee; Kentucky Division of Forestry, progeny tests at seven locations. Frankfort, Kentucky; Tennessee River Pulp COOPERATORS: Hiwassee Land Com- and Paper Company, Counce, Tennessee; Tom pany, Calhoun, Tennessee; Tennessee River B. Swann, Dandridge, Tennessee.

15 ASSIGNMENT : A. A. Foster, Supervisor, METHODS : A total of 25 loblolly, short Forest Tree Improvement Section; T. G. Zar- leaf, and Virginia pine, redcedar and sugar ger, Staff Forester. maple seed source tests have been established Significant differences in survival and heigh. 11-3. PROPAGATION TESTS. 151.02, 251.02. growth have been observed among some of the General. sources but delineation of provenance limit: OBJECT : To develop and test vegetative for collecting seed that will be used within the and other methods of propagating and produc- Valley is as yet premature. Criteria used ir ing select plant material. determining optimum provenance boundarie: METHOD : Various vegetative propagation include growth rate, resistance to forest pests methods (grafting, budding, air layering, and response to environmental factors, and other rooting) have been adapted, developed and tree or wood characteristics. tested for the production of select hardwood and pine planting stock used in TVA’s forest COOPERATORS: One or more of the fol tree improvement, nut tree, and other tree lowing: Committee on Southern Forest Tree crops research work. Improvement; Kimberly-Clark Corporation Coosa River Newsprint Division, Coosa Pines COOPERATORS : University of Tennessee Alabama; Tennessee Fish and Game Commis- Agricultural Experiment Station, Knoxville, sion, Nashville, Tennessee; Tennessee River Tennessee. Pulp and Paper Company, Counce, Tennessee: ASSIGNMENT : A. A. Foster, Supervisor, Tennessee State Division of Forestry, Nash- Forest Tree Improvement Section; T. G. Zar- ville, Tennessee; U. S. Forest Service, six re- ger, Staff Forester; John F. Hatmaker, Propa- search centers of Central, Southern, and South- gator. eastern Forest Experiment Stations; Univer- sity of Maryland, Natural Resources Institute. 11-4. SEED SOURCE TESTS. 111.1,211.1. Pinus taeda, P. echinata, P. virginiana, P. College Park, Maryland; University of Ten- strobus, Juniperus virginiana, Acer nessee Agricultural Experiment Station, Knox- saccharum. ville, Tennessee; and University of the South, Sewanee, Tennessee. OBJECT: To determine the geographic lim- its within which seed should be collected for ASSIGNMENT : A. A. Foster, Supervisor, production of forest planting stock used within Forest Tree Improvement Section; T. G. Zar- the Tennessee Valley. ger, Staff Forester.

12. TEXAS FOREST SERVICE College Station, Texas

12-1. DEVELOPMENT OF DROUGHT-HARDY stock, morphologically graded, root pruned, STRAINS OF LOBLOLLY PINE. 111.2, and subjected to imposed and controlled 151.07. Pinus taeda. drought in the field as l-l stock. After progeny testing, crosses between the most desirable OBJECT : To develop a drought-hardy parents will be placed in seedling seed orchards strain of loblolly pine for reforestation on se- for the future production of drought-hardy vere sites. seed. METHODS : Five extremely severe sites and five or more individual trees on each site LOCATION : East Texas. Deep sandy soils. were selected along the westernmost fringe ASSIGNMENT : J. P. van Buijtenen, Silvi- of the southern pine region. Progeny tests are culturist. made by individual mother trees from each site to determine ( 1) the most promising sites and (2) most drought-hardy selections on that 12-2. SELECTION OF ONE-YEAR-OLD LOBLOLLY site. Mother trees are tested by means of four PINENURSERYSEEDLINGSFOROUTSTAND- pollen parents. Progeny are grown under uni- ING GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS. 111.3. form nursery conditions, then lifted as 1-O Pinus taeda.

16 OBJECT: To determine if outstanding l- low, and high x low wood densities. Controlled year-old loblolly pine seedlings continue to pollinated seed were grown at 4 x 6 spacing show height growth superiority following out- in replicated blocks in uniform nursery beds. planting in the field. The bole wood of 100 2-O and 1-O seedlings from each cross is being analyzed for wood METHODS : One-year-old loblolly pine density. The mean wood density values of each seedlings possessing ( 1) superior height, (2) progeny are compared with the specific gravity average height, and (3) inferior height were of the core wood of the respective parents. selected from standard nursery beds in the fall From these determinations it will be possible of 1953,1954, and 1955. One hundred seedlings to estimate the rigidity of genetic control over of each class were planted in rows at 6 x 8 this important wood property. The same pro- spacing (25 plant rows, 4 replications) for 3 genies were field planted at 6- x 8-foot spacing successive years. Observations on height for further analysis at a more mature age. The growth are made yearly. study is part of the S-23 project. LOCATION : Cherokee County, T e x a s. LOCATION : Cherokee County, Texas. Sandy soil. ASSIGNMENT: J. P. van Buijtenen, Silvi- ASSIGNMENT: J. P. van Buijtenen, Silvi- culturist. culturist.

12-5. SEED ORCHARD ESTABLISHMENT AND OP- 12-3. ANATOMICAL FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR ERATION 122.1. VARIATIONS IN WOOD SPECIFIC GRAVITY. . Pinus taeda. 111.3, 151.32. Pinus taeda, P. elliottii. OBJECT : To determine the best way to OBJECT : (1) To determine the contribu- handle a seed orchard to produce an early, heavy, and sustained yield of seed. tions of various anatomical factors to changes in wood specific gravity, and ( 2 ) to determine METHODS : In 1955-1956 grafted scions of whether it is possible to breed selectively for loblolly pine were planted in blocks at 30 x 30 those factors which increase wood specific and 20 x 20 spacing. The blocks contain 12 gravity without adversely affecting pulp and and 16 grafts respectively. Total of 18 blocks papermaking properties. at 30 x 30 and 24 blocks at 20 x 20. One-half METHODS: Wood samples from selections of the area is disc cultivated, the other half is for high and low wood specific gravity will be mowed. The blocks form the basic unit for analyzed for the factors contributing to wood fertilization studies. Three levels of fertiliza- specific gravity. The factors will be examined tion are used in factorial design, with at least for their effect on pulp and papermaking prop- three replications (blocks) per treatment in erties and the possibility of using them as both cultivated and non-cultivated sections. criteria for selection. The levels of fertilizer are: (a) high-600 lbs. N, 500 lbs. P and K/acre; (b) intermediate- ASSIGNMENT: J. P. van Buijtenen, Silvi- 200 lbs. N, P, and K/acre; and (c) controls- culturist. none. Fertilizer applications are made in early spring. Soil analyses are made each fall to 12-4. ENETIC CONTROL OF WOOD DENSITY G . determine nutrient-supplying capacity under 112.02, 151.321. Pinus taeda. each treatment. OBJECT: To determine the heritability of LOCATION : Cherokee County, T e x a s. wood specific gravity in loblolly pine. Light sandy soil. METHODS: On the basis of several thou- ASSIGNMENT: J. P. van Buijtenen, Silvi- sand wood specific gravity determinations, 30 culturist. loblolly pine trees have been selected from 15 sites in East Texas. Two trees were selected 12-6. UANTITATIVE GENETICS STUDY IN from each site, one possessing high wood den- Q LOB- sity, the other low wood density. These select- LomY PINE. 141. Pinus taeda. ed phenotypes formed the basis for making OBJECT: ( 1) To determine the mode of specific crosses involving high x high, low x inheritance of characters of commercial im-

.7 portance, and (2) to develop selection indices blocks constitute the basic amount for fertili, based on genetic information. zation treamtents. Each block will receive different ratios of available nitrogen and phos METHODS : Heritabilities and genetic cor- phorus. Potassium will be maintained at a con. relations will be determined from existing stant level. These levels in pounds per acre plantations in the Texas Forest Service Co- are : operative Tree Improvement Program. These data will be used for the construction of selec- Block Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium tion indices and for the evaluation of various I 600 0 200 breeding systems. II 0 600 200 LOCATION : Cherokee and Nacogdoches III 600 600 200 Counties, Texas. IV 0 0 200

ASSIGNMENT : J. P. van Buijtenen, Silvi- Soil analyses are made each fall following fer- culturist. tilizer application in spring. LOCATION : Cherokee County, Texas. 12-7. HERITABILITY STUDY IN LOBLOLLY PINE. 141. Pinus taeda. ASSIGNMENT: J. P. van Buijtenen, Silvi- culturist. OBJECT: To determine the heritability of a number of anatomical, morphological, and 12-9. TUDY OF CHEMICAL CHANGES ASSOCIA physiological characteristics of loblolly pine. S - TED WITH ROOTING IN PINES. 151.02. METHODS : Two loblolly pine populations Pinus taeda, P. elliottii. in Texas will be sampled as part of a coopera- OBJECT : (1) To study the metabolic tive study of the Southern Institute of Forest changes which are associated with the initia- Genetics and the Texas Forest Service. The tion and development of roots, and ( 2) to de- sample trees will be evaluated by an incom- termine if growth regulators are present which plete series of diallel crosses. The seedlings specifically influence rooting. produced will be tested on a number of sites in Texas and Louisiana. The heritability esti- METHODS : Cuttings will be propagated mates will be obtained from parent progeny in the greenhouse under an intermittent mist correlations and from an analysis of variance system. At regular intervals cuttings will be of the progeny data. removed from the rooting bed. The basal inch of these stems of the cuttings will be analyzed COOPERATORS : Institute of Forest Ge- for free amino-acids, sugars, and protein amino netics at Gulfport. acids. In a separate study samples will be taken ASSIGNMENT : J. P. van Buijtenen, Silvi- at regular intervals for the determination of culturist. the content of growth regulators. LOCATION : Brazos County, Texas. 12-8. TTEMPTS TO STIMULATE EARLY CONE A ASSIGNMENT : J. P. van Buijtenen, Silvi- PRODUCTION INPLANTED LOBLOLLY PINE culturist. SEEDLINGS. 151.01, 151.03. Pinus taeda.

OBJECT: To determine the length of time 12-10. T HE INFLUENCE OF CROWN PRUNING required to bring loblolly pine trees into flow- ON PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF ering and cone production through the applica- CONESONLOBLOLLYPINE. 154.3. tion of different cultural treatments and tech- taeda. niques. OBJECT : To determine best method for METHODS : Three replicated plots approxi- shaping trees in managed seed orchards. mately 2 acres in size were planted to l-year old seedlings in the fall of 1958 at 15 x 15 METHODS : This study was established spacing. Each replication is divided into four during the summer of 1958 in an area with blocks containing 90 seedlings each; these deep sand soil. Pruning was done in 3- and

18 5-year-old planted stands and also in a natural those trees that were lightly pruned and cone old field stand about 25 years old which was production of the treated versus the check trees already producing rather heavy cone crops. will be recorded periodically. Two hundred Treatments applied include severe (1/2 the and forty trees are involved in the study. total crown) and light (i/4 of total crown) LOCATION : Cherokee County, Texas. topping as well as trimming all lateral limbs on other individual trees. Retreatments will ASSIGNMENT : J. P. van Buijtenen, Silvi- be applied over a period of several years to culturist.

13. UNION BAG-CAMP PAPER CORPORATION Savannah, Georgia

13-1. SLASH PINE SEED PRODUCING AREA PRO- check material were used in the test. Outplant- GENY TEST. 111.3, 122.0. Pi72u.s elliottii. ings were at 8- x 8-foot spacing with one row isolation strip between blocks. OBJECT : To establish relative, and if possible, absolute degrees of genetic improvement ASSIGNMENT : Robert L. Koenig, Re- in progenies of three different slash pine seed search Forester. producing areas.

METHODS: Five seed sources are tested: 13-3. HYBRIDIZATION FOR DIFFICULT SITES. ( 1) Control, woods-run seed; ( 2) Ogeechee 112.01. Pinus elliottii, P. clausa, P. Forest seed producing area; ( 3 ) Altamaha For- palustris, P. serotina, P. glabra, P. vir- est seed producing area; (4) Oconee Forest giniana, and P. rigida. seed producing area; and ( 5 ) control-pollinated pw3v (miscellaneous mixture including OBJECT : To develop trees well adapted some polymix progeny as well as specific for outplanting on problem sites in coastal crosses.) All five seed sources are outplanted Georgia and South Carolina, and in eastern on each of three forests where seed producing Virginia. areas are located. Each outplanting uses a METHODS : Controlled pollinations are be- Latin square design with individual plots con- ing made in various combinations using specific sisting of 121 trees. Of the total number of tree selections of the following pine species: seedlings in each plot, 49 are sample trees, slash, sand, longleaf, pond, spruce, Virginia, others serve as isolation. All plantings are on and pitch. Some crosses are first being made a 6 x 10 spacing. Outplantings are established on a trial basis to determine the feasibility of on cutover woods sites with a double disking continuing with them on a “pilot plant” ap- for site preparation. The study was established proach. in January 1963. ASSIGNMENT : Barry F. Malac, Director. COOPERATOR: North Carolina State Uni- versity (Drs. L. C. Saylor and Bruce J. Zobel) .

13-2. PROGENY TEST OF CROSSES FOR SPECIFIC ASSIGNMENT : Robert L. Koenig, Re- CHARACTERISTICS. 111.3, 153. Pinus search Forester. SPP*

OBJECT : To obtain early indications of 13-4. FERTILIZATION OF SLASH PINE SEED OR- heritability in clones available for testing, to CHARDS. 151.03. Pinus elliottii. aid in evaluating the phenotypic selection system, and to assess the value of row plot plant- OBJECT : To test the effects of various ing designs. levels of nitrogen (N) and potash (K,O) on increment of grafted seed orchard trees. METHODS : A randomized block design was used with 10 blocks, each containing ten METHODS : There are 6 different treat- lo-tree row plots. Six specific crosses, one ments imposed on 15 different clones. Treat- general seed orchard lot, and three lots of ments are as follows:

19 Elemental N Elemental K,O METHODS : Treatments of 0, 16, and 21 ---(ounces per tree) - - - lbs. of 10-10-10 granular fertilizer were appliec 0 0 with one application to five clones. Thirt; 36 0 healthy 5-year-old ramets, six each of five 72 0 clones, were randomly assigned the three treat 0 21 ments. Fertilizer was applied on the surface 36 21 within the dripline of the tree crown. Tht 72 21 study was established in 1961. COOPERATOR : University of Florida (Drs. ASSIGNMENT : Robert L. Koenig, Research W. L. Pritchett and R. E. Goddard). Forester. ASSIGNMENT : Robert L. Koenig, Re- 13-7. ERTILIZING AND SPRAYING SEED PRO search Forester. F - , DUCING AREAS FOR BETTER CONE PRO. DUCTION. 151.03, 152.0. Pinus spp. 13-5. FERTILIZATION OF SLASH PINE SEED OR- CHARDS FOR CONE PRODUCTION. 151.03. OBJECT : Determination of quantitative Pinus elliottii. response in cone production to: ( 1) fertilize] OBJECT : To determine the effects of vari- application; (2) periodic spraying for cone in ous levels of nitrogen upon the flowering habits sects; and (3) both treatments combined. of young slash pine ramets. METHODS: Randomized block design in eludes six treatments, two variants of eac’r METHODS : Four different treatments with treatment, and four replications of each. Treat- four replications were applied to ten clones. ments include controls, 30- and 50-lb. appli- Available nitrogen at rates of 9, 8, 16, and 32 cations of 8-8-8, some applied once only, other5 ounces per tree was applied by surface appli- every other year. Half of the trees will be cation. All trees received base application of sprayed with 3 percent BHC in fuel oil (Feb.. 6.8 lbs. of O-14-14. May-July), and half will remain unsprayed. COOPERATOR : University of Florida (Drs. W. B. Pritchett and R. E. Goddard). ASSIGNMENT : Barry F. Malac, Director ASSIGNMENT : Robert L. Koenig, Re- 13.-8. S EED ORCHARD MANAGEMENT. 154.4 search Forester. Pinus elliottii.

13-6. FERTILIZATION OF SLASH PINE SEED OR- OBJECT: To test various spacing in slash CHARD FOR CONE PRODUCTION. 151.03. pine seed orchards. Pinus elliottii. METHODS : Spacing under tests include OBJECT : To stimulate flower production 20x20, 30x30, and 40x40-foot spacings. in slash pine orchards through application of ASSIGNMENT: Robert L. Koenig, Re- large dosages of inorganic fertilizers. search Forester.

14. UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE, FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY Madison, Wisconsin 14-1. WOOD QUALITY EVALUATIONS FOR GENE- cultural studies at various research projects of TICS STUDIES. 151.32, 251.32. General. the Forest Experiment Station. Wood quality OBJECT : To provide over-all evaluations evaluations are being carried out in connection of density and fiber characteristics in wide with the Forest Survey in many states in the samplings such as Forest Surveys to assist in south and southeastern United States. determining individual tree variations and out- COOPERATORS : Southern, Southeastern, standing or superior wood quality. Lake States, and Pacific Northwest Forest Ex- METHODS : Specific gravity, summerwood periment Stations, U. S. Forest Service. percentages, and fiber characteristics were de- ASSIGNMENT : M. Y. Pillow, Supervisory termined in cooperation with genetics and silvi- Technologist.

20 15. UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE, REGION 8 Atlanta, Georgia

15-1. IMPROVEMENT OF FOREST TREE SEED. ment of about 3,100 acres of seed production 122.0, 122.1. Pinus. areas; the second phase will be the establishment of about 1,200 acres of seed orchards; and OBJECT: To provide sufficient seed for the third phase, the incorporation of tree im- reforestation needs from the best geographic provement principles in silvicultural practices. and parental sources. Work on all three phases will be done concur- rently. METHODS : The tree improvement program will be divided into three phases of ac- ASSIGNMENT. Thomas F. Swofford, For- tivity. The first phase will be the establish- ester.

16. UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE, SOUTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION Asheville, North Carolina

16-l. SPECIES TRIALS AND ARBORETA. 111.0, ASSIGNMENT : H. R. Powers, Jr., Plant 211.0. General. Pathologist. OBJECT. To test the performance of sev- 16-3. ASTERN HEMLOCK SEED SOURCE STUDY eral different species planted in arboreta or E . planting trials. 111.1. Tsuga canadensis. METHODS : Several different coniferous OBJECT : To assist the Connecticut Agri- species were planted during the 1920’s on a cultural Experiment Station in a large study. burned area on Mount Mitchell, North Carolina, METHODS : Twenty sources are represent- and several species were planted in an arbore- ed in the outplanting, which consists of two tum on the Bent Creek Experimental Forest. blocks of 16 plots each. Fourteen of the plots Several hardwood species were planted in dif- in each block consist of a single seed source ferent locations in the Piedmont region of each, while two plots consist of several sources North Carolina. This project is now inactive. each. Each plot contains 16 trees planted 6 x 6. ASSIGNMENT : Earl R. Sluder, Associate Plots are randomized within blocks. Twelve Silviculturist. of the plots in each block are Latin squares of four seedlings from four mother trees of the

16-2. RUST TESTS WITH PINES. 111.0, 151.5. source involved. Seedlings were planted in 1957 Pinus. on the Pisgah Ranger District near Brevard, North Carolina. OBJECT: To determine response of Pinus species to fusiform rust infection. COOPERATOR : Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station. METHODS : Eighteen species of hard pines, including several exotics, are being inoculated ASSIGNMENT : Earl R. Sluder, Associate with specific, single-gall collections of Cron- Silviculturist. artium fusiforme. Pine seedlings are artificially inoculated and disease development is ob- 16-4. WHITE PINE SEED SOURCE STUDY. 111.1. served under greenhouse conditions. The two Pinus strobus. primary collections of rust used in the study OBJECT : To determine type and extent were from the same loblolly pine plantation, of racial variation in white pine. but one gall was cerebroid, while the other was fusoid in shape. These rust collections were METHODS: This is a range-wide study be- found to be distinct serologically, with the ing conducted by several Forest Experiment cerebroid type being more closely related to Stations and the Ontario Department of Lands C. quercuum than to other C. fusiforme col- and Forests. Sixteen seed sources are being lections. used. The Asheville project’s outplantings

21 were made in 1959, except one source, which on the Bent Creek Experimental Forest. EacP was planted in 1960. Outplantings consist of plot consists of 64 trees from a source, planted four randomized blocks; each plot consists of 8 x 8. Height and survival were measured for 81 trees from a seed source planted ‘7 x 7 in the first 5 years. In 1958, frequent measure- nine rows of nine trees. There are three out- ments were made to determine the pattern 01 plantings: one of all 16 sources in a river bot- seasonal height growth. tom (Davidson River) near Brevard, N. C.; ASSIGNMENT : Earl R. Sluder, Associate one of six sources on old field sites near Notte- Silviculturist. ly Lake near Blairsville, Georgia; and one of six sources in a stream bottom near Wytheville, 16-7. GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION OF NORTHERN Virginia. Initial survival counts were made in RED OAK. 211.1. QUercUs borealis. June 1959; survival was 95 percent for the North Carolina outplanting, 79 percent for OBJECT : To study variation in northern the Georgia outplanting, and 85 percent for red oak seedlings from six widely distributed the Virginia outplanting. geographic locations. COOPERATORS : Ontario Department of METHODS : The seedlings, which were Lands and Forests; The Lake States, Central furnished by the Cabot Foundation, were plant- States, and Northeastern Forest Experiment ed in 1953 on the Bent Creek Experimental Stations of the U. S. Forest Service. Forest. They were cut off near the ground at the beginning of the 1954 and 1955 growing ASSIGNMENT : Earl R. Sluder, Associate seasons. Regrowth was measured at weekly in- Silviculturist. tervals during these two seasons and the data sent to the Cabot Foundation. The Foundation 16-5. WHITE PINE AS AN INDICATOR OF AIR has since dropped the study. The planting at POLLUTION. 111.3. Pinus strobus. Bent Creek is being maintained and the study OBJECT: To determine utility of individ- carried on an informal basis. ual white pine trees as indicators of kind and ASSIGNMENT : Earl R. Sluder, Associate concentration of air pollutants. Silviculturist. METHOD : Grafts or open-pollinated seedlings of white pine from several locations in 16-8. YELLOW-POPLAR ~-PARENT PROGENY Tennessee, North Carolina, West Virginia, and TEST. 211.3. Liriodendron tulipifera. Pennsylvania are exposed in areas where dam- OBJECT: To obtain basic information on age from air pollution is thought to occur. variation among l-parent progenies of yellow- Seedlings or grafts or susceptible trees are ex- poplar. posed in different geographic locations and symptoms compared. Grafts of trees known to METHODS : Seeds were collected in west- be good indicators have been planted on the ern North Carolina from 8 trees selected for Bent Creek Experimental Forest near Ashe- various phenotypic characteristics, kept sep- ville, N. C., and at two locations along the Blue arate by tree, and sown in a nursery. The 1-O Ridge Parkway. seedlings were planted in spring 1961 on cleared forest land. Seedbed germination, percent of ASSIGNMENT : Charles R. Berry, Plant seedlings under plantable size, and outplant- Pathologist, ing survival varied by mother tree. Phenotypic observations will be made on the progeny 16-6. YELLOW-POPLAR SEED SOURCE STUDY. groups to determine differences among them 211.1. Liriodendron tulipifera. and variation within them. Progeny pheno- OBJECT: To determine if geographical types will be compared with parent tree pheno- races of yellow-poplar exist and, if they do types. exist, which region is best suited as a source COOPERATOR : Tennessee Valley Author- of seed for the Southern Appalachians. ity, Norris, Tennessee. METHOD : Trees from 16 seed sources ASSIGNMENT : Earl R. Sluder, Associate were planted in 1954 in two randomized blocks Silviculturist.

22 16-9. INHERITANCE OF STEM FORM. 211.3. METHODS : Three seedling grades, de- Prunus serotina. termined by size at the root collar, are being tested in replicated plots on good, average, and OBJECT : To determine whether stem poor sites. The overstory and competing brush form, particularly crook and sweep, is inherit- was deadened during the summer prior to ed in some black cherry trees. winter planting. METHODS: A l-parent progeny test was ASSIGNMENT: C. E. McGee, Project started in 1964. Seed was collected from five Leader. black cherry trees in each of three stem-form categories: ( 1) straight, (2 ) moderate crook and sweep, and (3) heavy crook and sweep. 16-11. VARIATIONINOAKTONECTRIACANKER. Stem crook and sweep were quantified by 211.3, 251.5. Quercus alba. measuring the right-angle distance from a straight pole to the tree edge at the point of OBJECT : To determine response to infec- greatest departure from a straight line at each tion by Nectria galligena of clonal lines of crook and sweep area. Clones of each tree will Quercus alba. be propagated and grown with seedling pro- METHODS : Clonal lines of Q. aZba were geny. developed from two parental trees, one show- ASSIGNMENT: Earl R. Sluder, Associate ing extreme susceptibility, and the second ap- Silviculturist. parent resistance, to Nectria canker. Artificial inoculations will be made to evaluate resistance 16-10. NORTHERN RED OAK SEEDLING GRADES. of these clones as well as that of a group of 211.3. Quercus borealis. white oak seedlings from randomly selected seed. OBJECT: To determine the effect of seedling grade on survival and growth of northern red ASSIGNMENT : H. R. Powers, Jr., Plant oak seedlings. Pathologist.

17. UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE, SOUTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION Athens, Georgia

17-l. PINE SPECIES COMPARISON TEST. 111.0. searching for littleleaf-resistant strains of short- Pinus spp. leaf pine from within the natural geographic range of the species. OBJECT: To compare adaptability of the species for planting on Piedmont clay soils. METHODS : Apparent littleleaf-resistant METHODS : Tests established in 1957 con- shortleaf pine are being selected on severe lit- sist of plots of 121 trees, one plot of each spe- tleleaf sites. Scions collected from these selec- cies, replicated three times at different locations have been grafted to shortleaf pine stock tions. Loblolly , shortleaf, longleaf, slash, white, and outplanted in 1953 and 1954. Twenty-one and Virginia pine plantings are located at Cal- clones, 10 to 20 individuals each, planted in houn Experimental Forest in Piedmont South rows, are represented in an outplanting area Carolina. at Athens, Georgia. Open-pollinated progeny have been subjected to tests for resistance un- ASSIGNMENT : R. G. MeAlpine, Project der experimentally intensified littleleaf condi- Leader. tions. Georgraphic seed source plantings include seed lots of 12 sources planted in 2 blocks 17-2. SELECTION AND BREEDING OF LITTLE- of 12 plots each with 48 trees in each plot. The LEAF-RESISTANT PINE. 111.1, 111.3, plantings are located in Athens, Georgia; the 112.02. Pinus echinata. Calhoun Experimental Forest, Union, South OBJECT: ( 1) The development of little- Carolina; and the Lee Experimental Forest, leaf-resistant strains of shortleaf pine, and (2) Virginia.

23 COOPERATOR : School of Forestry, Uni- description and location form is given. A num- versity of Georgia, Athens. bering system for trees is described and code numbers for 46 hardwood tree species assigned. ASSIGNMENT : W. C. Bryan, Pathologist. ASSIGNMENT : R. G. McAlpine, Project 17-3. TEST OF SONDEREGCER PINE IN THE Leader; C. D. Webb, Plant Geneticist. PIEDMONT. 112.01. Pinus x sondereggeri. 176-6. PARENT AND SEEDLING GRADE EFFECTS IN SWEETGUM. 211.3. Liquidambar sty- OBJECT. To test performance of a natural raciflua. hybrid in the Piedmont. OBJECT : To determine ( 1) the relation- METHOD : This is an informal study con- ship between morphological grades of seed- sisting of four plantings of 50 to 100 trees each lings and subsequent survival and early of Sonderegger pine selected from seedbeds at growth, and (2) if maternal parent has any ef- the South Carolina State nursery at Wedge- fect on survival and growth, leaf coloration, field. Plantings located on Calhoun Experi- branching habit, bud formation, and bark char- mental Forest in the Piedmont of South Caro- acteristics. lina. METHODS : Seedlings from a study at Ma- ASSIGNMENT : R. G. McAlpine, Project con, Georgia, of seedbed density effects were Leader. graded by root collar diameters into four classes. Seedlings from 10 open-pollinated parent 17-4. PROGENY TEST FOR RESISTANCE TO LIT- trees were planted in spring of 1964 on a pre- TLELEAF. 112.02, 112.03. Pinus echin- pared bottomland site along the Oconee River ata. in Greene County, Georgia. The experiment is a split-plot factorial in a randomized block de- OBJECT : To determine inheritance to lit- sign. Plots consist of 25 measurement trees tleleaf disease in shortleaf pine progeny from at a spacing of 6 x 6 surrounded by a 24-tree different parental matings. isolation row of the same parentage and seed- METHODS : Seedlings obtained from self- ling grade. ing and crossing clones of shortleaf pine located ASSIGNMENT : R. G. McAlpine, Project at Athens, Georgia, were planted in April Leader; C. D. Webb, Plant Geneticist. 1965 on a 6-acre area on the Calhoun Experi- mental Forest, Union, South Carolina. Thirty- 17-7. SYCAMORE SEEDLING GRADES. 211.3. four progeny group plus a check, or a total of Platanus occidentalis. 700 trees, were planted. The test design is five randomized blocks with four trees per plot. OBJECT : To determine ( 1) the feasibility The isolation strip around the entire test area of underplanting seedlings with immediate and was planted with run-of-the-mill seedlings. The complete overstory control; (2) find an opti- area is surrounded by shortleaf pine in all mum size of seedling stock for underplanting; stages of the disease. and (3) the necessity for cleanings to remove understory competition. ASSIGNMENT : W. C. Bryan, Pathologist. METHODS : Five grades of l-year sycamore seedlings will be underplanted in a hardwood 17-5. SELECTION CATALOGUE FOR HARDWOODS. stand of poor composition in a Piedmont creek 211.3. Hardwoods. bottom subject to periodic flooding. Grades of OBJECT : To locate, describe, and catalogue seedlings based on root collar diameters are individual hardwood trees that exhibit char- 3/20, 4/20, 5/20, 6/20, and 7/20 inch. These acteristics useful in a forest genetics and tree will be planted at a spacing of 6 x 6 in 10 plots improvement program. in each of two randomized complete blocks. One METHODS : The selections will be based plot of each grade will be cleaned as necessary primarily on traits such as superior tree and to release seedlings from understory competi- wood quality, form, growth rate, and other tion. desirable characteristics. Some trees with un- ASSIGNMENT: R. G. McAlpine, Project desirable characteristics will be catalogued. A Leader; C. D. Webb, Plant Geneticist.

24 17-8. V EGETATIVE PROPAGATION METHODS. cormic branches, and stump sprouts; and (4) 251.02. Liriodendron tulipijera, Li- to find if differences in rooting exist between quidambar styracijlua. hardwood and softwood cuttings. OBJECT : (1) To develop techniques for METHODS : Greenhouse facilities will be year-around rooting of cuttings from hardwood used. Individual studies will be designed to at- trees, primarily yellow-poplar and sweetgum; tain various parts of the objectives. The most (2) to determine the effect of tree age and time promising treatments with growth regulators of taking cuttings on rooting ability; (3) to and environments will be used initially. find if differences exist between rooting abili- ASSIGNMENT : R. G. McAlpine, Project ty of cuttings taken from the tree crown, epi- Leader.

18. UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE, SOUTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION Blacksburg, Virginia

18-1. SPECIES COMPARISON OF CERTAIN SOFT- 18-3. S EEDSOURCEOFSHORTLEAFPINE. 111.1. WOODS AND HARDWOODS. 111.0, 211.0. Pinus echinata. Pinus taeda, P. echinata, P. virginiana, OBJECT: To determine the effect of geo- P. strobus, Juniperus virginiana, and Liriodendron tulipijera. graphic seed source on the growth and development of shortleaf pine in the Virginia Pied- OBJECT : To determine adaptability of mont. certain species to planting in the Piedmont of Virginia. METHODS : Study was established in 1945. It is a replicated block experiment with five METHODS : In 1945, Virginia, shortleaf, blocks of six plots each-one plot for each of white, and loblolly pine plus redcedar were six sources. Plots are 1.36 x 0.72 chains, and each planted on good and poor abandoned contain 8 rows of 15 trees each, planted 6 x 6 fields. There were five replications on each feet. Sources are Arkansas, Mississippi, Ala- site with 242 trees per plot spaced 6 x 6. Only bama, Virginia (planted 1949 ) , Ohio, and New two plots of yellow-poplar were planted. Jersey. This installation is on the Lee Experi- ASSIGNMENT: Jack Stubbs, P r o j e c t mental Forest, 4 miles south of Buckingham, Leader. Virginia. The plantings are on abandoned old fields.

18-2. SEED SOURCE OF LOBLOLLY PINE. 111.1. ASSIGNMENT : Jack Stubbs, P r o j e c t Pinus taeda. Leader.

OBJECT : To determine the effect of geographic seed source on the growth and develop- 184. S ELECTION AND TESTING OF VARIATION. ment of loblolly pine in the Virginia Piedmont. 111.3. Pinus virginiana. METHODS : Study was established in 1945. OBJECT: To determine variation and in- It is a replicated block experiment with five heritance of economically important traits and blocks of four plots each-one plot for each of isolate superior types. four sources. Plots are 1.36 x 0.72 chains and METHODS : A catalogue of superior pheno- contain 8 rows of 15 trees each, planted 6 x 6. types and a rating method have been set up. Sources represented are Arkansas, Mississippi, In 1962, selection and progeny testing began of South Carolina, and North Carolina. This in- 20 pairs of trees having similar ages, diamet- stallation is on the Lee Experimental Forest 4 ers, heights, and competition. One tree of each miles south of Buckingham, Virginia. The pair shows good pruning ability and the other plantings are on abandoned old fields. one poor pruning ability. The studies are lo- ASSIGNMENT: Jack Stubbs, P r o j e c t cated on the Lee Experimental Forest near Leader. Buckingham, Virginia.

25 ASSIGNMENT : Jack Stubbs, Project Lead- METHODS : Annual variation in flower er; D. L. Bramlett and J. G. Hutchinson, Re- conelet, and seed production is being observed search Foresters. Development records are being kept from the strobilus to the mature cone. The effects of dif. 18-5. F LOWERING CHARACTERISTICS IN CER- ferent soil moisture levels on the production ol TAIN PINES. 151.0 Pinus echinata, P. female flowers in shortleaf pine are being de- virginiana. termined. The studies are located on the Lee OBJECT : To determine importance of en- Experimental Forest near Buckingham, Vir. vironmental factors in flower induction, pol- ginia. lination, seed development, seed production, and seed predators in the Piedmont of Vir- ASSIGNMENT : Jack Stubbs, Project Lead- ginia. er; D. L. Bramlett, Research Forester.

19. UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE, SOUTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION Charleston, South Carolina

19-1. A TEST OF SPECIES SUITABLE FOR SAND- COOPERATOR : South Carolina Commis- HILLS PLANTING. 111.0. Pinus, Juni- sion of Forestry. pews, Cupressus. ASSIGNMENT : 0. Gordon Langdon, Pro- OBJECT : To test survival and early growth ject Leader. of various conifers native to adverse sites for planting in the Sandhills. 19-3. COMPARISON OF PINE SPECIES. 111.0. Pinus palustris, P. serotina, P. elliot- METHODS : Species tested are native of tii, and P. taeda. either very wet or very dry sites in about the OBJECT : To compare survival and growth same climatic region as the Sandhills. Plots of of four pine species planted on a wet, savan- 50 trees of each species replicated three times nah site in South Carolina. were established for three consecutive years, 1955 through 1957, although species changed METHODS : The area was burned before somewhat from year to year. Species planted planting. The planting design was two Latin are : loblolly, slash, longleaf, pond, shortleaf, squares with plots 60 feet square and tree spac- Virginia, spruce, sand, lodgepole, and jack ing 6 x 6. No grade 3 seedlings were used. The pines, eastern redcedar, Arizona cypress. innermost 7 x 7 rows of trees were measured. Plantings located on Manchester State For- COOPERATOR : South Carolina National est, South Carolina. Forest. COOPERATOR : South Carolina Commis- ASSIGNMENT : 0. Gordon Langdon, Pro- sion of Forestry. ject Leader.

ASSIGNMENT : 0. Gordon Langdon, Pro- 19-4. S PECIES COMPARISON ON BOTTOMLAND ject Leader. SITES. 111.0, 211.0. Pinus glabra, P. taeda, Juniperus virginiana, Quercus 19-2. GROWTH OF PINES FROM SPAIN. 111.0. falcata var. pagodaefolia, Q. prinus, Q. P. halepensis, P. laricio, P. pinaster, shumardii, Liriodendron tulipifera: and P. pinea. and Liquidambar styraciflua. OBJECT : To determine growth and other OBJECT : To compare survival and growth performance characteristics of four species of of certain hardwoods and conifers planted on pine from Spain planted on sandhill soil. representative good sites in typical rundown stands of bottomland hardwood in South Caro- METHODS : Twenty-five seedlings of each lina. species were planted in five rows of five seedlings each on the Manchester State Forest in METHODS : The variables are : ( 1) species, South Carolina. Location is in an old field. five hardwood and three conifers; (2) sites,

26 first bottom and terrace; (3) treatment, re- ferent trees. The seed sources: Augusta, Geor- lease and no release; (4) replication in space, gia; Aiken, Jasper, Horry, Berkeley, and Rich- each species, site and treatment combination land Counties, South Carolina; Francis Marion replicated twice; and (5) replication in time, National Forest, Manchester and Sandhills 3 years from 1953 through 1955. Each plot is State Forests, South Carolina; Bladen Lakes 24 x 24 with 100 seedlings spaced 2 x 2. For State Forest, North Carolina. Test, plantings growth comparisons plots are to be thinned to are located on deep sand sites. a 4 x 4-foot spacing. Each site subplot has a COOPERATOR : South Carolina Commis- 25-foot isolation strip. sion of Forestry. ASSIGNMENT : 0. Gordon Langdon, Pro- ASSIGNMENT : 0. Gordon Langdon, Pro- ject Leader. ject Leader.

19-5. COMPARISON OF SAND PINE WITH OTHER 19-7. LONGLEAF PINE SEEDLING GRADES. 111.3. 111.0, PINES IN SANDHILL PLANTINGS. Pinus palustris. 111.1. Pinus clausa, P. elliottii, P. taeda, P. palustris. OBJECT. To determine the effect of seedling grade, foliage clipping, root pruning, and OBJECT: To determine survival and early season of planting on longleaf survival when growth of two sand pine races in comparison planted on cleared sandhill sites. with other pines planted on sandhill soils in west Georgia and South Carolina. METHODS : One-year-old longleaf pine seedlings from the Wedgefield, South Carolina, METHODS : Seedlings of the Ocala and nursery were used. Plantings were made in the Choctawhatchee races of sand pine plus slash, Manchester and Sandhills State Forest in South longleaf, and loblolly seedlings were planted Carolina. Outplanting was done in the fall of in Talbot County, Georgia, in February 1964. 1953, the winter of 1954, and spring of 1954. Spacing was 6 x 6 in plots 84 feet square in a Number 1 and number 2 grade stock were split-plot Latin square. Oak sprouts on one of used. Treatment of seedlings consisted of the subplots will be allowed to grow, those on needles clipped to 5 inches and roots pruned the other will be eradicated. An additional 3, 5, and 7 inches and needles not clipped and planting was made during February 1964 in roots pruned to 3, 5, and 7 inches. Four blocks the Sandhills State Forest, Chesterfield Coun- were laid out at each location. Each block was ty, South Carolina. divided into three seasonal treatments and each COOPERATORS : Georgia Kraft Company; seasonal treatment was further divided in 24 South Carolina Commission of Forestry. rows 100 feet long. Rows are 6 feet apart and trees are spaced 4 feet apart within rows. ASSIGNMENT : 0. Gordon Langdon, Pro- j ect Leader. COOPERATOR : South Carolina Commis- sion of Forestry.

19-6. T EST OF LOCAL LONGLEAF PINE SEED ASSIGNMENT : 0. Gordon Langdon, Pro- SOURCE. 111.1. Pinus palustris. ject Leader. OBJECT: To test growth and survival of 19-8. ROWTH OF SUPERIOR VERSUS AVERAGE longleaf seedlings from eight seed sources in G north Georgia, South Carolina, and southern NURSERY SELECTED PINE SEEDLINGS. 111.3. Pinus palustris, P. and P. North Carolina when planted in the South taeda, elliottii. Carolina Sandhills. OBJECT: To determine whether the ini- METHODS : Seedlings were planted in 1955 tial vigor of extra large seedlings selected from through 1957 at the Sandhills State Forest and nursery beds is carried through subsequent the Manchester State Forest. Each location con- years as a genetically controlled characteristic. tains plots of 121 trees planted 6 x 6 for each seed source, replicated four times. Three an- METHODS : Plots contain 12 trees, planted nual replications were established with seed 6 x 6 feet. There is one plot of superior seedlings from the same general sources but from dif- and one plot of average seedlings of each spe-

27 ties with two replicates planted each year for types: pond, black river, and nonalluvia 4 years, 1952 to 1955. Plots are located on a swamp. The soil tanks are on the Santee Ex, flatwoods site at the Santee Experimental perimental Forest in South Carolina. Forest. ASSIGNMENT: 0. Gordon Langdon, Pro. ASSIGNMENT: 0. Gordon Langdon, Pro- ject Leader. ject Leader.

19-10. HYBRID POPLARS. 212.02. Populus. 19-9. UPELO ECOTYPES 211.0, 211.1. Nyssa T . OBJECT: To determine growth of five hy. aquatica, Nyssa sylvatica var. biflora. brid poplar clones on the Santee Experimenta: OBJECT: To determine effects of saturat- Forest in South Carolina. ed and flooded soil conditions on the growth, anatomy, and morphology of swamp tupelo METHODS : Five cuttings of each clone and water tupelo from three seed ecotypes. were treated with rootone and placed in the soil so that only two buds were above the METHODS : One-year-old seedlings are ground line. The area was a good hardwood site grown in tanks under six water regimes of and the cuttings were cultivated during the flooded and saturated soils for one growing first growing season. The cuttings were furnish- season. The experiment is laid out as a 6 x 6 ed by personnel of the Westvaco Experimental Latin square and will be replicated twice in Forest in South Carolina. time (years). Water tupelo seedlings are being used from two seed sources in each of the COOPERATOR: West Virginia Pulp and three ecotypes: red river, black river, and non- Paper Company. alluvial swamp, and swamp tupelo seedlings ASSIGNMENT : 0. Gordon Langdon, Pro- from two seed sources in each of three eco- ject Leader.

20. UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE, SOUTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION Cordele, Georgia

20-l. EFFECTOFCLIMATICANDENVIRONMENT- plotted individually and in pairs under the de- AL FACTORS ON WOOD PROPERTIES OF pendent variables specific gravity and percent PLANTED SLASH PINE. 111.2, 151.08, summerwood in order to identify any indepen- 151.32. Pinus elliottii. dent variables that are not correlated with the dependent ones, and, also, to help in determin- OBJECT: To determine ( 1) factors for use ing any trend toward curvilinearity and pos- in converting cubic-foot yields in slash pine sible interactions. Multiple regressions are be- plantations to pounds of usable woods, and (2) ing used to determine the extent of correlation measurable factors which influence wood dens- of the remaining variables. ity, both climatic and environmental. ASSIGNMENT : Frank A. Bennett, Pro- METHODS : Increment cores were obtained ject Leader. from slash pine trees over an area of 37 counties in southern Georgia. The stands were the 20-2. CATALOGUE OF SELECTED TREES. 111.3. same as those used for a study of yields in re- Pinus elliottii. lation to age, site, and density. Increment cores OBJECT: To locate, label, describe, and were collected at d.b.h. from dominant and co- catalogue plus slash pine within plantations. dominant trees. Broad specific gravity was determined by the maximum moisture content METHODS : Starting in 1953, outstanding method. Increment cores were dissected into trees on the George Walton Experimental For- 5-year increments starting from the bark. Sum- est have been described on a standard form merwood percent was obtained by means of a Volume growth is compared with adjacenl binocular instrument. All independent vari- trees. Summerwood proportion of the incre- ables, (site index, stand density, age, growing- ment core is indicated on a diagram, based or season rainfall, and summer rainfall) are being ocular examination.

28 ASSIGNMENT: Frank A. Bennett, Project Cordele, Georgia. Progeny were included of Leader. two trees in each of four form groups as follows: ( 1) good form, (2) pronounced crook, 20-3. INHERITANCE OF TRAITS IN SLASH PINE. ( 3) forked, and (4) pronounced taper. Two 111.3. Pinus elliothi. rows of 25 trees each were planted at a spacing of 10 x 10. An additional row of 25 trees from To determine the extent to which OBJECT : each maternal parent was planted adjacent to maternal parent trees with certain traits may the main planting. transmit their qualities to progeny. METHODS : Seedlings for the study were ASSIGNMENT : Frank A. Bennett, Project planted in February 1956 on an old field near Leader.

21. UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE, SOUTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION Fort Myers, Florida

21-1. C OMPARATIVE GROWTH OF PINES IN ASSIGNMENT : J. W. McMinn, Associate SOUTH FLORIDA. 111.0. Pinus palustris, Silviculturist. P. elliottii var. elliottii, P. elliottii var. densa, P. taeda. 21-2. SEED SOURCE OF SOUTH FLORIDA SLASH PINE. 111.1. Pinus elliottii var. densa. OBJECT : To determine survival and OBJECT : To determine the effects of seed growth of loblolly, longleaf, and two varieties source, seed size, and seedling size in South of slash pine in south Florida. Florida slash pine. METHOD : Seedlings of loblolly, longleaf, METHODS : Seed from Hendry County, in and typical slash pine were obtained from the south-central portion of the variety’s range, Olustee and Munson nurseries in Florida. South and Polk County, near the northern limit of Florida slash pine seedlings were all from the the natural distribution, are compared. Seed Keri Nursery of the Alice Land Development was divided into medium and large, and seed- Company, the only available source. Four out- lings into small, medium, and large. The outplantings were located on each of the east and planting area is in Charlotte County. The trees west coasts of southern Florida. Each plot con- were planted with a spacing of 6 x 7 in a ran- tained 7 x 7 rows of seedlings spaced 8 x 8. domized block design with four replications. There are four replications. Each plot contained 7 x 7 rows of trees. COOPERATION : Alice Land Develop- ASSIGNMENT : J. W. McMinn, Associate ment Company; Florida Forest Service. Silviculturist.

22. UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE, SOUTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION Franklin, Virginia

22-l. INHERITANCE OF FORM. 111.3. Pinus block with two rows of 8 x8-foot spaced trees taeda. as a margin. The planting was on the Camp Ex- perimental Forest in Sussex County, Virginia. OBJECT : To determine effect of cone char- The soil is Atlee very fine, sandy loam. Previ- acters and seed tree form on loblolly pine cone ous to planting, the field was in corn. The collections in coastal Virginia. plantation contains seedlings from each of six METHODS : Cones were collected from 29 trees classed as one of five classes of parent loblolly pine trees in October 1952. Seed were trees. Tree classes are forked, good, upswept extracted, stratified, and planted beneath Hot branches, rough, and residual trees left follow- Caps March 23, 1953. Spacing was 8 x 8. The ing clearcutting. The basic plot contains six resulting planting contains 450 seed spots in a rows of five seedlings. Each row was from a

29 single tree and the plot was of one class of ASSIGNMENT: K. B. Trousdell, Silvicul trees. Each plot was replicated three times. turist.

23. UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE, SOUTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION Macon, Georgia

23-l. G ROWTH AND TREEQUALITYCHARACTER- ASSIGNMENT : John F. Kraus, Plant Gen ISTICS OF MINOR SOUTHERN PINES AND eticist; T. LaFarge, Research Forester. CERTAIN EXOTICS. 111.0. Pinus. 23-3. S TAND VARIATION IN LOBLOLLY PINE OBJECT : To determine some of the char- 111.1, 111.2, 111.3. Pinus taeda. acteristics of minor species so they can be used effectively in hybridization programs. OBJECT: To estimate the variation be tween trees in loblolly pine stands and the in METHODS : Seedlings of sand, spruce, fluence of number of trees on accuracy o pond, and Virginia pine were planted in middle stand samples in racial selection studies. Georgia. Other pines from eastern United States such as pitch and Table-Mountain pine METHODS : From the seed collected ii are included. Rate of growth and other data 1955 for project 23-2 above, seed was kep related to tree form and resistance to pests will separate by 11 maternal parents on each o be recorded. The purpose is to obtain informa- three acres. One area was in southeast Georgia tion now lacking about minor species so that one in middle Georgia, and one in northwes they may be used, if feasible, for hybridization Georgia. All seedlings were outplanted in mid with major southern pines or other species. dle Georgia in 25-tree plots with 4 replica tions. Survival, growth, and disease and insec COOPERATORS : Georgia Kraft Company; attack were recorded at 1, 2, 3, and 5 years o Georgia Forest Research Council. age. ASSIGNMENT : John F. Kraus, Plant Gen- COOPERATORS : Georgia Kraft Company eticist. Georgia Forestry Commission; Georgia Fores Research Council. ASSIGNMENT : John F. Kraus, Plant Gen 23-2. RACIAL VARIATION IN LOBLOLLY PINE IN eticist; T. LaFarge, Research Forester. GEORGIA. 111.1. Pinus taeda. OBJECT : To determine the kind and 23-4. S HOOT GROWTH PHENOLOGY OF LOB amount of racial variation in loblolly pine LOLLY PINE FROM SEVERAL GEOGRAPHIt throughout the State of Georgia and adjacent SOURCES AND OPEN-POLLINATED PROGEN areas of Florida. IES WITHIN SOURCES. 111.1, 111.3. Pinu METHODS : Seed was obtained from 14 taeda. locations throughout Georgia and 3 in north OBJECT : To determine patterns of heigh Florida in 1955. Also, one seed lot from south growth in loblolly pine from several geographi Arkansas ( Crossett ) was obtained. Seedlings sources, and among progenies within sources were outplanted at ten locations in Georgia and METHODS : In the Bleckley County plan one in Florida. Six plantations in Georgia have tation of the local loblolly racial test describec all 18 seed lots represented, two have 15, and in project 23-2 above, five trees were ran two have 13. Each plantation has four repli- domly chosen from each of four replication cations and 36 trees per plot. Survival and of six seed sources. Weekly measurements o height measurements have been taken at 1, 2, terminal shoot elongation were made during 3, and 5 years. Fusiform rust and tipmoth dam- the 1962 growing season. In the adjacent plan age were recorded at 3 and 5 years. tation of the loblolly stand variation study de COOPERATORS : Georgia Forestry Com- scribed in project 23-3 above, three tree mission; several pulp and paper companies; were randomly chosen from each of four repli Georgia Forest Research Council. cations of three progenies of each of the three

30 YVYIPn,l-i-PoQ W..". Vi~POkl~T, , v.AL'J *^A-IyI*mnzacllrDmcintc ...**A...*^I- of terminal tE_p &IJ&J =---‘)nlnn dntd- _.____ SPnt.emher.I. .-.. ~. 27, 196.7, pro- shoot elongation were made during the 1962 vided by the Institute of Forest Genetics at growing season. Correlations among growth Gulfport, Mississippi. Six shortleaf x slash pattern (date, rate, duration, etc.) and total hybrids and five checks (two slash, three height, height growth, and fusiform rust in- shortleaf) were planted in row plots of 15 cidence will be examined. trees in six randomized blocks. This planta- COOPERATORS : Georgia Kraft Company; tion is being shown as a separate study because Georgia Forest Research Council; Georgia additional checks were included besides those Forestry Commission. called for in the study plan. Also, the plantation is adjacent to other progeny tests which ASSIGNMENT : John F. Kraus, Plant Gen- may permit rough comparisons of performance eticist. of the hybrids. The planting site has a history of severe fusiform rust and tipmoth infections, 23-5. CROWN FORM OF LOBLOLLY PINE FROM and provides an especially good location to test ARKANSAS. 111.1, 111.3. Pinus taeda. the hybrids. OBJECT : To compare crown form of open- COOPERATORS : Institute of Forest Gen- pollinated loblolly pine progeny of plus trees etics at Gulfport; Georgia Kraft Company. growing in Arkansas with progeny of certain John F. Kraus, Plant Gen- selected loblolly pines growing in Georgia. ASSIGNMENT : eticist. METHODS : In the spring of 1960, progeny of three outstanding loblolly pine in Arkansas 23-7. BREEDING SOUTHERN PINES FOR DESIR- were planted with those of three Georgia trees ABLE TRAITS. 111.3, 112.01, 112.02, 14, in a 6 x 6 Latin square with 4 trees per plot at 153, 151.32. Pinus taeda, P. elliottii, P. 10 x 10 spacing. Branch diameter and length echinata, and P. plus&-is. will be measured to permit a more accurate OBJECT : To breed improved strains, for comparison of form among trees than is pos- planting locally, of the major southern soft- sible to obtain in racial variation studies of woods through intraspecific and interspecific the Crossett, Arkansas, race. hybridization. COOPERATOR : Southern Forest Experi- METHODS : Selection of superior pheno- ment Station, Crossett, Arkansas. types with combinations of good traits was ASSIGNMENT : John F. Kraus, Plant Gen- carried out in natural stands and plantations eticist. near Macon and Cordele. A few poor phenotypes were included for comparison. Germ 23-6. SHORTLEAF RACES CROSSED WITH SLASH plasm of most selected trees is preserved by PINE. 111.1, 112.01. Pinus echinata, P. grafting. One-parent progeny tests of slash, elliottii. longleaf, shortleaf, and loblolly pine have been established. Row or rectangular plots replicat- OBJECT : To compare various races of ed several times have been used. Progeny of shortleaf pine crossed with one race of slash more than 100 maternal parents were planted pine combinations with each other and with in 1956 and 1957. A three-phase program in- slash and shortleaf pine in terms of survival, volving a “poly-cross” test, individual crosses, cold resistance, drought resistance, growth and selfing was developed for testing over 300 rate, resistance to fusiform rust, recovery from selections being used in the Georgia Forestry tipmoth damage, and susceptibility to littleleaf disease, at suitable locations throughout Commission seed orchards. In breeding, em- the range of shortleaf pine and portions of the phasis has been on growth rate, tree form, re- natural and artificially extended range of slash sistance to pests, and wood quality. Disease pine. resistance work is in cooperation with the Di- vision of Forest Protection Research. METHODS : In January 1964, an installa- COOPERATORS : Georgia Kraft Company; tion of the “Cooperative Study of Shortleaf Geographic Races X Slash Pine (IG-12.6)” Continental Can Co.; Georgia Forestry Com- was planted near Allentown, Georgia. The mission; Georgia Forestry Research Council. plantation was installed in accordance with ASSIGNMENT : John F. Kraus, Plant Gen-

31 eticist; T. Miller, Pathologist; T. LaFarge, Re- in seed orchards of the Georgia Forestry Corn search Forester. mission and to estimate the additive and domin ante variation within the clones representec 23-8. TECHNICAL DIRECTION OF IDA CASON in the orchards. CALLAWAY FOUNDATION TREE BREEDING PROJECT. 111.3, 112.01, 112.02. Pinus METHODS : The first pollinations werl SPP. made in 1958. A modified topcross is being used. In addition, certain individual clones wil OBJECT : To assist the Foundation in the be crossed and selfed. Randomized blocks ant development of improved forest tree strains for planting in west central Georgia, row plantings are being used. Spacing is 8.5 : 8.5 feet. METHODS : Plans were prepared for over- COOPERATORS : Georgia Forestry Corn all operation of the tree breeding project. Pro- mission; Georgia Forest Research Council. geny test data were obtained and analyzed. Recommendations were made for seed orchard ASSIGNMENT: John F. Kraus, Plant Gene establishment. A total of 1,405 plots has been ticist; T. LaFarge, Research Forester. established in 47 individual studies. Small plantings of southern pine species hybrids are 23-11. S OUTHERN PINE SPECIES HYBR IDS included. The first plantings were made in 112.01. Pinus spp. 1951. OBJECT : To determine growth and other COOPERATOR : Ida Cason Callaway Foun- traits of hybrids planted in the Georgia Pied. dation. mont. ASSIGNMENT : John F. Kraus, Plant Gen- METHODS : Four lots of hybrid materia: eticist. from shortleaf and loblolly crosses and four lots of open-pollinated seedlings all from seed 23-9. NURSERY SELECTION. 111.3. Pinus el- produced at the Institute of Forest Genetics al liottii, P. taeda, and P. x sondereggeri. Placerville, California, were planted in 1951 OBJECT : To apply nursery selection tech- There are three replications totaling 24 plot: niques in tree breeding and to learn something in the study. of the advantages as well as disadvantages of the method. COOPERATOR : Georgia Forest Research Council. METHODS : Approximately 500 each of slash, loblolly, and Sonderegger pine seedlings ASSIGNMENT : John F. Kraus, Plant Gen- averaging twice the height of average seed- eticist. lings were selected in nursery beds of the Georgia Forestry Commission. They were out- 23-12. PERFORMANCE TESTS OF CONTROL-POL- planted in 1954 in a paired planting design. LINATED SLASH PINE PROGENY WITH Annual measurements were taken for 4 years. IDA CASON CALLAWAY FOUNDATION. Seedling selection was repeated in 1955 and 112.02. Pinus elliottii. approximately 100 seedlings each of slash and OBJECT: To determine inheritance of loblolly pine were planted. Comparisons of traits in progeny of slash pine selected for a height growth, rust infection, survival, and combination of good traits. form have been made. METHODS : Thirty-one plots in a repli- COOPERATORS : Georgia Forest Research cated design were established near Macon Council; Georgia Forestry Commission. Georgia, with seedlings from crosses of slash ASSIGNMENT : John F. Kraus, Plant Gen- pine trees that were rated highest on the basis eticist. of l-parent tests. A larger planting of similar material was made at the same time on prop- 23-10. P ROGENY TESTING SEED ORCHARD erty of the Callaway Foundation which lies cL0NE.s. 111.3, 112.02. Pinus elliottii, some 90 miles west of Macon. Special emphasis P. taeda. is upon resistance to fusiform rust because l- OBJECT : To determine the specific com- parent progeny of the parental stock had low bining ability of about 308 clones represented percent infection.

32 COOPERATORS : Ida Cason Callaway ASSIGNMENT : John F. Kraus, Plant Gen- Foundation; Georgia Kraft Company. eticist. ASSIGNMENT : John F. Kraus, Plant Gen- eticist. 23-14. N URSERY PRODUCTION OF SWEETGUM. 211.3. Liquidambar styraciflua.

23-13. CONE PRODUCTION AND SEED QUALITY. OBJECT : To determine the effect of nurs- 154. Pinus taeda and P. elliottii. erybed density and mother-tree on production of plantable seedlings. OBJECT: To determine accuracy with which cone crops in seed production areas can METHODS : Seed were collected from 15 be estimated and obtain an estimate of seed randomly chosen sweetgum trees in Oconee and quality when produced in a seed production Clarke Counties, Georgia. Seed was sown by area. individual mother-tree to grow seedlings at densities of 10, 20, 30, and 40 per square foot. METHODS : Cones were counted with the Nursery data included height, coloration, aid of binoculars prior to ripening and com- branching, weight, root-top ratios and grade pared with a count of cones after the trees were yield. Seedlings were outplanted in Bleckley cut. Relationship between number and size of County, Georgia. seed and characteristics of the cones and size of the cone crop were determined. COOPERATORS : Georgia Forestry Com- mission; Georgia Forest Research Council. COOPERATORS : Continental Can Com- pany; Georgia Forest Research Council; Geor- ASSIGNMENT : C. D. Webb and John F. gia Forestry Commission. Kraus, Plant Geneticists.

24. UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE, SOUTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION Marianna, Florida

24-l. ST. JOE SPECIES TEST. 111.0, Pinus el- ASSIGNMENT : Russell M. Burns, Re- liottii, P. taeda, P. palustris, P. echina- search Forester. ta, P. radiata, P. virginiana, P. clausa.

OBJECT : To compare early survival and 24-2. CHIPOLA SPECIES TEST. 111.0 Pinus el- subsequent growth of hand- and/or machine- liottii, P. taeda, P. palustris, P. clausa. planted slash, loblolly, longleaf, shortleaf, OBJECT : To compare the survival, growth, Monterey, Virginia, and Ocala and Chocta- and long-term performance of planted slash, whatchee sand pine on a sandhill site prepared loblolly, longleaf, and Choctawhatchee sand with rootrake, harrow, and undercut. pine on a prepared sandhill site. METHODS : In January 1954 loblolly, slash, shortleaf, longleaf, and Monterey pine METHODS : In January 1959, 1-O stock of were planted 7 feet apart in 18 rows of 125 loblolly, slash, longleaf, and Choctawhatchee seedlings. One plot was machine-planted and sand pine was machine-planted on a sandhill another bar-planted on a sandhill site in Lib- site prepared by burning and double chopping erty County, Florida, prepared by rootrake, with a Marden Duplex Brush Cutter the pre- harrow, and undercut. Virginia, Oeala sand, vious summer. Each species was planted 6 x 8 and Choctawhatchee sand pine were bar-plant- (908/acre) on plots measuring 300 square feet ed in January 1955 on an adjacent, similarly (2.1 acres). Measurements of total height and prepared site. Square measurement plots of survival are taken annually. 49 trees were established in each planting. An- COOPERATORS : Florida Board of Fores- nual measurements were taken of surviving try; Hardaway Contracting Co.; International species through age 10. Paper Co. COOPERATOR : St. Joe Paper Co.; Florida ASSIGNMENT : Russell M. Burns, Re- Board of Forestry. search Forester.

33 24-3. TAXON TRIALS. 111.0, 211.0. Softwoods, 24-5. R ESPONSE OF SLASH PINE SEEDLINGS hardwoods. FROM EIGHT SEED SOURCES TO FERTILI- OBJECT: A framework within which ex- ZATION. 111.1, 151.03. Pinus elliottii ploratory planting trials of available species, OBJECT : To determine whether a racial races, or hybrids (tree taxa) may be made. or individual tree variation exists in the nu- METHODS : From 1960 until 1963 lineal trient requirements of slash pine, specifically plantings were made of promising and avail- the nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium re- able native and exotic conifers and hardwoods. quirements of this species. In 1964 a 7 x ‘7 grid of trees planted 8 feet METHODS : Seed obtained from eight seed apart was substituted. Seedlings have been 1-O sources, two individual trees per seed source! stock hand-planted on sandhill sites cleared of covering the major portion of the natural range scrub hardwoods and wiregrass by means of of slash pine, was used for this study. Seed- a Marden Duplex Brush Cutter. lings were grown under greenhouse conditions COOPERATORS : Florida Board of Fores- for one year and fertilized with N, P, K, and try; International Paper Co.; St. Joe Paper Co. Mg. Measurements made of the study material include seedling weight and foliar N, P, K, and ASSIGNMENT: Russell M. Burns, Re- Mg by treatments. search Forester. COOPERATORS : Florida Board of Forestry.

24-4. SAND PINE RACE COMPARISON. 111.1. ASSIGNMENT : R. H. Brendemuehl, Pro- Pinus clausa. ject Leader. OBJECT: To compare survival, growth, adaptability to site, and resistance to insects 24-6. E VALUATION OF TIP- MOTH INJURY IN and disease of Ocala and Choctawhatchee sand RELATION TOTREEGROWTH. 152.0. Pinus pine planted in the sandhills of northwest taeda, P. echinata, P. clausa. Florida. OBJECT : To determine whether tip-moth METHODS : In 1955, and again in 1956, two injury during the early life of a plantation of 9 x 14-tree Choctawhatchee plots and two 9 x susceptible species has an effect upon the final 14-tree Ocala sand pine plots (randomly ar- yield and quality of the stand. ranged) were bar-planted on each of 4 root- METHODS: Paired, 81-tree plots of lob- raked sandhill sites on the Chipola Experiment- lolly, shortleaf, and Choctawhatchee sand pine al Forest. Spacing approximated 6 x 6. Fail planted at a 7 x 9 spacing were established on spots in both installations were replanted at cleared sandhill sites in 1960. Trees in one plot the end of the first growing season. Survival, were chemically treated to prevent tip-moth height, and d.b.h. measurements are taken on damage. the center 50 trees. COOPERATORS : Florida Board of For- COOPERATORS : Florida Board of Fores- estry; Hardaway Contracting Company; Inter- try; Hardaway Contracting Co.; Division of national Paper Company. Forest Fire, Insects, and Disease Research. ASSIGNMENT: Russell M. Burns, Re- ASSIGNMENT: Russell M. Burns, Re- search Forester. search Forester.

25. UNITED STATES FORESTSERVICE, SOUTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION Olustee, Florida

25-l. ARBORETUM. 111 .O. General. a wet site and the other on a drier site. Plots of Pinus consist of 25 tree squares spaced at OBJECT : To develop a combination breed- 12 x 12. Both plantations are located on the ing-introduction garden. Olustee Experimental Forest (Florida ) . The METHODS. Two plantations are being principal records being maintained are for seed maintained, both on flatwoods soil but one on source, plot establishment, growth rates, inci-

34 dence of insect or disease damage, and pheno- ASSIGNMENT : A. E. Squillace, Project logy of flowering. Leader; C. R. Gansel, Associate Plant Genetic- ist; J. E. Bethune, Associate Silviculturist. ASSIGNMENT: A. E. Squillace, Project Leader; C. R. Gansel, Associate Plant Geneti- cist. 254. SLASH PINE SEED SOURCE STUDY. 111.1. Pinus elliottii. To prepare precise maps of slash 25-2. COMPARISON OF FOUR PINE SPECIES ON OBJECT : A FLATWOOD SITE. 111.0. Pinus x son- pine seed collection zones for Florida and dereggeri, P. palustris, P. taeda, and Georgia. P. elliottii. METHODS : Fourteen seed source collec- OBJECT : To compare the relative growth tions were made in 1953. They covered the of Sonderegger pine with that of longleaf, lob- range of Pinus elZiottii var. elliottii in Georgia lolly, and slash pines. and Florida. Outplantings of all seed sources were made in 1954 in Lake, Baker, and Liberty METHODS : In December 1953, 100 seed- Counties (Florida), and Dooly and Effingham lings each of the four pines were planted in Counties (Georgia). Partial plantings were four replications on Leon fine sandy soil on also made in Collier County, Florida, and the Olustee Experimental Forest in Florida. Emanuel County, Georgia. Complete plantings Spacing was 8 x 8. consist of 4 blocks with the seed sources in ran- ASSIGNMENT: Frank A. Bennett, Pro- domized plots. Each plot contains 10 rows of ject Leader; Lawrence P. Wilhite, Associate 10 seedlings spaced at 8 x 8. Sources from the Silviculturist. extreme south and extreme north of the slash pine range seem to be growing the slowest. Strong planting site effects have been noted. 25-3. SLASH PINE ECOTYPE STUDY. 111.1. Pinus elliottii. COOPERATORS : Atlantic Land and Im- provement Company; Owens-Illinois Glass OBJECT : This study attempts to answer Company; Continental Can Corporation; Union the question whether slash pine has split into Bag-Camp Paper Corporation; U. S. Forest a wet site and a dry site type. The study is de- Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station; signed to test an abrupt change from wet to dry Florida National Forests. site rather than a gradual one. ASSIGNMENT : A. E. Squillace, Project METHODS : Seed were collected in 1952 Leader; C. R. Gansel, Associate Plant Genetic- from a stand on a pond margin and a stand on ist. a dry site. Seedlings from both collections were planted in 1953 on a wet site in Union County, 25-5. RACIALVARIATIONINSLASHPINE. 111.1. Florida, owned by the Owens-Illinois Glass Pinus elliottii. Company and a dry site on the Olustee Experi- mental Forest (Florida). Each plantation con- OBJECT : To determine the patterns of sists of 4 randomized blocks containing two geographic and racial variation in slash pine for plots of 50 seedlings each. Spacing between various juvenile and mature tree characteris- rows is 8 feet and within the row 10 feet. Seed- tics and to search for possible correlations with lings of both seed sources are also planted on environmental factors. wet and dry sites in the Corkscrew Experi- METHODS : In 1960 seed and foliar sam- mental Forest in south Florida. The same de- ples were collected from five randomly chosen sign was used except that 5 blocks instead of 4 trees at each of 54 collection points scattered were planted. Early height measurements throughout the natural range of both typical showed no distinct differences between trees and South Florida slash pine. Seed were sown from the two ecotypic sources. in the spring of 1961 and seedlings outplanted COOPERATORS : Owens - Illinois Glass at four locations in 1962: Lake City, Florida; Company; Atlantic Land and Improvement Fort Myers, Florida; Macon, Georgia; and Gulf- Company. port, Mississippi. Early results, including varia-

35 tion in seed and cone characteristics of the pa- 25-7. CLONAL ORCHARDS. 111.3. Pinus elliot. rents, foliar characters of both parents and tii. progenies, and germination and early growth OBJECT : ( 1) To preserve the parent tree: of progenies, are now being prepared for pub- used in selecting and breeding slash pine; (2) lication. to compare gum yields, growth rates, and forrr COOPERATORS : U. S. Forest Service, In- of the selected trees on the same site; and (3) stitute of Forest Genetics at Gulfport; South- to have a source of propagules for seed or- eastern Forest Experiment Station, of the U. S. chards. Forest Service, at Macon, Ga., and Fort Myers, METHODS : Three plantations are involv- Fla. ed, all planted on flatwoods sites. They contair ASSIGNMENT : A. E. Squillace, Project a total of 110 clones, each represented by from Leader; John F. Kraus, Plant Geneticist; E. 1 to 15 ramets. The oldest of these plantations Bayne Snyder, Plant Geneticist; and James W. contains grafts made in January 1954. The McMinn, Associate Silviculturist. youngest is still being added to. COOPERATOR : Owens-Illinois Glass Com- 25-6. PHYSIOLOGICAL RACES IN SLASH PINE. pany. 111.1, 151.03. Pinus elliottii. ASSIGNMENT : A. E. Squillace, Project OBJECT : To determine whether; (1) Leader; C. R. Gansel, Associate Plant Genetic- seedlings from the geographic location where ist. highest foliage-phosphorus concentrations were noted will make more rapid growth and/or ac- 25-8. SINGLE PARENT PROGENY TEST OF POOR cumulate more phosphorus than seedlings from FORM. 111.3, 13. Pinus elliottii. outside this area when planted in phosphorus- OBJECT : To test progeny of 7 slash pine poor flatwoods soil; (2) the nature and mag- selected for their poor form. nitude of the growth response to applied phosphate on flatwoods soil is uniform among vari- METHODS : Progenies were grown from ous seed sources, and (3) foliage-phosphorus open-pollinated seed collected in 1952 and out- concentrations indicative of deficiency and suf- planted in 1953. The plantation is on a flat- ficiency of phosphate in the soil vary with geo- woods site in the Olustee Experimental Forest graphic seed source. (Florida) and consists of four blocks, each containing from 6 to 42 individual trees of each METHODS : The soil to be used is a poor- progeny planted as plots with the plots ran- ly drained flatwoods type of Bladen-Weston domized within the blocks. Photographs of the series on which slash pine has responded parents are on file and comparisons of the pro- strongly to phosphate fertilization. Slash pine geny with the parents will be made when the seedlings of 1-O nursery-grown stock from four progeny are large enough. sources within and six sources outside the zone of high foliage phosphate content will be tested ASSIGNMENT : A. E. Squillace, Project with 0-, 5-, and 50-pounds per acre supplements Leader; C. R. Gansel, Associate Plant Gene- of P supplied as concentrated (and highly solu- ticist. ble) superphosphate. Chemical analyses of the soil and seedling tissue will be made at the be- 25-9. OUTPLANTING OF ROOTED CUTTINGS OF ginning of the experiment and 1 and 2 years HIGHGUM-YIELDINGPHENOTYPES. 111.3, after fertilizer treatment, to permit evaluation 141. Pinus elliottii. of treatment and seed source effects and their OBJECT : (1) To preserve the parent trees interaction on assimilation and nutrient accu- used in selecting and breeding high gum-yield- mulation by the trees. ing slash pine; ( 2) to compare gum yields of COOPERATORS : Buckeye Cellulose Corp- the selected trees on the same site; and (3) to oration; American Agricultural Chemical Com- have a source of propagules for seed orchards. pany. METHODS : The plantation is located on a ASSIGNMENT : T. A. Harrington, Project flatwoods site in the Olustee Experimental Leader. Forest (Florida) and contains from 1 to 8

36 ramets of 16 selected trees. Most of the cuttings 40 years in age and located in natural stands were outplanted in 1943. Trees were used with in north-central Florida and south-central those in other studies to demonstrate the in- Georgia. Specific gravity and summerwood heritance of several traits. Male and female percent were determined. Narrow-sense heri- flowers are being used in controlled crosses tability estimated from the progeny data was with new selections. 21 percent for wind pollinations and 56 percent for control pollinations. Summerwood percent ASSIGNMENT: A. E. Squillace, Project heritabilities were about one-half as large as Leader; C. R. Gansel, Associate Plant Gene- for specific gravity. Specific gravity was also ticist. found to be inversely related to d.b.h. and directly related to total height, to a moderately 25-10. N URSERY SELECTION FOR SUPERIOR strong degree, in the older groups of trees. HEIGHT GROWTH. 111.3. Pinus elliottii. COOPERATOR: U. S. Forest Service, In- stitute of Forest Genetics at Gulfport. OBJECT: To establish a plantation of outstanding slash pine seedlings to be used for fu- ASSIGNMENT : A. E. Squillace, Project ture breeding work and as a possible future Leader; C. R. Gansel, Associate Plant Gene- seed supply source. ticist. METHODS : The plantation was establish- 25-12. BREEDING AND PROGENY TESTING FOR ed in 1953 on a flatwoods site in Union Coun- SELECTIONOFHIGHGUM-YIELDING GEN- ty, Florida, owned by the Owens-Illinois Glass OTYPES OF SLASH PINE. 112.02. PiVZUS Company. It consists of 1,060 superior seed- elliottii. lings selected from the Olustee State Nursery planted in rows of 25 seedlings each. Four al- OBJECT : To obtain for future seed orchard ternate rows in the center of the plantation are establishment at least 12 more proven superior planted with average seedlings as a check. gum-yielding genotypes of slash pine. Spacing between rows, and trees in the row, is METHODS : Selected superior phenotypes 12 feet. Eighth-year measurements showed the are being control bred with three already prov- selected trees had an average height superior- en genotypes. The seed produced will be out- ity of 23 percent over controls. Survival of planted in progeny testing plantations. Work the select seedlings was 35 percent versus 66 will continue until the desired new proven percent for controls. None of the select trees genotypes have been obtained. Fifteen pro- was superior to the best of the controls. genies were outplanted in 1962 in P-tree plots COOPERATOR : Owens-Illinois Glass Com- replicated 10 times. pany. ASSIGNMENT : A. E. Squillace, Project ASSIGNMENT : A. E. Squillace, Project Leader; C. R. Gansel, Associate Plant Gene- Leader; C. R. Gansel, Associate Plant Gene- ticist. ticist. 25-13. POLYCROSSING AND PROGENY TESTS OF 25-11. INHERITANCE OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY IN SELECTED SLASH PINES. 112.02. PiT2U.S SLASH PINE. 111.3, 112.02, 141, 151.321. elliottii. Pinus elliottii. OBJECT : (1) To produce a population of OBJECT. To obtain information on the var- trees which will possess superiority in two or iation and inheritance of specific gravity in more desired characteristics to be used for slash pine. further selection and breeding, and (2) to progeny test available selected phenotypes. METHODS : lo-mm. increment cores were taken from 4 groups of trees as follows: 500 METHODS : ( 1) Controlled pollination of progenies, 14 years old, wind and controlled selected trees for 3 years using a mixture of pollinated; 47 rooted cuttings, 14 years old, pollens from genotypes and phenotypes select- from seven clones; 47 trees, 25 years old, in ed for high oleoresin yield, high wood specific a plantation; and 25 trees, varying from 20 to gravity, and fast growth; (2) progeny testing

37 of selections through use of wind-pollinated high x high, high x wind, average x average, seed; (3) progeny testing through use of con- and average x wind. Each cross is represented trol-pollinated seed produced in ( 1). Forty- by two to five individual trees in each block. five progenies were planted in 1961 in row Three extra blocks contain crosses represented plots of 4 trees each, replicated 10 times. by a few individuals. Microchipping in 1954 COOPERATORS : I. J. Langdale; Southern and in 1956 indicates that three trees are high- Resin and Chemical Company; Union Bag- yielding genotypes. Inheritance of gum vis- Camp Paper Corp.; Georgia Coastal Plain Ex- cosity, gum exudation pressure, stem crook, periment Station; Mrs. Elizabeth Davis; Flori- tracheid length, bark thickness, specific grav- da National Forests; Florida Forest Service; ity, summerwood percent, crown width, d.b.h., State Armory Board. height, volume, needle length, needle bundle volume, fasciele sheath length, needle diverg- ASSIGNMENT : A. E. Squillace, Project ence, and bud scale length have also been shown Leader; C. R. Gansel, Associate Plant Gene- in this plantation. ticist. ASSIGNMENT : A. E. Squillace, Project 25-14. PROGENY TEST OF HIGH GUM YIELDERS. Leader; C. R. Gansel, Associate Plant Gene- 112.02, 112.03, 141. Pinus elliottii. ticist. OBJECT : ( 1) to test the progeny from controlled crosses between four high gum-yielding 25-16. SELECTION, BREEDING, AND PROGENY slash pine, and ( 2 ) to determine which of these TESTING OF F1 TREES IN PLANTATION are high gum-yielding genotypes. O-116. 112.02, 141. Pinus elliottii. METHODS : Controlled breeding was done OBJECT : To evaluate the best nine F, in 1947 and 1948. Progenies were outplanted phenotypes in a progeny test plantation for in- in 1951. The plantation is located on a ‘flat- herent high gum yield. woods site in the Olustee Experimental Forest METHOD : These nine clones are current- (Florida) and consists of four blocks each con- ly being used in seed orchards. Crosses made taining 11 crosses including trees rated as high included full-sibs, half-sibs, backcrosses, and x high, high x self, high x wind, and average x selfs. The seed produced were outplanted in a wind. The crosses are arranged in plots vary- progeny testing plantation in 1962. Eighteen ing in size from 2 to 18 trees. The plots are ran- progenies were planted in a-tree plots repli- domly situated within the blocks. Three extra cated 10 times. blocks contain crosses represented by a few ASSIGNMENT : A. E. Squillace, Project individuals. The depression of growth rate by Leader; C. R. Gansel, Associate Plant Gene- selfing has been shown in this plantation. The ticist. trees were microchipped in 1961. The results substantiated those found in other studies, but 25-17. H IGH GUM- YIELD SEED PRODUCTION no new high-yielding genotypes were found. AREA. 122.0, 13. Pinus elliottii. ASSIGNMENT : A. E. Squillace, Project OBJECT: To determine the feasibility of Leader; C. R. Gansel, Associate Plant Gene- establishing a seed-production area to produce ticist. seed having moderately superior gum-yielding 25-15. PROGENY TEST OF HIGH GUM-YIELDERS. ability, growth rate, and timber quality. 112.02,141. Pinus elliottii. METHODS : The area covers 10 acres in a OBJECT : To test the progeny from con- 19-year-old plantation on the Osceola National trolled crosses between six high gum-yielding Forest in Florida. Original spacing was about slash pine and to determine which of these are 8 x 8 feet and there are 400 to 500 trees per high gum-yielding genotypes. acre. About 200 trees per acre are to be micro- METHODS: Controlled breeding was done chipped to indicate gum-yield capacity. After in 1943 and 1944. Progenies were outplanted chipping, the final selection of trees to be left in 1945. The plantation is located on a typical in the seed-production area will be made. flatwoods site in the Olustee Experimental Twenty-five trees per acre will be left, on a Forest (Florida) and consists of 7 blocks each basis of good gum yield, volume growth, and containing 14 crosses including trees rated as tree form.

38 ASSIGNMENT: A. E. Squillace, Project inheritance of one or more of the characters Leader. studied. METHODS: Cones were collected from 25-18. S EEDORCHARDFORHICHGUMYIELDERS. trees in test plantings made in 1957, 1961, and 122.1. Pinus elliottii. 1962. Measurements are being made of seed OBJECT: Intended as an experimental shape, seed coat thickness, seed color, seed planting to facilitate study of seed orchard weight, wing shape, and wing color. Heritabili- management, the study will also furnish slash ties will be estimated from variance compon- pine seed of high quality for gum production. ents and parent progeny relationships determined by regression and correlation. METHODS : Planting is on a 5-acre area of the Osceola National Forest. Irrigation is ASSIGNMENT : John F. Kraus, Plant Gen- being provided as needed through ditches be- eticist. tween the rows. Clonal material is being supplied by nine of the best trees in a progeny 25-21. E XPLORATION OF MICROCHIPPING AT testing plantation with most of the propaga- JUVENILE AGE TO EVALUATE GUM- tion by airlayering. Spacing between rows and YIELDING POTENTIAL IN SLASH PINE. trees is 30 x 30. 151.0. Pinus elliottii. COOPERATOR: Florida National Forests. OBJECT: To explore a technique for determining the gum-yielding potential of trees ASSIGNMENT : A. E. Squillace, Project at a very early age. Leader; C. R. Gansel, Associate Plant Gene- ticist. METHODS: Progenies of proven high- and low-oleoresin-yielding trees plus suitable controls were grown at wide spacing ( 18 inches x 25-19. INTENSIVE PLANTATION MANAGEMENT. 18 inches) in the nursery for 2 years. The re- 13. Pinus elliottii. sulting saplings were microchipped during the OBJECT : ( 1) To develop optimum rota- late summer of their second year in the nursery. tions for slash pine plantations of varying site ASSIGNMENT : A. E. Squillace, Project indices and stand densities and with varying Leader. market values for pulpwood and naval stores, and (2) to determine the optimum planting 25-22. OPOPHYSIS AS RELATED TO GROWTH density in slash pine plantations managed for T joint production of pulpwood and naval stores. AND FORM OF SLASH PINE AIRLAYERS. 151.0. Pinus elliottii. METHODS: The study will be divided in OBJECT : ( 1) To determine whether topo- two phases: ( 1) development of the necessary physis exists in slash pine and if so the ex- mensurational information, and (2) the devel- tremes in variation in growth or form which ment of optimum management techniques. can be expected; (2) to determine the relative Much data already in the files will be used in root-ability of branches from the extremes of conducting the study. the crown and of first order and second order COOPERATOR : University of Georgia. branches; and (3) to establish possible leads as to the physiological factors controlling ASSIGNMENT : Frank A. Bennett, Project growth rate and growth habit in slash pine. Leader; Jerome L. Clutter, Professor. METHODS : Airlayers were installed on terminal, first-order, and second-order branches 25-20. HE INHERITANCE OF SEED AND T SEED- in the upper and lower crown of four open- 141. WING CHARACTERS IN SLASH PINE. grown, 25-year-old slash pine in August. 1960. Pinus elliottii. The rooted airlayers available in June 1961 OBJECT : ( 1) To measure the parent-pro- were planted in two blocks of eight airlayers geny relationships of seed and seed-wing char- each. Height will be measured annually for 5 acters of a selected population of slash pine, years and observations made on stem develop- and (2) to determine if possible the mode of ment.

39 ASSIGNMENT : T. A. Harrington, Project ASSIGNMENT : A. E. Squillace, Project Leader. Leader; C. R. Gansel, Associate Plant Gene- ticist.

25-23. STIMULATION OF FLOWERING. 151.01. 25-26. S URVIVAL AND GROWTH OF PINES ON Pinus palustris. VARIOUS SITES. 151.09. PinUS ‘ZlhOttii, OBJECT : To determine effects of branch P. palustris, P. taeda, and P. clausa. girdling on female flowering in longleaf pine. OBJECT : To compare the survival and METHODS : Five pairs of primary branches growth of planted pines on four soil types on on each of 15 trees will be used and one branch the lower Coastal Plains. of each pair will be girdled. Branch elongation METHODS : In January 1958, 64 seedlings will be observed as well as flower production. each of longleaf, loblolly, slash, and sand pine ASSIGNMENT : Frank A. Bennett, Pro- were planted in two replications on Blanton ject Leader. fine sand, Leon fine sand (hardpan phase), Leon fine sand (softpan phase), and Plummer fine sand on the Olustee Experimental Forest 25-24. STIMULATION OF FLOWERING. 151.01. in Florida. For the survival phase of the study, Pinus elliottii. two seedlings were planted 12 inches apart at OBJECT : To determine feasibility of in- each spot and plantation spacing was 6 x 8. creasing female flowering in slash pine by ASSIGNMENT : Frank A. Bennett, Project girdling branches. Leader; Lawrence P. Wilhite, Associate Silvi- METHODS : Seven, open - grown, well- culturist. formed, cone-bearing trees about 15 years old are being used. Ten large, first-order branches 25-27. STUDIES OF THE IDENTIFICATION, BI- were selected in the upper portion of the crown OLOGY, ECOLOGY, AND CONTROL OF IN- of each tree. Five branches were girdled and SECTSAFFECTINGTHESEEDPRODUCTION five left as checks. The study was designed for OF SLASH AND LONGLEAF PINES. 152.0. analysis as a randomized complete-block ex- Pinus elliottii, P. palustris. periment. OBJECT : ( 1) To identify the major in- ASSIGNMENT : Frank A. Bennett, Project sects destructive to flowers, cones, and seeds; Leader; Ray J. Varnell, Associate Silvicul- (2) to study the life histories, behavior, and turist. ecological insect-host tree relationships of the important insects; and ( 3) to develop chemical and biological methods for the control of eco- 25-25. AIRLAYER AND GRAFT GROWTH RE- nomically destructive cone and seed insects. SPONSE AND SUCCESS BY TREE AGE. 151.02. Pinus elliottii. METHODS : This project initiated in 1957 embraces many laboratory and field studies, OBJECT : ( 1) To determine the differen- the ultimate goals of which are to develop tial growth response of slash pine airlayers and economically and entomologically sound meth- graft scions taken from 5-, lo-, 20-, and 40-year- ods for controlling insects affecting seed pro- old trees, and (2) to compare the growth of duction in seed orchards, natural seed produc- air-layers from lo-year-old trees and lo-year- tion stands, and high-value tree improvement old cuttings that originally came from 30-year- plantings. old trees. ASSIGNMENT : C. W. Fatzinger and E. P. METHODS : The outplanting was complet- Merkel, Research Entomologists. ed in 1958 on a flatwoods site in the Olustee Experimental Forest, and consists of five rep- 25-28. P RUNING OF SLASH PINE SEED OR- licated blocks each containing two propagules CHARDS. 154.3. Pinus elliottii. from each of the five age classes and for each propagation method, a total of 20 trees per OBJECT : To develop a seed orchard prun- block. Spacing is 12 x 12 feet. ing technique which will produce the maxi-

40 mum cone producing crown area while limiting trees. Spacing is approximately 32 x 32. Cul- the tree to a manageable height. tural treatments include cultivation, fertiliza- METHODS : Established in 1957 in a plan- tion, and protection from severe insect and tation on a flatwoods site. The study tests four disease damage. pruning treatments on trees in three height COOPERATOR : Owens-Illinois Glass Com- classes, treatments to begin as the trees attain paw. their assigned height. Records are kept of time spent pruning, time consumed in cone collec- ASSIGNMENT : A. E. Squillace, Project tion, and number of cones produced. Field lay- Leader; C. R. Gansel, Associate Plant Geneti- out consists of four blocks, each containing 12 cist.

26. UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE, SOUTHERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION Alexandria, Louisiana

26-l. SPECIES-SITE ADAPTATIONS. 111.0. Pi- pany; Humble Oil Company; Hillyer Duetsch nus elliottii, P. palustris, P. taeda, P. Edwards, Inc. echinata. ASSIGNMENT : Eugene Shoulders, Re- OBJECT : To determine the different sites search Forester. in south Mississippi and Louisiana and to determine which is the correct species for each 26-2. G EOGRAPHIC SOURCES OF LONGLEAF, of these sites. While this study was not de- SLASH, LOBLOLLY, AND SHORTLEAF PINE signed as a tree improvement study, a knowl- SEEDS, 1935 CROP. 111.1. Pinus taeda, edge of the forest sites is necessary in properly P. palustris, P. echinata, P. elliottii. evaluating genetic material. OBJECT : To study (geographic) racial METHODS : One - hundred - twenty plots variation of four major southern pines. were established over a 4-year period (I954- METHODS : The study was established in 1957) throughout south Mississippi and Louisi- 1936-37 (with a few follow-up plots a year ana. Each plot contained longleaf, slash, and later) by planting 11 geographic sources of loblolly pine planted in square subplots of 121 longleaf pine, 7 of slash pine, 12 of loblolly or 144 seedlings each at 6 x 6 spacing. These pine, and 13 of shortleaf pine, each species in subplots were arranged in a randomized com- 3 balanced, randomized-block replications (less plete block design with three replications. A- a few missing plots because of shortages of bout one-third of the plots contained shortleaf stock) in square plots, 400 trees per plot, at subplots. Growth measurements of the trees 6 x 6-foot spacing; total area, approximately are being made at 5-year intervals. Soils an- 56 acres. This was the largest installation of alyses are being made on the plots. a regionwide study that failed because of es- COOPERATOR : L. N. Dantzler Lumber tablishment deficiencies and other mishaps. Company; Gaylord Container Corporation; Di- Inroads of fire and hogs during World War II vision of Crown-Zellerbach Corporation; In- have precluded any meaningful measurements ternational Paper Company; University of Mis- of survival and growth to date, except for a sissippi, University Lands; Mississippi Forestry wood-specific-gravity determination of the Commission; U. S. Forest Service, Mississippi slash pine component by Echols, a comparison National Forest; U. S. Forest Service, Kisat- of basal area, merchantable volume, and fusi- chic National Forest; Bodcaw Company; Con- form rust infection in the slash pine at age 22 tinental Can Corporation; A. J. and Nona Trigg by Derr and Enghardt, and a study of gum Hodges Gardens, Inc.; Tremont Lumber Com- yield in the slash pine by Barrett. The planta- pany; Olin Mathieson Chemical Corporation; tions are, however, an invaluable source of Lutcher-Moore Lumber Company; T. C. James racial breeding material, and the Crossett Re- and Company; Edgewood Land and Logging search Center has made and outplanted (at Company; Urania Lumber Company; Rice Land Crossett, Arkansas) about 10 interracial crosses and Logging Company; Union Producing Com- with pollen from the loblolly component. The

41 plantations at Alexandria are being preserved this hybrid, although its susceptibility to fusi- for future observation and breeding. Study is form rust will also be evaluated. located at Alexandria, Rapides Parish, Louisi- ana (J. K. Johnson Tract), on upper coastal METHODS : Since 1954, approximately plain site. Surplus seed was donated to the 3,000 hybrid seedlings have been produced on Union of South Africa and results were pub- 20-25 female parent trees using pollen from lished by S. P. Sherry in 1947. local planted stands. Outplantings on both the Johnson Tract and the Longleaf Tract of the COOPERATOR : Institute of Forest Ge- Palustris Experimental Forest include wind- netics at Gulfport. pollinated half-sibs and slash pines obtained ASSIGNMENT : William F. Mann, Jr., Pro- from State nurseries. Most outplantings are ject Leader. randomized block (3 to 4 replications) with either a 20- or 25-tree row serving as a treatment plot. Spacings are either 6 x 8 or 8 x 8. 26-3. H YBRIDIZATION OF SOUTHERN PINES. All crosses have been made on or near the 112.01. Pinus elliottii, P. palustris, Johnson Tract, Palustris Experimental Forest, P. echinata. in Rapides Parish, Louisiana, on upper coastal OBJECT : To explore ( 1) the crossability plain sites. of southern pine species, and ( 2) the possibility COOPERATOR: U. S. Forest Service, In- of mass-producing Pinus palustris x P. elliottii stitute of Forest Genetics at Gulfport. without bagging. ASSIGNMENT : Harold J. Derr, Research METHODS : P. echinata X P. elliottii was Forester. made under control in 1951; P. palustris X P. elliottii has been made extensively since, including some by method ( 2) above. Pro- 26-5. H YBRIDIZATION OF SOUTHERN PINES. genies are outplanted, largely arboretum-style 112.01. Pinus spp. but with some provision for t tests, at Millard, Mississippi, on the Crossett Experiment Forest, OBJECT: To explore ( 1) the crossability of Crossett, Arkansas, and on the Palustris Ex- southern pine species and the performance of perimental Forest. Some data are also avail- 2-, 3-, and 4-species hybrids, F, progenies of Sonderegger pine and back-crosses of this hy- able on natural crosses of P. x sondereggeri brid to both its parents, the performance of x P. x sondereggeri, P. x sondereggeri x progenies of members of a longleaf-loblolly P. palustris, and P. x sondereggeri x P. taeda hybrid swarm, and the results of selfing, and from a 7-acre Sonderegger pine plantation on (2) the possibility of mass-producing longleaf the Kisatchie National Forest and from isolated x slash and shortleaf x slash hybrids without Sonderegger pines on the Palustris Experi- mental Forest. Crosses were made at Alexan- bagging. dria, Rapides Parish, Louisiana, on and near METHODS: Beginning in 1954, proved or the J. K. Johnson Tract, on upper coastal plain putative hybrids have been produced on up- sites. wards of 100 female parent trees of longleaf COOPERATORS : Crossett Research Cen- (predominating), Sonderegger, loblolly, short- ter; Southern Timber Operations, Crown-Zel- leaf, and slash pines, using pollen from local lerbach Corp.; Louisiana Forestry Commission. and Mississippi sources and from the Eddy Arboretum at Placerville, California. Arbore- ASSIGNMENT : Harold J. Derr, Hoy C. tum-type, t test, and pilot-plant outplantings, Grigsby, Research Foresters. including supplementary outplantings on the Crossett and Harrison Experimental Forests, total several acres. Majority of crosses and main 26-4. YBRIDIZATION OF SOUTHERN PINES H . outplantings on A. J. Hodges Experimental 112.01. Pinus palustris, P. elliottii. Area, Many, Sabine Parish, Louisiana; some OBJECT : To study the growth rate and supplementary crosses at DeRidder, Beaure- disease resistance of longleaf x slash hybrids. gard Parish, Louisiana; all on upper coastal Emphasis will be on brown-spot resistance of plain sites.

42 COOPERATORS : Crossett Research Cent- 26-7. S OUTHERN PINE POLLINATION TECHNI- er; Institute of Forest Genetics at Gulfport; QUES. 154.0. Pinus palustris, P. elliottii, Long Bell Lumber Company. P. taeda.

ASSIGNMENT : Hoy C. Grigsby, Research OBJECT : To improve the reliability and Forester. efficiency, and to clarify some of the basic relationships, of controlled pollination of the southern pines, particularly longleaf. 26-6. INHERITANCE OF INDIVIDUAL-TREE CHAR- METHODS : Work mostly on longleaf pine ACTERS. 141. Pinus palustris. female parents, with longleaf, slash, and lob- OBJECT: To study the inheritance of ( 1) 1011~ pine pollens. Preliminary work in 1954 black seed coat, and (2) brown-spot resistance on pollen extraction, on bagging techniques, in longleaf pine. on pollinizers, and on mass pollination (hybridization) without bagging. Beginning in METHODS : Beginning about 1953, collec- 1958, rigorously designed studies of stages at tions of wind-pollinated cones have been made which to bag and to pollinate, of duration of from, and a variety of controlled pollinations flower receptivity, of competitive ability of have been made on, three longleaf pines having pollen of alien species, and of diagnostic value the rare character “black-seed,” and on one of laboratory germination tests of fresh and longleaf pine nursery-selected about 1937 and stored pollen. Designs typically multifactorial, having unusual resistance to brown-spot with two or three trees either as blocks or as (“Father Abraham, the mother of a new treatments, depending on superimposed pollen race!“), and suitable check trees. Outplant- or pollination-treatment combinations; 12 to ings of resulting progenies have been made at 36 or more observations per experiment, each various places in Louisiana and Mississippi. The consisting of five to ten bags per treatment- collections and controlled crosses have been combination per tree. Results in terms of cones made in Rapides and Grant Parishes, near maturing, seeds filled, and, in some phases, hy- Alexandria, Louisiana, on upper coastal plain brid seedlings produced. Controlled pollinations sites. on A. J. Hodges Experimental Area, Many, Sa- bine Parish, Louisiana, on upper coastal plain COOPERATORS : A. J. Hodges Ii’orest Pro- sites. ducts Co., Inc.; U. S. Forest Service, Institute COOPERATOR: U. S. Forest Service, In- of Forest Genetics at Gulfport. stitute of Forest Genetics at Gulfport. ASSIGNMENT : Harold J. Derr, Research ASSIGNMENT : E. B. Snyder, Research Forester. Forester.

27. UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE, SOUTHERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION Crossett, Arkansas

27-l. EXOTIC TRIALS IN SOUTHWESTERN AR- ginning in the spring of 1954. These plantings KANSAS. 111.0, General. are made on 18 plots in five test areas. Two demonstration plots were planted in 1955 in- OBJECT : To discover exotic species, var- volving 25 and 26 species each. Five seedlings ieties, strains, or hybrids which will thrive in were planted per row with rows being repli- this area and which have traits that make cated from two to five times where the seed- them desirable for forestry purposes. They will lings were available. In 1956, twelve addition- also be used in the breeding and hybridization al plantations were made on various site con- program to combine certain desirable charact- ditions. The number of species varied from 12 ers with those of native species. to 25 at each site. Each species was planted in METHODS : Various species of trees not plots of 25 at a spacing of 8 x 8. A total of 29 native to the south Arkansas-north Louisiana coniferous species (including two native spe- area were planted over a period of 5 years be- ties) was planted. In 1957, another plantation

43 involving 50 species was planted with 8 by 8 Committee on Southern Forest Tree Improve foot spacing. Plantations are on Ozan Lumber ment and involves a total of 35.5 acres. Al Company land, Nevada, Hempstead, Clark, and seed sources are replicated from 4 to 12 times Pike Counties, Arkansas, and the Crossett Ex- This test involves 36 sources of loblolly pint perimental Forest, Ashley County, Arkansas. from 13 states or throughout its natural range from Maryland to Texas. Plantings are 01 COOPERATOR : Ozan Lumber Company. Ozan Lumber Company land, Hempstead Coun ASSIGNMENT : Hoy C. Grigsby, Associate ty, Arkansas, and Georgia-Pacific Corp. land Plant Geneticist. Cleveland County, Arkansas. COOPERATORS : Ozan Lumber Company 27-2. A PERFORMANCE AND PROGENY TEST FOR Georgia-Pacific Corporation. SEVEN PINE SEED LOTS FROM ARKANSAS, ASSIGNMENT : Hoy C. Grigsby, Associate L OUISIANA, AND MISSISSIPPI. 111.0, 111.1. Pinus taeda, P. x sondereggeri, Plant Geneticist. P. glabra, and P. echinata. 274. L OCAL TEST OF CROSSETT PINE SEED OBJECT: To compare further the perform- 111.1. Pinus taeda. ance of two sources of Mississi pi loblolly pine with loblolly from southeaster fl\ Arkansas; to OBJECT: To test the performance of Cros. test the progeny of a Mississippi loblolly pine sett seedlings with stock from other seed plus tree candidate and a Louisiana Sondereg- sources in the South in their local environ. ger hybrid backcross, to compare the growth ment : ( 1) to determine if Crossett seed and of spruce pine and shortleaf pine with the above seedling stock are equal to-or possibly su- sources, and to compare informally the survival perior to-local seed within carefully defined and growth of the seedlings bn these plots with areas, and (2) to locate seed source proven- the seedlings on the adjacent direct seeding ances which are as satisfactory as-or possibly plots of another study. better than-that of Crossett for planting in the Crossett area. METHODS : Seedlings from the seven sources were planted 8 by 8 feet on tenth-acre METHODS : Cooperators consisting prin- plots and replicated three times. The planta- cipally of industries, public forestry agencies. tion is on Bradley-Southern Division land, and schools have installed a total of 19 success- Bradley County, Arkansas. ful plantations involving 88 seed sources on 35 acres of land in nine southern states. Series COOPERATOR : Bradley-Southern Divi- I plots were established in 1954, Series II in sion of Potlatch Forests, Inc. 1955, and Series III in 1956. The plantings were ASSIGNMENT: Hoy C. Grigsby, Associate made in randomized block design according to Plant Geneticist. the “Standardized Working Plan for Local Tests of Seed Source” prepared by the Com- mittee on Southern Forest Tree Improvement, 27-3. A TEST OF 36 GEOGRAPHIC SOURCES OF Subcommittee on Geographic Source of Seed, LOBLOLLY PINE SEED IN SOUTHERN ARK- under the direction of Philip C. Wakeley. Plan- ANSAS. 111.1. Pinus taeda. tations are located in Bienville, Rapides, Wash- OBJECT: To determine what sources, if ington, and Lincoln Parishes, Louisiana; Pike any, will grow as well or possibly better than and Tishomingo Counties, Mississippi; Ander- the native loblolly on its own site so that the son and Franklin Counties, Tennessee; Ashley information can be used to determine the areas and Hempstead Counties, Arkansas; Shelby from which seed can be secured in case of fail- County, Texas; Lauderdale and Autauga Coun- ure in the local seed crop. Also, to obtain in- ties, Alabama; Columbia County, Florida; and formation in regard to wood quality and density Georgetown County, South Carolina. and resistance to disease and insects. COOPERATORS : Continental Can Com- METHODS : The experiment is set up on pany; Louisiana Forestry Commission; School the same design and work plan as the South- of Forestry, Louisiana State University; Mis- wide pine seed source study sponsored by the sissippi Forestry Commission; Tennessee Val-

44 ley Authority; Georgia-Pacific Corp.; Univer- added as better trees are found. The normal sity of Arkansas; S. C. Kardell; Department of procedure in testing these superior tree candi- Forestry, Louisiana Polytechnic Institute; dates is: (1) collect cuttings for vegetative School of Forestry, Auburn University; Flori- propagation (rooting or grafting) as soon as da Ranger School, University of Florida; West possible, (2) collect open-pollinated cones for Virginia Pulp and Paper Company. one-parent progeny test the first cone harvest, and ( 3) control-breed the tree to other trees ASSIGNMENT : Hoy C. Grigsby, Associ- with desirable traits for testing the heritabil- ate Plant Geneticist. ity of traits from both parents. Offspring produced by one or more of these methods have 27-5. M ORPHOLOGICAL SEEDLING TYPES AS been obtained from most of these 110 trees and POSSIBLE INDICATORS OF GENOTYPES IN are now growing in test areas. The study is LOBL~LLY PINE. 111.3. Pinus taeda. located in southeast Arkansas on loess over OBJECT : This study tests the possibility coastal plain soil. that different morphological loblolly pine seed- COOPERATOR: Georgia-Pacific Corp. ling types in nursery beds can result in trees with distinctive genetic traits. ASSIGNMENT : Hoy C. Grigsby, Associate Plant Geneticist. METHODS : Six distinctive seedling types

were selected and planted in randomized row 27-7. P HENOTYPIC VARIATION IN THE PRO- design in four blocks : (Type 1) Seedlings with GENY OF OPEN-POLLINATED, SELECTED a terminal bud. No side branches. Secondary LOBLOLLY PINE PARENT TREES. 111.3. needles of normal length. (Type 2) Seedlings Pinus taeda. with a terminal bud and at least one whorl of side branches. Secondary needles normal OBJECT: To determine the variation ex- length. (Type 3) Seedlings with terminal bud isting among the progeny of an open-pollinated and no side branches. Secondary needles very parent and general differences between the performance of progeny from one parent to an- long. (Type 4) Seedlings with no terminal bud. Have candle present. No side branches. Sec- other. ondary needles normal length. (Type 5) Seed- METHODS : Seed was collected from 16 lings with no terminal bud. Candles recently parent trees with special characteristics such opened to reveal primary needles. No side as large crowns, black seed, or large cones. The branches. Secondary needles normal. (Type 6) seedling stock was planted in 4 blocks of 15 Seedlings with no terminal bud and no side randomized rows of 10 seedlings each. Insuf- branches. All needles primary. This plantation ficient seedlings did not allow four replications was established in 1958. It contains 21 trees of of all sources. The outplantings were made in each of the six types replicated four times. 1955 on the Crossett Experimental Forest area Plantations are in the Crossett Experimental on loess over coastal plain soil. Forest on loess over coastal plain soil. COOPERATOR : Georgia-Pacific Corp. ASSIGNMENT : Hoy C. Grigsby, Associate ASSIGNMENT : Hoy C. Grigsby, Associate Plant Geneticist. Plant Geneticist.

27-6. PLUS TREE SELECTION PROGRAM. 111.3. 27-8. AN OPEN-POLLINATED PROGENY TEST OF Pinus echinatn, Pinus taeda. SEED COLLECTED FROM BULL PINES. OBJECT : To set up specifications for the 111.3. Pinus taeda. selection of superior tree phenotypes and to OBJECT: To determine whether the unde- list the superior trees selected to date giving sirable features of the bull pine are controlled the traits of the individual trees in detail. by heredity or whether they are due entirely METHODS : One hundred ten carefully se- to environment. lected trees are included in the program at METHODS : The progeny of eight heavily present. The number varies. Some trees are limbed, poorly pruned bull loblolly pine trees being dropped as testing progresses and others were planted in six blocks in randomized paired

45 row design with bed-run nursery seedlings. Ten trees, and a mix from unselected trees for ; seedlings were planted per row. The outplant- control. ings were made in 1957 on Ozan Lumber Com- COOPERATOR : Georgia-Pacific Corp. pany land, Hempstead County, Arkansas. ASSIGNMENT : Hoy C. Grigsby, Associatt COOPERATOR: Ozan Lumber Company. Plant Geneticist. ASSIGNMENT: Hoy C. Grigsby, Associate 27-11. IRST HYBRID PIN PLANTATIONS A Plant Geneticist. F E : CROSSETT. 112.01, 112.02. Pinus spp

27-9. T HE SELECTION OF SUPER SEEDLINGS OBJECT : ( 1) To obtain information or FROMNURSERYBEDS. 111.3.Pinustaeda, relative growth and form of the various hybrid: P. echinata. of the major southern pines and their varie, ties; (2) to supply pollen and cuttings; and (3) OBJECT: To determine whether the super to provide parent trees for breeding work. seedlings found in nursery beds will develop METHODS : Plantation 1 was established into super trees. in 1954, and consisted of 19 hybrid lots fron METHODS : Selections were made on the control-pollinations made at the Alexandri: basis of height. A seedling of average height Branch Station and at the Harrison Experi and one considered to be a runt were selected mental Forest in 1951. Seedlings from one from the immediate vicinity of each super seed- natural hybrid were also used. The seedling2 ling and planted along with it in the test plots are all in one plot. The original planting wac as checks. These seedlings were planted adja- in randomized rows of five trees each. Much cent to one another in randomized rows and inter-planting altered this design somewhat blocks, each size class falling in a separate row. Plantations 2 and 3, established in 1956, con- Plantings were made in 1954, 1955, and 1956. sist of 19 hybrid and control lots derived chief- A total of 166 plots has been planted in 23 ly from crosses made at the Crossett Branch plantations. All of these plantations involve in 1953, and at Placerville, California, in 1952. 8.8 acres in south Arkansas and north Lou- These seedlings are contained in two plots and isiana Coastal Plain. are planted in randomized rows, 10 trees per row. Each row is replicated two to three times. COOPERATORS : Georgia - Pacific Corp.; Plantations are in the Crossett Experimental Ozan Lumber Company; Louisiana Polytechnic Forest, Ashley County, Arkansas on loess over Institute; Continental Can Company; Union coastal plain soil. Hybrids planted were : Producing Company; Deltic Farm and Timber Pinus elliottii elliottii x P. echinata and recip- Company. rocal, P. echinata x P. taeda, P. elliottii elliot- ASSIGNMENT : Hoy C. Grigsby, Associate tii x P. elliottii densa, P. taeda. x P. elliottii Plant Geneticist. densa, and P. taeda x P. palustris. ASSIGNMENT : Hoy C. Grigsby, Associate 27-10. EFFECT OF INTENSITY OF SELECTION ON Plant Geneticist. LOBLOLLY PINE IMPROVEMENT. 111.3. Pinus taeda. 27-12. T HE TREATMENT OF PINE SEED WITH OBJECT: To test the degree of genetic im- ULTRASONICS TO INDUCE POSSIBLE CY- 112.11. Pinus provement obtainable from the progeny of TOGENETIC EFFECTS. taeda. wind-pollinated pole and piling quality trees compared to that obtained from the progeny OBJECT : To produce chromosomal aber- of wind- and control-pollinated plus trees. rations and mutations. METHODS : Seed from 13 loblolly pine METHODS : The ultrasonic (sound radia- geographic sources are replicated four times tion above the normal audible limit) treat- in randomized plots of 121 trees each. Test ments were made at a frequency of 400 kilo- includes progenies from ten wind-pollinated cycles and at an intensity of 200 watts. Four plus tree selections, a controlled cross of two seed lots were immersed in water (which of these, a mix from pole and piling quality served as a carrier for the sound waves) and

46 treated with the ultra-sonorator for periods larger plantation contained 40 trees from each of 2, 4, 8, and 16 minutes, respectively. The of the five treatments plus the control divided resultant seedlings were planted in 1955 in into four blocks of 10 trees each. The smaller four blocks. Each block contained eight plots, plot containing five trees from each treatment four from treated and four from untreated seed. was established as a demonstration plot. The Each plot contained 49 seedlings and all are plantations are in the Crossett Experimental in the Crossett Experimental Forest, on loess Forest on loess over coastal plain soil. over coastal plain soil. ASSIGNMENT : Hoy C. Grigsby, Associate COOPERATORS : Georgia-Pacific Corp.; Ag- Plant Geneticist. ricultural Research Center, Beltsville, Mary- land. 27-15. THE EFFECT OF COLCHICINE SOLUTIONS ASSIGNMENT: Hoy C. Grigsby, Associate 0~ LORLOLLYPINE SEED. 112.12.Pinus Plant Geneticist. taeda. OBJECT: To develop new and more useful 27-13. THE USE OF GAMMA IRRADIATION trees by attempting to induce changes in the TREATMENTS ON LOBLOLLY PINE SEED genetic makeup of the cell. TO INDUCE POSSIBLE CYTOGENETIC EF- METHODS : Stratified and unstratified lots FECTS. 112.11. Pinus taeda. of seed were treated from one to seven days in OBJECT : To produce new and more use- a 0.455 percent aqueous solution of amorphous ful trees through chromosomal aberrations and colchicine. The seedlings were outplanted in mutations. 1954 in a single plot. Trees resulting from vari- METHODS : Seven seed lots were treated ous treatments were randomized. Additional with seven dosage levels of gamma irradiation lots of seed were treated in the same solution in a cobalt irradiator at Oak Ridge, Tennessee. the following year for periods of 1, 3, and 7 The dosages were 500r ( roentgen units), l,OOOr, days. Seedlings from these treatments were 1,50Or, 2,00Or, 2,50Or, 3,00Or, and 3,500r. The planted in one plot in randomized rows, 10 treatments above 1,500r were apparently too seedlings per row. The plantations are in the heavy and no seedlings were produced. Seed- Crossett Experimental Forest on loess over lings from the three lightest dosages and a coastal plain soil. check were planted in four blocks at each of COOPERATOR: Georgia-Pacific Corp. two locations. Individual plots contained 49 trees each. The plantations were made in 1955 ASSIGNMENT: Hoy C. Grigsby, Associate in the Crossett Experimental Forest area on Plant Geneticist. loess over coastal plain soil. 27-16. ROOTING OF LOBLOLLY PINE CUTTINGS. COOPERATOR : Georgia-Pacific Corp. 151.02. Pinus taeda. ASSIGNMENT: Hoy C. Grigsby, Associate OBJECT : A series of short-term studies Plant Geneticist. to find the optimum environmental conditions for rooting cuttings. 27-14. THE TREATMENT OF PINE SEED WITH X-RAYSTOINDUCEPOSSIBLECYTOGENE- METHODS : Cuttings are placed in green- TIC EFFECTS. 112.11. Pinus taeda. house benches and the following factors are varied to determine optimum rooting condi- OBJECT : To produce chromosomal aberrations: misting cycle and duration of mist, air tions and mutations. and rooting medium temperatures, and rooting METHODS : The five levels of X-ray treat- medium materials. Indolebutyric acid in vari- ment are 200r (roentgen units), 400r, 600r, ous concentrations is used as the principal root- 800r, and 1,OOOr. The first outplanting was ing stimulant. made in 1955 in three blocks. Ten trees from COOPERATOR : Georgia-Pacific Corp. each of the five treatments plus a control were planted in each block. The second outplantings ASSIGNMENT : Hoy C. Grigsby, Associate were made in 1956 in two plantations. The Plant Geneticist.

47 27-17. TIP MOTH INJURY IN RELATION TO stalled in spring of 1959. Examinations an TREE GROWTH. 152.0. Pinus taeda, P. made yearly. This is a part of a larger stud] echinata, P. echinata x P. elliottii. (FS-2-i16-5-SS) conducted by the U. S. Fores- Service, Insect Laboratory, Gulfport, Mississ, OBJECT: To determine what effect the ippi. Nantucket tip moth (Rhyacionia frustrana Comstock) has on the growth and form of lob- COOPERATORS : Bradley-Southern Divi 1011~ shortleaf, and shortleaf x slash hybrid sion, Potlatch Forest, Inc., and U. S. Fores’ pines. Service, Forest Insect Research Project, Gulf. port, Mississippi. METHODS : Tip-moth-free plots and tipmoth-infested plots are each replicated three ASSIGNMENT: Charles X. Grano, Re. times for all sources. The insect-free plots are search Forester; Hoy C. Grigsby, Associate sprayed twice monthly with insecticides. In- Plant Geneticist.

28. UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE, SOUTHERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION, INSTITUTE OF FOREST GENETICS Gulfport, Mississippi

28-l. NON-NATIVE TAXON TRIALS. 111.0, 114. METHODS : Trees that have been attacked Pinus spp. by southern pine beetle and successfully resisted the attack are being selected throughout OBJECT : To establish a source of materials the South and are propagated in Mississippi for study of character variations for phylogenei and Texas by grafting. Oleoresin samples are tic and breeding purposes, and for producing collected from the trees for analysis, and cones readily available germ plasm& harvested for open-pollinated seed. Samples METHODS : Unreplicated plots of 25 seed- are also taken from nearby trees, presumed lings spaced at 10 x 10 have been established beetle-susceptible, for controls. Oleoresin sam- on the Harrison Experimental Forest since ples are analyzed by gas chromatography for 1954 with new plots being added as seedlings either qualitative or quantitative differences become available. Efforts are being made to in composition. Samples from open-pollinated obtain the most likely suitable sources of seed progenies will be analyzed for estimating in- from as many Pinus species as possible. Any heritance. Controlled crosses will be made on promising species or races are to be tested grafts as soon as flowers are available. Toxi- more extensively in separate areas. Thus far, city and attractiveness of whole-gum and gum 39 species and non-native taxa have been plant- component samples will be evaluated with ed. caged populations of southern pine beetle. ASSIGNMENT : D. M. Schmitt, Associate COOPERATOR: J. P. van Buijtenen, For- Research Forester; J. C. Barber, Project Lead- est Geneticist, Texas Forest Service. er. ASSIGNMENT: J. F. Coyne, Associate En- tomologist; J. C. Barber, Project Leader.

28-2. S ELECTION, TESTING, AND BREEDING SOUTHERN PINES RESISTANT TO THE 28-3. GAS EXCHANGE IN EXCISED PINE NEED- SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE. 111.0, 111.3, LES. 111.0, 111.1, 111.3, 151.0. Pinus 152.0. Pinus spp. echinata, P. taeda, P. palustris, P. elliottii. OBJECT: ( 1) To select from severe beetle- outbreak areas pines that have resisted beetle OBJECT : (1) To correlate the response attack and survived; (2) to examine compon- patterns of gas exchange with tree develop- ents of oleoresin for possible resistance factors; ment and growth, and (2) to determine how and ( 3 ) to establish both open- and controlled- different genetic material may differ in its pollinated progeny tests to study resistance response to environmental change. mechanisms. METHODS : The response patterns of gas

48 exchange (primarily O., production) of excised ASSIGNMENT: 0. 0. Wells, Associate pine needles, measured manometrically, are Geneticist. being followed throughout the year in three series of experiments: ( 1) geographic source 28-6. SOUTHWIDE PINE SEED SOURCE STUDY. series (plant material is from Texas and New 111.1. Pinus taeda, P. elliottii, P. palus- Jersey shortleaf pines growing in a ‘I-year-old his, P. echinatu. seed-source plantation ) ; ( 2 ) species series (plant material is from loblolly, slash, longleaf, OBJECT : To map, for longleaf, slash, lob- and shortleaf pine saplings) ; ( 3) individual lolly, and shortleaf pines, the zones within trees (plant material will be from fast- and which seed may be moved freely from collect- slow-growing slash or longleaf pines). In addi- ing ground to planting site, but across the boun- tion, a series of experiments is being conduct- daries of which it should not be moved. ed to determine physiological mechanisms re- METHODS : The Southwide Pine Seed sponsible for the observed response patterns. Source Study was initiated in 1951 by the ASSIGNMENT : R. M. Allen, Plant Physio- Committee on Southern Forest Tree Improve- logist. ment. State, industrial, federal, school, and private individual cooperators in 16 states have 28-4. LOBLOLLY PINE SEED SOURCE STUDY. established 128 plantations in connection with 111.1. Pinus taeda. the study. Of these, 108 are being maintained, and include 2,780 plots, 136,220 measurement OBJECT : To establish a planting of lob- trees, and 336,380 trees in all-less mortality. 1011~ pine for sampling and breeding materials In addition to having installed them, the co- that represent different geographic regions operators maintain, protect, and periodically throughout its natural range. remeasure the plantations, in selected instances METHODS : Thirteen sources of seed are with supplementary insect and disease re-ex- represented in three randomized blocks in this aminations by Forest Experiment Station spe- 6-acre planting on the Mississippi Gulf Coastal cialists. In addition to the cooperating planters, Plain. The plots are 11 x 11 trees spaced at many agencies, particularly the State Forest 6 x 8, the internal 49 trees serving as the samp- Nurseries, cooperated in the production of the ling plot, and were planted in spring, 1960. A planting stock, and many more, including sev- row of demonstration plots was planted in the eral private individuals, contributed seed for spring, 1959. the study. Several cooperators have included ASSIGNMENT : 0. 0. Wells, Associate extra plantations, or taken additional measure- Geneticist. ment data in their standard plantations to get further information from the study. Such activities are encouraged. Although a member 28-5. RACIAL VARIATION IN ROOT TYPES OF LONGLEAF PINE. 111.1. PirZUS $XkStriS. of the Southern Forest Experiment Station staff is Chairman of the Subcommittee coordi- OBJECT: ( 1) To determine the extent and nating the study, and devotes 50 to 75 percent types of root form variations; (2) to determine of his time, plus clerical help, to the under- if a reported diffuse-rooted Georgia type could taking, it must be emphasized that this is not a be identified; and (3) to measure effects of U.S. Forest Service study. It is an enterprise differences in root form on subsquent growth of the Committee on Southern Forest Tree Im- and other characters. provement, in which the Forest Service METHODS : About 1100 trees were out- (through the Northeastern, Southeastern, planted on the Harrison Experimental Forest Southern, and Central States Forest Experi- in 1959. The trees are from seed of 72 wind- ment Stations and their Research Projects, and pollinated parents collected from 21 Georgia Region 8 through two of its National Forests) locations, Birmingham, Alabama, and other is merely one of many cooperators. Individual locations in the South. The planting is a 5-tree- cooperators have the privilege of publishing row plot, 3-replicate, rectangular lattice de- independently the results from plantations or sign spaced 6 x 12. The trees are sprayed with groups of plantations under their own care and Bordeaux mixture to control brown spot. jurisdiction, but the Committee on Southern

49 Forest Tree Improvement reserves review and ASSIGNMENT: Coordinated by 0. ( publication rights on combinations of planta- Wells, Associate Geneticist. tions of two or more cooperators.

COOPERATORS : Individuals and agencies 28-8. THE NATURE OF SLASH PINE ON TH in 16 states. MISSISSIPPI AND ALABAMA OFFSHOR ASSIGNMENT : Subcommittee on Geo- ISLANDS. 111.1 Pinus elliottii. graphic Source of Seed, 0. 0. Wells, Chairman, OBJECT : To study morphological vari; Gulfport, Mississippi. tions between island, coastal, and inland pops lations. 28-7. CROSSES OF SLASH PINE ON VARIOUS SHORTLEAF RACES. 111.1, 112.01. PinUS METHODS : Trees on .Cat, Horn, and Daur elliottii, P. echinata. hin Islands were sampled for needle, but twig, and cone characters. Samples were als OBJECT: This study is designed to test, taken from trees on the mainland beaches OF through most of the range of shortleaf pine, posite each island, trees along a transect run hybrids between slash pine of a single proven- ning north from the coast, and from a coasta ance and shortleaf pine of eight different pro- progeny growing on the experimental fores1 venances. The various shortleaf x slash combinations and their checks will be compared in COOPERATOR : Francois Mergen, Profes terms of survival, cold resistance, drought re- sor, Yale University. sistance, growth rate, resistance to fusiform ASSIGNMENT : E. B. Snyder, Geneticist rust, recovery from tip-moth damage, and susceptibility to littleleaf disease to see whether the hybrids can be specifically tailored to the 28-9. G EOGRAPHICVARIATIONINNEEDLECHAR requirements of different planting localities by ACTERISTICS OF LOBLOLLY AND SHORT choosing shortleaf parents of appropriate pro- LEAF PINE. 111.1. Pinus taeda, P. ech venances. inata. METHODS : The hybrid seed was produced OBJECT : To determine the geographic from controlled pollinations made by the South- pattern of genetic variation in needle charact ern Station and Hodges Land and Timber Com- eristics of loblolly and shortleaf pines. pany, Inc., in 1960 and 1961. Seed has been METHODS: Needles from 44 widely dis shared among the Northeastern, Southeastern, tributed seed sources will be studied using Central States, and Southern Forest Experi- Southwide Pine Seed Source Study materia ment Stations and the Tennessee Valley Au- growing in Harrison and Pearl River Counties thority. Seedlings grown by these cooperating Mississippi, and in Washington Parish, Louis. agencies during 1963 were planted during the iana. Twenty-two anatomical and morphologi, 1963-64 planting season in six replications of cal characters are being examined. 15-tree row-plots in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and COOPERATOR : Francois Mergen, Profes Georgia, and in four replications of 7-row X sor, Yale University. ‘I-tree plots on a littleleaf site in Alabama. ASSIGNMENT : 0. 0. Wells, Associate Slash pine of the same provenance as the pol- Geneticist. len parents of the hybrids, and shortleaf pine local to each planting site, were included as checks. A second large-plot planting was estab- 28-10. BREEDING IN SLASH PINE PLANTATIONS lished in Georgia in December 1964 on a little- OF NON-LOCAL SEED SOURCE. 111.1 leaf site. 111.3. Pinus elliottii. COOPERATORS : A. J. Hodges Forest Pro- OBJECT : To compare progeny from local ducts Co., Inc.; Northeastern Forest Experiment natural sources to those from a Florida seed Station; Central States Forest Experiment Sta- source plantation. The information is needed tion; Southeastern Forest Experiment Station; to evaluate the feasibility of further genetic Southern Forest Experiment Station; Tennes- and breeding research within such plantations see Valley Authority. which are widespread in the south.

50 METHODS : Wind-pollinated progeny from ASSIGNMENT : D. M. Schmitt, Associate 64 trees from the two sources, were outplanted Research Forester. in 1956. About 1900 trees were planted on each of two 3-acre sites: the Harrison Experimental 28-13. RECIPROCALSPECIESEFFECTSINSHORT- Forest and the McNeil1 Experimental Forest. LEAF X SLASH AND SLASH X SHORTLEAF At each location a 3-replicate, lo-tree-row plot, HYBRIDS. 111.1, 112.01. Pinus elliottii, triple lattice design was used with 6 x 12 spac- P. echinata. ing. OBJECT: To test, in two locations, hybrids ASSIGNMENT : E. B. Snyder, Geneticist. between slash pine and shortleaf pine from eight widely distributed seed sources. The as- 28-11. SLASH x SHORTLEAF F, HYBRID. 111.1, sumption that each species of the cross contri- 111.3, 112.01. Pinus elliottii, P. echin- butes equally to the genetic constitution of the ata. hybrid will be tested by this study. OBJECT : ( 1) To estimate the influence of METHODS: Hybrids were produced by con- pollen source and individual seed parent upon trolled pollination with both slash pine and the frequency of nanophytes in the F, hybrid shortleaf pine used first as male and then as populations of slash x shortleaf, and (2) to female parents. Plantings were established in compare variation patterns in mortality and Jasper County, Georgia, and Harrison County, height growth of the hybrid progenies with Mississippi, during the 1963-1964 planting sea- those of open-pollinated progenies from the son. same seed parents. COOPERATOR: Southeastern Forest Ex- METHODS : Shortleaf pollen sources of periment Station. different geographic origin have been used to ASSIGNMENT : 0. 0. Wells, Associate control-pollinate selected Florida slash pine Geneticist. trees. Control-pollinated and open-pollinated seed will be collected to provide the progenies required. Single-tree replicated plots, g-foot tri- 28-14. EFFECT OF THE ROOTS ON THE HEIGHT angular spacing, in compact family block de- GROWTH OF PINES. 111.1, 151.0. Pinus sign will constitute the outplanting. Nanophytes taeda, P. elliottii, P. echinata. will be statistically defined and the appropriate OBJECT : To measure the variation in frequency distributions compared. Height height growth which can be attributed to dif- growth, its variance, and mortality compari- ferences in root efficiency and vigor. sons will also be made. METHODS : In two studies the tops and ASSIGNMENT : D. M. Schmitt, Associate roots of young loblolly, slash, and shortleaf Research Forester. seedlings were interchanged in all combinations by grafting. The outplantings have 8 28-12. Pinus rigida TESTS. 111.1, 112.01. Pi- single-tree replications of each combination in nus rigida. one study and 10 in the other. Double-root systems were made by inarching in a thrid OBJECT: To test the local adaptability of study. Here again all three species are repre- P. rigida and P. rigida hybrids when crossed sented in all combinations and there are 10 and compared with P. echinata, P. serotina, P. single-tree replicates in the outplanting. In a taeda, and P. glabra. fourth study there are four treatments: ( 1) METHODS : Two hundred and sixty-five Scions from seven geographic sources of short- trees representing various P. rigida and test leaf grafted on the local shortleaf rootstock, crosses are to be planted on each of two harsh (2) shortleaf source scions grafted on slash sites, very wet and very dry, on the Harrison rootstock, (3) scions from the local shortleaf Experimental Forest. Due to the extremely source grafted on the rootstocks of the other variable number of seedlings representing the sources, and (4) shortleaf scions grafted on various crosses, complete randomization of rootstocks of their own source. There are 10 single tree plots, spaced at 8 x 8 will be used. single-tree replicates in the outplanting. An-

51 nual measurements will be made for at least METHODS : Wind-pollinated longleaf see five years. was collected from 35 different trees each ye: ASSIGNMENT : R. M. Allen, Plant Physio- for 4 years. Part of the trees in the last 3 year logist. collection were located in Pearl River Count Mississippi, part in Harrison County, Mississil 28-15. S ELECTION OF FAST- GROWING SLASH pi, and part in Stone, Forrest, or Perry Cour AND LOBLOLLY SEEDLINGS FROM THE ties, Mississippi. The first year’s collection w; ASHE NURSERY. 111.3. Pinus taeda, P. all from Harrison County. The stock was un elliottii. formly treated in the nursery. Field planting have used 25-seedling row plots and a rar OBJECT: To obtain a future source of val- domized complete block design. Each year uable variants for physiological and genetic collection was a separate experiment. Surviv: studies and for tree improvement research. measurements were made after 1 year in th METHODS: Annual selections for a lo- field and survival and growth measuremenl year period ending in 1971 are outplanted with each year thereafter for 2-4 years. Final fiel controls. Selection intensity is approximately measurements have been made. one per nursery bed ( 1: 50,000). ASSIGNMENT : R. M. Allen, Plant PhJ ASSIGNMENT : E. B. Snyder, Geneticist. siologist.

28-16. PROGENY TESTING LONGLEAF PINE FOR 28-18. B REEDING AND PROGENY TESTIN BROWN-SPOT RESISTANCE. 111.3. PinUS SOUTHERN PINES FOR RESISTANCE T palustris. TIP MOTHS. 111.3, 112.02, 141. Pi7Zu OBJECT : To identify brown-spot-resistant SPP* longleaf pines. OBJECT : ( 1) To determine whether ther METHODS : Open-pollinated seed from 543 is inherent resistance to tip moths in susceF longleaf trees were collected and seedlings tible native species, and ( 2 ) whether resistant grown at Alexandria, Louisiana, and Gulfport, can be developed in susceptible native specie Mississippi. Bulk longleaf seedlings were plant- by breeding with resistant individuals or b: ed 1 year earlier in Mississippi than selected hybridization with resistant species. progenies to build up a heavy inoculum on the METHODS : Individual trees indicatin, area. Progenies were planted in single-tree possible resistance to or tolerance of tip mot plots with 10 replicates at three locations attack will be selected in the Southwide Pin (Alexandria, La., and two in Harrison County, Geographic Seed Source Study plantation 01 Miss. ) ; one location in Mississippi will be Crown-Zellerbach Corporation land near Mil sprayed to control the disease for a comparison lard, Mississippi. Other resistant trees whicl of growth. Brown-spot infection and heights are reported will be investigated for possibl will be recorded up to 4 years. selection. These trees will be used as paren COOPERATOR : Crown-Zellerbach Corp.; trees in a breeding program. Hybrids develop International Paper Company; Southeastern ed at the Institute of Forest Genetics will ba Forest Experiment Station. subjected to tip moth attack in the field ant an evaluation made of their resistance. ASSIGNMENT : Harold J. Derr, Research Forester, Alexandria, La.; F. F. Jewel& Plant ASSIGNMENT: J. F. Coyne, Associate En Pathologist. tomologist.

28-17. P ROGENY OF INDIVIDUAL LONGLEAF 28-19. H YPOCOTYL AND COTYLEDON COLO: PINE TREES. 111.3. Pinus palustris. VARIANTS IN CROSSES OF SLASH PINE 111.3, 112.02, 112.03, 141. Pinus elliot OBJECT: To determine if there is any tii. variation in the length of the grass stage period between the progeny of individual, OBJECT : To determine inheritance of pig wind-pollinated longleaf trees in south Miss- mentation mutants for use in studying thl issippi. genetic stand structure, inbreeding in seed or

52 chards, ploidy and mutation breeding, species ing the following treatment effects on the pro- hybrids, and population genetics. geny: ( 1) full sunlight-high moisture; (2) full sunlight-low moisture; (3 ) shade-high METHODS : Fourteen known carriers were moisture; and (4) shade-low moisture. Height intercrossed and selfed. In 1965, seedlings were measurements were made at the end of the first studied in the nursery and in the laboratory for growing season. In the second growing season incidence of pink or green hypocotyls and the length of the spring flush was measured. their intergrades, and for xantha or other vari- At the end of the second growing season total ants in the cotyledons. These supplement heights and groundline diameter were taken earlier studies with wind-pollinated material. on all seedlings; dry weights of foliage and dry COOPERATOR : Francois Mergen, Profes- weights of stem tissue were measured on se- sor, Yale University. lected progeny groups. Physiological studies concerning chlorophyll content, photosynthe- ASSIGNMENT: E. B. Snyder, Geneticist. tic and respiration rates, and measurements of relative turgidity were made. Field and lab- 28-20. ERAMBERT'S HYBRID. 111.3, 141. Pinus oratory work have been completed and the x sondereggeri. data are being analyzed.

OBJECT : (1) To determine the species ASSIGNMENT : R. M. Allen, Plant Phy- from which the natural hybrid originated, and siologist; E. B. Snyder, Geneticist. (2 ) to test the significance of the extreme variability known to exist in its progeny. 28-22. S ELECTION AND CARE OF FUSIFORM- METHODS : Samples from the parent tree RUST-FREE SLASH PINES FROM CERTAIN and its progeny will reveal the species nature HIGH-RUST-INCIDENCE PLOTS. 111.3, of the hybrid, and the use of variance as a vari- 151.01, 151.5. Pinus elliottii. able will determine the possible existence of a significantly greater degree of progeny vari- OBJECT : To select and maintain rust-free ability. The tree is at present considered to be slash pines in plots in the Chickasawhay Ran- a Sonderegger and as such is planted with the ger District of the DeSoto National Forest. A other Sonderegger pines. secondary object is to observe effect of certain cultural treatments on the flower produc- ASSIGNMENT : D. M. Schmitt, Associate tion of the selected trees. Research Forester. METHODS : An examination of all living plot trees was made for rust infection and the 28-21. V ARIATION IN SHADE TOLERANCE AND infection percent calculated. The trees were WATER EFFICIENCY OF PROGENIES OF 12-18 years of age and the plot size was l/10 INDIVIDUAL SLASH PINES. 111.3, 141, acre. Four of 7 plots were selected for use hav- 151.0. Pinus elliottii. ing an average of 93 percent rust-infected trees OBJECT : ( 1) To determine if there is dem- present. Where possible, all rust-free trees onstrable genetic variation in the shade toler- were released by removal of adjoining trees in ance of slash pine seedlings; (2) to determine a 25 foot radius from each selection. Included if there is demonstrable genetic variation in on each plot were two selections badly rust- the water efficiency of slash pine seedlings; infected. A total of 23 rust-free and 8 rust-in- and (3) to determine how some of the more fected trees were selected. Following release, obvious physiological mechanisms are corre- 20-25 pounds of 5-10-5 commercial fertilizer lated with the variations in shade tolerance and was applied around the base of each residual water efficiency. tree for two consecutive years. It is to be repeated periodically. Brush control by herbicides METHODS : One-parent progeny from over has been started. When the trees are of suffi- 200 mother trees in 13 locations were tested in cient size and have adequate flowers, controlled the nursery bed for 2 years under different breeding will be done. levels of light intensity and soil moisture. A factorial experiment in a randomized block de- ASSIGNMENT: F. F. Jewell, Plant Patho- sign with four replications was used in compar- logist.

53 28-23. H ISTOCHEMICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL formance and prior juvenile selections at age: DIFFERENCES ASSOCIATED WITH RE- 3-5. Data will be analyzed to determine varia SISTANCE TO THE FUSIFORM RUST FUN- tion at different ages, changes in stand strut GUS IN SLASH AND SHORTLEAF PINES. ture, juvenile-mature correlations, species-soi 111.3, 151.5. Pinus elliottii, P. echin- interactions, etc. The value of various juvenik ata. selection criteria will be examined. Selectee trees have been released to increase flower OBJECT : ( 1) To make biochemical analys- production. These trees will be used in other es of rust-susceptible and resistant slash pine genetic studies. and resistant shortleaf pine; (2) to identify by biochemical and histochemical analyses the re- COOPERATOR : Crown-Zellerbach Corp sponse of pine hosts to inoculation and subse- oration and predecessors have assisted in al quent infection by fusiform rust; and (3) to phases of the study since its establishment. isolate and identify chemical differences asso- ASSIGNMENT : Philip C. Wakeley, Prin. ciated with resistance. cipal Research Forester. METHODS : Primary and secondary tissues of resistant and susceptible slash pines and resistant shortleaf pines will be inoculated by 28-35. HALF-SIB PROGENY TESTS WITH MISS. hypodermic injection of spores. Tissues will ISSIPPI FOREST TREES. 111.3, 211.3 be sampled periodically and analyzed for bio- Pinus taeda, Liquidambar styraciflua chemical differences. Determinations will be OBJECT: To determine genetic variatior made for compounds such as gibberellins, aux- attributable to range-wide, state-wide, stand ins, auxinase, phenolics, and phenoloxidase. and individual tree effects in loblolly pine ant Tissue samples also will be quick-frozen, sec- sweetgum. tioned, and stained with vital stains to determine changes at the cellular level and locate METHODS : Range-wide collections of lob. response mechanisms to infection. 1011~ pine seed have been grown under con trolled environmental conditions. Morphologi. ASSIGNMENT : R. C. Hare, Associate Plant cal characters of seed and seedlings, and re. Physiologist. sponses of seedlings to various environmenta: conditions are being studied. In a second phast 28-24. CONVERSION OF EARLY BOGALUSA PINE of the study seed collected from five trees ir PLANTATIONS TO BREEDING BLOCKS, each of 137 sweetgum and 118 loblolly stand: WITH ANALYSIS OF RELATIONSHIP BE- along 20 latitudinal transects will be outplanted TWEEN JUVENILE AND MATURE PHENO- on several sites in Mississippi. Sources are front TYPIC CHARACTERS. 111.3, 153. PinUS western Alabama to west of the. Mississippi taeda, P. elliottii, P. palustris, P. ech- River, and north from the Gulf to the limit ol inata. the natural range of loblolly pine. The study OBJECT : ( 1) To utilize individual-tree is part of the S-23 project. measurements and descriptions at ages of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, and 30 years in plantations of COOPERATOR : Mississippi State Univer- four species on two to six soil types each, for sity. study of the variation in height and diameter ASSIGNMENT : George L. Switzer, Profes- at different ages; (2) to establish juvenile-ma- sor, Mississippi State University; 0. 0. Wells ture correlations; and ( 3) to estimate predic- Associate Plant Geneticist; J. R. Wilcox, As- tive value of juvenile traits for use in early se- sociate Plant Geneticist. lection. METHODS : Individual-tree measurements 28-26. SONDEREGGER PINE PLANTATION, 1926- and descriptions had been made at various ages 27. 112.01. Pinus x sondereggeri. from 1 to 30 years on the survivors of 23,000 trees planted 1922-26. Four species on several OBJECT: To observe the normal develop- sites are included. At age 30 final selection of ment of putative F, Pinus palustris x P. taeda more than 200 trees (plus corresponding (Sonderegger pine) from longleaf pine seed- checks) were made on a basis of “mature” per- beds.

54 METHODS : Some 330 hybrid seedlings OBJECT : To investigate the components were selected from longleaf seedbeds sown with of variation attributable to individual parent local seed, outplanted 6 x 8 in 1926-27, and trees in the over-all species hybrid variation. remeasured periodically. Initial survival ap- METHODS : Three trees exhibiting gross proximated 95 percent. Site was adverse, sur- morphological differences among themselves vival at age 30 approximately 16 percent. were selected from each of the three species, Growth, form, and infection by fusiform rust P. elliottii var. elliottii, P. palustris, and P. were highly variable. The plantation was sup- taeda for interspecies breeding. Hybrids were plemented by one control-pollinated backcross among all species. Several characters, particu- of P. palustris on putative F, P. palustris x P. larly form and vigor, are to be followed in the taeda. Study is located at Bogalusa, Washing- nursery and field. The planting design will be ton Parish, Louisiana ( “Coburn’s Creek”), on in 5 to lo-tree row plots in compact family upper coastal plain site. blocks, replicated 6 times. COOPERATOR: Crown-Zellerbach Corp- ASSIGNMENT : D. M. Schmitt, Associate oration. Research Forester. ASSIGNMENT : D. M. Schmitt, Associate

Research Forester. 28-29. SONDEREGGER PINE. 112.01,141. Pinus x Sondereggeri. 28-27. REEDING AND PROGENY TESTING FOR B OBJECT : ( 1) To determine the inheritance RESISTANCE TO FUSIFORM RUST IN of characters of discriminatory and economic 112.01, 112.02, 151.5. SOUTHERN PINES. value in natural and artificially produced pop- Pinus elliottii, P. taeda, P. palustris, ulations of P. x Sondereggeri, and (2) to de- P. echinata. termine the extent of introgression. OBJECT : ( 1) Through control-breeding, METHODS : Samples have been taken from both intra- and interspecific, among slash, lob- two hybrid swarm areas in east Texas and west lolly, longleaf, and shortleaf pines to develop Louisiana, two planted populations in Louis- fusiform rust-resistant progeny lines; ( 2 ) iana, several plots of F, P. x sondereggeri in through intensive testing by artificial rust in- Mississippi, and from isolated trees throughout oculation methods, determine the reaction of the South. A 3,600-tree planting of various Son- l-parent and hybrid progenies arising from ob- deregger back crosses has been established at jective 1; and (3) establish field plots of se- the Harrison Experimental Forest at a 6 x 12 lected progeny lines to determine their reac- spacing, using 20-tree row plots arranged in tion to rust infection under natural conditions. compact family blocks and replicated 6 times. METHODS : Selected parents of slash and Further samplings and controlled pollinations loblolly are crossed intra- and interspecifical- are being made. ly, not only among and between these two spe- ASSIGNMENT: D. M. Schmitt, Associate cies but also with shortleaf. Slash and longleaf Research Forester. pine have been crossed by controlled means. Progenies are tested in the nursery using a randomized block design. Examination of the seed- 28-30. INTERSPECIESHYBRIDARBORETA. 112.01, lings is made 8-9 months following inoculation, 141. Pinus spp. and those free of rust are potted, held till the OBJECT : ( 1) To explore interspecies and following spring, and reinoculated. Suitable self-compatibilities, ( 2 ) to study inheritance statistical analysis is made of the results. patterns of the southern pine hybrids. ASSIGNMENT : F. F. Jewell, Plant Path- METHODS : The following hybrids result- ologist. ing from 1954 pollinations have been planted in Harrison County, Mississippi: P. palustris x 28-28. EFFECTS OF PHENOTYPIC VARIATION OF P. elliottii elliottii, P. palustris x P. x sondereg- PARENTS UPON HYBRID PROGENIES. geri, P. palustris x P. taeda, P. palustris x (P. 112.01, 141. Pinus elliottii, P. palus- echinata x P. elliottii elliottii), P. palustris x tris, P. taeda. (P. palustris x P. taeda), P. elliottii elliottii x

55 P. taeda, P. taeda x P. elliottii elliottii, P. taeda 28-32. CONTROLLEDPOLLINATIONSFORSTUDY x P. x sondereggeri, P. echinata x P. elliottii ING INHERITANCE OF VIGOR, FORM, AN' elliottii, P. echinata x P. taeda, P. echinata x SEXUALITY IN SLASH PINE. 112.02, 141 (P. echinata x P. elliottii elliottii), P. x son- Pinus elliottii. dereggeri x P. taeda, and P. x sondereggeri x OBJECT : To study the inheritance of cer (P. echinata x P. elliottii elliottii). One thous- tain phenotypic variants occurring in a 4-acrl and two hundred and fifty-two seedlings were slash pine plantation. originally planted 12 x 12 in three replications About 2000 trees from con with up to 16 trees per row plot, of which 1069 METHODS : trolled crosses among eight parents were plant survived their second year in the field. This ed in 1959. A compact family block design wa material has been measured for early height used with three replications, and lo-tree rov and diameter growth and pest occurrence and is plots (multiple plots per entry per replication being used for sample materials in studies of were used for some depending on the numbe hybrid inheritance. Since flowering has started, of seedlings available). Spacing was 6 x 12 various backcross combinations are being made on a small scale. A second hybrid test area was ASSIGNMENT : E. B. Snyder, Geneticist. established in 1959 with 1120 trees at 6 x 10 in 28-33. ARENT HALF SIB RELATIONS WITH lo-tree row plots in 7 randomized blocks. P - RX SPECT TO VIGOR, SEED SIZE, AND OTHEI ASSIGNMENT : D. M. Schmitt, Associate CHARACTERISTICS IN LONGLEAF PINE Research Forester. 112.02, 141. Pinus palustris. OBJECT : To obtain information on heri 28-31. REEDING WITH A HIGH SPECIFIC GRAV B - tability of growth rate, seed size, variation ir ITY PINE 112.02. LONGLEAF . Pinus pa- brown spot reaction, and other characters, ant Zustris. to show how such information can be used fol OBJECT : ( 1) To determine to what de- genetic models and development of selectior gree the high specific gravity of the selected methods. tree (Wayne l-l) is heritable and how much METHODS : Two plantings have been mad6 regression toward the mean will occur; (2) on the Harrison Experimental Forest: ( 1) A to determine to what type of parents this tree bout 3000 seedlings survived from a 1957 out should be mated to capitalize on this outstand- planting of 8 acres. They are progeny fron ing trait, i. e., can it be combined with a tree the wind-pollinated seed of 100 randomly se of outstanding form, etc. to get better progeny; lected trees. The planting is an 8-tree row plot and (3) to determine how soon superior com- 6-replicate, triple lattice design. The planting binations can be recognized and whether there was 6 x 12. It was sprayed with Bordeaur are correlated traits such as straightness and mixture. (2) The planting was repeated ir form. 1958 on 1 acre of land but the spacing was 1% METHODS : Wayne l-l was mated with x 12 and the planting was an 8-tree row plot four other trees selected for specific character- 2-replicate, simple lattice. It is left unsprayec istics such as form, growth rate, crown, limbi- to determine the brown spot reaction of thti ness, etc. Parent tree measurements will be progeny. recorded, fiber lengths will be determined, and ASSIGNMENT : E. B. Snyder, Geneticist. the trees will be vegetatively propagated. The 400 progeny were outplanted at 12 x 12 tri- 28-34. VARIATION AND INHERITANCE OF SEEI angular spacing in 1963. There were 10 repli- CHARACTERS OF LONGLEAF-LIKE PINES cates of lo-tree row plots in a randomized block 112.02, 141. Pinus palustris. design. Progeny first-year field survivals will OBJECT : ( 1) To study the inheritance o: be recorded, as will the 3, 5, 10, etc. year the black seed-coat and loose-wing character: heights. D.b.h. and form estimates will be re- in longleaf ( ? ) pine; ( 2 ) to study the possibk corded as soon as measurable. Wood quality use of these characters as chromosome mark tests will begin in the juvenile state for com- ers; and (3) to test the hypothesis of homolo parisons with mature measurements. gous variation against that of introgression a: ASSIGNMENT : E. B. Snyder, Geneticist. an explanation of these characters.

56 METHODS : About 2500 seedlings, mostly COOPERATORS : Crown-Zellerbach Corp.; backcrosses, were outplanted in 1964 in five International Paper Co. randomized blocks of lo-tree plots. About 500 ASSIGNMENT : E. B. Snyder, Geneticist. Fi’s are available from earlier plantings. Cul- tural measures will be taken to hasten flower- 28-36. C OMPATIBILITY, GROWTH RATE, AND ing. MUTANT CHARACTERS IN SELFED SLASH COOPERATORS : West Louisiana Land and PINE. 112.03, 141. Pinus elliothi. Timber Co., Inc., Many, La.; Southern Forest Experiment Station, Alexandria, La. OBJECT : To obtain seed from enough parents to obtain valid estimates of the effects ASSIGNMENT : E. B. Snyder, Geneticist. from selfing.

28-35. C ONTROL POLLINATING AND PROGENY METHODS : Fifty pollination bags on each of 35 parents received self pollen. Selfed and TESTING PLUS SLASH PINE SELECTION, 1958. 112.02, 141. Pinus elliottii. wind-pollinated seedlings of each were compared in the nursery. The 800 selfed seedlings OBJECT : (1) To verify phenotypic char- were outplanted with 800 wind-pollinated con- acteristics of plus trees and to obtain and eval- trol seedlings in two 3-acre sites at 12 x 12 uate certain F, combinations by 2-parent pro- triangular spacing in 1965. To accommodate geny tests; (2) to try a progeny test method variable seed yields, 12 of the paired entries which is simple and yet produces a knowledge were divided into a g-tree row plot, 6-replicate of specific combining ability as well as the split-plot design, while 19 were outplanted in usual general combining ability; and (3) to a a-tree, 4-replicate split-plot. study the inheritance of characters such as specific gravity, growth, and form. ASSIGNMENT : E. B. Snyder, Geneticist.

METHODS : Twelve plus parent trees were 28-37. X-IRRADIATION AND AGING OF SOUTH- pollinated to give 51 different crosses, exclud- ERNPINE SEED FOR RETEROTIC AND MU- ing reciprocals. Sources for the selections of TAGENIC EFFECTS. 112.11. Pinus taeda, plus trees are as follows: ( 1) Harrison Experi- P. echinata, P. elliottii. mental Forest-six trees selected for form, specific gravity, progeny size, volume, cone- OBJECT: To study the nature of X, mu- bearing ability, and accessibility; (2) Crown- tations. Zellerbach plantation, Bogalusa, La.-four trees METHODS : Results from early phases selected for form, specific gravity, and growth have been published. Slash, shortleaf, and lob- rate; (3) International Paper Co. lands in 1011~ planted in 1951 and 1955 from irradiated Mississippi-two trees selected for specific or 23-year-old seed were thinned in 1964 to gravity and growth rate. Parent trees will be induce flowering. Some of the 150 trees will as fully characterized as possible by measure- be intercrossed when they flower. ments of branch characters, stem form, spe- ASSIGNMENT : E. B. Snyder, Geneticist. cific gravity, growth rate, phenology, etc. A- mount of competition will be considered. The 28-38. D IALLELCROSSESWITHLOBLOLLYPINE. 3,300 trees of crosses and controls constituting 141. Pinus taeda. 54 entries were outplanted on two sites at 12 x 12 triangular spacing in 1965. To accommo- OBJECT : To study genetic variances in- date variable seed yields, they were divided tensively in the southwestern range of lob- into (1) an 8-replicate, simple lattice of 36 1011~ pine. entries in g-tree rows, and (2 1 an 18-entry, METHODS : Within selected stands, 10 6-replicate, ‘I-tree plot randomized block. Pro- random trees are intercrossed in all combina- geny characters measured will include nursery tions, excluding selfs and reciprocals. One of heights, a-year survival, and 6-year heights. three stands within Mississippi has been com- The same characters measured on the parent pleted and will be outplanted both in Mississip- trees will be measured on the progenies at 5- pi and Texas in 1967. Crosses from other stands, year or suitable intervals for parent-progeny including several in Texas, will be subsequently regressions, among other analyses. planted in both states.

57 COOPERATION : J. P. van Buijtenen, Tex- 28-41. STUDYOF THE GROWTH SUBSTANCES II as Forest Service. PINE. 151.0. Pinus taeda, P. palustri: P. elliottii. ASSIGNMENT : E. B. Snyder, Geneticist. OBJECT : To determine the nature an role of the growth substances present in pin{ 28-39. P OLYGENIC INHERITANCE IN DIALLEL buds. CROSSESOFLONGLEAFPINE. 141. PinUS palustris. METHODS : Extracts of the buds of lob lolly, longleaf, and slash in various stages o OBJECT: To determine types and relative growth are being examined by chromatographil effects of gene and environmental action, com- and bioassay procedures. The qualitative ant bining ability, effects from selfing, differences quantitative changes in growth substances arc in reciprocals, etc. in longleaf pine, being studied during different stages of growth METHODS : About 6000 seedlings from Work is also under way to identify these sub controlled pollinations among 13 trees were stances. outplanted in 1960 on 2 sites of the Harrison ASSIGNMENT : R. M. Allen, Plant Phy Experimental Forest. There are approximately siologist. 1,500, 4-tree row plots. Whole plots contain paired reciprocal crosses and are in a 9 x 9 28-42. SOME ASPECTS OF HEIGHT GROWTH IT rectangular lattice design with eight replica- THE SOUTHERNPINES. 151.0.PinM spp tions. Spacing is 12 x 12 in an equilateral tri- OBJECT : To quantify and determine hou angle system. The plots were sprayed semi- height growth and variation in height growtl annually with Bordeaux mixture until height occur in the southern pines. growth had been initiated. METHODS : A summary of observation ASSIGNMENT : E. B. Snyder, Geneticist. and analyses, mainly by auto-correlation, o: detailed height growth measurements of tht 28-40. Q UANTITATIVE GENETICS OF FOREST southern pines made over a period of years. TREES. 141, 241. General. ASSIGNMENT : R. M. Allen, Plant Physio, OBJECT : ( 1) To apply theories of quanti- logist. tative genetics to the special problems of breeding forest trees; (2) to relate the concepts of 28-43. FUSIFORM RUST INOCULATION OF PINE character development and correlations to eco- 151.5. Pinus elliottii. nomically oriented selection and to the genetic OBJECT : To develop techniques of rus variability structure of natural stands of forest inoculation of pine applicable to large-scale trees; and ( 3 ) to analyze, on the basis of pres- testing of hybrid progeny for resistance to fusi. ent theories, proposed methods for producing form rust. genetically improved seed. METHODS : At the Harrison Experimenta METHODS : Using data from all possible Forest, moist-chambers were constructed fol sources, examine the application of present inoculating young (30-50-day-old 1 slash pine2 genetics theory and plant breeding methods to (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii) in 4 x 4 nurser3 the problems of forest tree breeding and gene- bed sections, and for inoculating one year OI tics. Presently used methods will be critically older potted plants under environmental con examined in the light of their underlying as- ditions favorable for rust infection. Improve. sumptions and of new genetic knowledge as it ment of methods and facilities is continuing. becomes available. Experimental designs and study plans will be developed to test new hypo- ASSIGNMENT : F. F. Jewel& Plant Path. theses and to produce genetic information with ologist. maximum efficiency. 28-44. OBSERVATIONSONTHEPENETRATIONOI COOPERATOR : Department of Genetics, THE PINE HOST BY THE SPORIDIA 01 North Carolina State University. CrOnWtiU7Tt fUSifO?Vle AND THE ASS0 ASSIGNMENT : Gene Namkoong, Plant CIATED HOST RESPONSES. 151.5. Pinu. Geneticist. SPP.

58 OBJECT : To determine through histologi- METHODS : Fifty sources of Liquidambar, cal methods the method of penetration used by seven of L. styraciflua from the United States, C. fusiforme on its pine hosts, and to study the one from Mexico, and 42 sources of L. formo- anatomical changes resulting from successful sana have been outplanted at the Harrison Ex- establishment of the parasite in the host tis- perimental Forest. There are 200 8-tree row sue, as compared with the normal anatomy of plots at 8 x 8 spacing in a randomized block the host. design of four replications. Thirty of the sources METHODS : Pine material from nursery or have also been outplanted near Greenville, other artificial rust inoculations is killed, fixed, Mississippi. and paraffin embedded for serial sectioning. ASSIGNMENT : James R. Wilcox, Associ- Uninoculated pine is handled in a similar man- ate Geneticist. ner. Microscopic examinations of the stained sections are made and details of the normal 28-47. G ERMINATIONRESPONSEOFSWEETGUM and pathological anatomy of the tissue are PROVENANCES TO STRATIFICATION TIME. studied along with the morphology and deve- 211.1. Liquidambar styracijlua L. lopmental changes of the parasite. OBJECT : To determine the variation in COOPERATOR: R. P. True, Pathologist, stratification requirements of sweetgum seed West Virginia University. collected throughout Mississippi and adjacent portions of adjoining states. ASSIGNMENT: F. F. Jewel& Plant Patho- logist. METHODS : Sweetgum seed was collected from three stands along each of six lines of 28-45. THE RELATIONSHIP OF SUSCEPTIBILITY latitude, 30-35”N, in Mississippi and adjacent OF PINES TO Ceratocystis Minor portions of Alabama and Louisiana. Seed from (Hedge.) HUNT TO SUCCESSFUL AT- five trees were bulked to represent each stand. TACK BY THE SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE. Following stratification for 0, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 152.0. Pinus spp. 64 days, seed were placed in an incubator at OBJECT: To determine if resistance to the alternating temperatures of 20°C for 16 hours southern pine beetle may be related to the rate and 30°C with light for eight hours. Daily of spread of the blue stain fungus Ceratocystis germination counts were made for three weeks minor. to study rate and total germination. METHODS: The blue stain fungus C. min- COOPERATOR: George Switzer, Profes- or is specific to southern pine beetle. Mortality sor, Mississippi State University. of trees is usually attributed to the interruption ASSIGNMENT: James R. Wilcox, Associ- of water movement by the fungus rather than ate Geneticist. the girdling effect .of the beetle. Trees of shortleaf, loblolly, and slash pine will be inoculated 28-48. BROAD SENSE HERITABILITY ESTIMATES with the fungus to determine rate of spread IN COTTONWOOD. 211.3, 241. Popuhs and subsequent mortality of the trees. Pro- deltoides. genies of beetle-resistant selections will be OBJECT : To obtain broad sense heritabil- compared as soon as available. The effects of ity estimates and expected gains at various the fungus on oleoresin flow, pressure, and selection intensities for growth and wood qual- composition will be measured. An attempt will ity characters. be made to relate any differences to resistance METHODS : Forty-nine randomly selected or susceptibility to beetle attack. run-of-the-bar seedlings from a S-year-old ASSIGNMENT: R. C. Hare, Associate cottonwood stand were subdivided into 20-inch Plant Physiologist. cuttings for inclusion in the study. Clones were field-planted in a randomized block design with 28-46. E VALUATIONOFNON- NATIVE Liquidam- six replications of single-tree plots. The site bar spp. 211.0. Liquidambar spp. was a sharkey clay. Following first-year OBJECT: To evaluate the performance of growth, 6-inch cuttings were taken from each L. formosana and a Mexican source of L. styra- clone and placed in containers of soil in a split- ciflua in relation to local L. styraciflua. plot design in the lath-house to evaluate root-

59 ing ability of the clones and the effect of two OBJECT : To determine the effect of tim soil types, sharkey clay and a standard potting of collection on sweetgum seed quality and sub mixture, on root development. sequent seedling height. ASSIGNMENT : James R. Wilcox, Associ- METHODS : Seed heads were collectec ate Geneticist; Robert E. Farmer, Jr., Associate from 6 sweetgum trees in south Mississipy: Research Forester. at 2-week intervals from September 5 to No vember 28, 1962. Data were recorded on speci 28-49. SWEETGUM HALF-SIB PROGENY EVAL- fit gravity of the seed head, seed weight, ant UATION. 211.3, 251.09. ~iquidambU?- percent and rate of germination for each trel styraciflua. on each collection date. Percent germination OBJECT : To study the variability and in- and seedling height were also evaluated in ; heritance of various phenological, growth, replicated nursery test. form, and wood quality characteristics of sweet- ASSIGNMENT : James R. Wilcox, Asso gum and the influence of location on their ex- ciate Geneticist. pression. METHODS : Progenies from 40 wind-pol- 28-52. FORCING SWEETGUM FLO'VVERS. 254.t linated trees selected to represent a range of Liquidambar styraciflua. phenotypes and sites were outplanted at the OBJECT : To evaluate the effects of sev Harrison Experimental Forest near Gulfport era1 environmental factors on sweetgum flow and the Delta Experimental Forest near Stone- er-bud dormancy and development. ville, Mississippi. Each outplanting consists of METHODS : Flower-bud-bearing sweetgun five replications of 4-tree row plots per parent branches from each of 3 trees were collectec tree on a 12 x 12 equilateral spacing. at 3-week intervals from early January to mid ASSIGNMENT : James R. Wilcox, Associ- February. Collected branches were subjectec ate Geneticist; Robert E. Farmer, Jr., Associate to two temperature treatments, two day-length Research Forester. treatments, and to various nutrient and growth, promoting substances to study their effects or 28-50. CONTROL-POLLINATION OF SWEETGUM. flower-bud break and subsequent development 254.0. Liquidambar styraciflua. Additional studies will further define optimun OBJECT : To define the period of recep- conditions of forcing. tivity of female flowers and to assess the ASSIGNMENT : James R. Wilcox, Associ amount of self-pollination in sweetgum. ate Geneticist. METHODS : Controlled pollinations were made on emasculated, bagged sweetgum flow- 28-53. F REEZE- DRYING OF SWEETGUM ANI ers on each of 3 trees at 2-day intervals from YELLOW- POPLARPOLLEN. 254.0.Liquid. March 16-30, 1963, and from March ll-April ambar styruciflua, Liriodendron tu 8, 1964. Protective bags were also placed over lipifera. both male and female flowers on each tree to OBJECT : To develop optimum technique5 insure self-pollination. Seed heads were col- for freeze-drying, storage, and recovery ol lected from controlled-pollinations, self-pol- sweetgum and yellow-poplar pollen. linations, unpollinated checks, and wind-pol- Samples of sweetgum and yel. linated flowers. Data were recorded and com- METHODS : low-poplar pollen were freeze-dried under higk pared on seeds per head and seed weight for the various pollinations. Observations are con- vacuum for 0 and 30 minutes, 1, 2, 4, and E hours. Prior to freeze-drying, moisture contenl tinuing. and germination percentage were determined ASSIGNMENT : James R. Wilcox, Asso- Treated samples were stored under vacuum al ciate Geneticist. room temperature. Samples were opened im- mediately, after 45 days, and after 3, 6, and 1% 28-51. EFFECTOFCOLLECTIONTIMEONSWEET- months’ storage. Pollen was checked for mois- GUM SEED QUALITY AND SEEDLING ture content, then subjected to recovery treat- HEIGHT. 254.0. Liquidambar styraciflua. ments of 25, 50, and 100 percent relative hu-

60 midity at room temperature and at 5” C. Sam- be used in pollinations to determine their effec- pies from the various recovery treatments were tiveness in setting seed. checked at 24-hour intervals to determine ASSIGNMENT: James R. Wilcox, Asso- germination percentage. Pollen samples will ciate Geneticist.

29. UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE, SOUTHERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION Harrison, Arkansas

29-l. V IRGINIAPINEPLANTATIONONSHALLOW stock planted around the test stock. One row SOILS SITESINARKANSAS OZARKS. 111.0 of buffer stock was planted around the three Pinus virginiana. contiguous blocks, making two rows of buffer OBJECT : ( 1) To test the feasibility of this stock between all test plots. The plantation is species as a supplement to eastern redcedar in the Henry R. Koen Experimental Forest. ( Juniperus virginiana L. ) on shallow limestone COOPERATOR : Tennessee Valley Author- soils, and (2) to determine when to thin this ity. species to achieve maximum clear growth. ASSIGNMENT: W. R. Maple, Research METHODS : Six completely randomized Forester. blocks of two O.l-acre plots each were planted 29-3. TEST OF HYBRID PINES. 112.01. Pinus with 1-O Virginia pine seedlings from a north- echinata, P. taeda. west Pennsylvania seed source at 3 x 3 spacing in February 1957. Measurement plots of 100 OBJECT : To test survival and growth of seedlings were established within each of the crosses of Pinus echinata and P. taeda devel- individual plots. Should this planting be suc- oped by Institute of Forest Genetics, Placer- cessful it is planned to thin one plot from each ville, California, within the natural range of pair to 6 x 6 spacing 5 years after establishment. P. echinata and to compare the development All Virginia pine crop trees on the thinned of the hybrids with that of the parents. plots will be pruned leaving one-third the METHODS : One randomized block of total height in live crown. The remaining plots twelve, 56-foot square plots was established in will be thinned 10 years after establishment February 1949. Nine center trees in each plot and crop trees pruned as before. Measurements were test trees surrounded by at least two rows will be taken after first, second, third, fifth, of P. echinata buffer stock. The study was and every fifth growing season thereafter. further confounded by a spacing test of 5 x 5, The plantations are in the Henry R. Koen Ex- 6 x 6, and 8 x 8. The study plan called for three perimental Forest. replications, but poor germination of hybrid ASSIGNMENT : W. R. Maple, Research seeds ( approximately 10 pereent ) allowed the Forester. installation of but one block. Species and hybrids under test are: Shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata); loblolly pine (P. taeda); and short- 29-2. C OOPERATIVE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHIC leaf x loblolly pine hybrids, (1) 5001-1947 F2 SOURCE OF LOBLOLLY PINE SEED. 111.1. hybrid (2) 5002-1947 F, hybrid Pinus taeda. x P. echinata, x P. taeda. The plantation is on the Henry R. OBJECT : (1) To make exploratory test Koen Experimental Forest plantings of loblolly pine from seed lots of varied geographic source and crop years; ( 2) COOPERATOR: U. S. Forest Service, Insti- to test significant differences between sources; tute of Forest Genetics, Placerville, Calif. and (3) to demonstrate contrasting develop- ASSIGNMENT: W. R. Maple, Research For- ment in one planting near Norris, Tennessee. ester. METHOD : Three completely randomized blocks of 9 plots were established in March 29-4. TESTOFCHINESECHESTNUT, P.I.58602. 1959. Four rows of four loblolly test seedlings 212.01. Castanea mollissima. were planted on each plot with a spacing of 8 x OBJECT : To determine blight resistance, 8. Each plot had one row of loblolly buffer survival, growth, and adaptability to two of

61 the better hardwood sites in the Arkansas 10 x 10 spacing. The plantation is on the Henr Ozarks. R. Koen Experimental Forest. METHODS : Two ‘h-acre demonstration COOPERATOR : Crops Research Divisior plots of 1-O Chinese chestnut seedlings were Agricultural Research Service, Washingtor established on north-facing slopes derived from D. C. Boone chert and Newton sandstone. Both plots ASSIGNMENT : W. R. Maple, Researcl are square and contain 49 seedlings planted at Forester.

30. UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE, SOUTHERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION Stoneville, Mississippi

30-l. S ELECTED COTTONWOOD AND HYBRID now available at the Stoneville Research Cent POPLAR CLONAL TRIALS, 1962 211.0, er, and (2) to obtain documented survival ant 211.3. Populus spp. growth rate data for good growing stock 01 OBJECT : To determine if any of the new one of the best cottonwood-growing soils ant cultivars, selected for their apparent superior- site when given intensive cultivation and car ity over average planting stock in rooting abil- over a 20- to 30-year period. ity, height growth, and disease resistance, are METHODS : There are 44 plots in a ran significantly better than the others and like- domized block design with two replications wise better than similar material previously Each plot contains 36 trees on a 10 x lo-foo selected. spacing. Periodic examinations will be made METHODS : There are 50 plots in a ran- to observe survival, height growth, tree form domized block design with 5 replications. Each and resistance to insect and disease attack plot consists of one row of 10 cuttings from a Thinnings will be made as needed to maintair single cultivar spaced 2 feet apart in the row. good growth throughout the life of the planta Rows are 3 feet apart. Basic data will consist tion. The European hybrids or varieties o of survival and height records taken at the end Populus euramericana planted are : bacchet of the first growing season. Cuttings will be ierii, var. erecta serotina, eugeneii (England) scored for Melampsora rust severity twice dur- gelrica, marilandica, mussolinii, regenerate ing the year. The cultivars planted and the (necroetereh), serotina, I 214, eugeneii (Ho1 source of stock are: I-154 ( CV ) ( 377 ) , Hybrid, land), robusta (Holland, and Populus nigra ir Italy; I-262 (CV) (378), Hybrid, Italy; I-214 included in the planting, also. In addition, there (CV) (330), Hybrid, Italy; I-455 (CV) (331), are eight selected clones of eastern cottonwooc Hybrid, Italy; Siouxland (CV) , Rust resistant (Populus deltoides). The control planting i: clone from South Dakota State College; Texas average cottonwood planting stock., An analysi! select #l (clone), Fort Worth, Texas; Arkansas of variance will determine the presence of anJ select #l (clone), Pine Bluff, Arkansas; Alton elite material. This study is located on Archel #l (clone), Alton, Illinois; Carbondale #l Island in Chicot County, Arkansas, near tht (clone), Carbondale Research Center, Carbon- city of Greenville in Washington County, Mis dale, Illinois; Run-of-the-bar (CV) , Batture sissippi. Experimental Forest, Chicot County, Arkansas. ASSIGNMENT : L. C. Maisenhelder, Re ASSIGNMENT : L. C. Maisenhelder, Re- search Forester. search Forester. 30-3. TEST PLANTING, 1960, OF HYBRID POP 30-2. C LONAL PLANTING TEST OF SELECTED LAR AND SELECTED CLONES OF EASTERi' CLONES OF EUROPEAN HYBRID POPLAR COTTONWOOD. 211.0, 211.3, 252.0. Popu ANDEASTERNCOTTONWOOD. 211.0,211.3. lus euramericana, P. nigra, P. del. Populus spp. toides. OBJECT : ( 1) To detect the presence of any OBJECT : (1) To determine, over a perioc elite clones of European hybrid poplar or east- of 20 to 30 years, the presence of any elite ern cottonwood that may be present among the clones of hybrid poplars or cottonwood among planting stock selected from superior trees and the clones now available at the Stoneville Re

62 search Center; (2) to test the use of Thimet, OBJECT : ( 1) To determine the relation- a systemic poison, in controlling insects; and ship between length of cold exposure and rap- (3) to test reduction of multiple sprouting by idity of subsequent foliation under an optimum reducing the length of cutting exposed above greenhouse environment; ( 2 ) to determine the ground from 5 inches to 2 inches. whether sweetgum from the northern and METHODS : Plots are laid out in a ran- southern portions of its commercial range dif- domized block design with three replications. fers in cold requirement; and ( 3 ) to determine Measurements of height and diameter and rec- whether periods of high temperature alternat- ords of insect and disease attacks will be made ing with cold exposure will cause a reinduc- annually for the first 5 years and at 5-year in- tion of dormancy. tervals, thereafter. Planting stock is as fol- METHODS : In November 1964, 110 plants lows : Populus euramericarza, 11 varieties or from each seed source were lifted from nursery hybrids; P. nigra; and P. deltoides, Catfish 1 beds and potted. Fifty plants from each source through 5, and Rosedale 6, 7, and 8. Planting were placed in continuous cold storage (4°C. ) stock was obtained from l-year-old sprouts and another 50 in cold storage broken by a 24- grown in the Stoneville Research Center hour exposure to high temperatures every 10 nursery. days. At intervals of 20 days, 10 seedlings from ASSIGNMENT: L. C. Maisenhelder, Re- each source were removed from each storage search Forester; J. L. Gammage, Research treatment and “forced” in a greenhouse. Ten Technician. seedlings from each source were “forced” im- mediately after potting in November. Number 30-4. YELLOW-POPLAR GEOGRAPHIC SEED of days from date they are placed in the green- SOURCE STUDY. 211.1. Liriodendron house to foliation date were observed. Data tulipifera. will be analyzed as for a factorial design. OBJECT : To determine the extent of yel- ASSIGNMENT : Robert E. Farmer, Jr., Re- low-poplar racial variation among several dif- search Forester. ferent locations in the territory of the South- ern Forest Experiment Station. 30-6. SEX RATIO IN NATURAL COTTONWOOD 211.2, 211.3, 251.31, METHODS : Seed will be collected from the POPULATIONS. 251.321. spp. following sources: (1) A sandy site from a Populus bay head or stream of south Mississippi; (2) OBJECT : Originally designed to determine a deep brown loam site in the Bluff Hills near cottonwood sex ratio in the lower Mississippi Vicksburg; (3) a thin brown loam site near Valley, this test has been expanded to study Oxford; (4) a brown loam site north of Mem- phenotypic variation in cottonwood specific phis; (5 ) an upland brown loam site on Crow- gravity and phenology. ley’s Ridge near Helena, Arkansas; (6) a pop- METHODS : Natural stands in the Mississ- lar site near Sewanee, Tennessee; and ( 7) a ippi Delta region will be sampled with a nested poplar site near Birmingham, Alabama. The design. Field observations will be used to de- plan will generally follow those outlined in termine sex ratio and dates of flowering and “Standardized Working Plan for Local Tests of seed dispersal on individual trees. Specific Seed Source,” October 25, 1951; and “Working gravity will be sampled from individual trees Plan for Cooperative Study of Geographic Sources of Southern Pine Seed,” September using large diameter increment cores. 12, 1952, both prepared by the Committee on ASSIGNMENT : Robert E. Farmer, Jr., Re- Southern Forest Tree Improvement, Sub- search Forester. committee of Geographic Source of Seed. 30-7. FIELD SELECTION OF SUPERIOR COTTON- ASSIGNMENT : Robert E. Farmer, Jr., Re- WOOD PHENOTYPES. 211.3. Pop21Zus del- search Forester. toides.

30-5. COLD REQUIREMENTS FOR BREAKING OBJECT : (1) To select superior cotton- SWEETGUM DORMANCY. 211.1, 251.05. wood phenotypes for use in breeding, and (2) Liquidambar styraciflua. to develop and improve selection techniques.

63 METHODS : Preliminary selection will in- OBJECT: To test early clonal performanc clude an aerial or ground reconnaissance fol- on two sites of cottonwood selected for rapi lowed by a survey of selected stands. Superior juvenile growth in a progeny test. phenotypes subjectively selected in this survey METHODS : One hundred clones will b will be graded using a previously developed planted on two sites (Commerce loam ant system in which the selected tree is compared Sharkey clay) in triple lattice designs. Three with five adjacent dominant or codominant ramet row-plots will be used with 10 x 1 check trees for relative growth rate, straight- square spacing. At the end of one season’ ness, apparent pruning capability, crown fork- growth, clones will be evaluated on the basis o edness, crown area, and disease and insect regrowth, wood properties, and pest resistance sistance. Final selection will be based upon Study areas are on Huntington Point, north o phenotypic grades. Greenville, Mississippi, and on the Delta Ex ASSIGNMENT : Robert E. Farmer, Jr., perimental Forest. Research Forester. ASSIGNMENT : Robert E. Farmer, Jr., Re search Forester; James R. Wilcox, Geneticist 30-8. FIELD SELECTION OF SUPERIOR SWEET- GUM PHENOTYPES. 211.3. ~iqUidWdXZ?- 30-11. ROAD SENSE HERITABILITY ESTIMATE styraciflua. B : IN COTTONWOOD CLONES. 211.3, 241 OBJECT: Selection of phenotypically su- Populus deltoides. perior sweetgum from natural stands for use in a breeding program. OBJECT : To obtain heritability estimate, for several phenological and wood qualit; METHODS : Selections will be made on the characters in cottonwood saplings and to es basis of growth rate, straightness, pruning abil- timate the gain from selection at various in ity, resistance to epicormic sprouting, wood tensities. The characters of interest are: heigh properties, and pest resistance. Seed and vege- growth, diameter growth, extent of branching tative material will be collected for use in time of leaf emergence and leaf fall, specific further breeding. gravity, and fiber length. Other characters wil ASSIGNMENT : Robert E. Farmer, Jr., Re- be studied if clonal differences are apparent search Forester. METHODS : Forty-nine individual selec tions will be made from run-of-the-bar seed 30-9. T ESTING AND SELECTION OF PROGENY lings in a natural stand of cottonwood in tht FROM OPEN-POLLINATED COTTONWOOD Mississippi River valley near Greenville, Mis MOTHER-TREES. 211.3. POpUhS Spp. sissippi. Cuttings will be planted in a random, OBJECT : ( 1) To provide a population for ized block design with six replications. Sing16 selection purposes; and ( 2) to provide inform- tree plots will be used with g-foot spacing be ation on variation and inheritance of juvenile tween trees in both directions. Cuttings fron characters important in improvement. individual selections will be assigned to repli. METHODS : Half-sib families ( 60 trees each) cations on the basis of their relative positior from 81 parent trees are being grown under in the seedling stem. nursery conditions in a balanced 9 x 9 lattice ASSIGNMENT : James R. Wilcox, Gene, design. Growth parameters and Melampsora ticist; Robert E. Farmer, Jr., Research For, rust resistance will be measured after one and ester. two seasons’ growth. Individual tree selections will be made from the best families for clonal testing. This study is located at the Stoneville 30-12. SWEETGUM HALF- SIB PROGENY TEST nursery. 211.3, 241. Liquidambar styraciflua ASSIGNMENT : Robert E. Farmer, Jr., Re- OBJECT : (1) To study the variability search Forester; James R. Wilcox, Geneticist. among selected trees and their progenies; (2: to obtain estimates of heritability for selectee 30-10. A PRELIMINARY TEST OF COTTONWOOD characters; and (3) to compare performance CLONES. 211.3, 221. Populus spp. of progenies at two locations.

64 METHODS: Sixty-four trees were selected 30-14. A ONE-PARENT PROGENY TEST IN SWEET- to represent a range of phenotypes and sites in GUM . 211.3, 251.09. Liquidambar sty- south Mississippi. The following measurements raciflua. will be taken on the parent trees for use in the OBJECT : (1) To determine patterns of parent-progeny regression for heritability esti- variation within and between half-sib families height, diameter, age, straightness, mates : from six geographical locations in the lower height to crown, specific gravity, and fiber Mississippi Valley; (2) to determine the rela- length. Stratified seed from the trees will be tive performance of progeny from superior and sown in plots. After germination and establish- randomly selected phenotypes; and (3) to test ment, the young seedlings will be transplanted the effect of two major site types upon patterns to nursery beds in a triple lattice design with of variation. three replications. Spacing will be 3 inches x 3 inches with a single plot consisting of 16 METHODS : One - hundred - tree families seedlings. In the spring the seedlings will be from 81 parent trees will be grown on each of transplanted to the field in a design which two sites (Commerce silt loam and Sharkey duplicates, at two locations, the nursery design. clay) in 9 x 9 balanced lattice designs. Growth A field plot will consist of 8 trees from a single parameter, wood properties, and pest resistance parent. Spacing will be 8 x 8. Height growth will be measured and evaluated periodically. will be measured at the end of the nursery Study areas are located on Huntington Point, growing season. Field measurements to be north of Greenville, Mississippi, and on the taken over a period of a year include: survival, Delta Experimental Forest. date of leafing out, date of full leaf, date of leaf ASSIGNMENT : Robert E. Farmer, Jr., Re- fall, height growth, branching habit, diameter, search Forester; James R. Wilcox, Geneticist. wood specific gravity, fiber length, proportion of summerwood, extent of natural pruning, minimum flowering age, and date of flowering. 30-15. T ESTING AND SELECTION OF PROGENY ASSIGNMENT : James R. Wilcox, Gene- FROM OPEN-POLLINATED COTTONWOOD ticist. MOTHER TREES. 212.02, 241. POpUhlS deltoides.

30-13. A LONG-TERM COTTONWOOD CLONAL OBJECT : ( 1) To provide an artificial pop- TEST. 211.3, 241, 251.09. Populus spp. ulation of cottonwood seedlings from which selections can be made; ( 2 ) to provide quantita- OBJECT : ( 1) To test preliminary clonal tive information on variation within and be- selections over a short rotation period (20-30 tween families from open-pollinated mother years) ; ( 2) to compare a randomly selected trees; (3) to make an evaluation of the breed- clonal population with one selected on the ing potential of mother trees based on a nurs- basis of outstanding juvenile performance; (3) ery progeny test; and (4) to develop techniques to obtain broad-sense heritability estimates for suitable for large-scale implementation of the characters important to improve; and (4) to mother-tree approach in cottonwood breeding. test the effect of two radically different sites on patterns of variation. METHODS : Two hundred seedlings from each of 25 phenotypically superior female METHODS : Forty clones selected from trees selected in the east batture of the Mississ- preliminary tests and 40 randomly selected ippi River between Clarksdale and Vicksburg, clones will be grown on two sites (Commerce Mississippi, will be grown for 2 years under silt loam and Sharkey clay) in randomized nursery conditions in 10 replications of 20 seed- block designs with five replications. Four-ramet lings each. Seedlings will be spaced 2 feet apart row-plots and 10 x 10 square spacing will be in rows (3 feet apart) located randomly with- used. Study areas are located on Huntington in replications. The following measurements Point north of Greenville, Mississippi, and on will be made after 2 years’ growth: ( 1) Total the Delta Experimental Forest. height; (2) diameter 4 inches above root col- ASSIGNMENT : Robert E. Farmer, Jr., Re- lar or d.b.h., depending on average size of search Forester; James R. Wilcox, Geneticist. plants; (3) number of branches; and (4) ap-

65 parent resistance to Melampsora rust. Specific ASSIGNMENT: Robert E. Farmer, Jr., RI gravity and fiber length determinations will search Forester. also be made. 30-1’7. EFFECTS OF MOISTURE STRESS ON NA: ASSIGNMENT : Robert E. Farmer, Jr., Re- URALVARIATIONINGROWTHOFCOTTO~ search Forester; James R. Wilcox, Geneticist. WOOD CLONES. 251.07. Populus spp. OBJECT : To determine the influence ( 30-16. V EGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF HARD- moisture stress upon variation in early growt WOODS: ROOTING OF GREENWOOD CUT- of cottonwood clones. TINGS. 251.02. Liquidambar styraciflua, Quercus spp. METHODS : Cuttings from 30 randomly SC lected clones will be grown in the greenhous OBJECT : To develop vegetative propaga- under two soil moisture regimes (optimum an tion techniques for hardwoods in the tree im- stressful). A split-plot design with five repl. provement program. cations will be used. After a pre-determine METHODS : Greenwood stem cuttings from growth period, the following parameter will b sweetgum and several oak species will be prop- recorded and analyzed: total height, leaf are: agated under mist after various root-inducing dry weight of roots and shoots. treatments. Various experimental designs will ASSIGNMENT : Robert E. Farmer, Jr., RE be used. search Forester.

31. UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA, SCHOOL OF FORESTRY Gainesville, Florida

31-1. C YTOGENETIC STUDIES OF SOUTHERN by observation of select and comparison tree PINE. 111.0, 111.3, 112.01. Pinus spp. from throughout the species range. Inheren OBJECT : To study variation in chromo- variability in growth performance and othe some morphology within pine species, between important characteristics and possible selec pine species and between pine hybrids. tion gains are studied through breeding studie involving specific crosses between individual METHODS : Plant tissues are collected exhibiting various characteristics. Breeding i from known and suspected pine hybrids and done both in a breeding orchard and on select from representatives of the parent species. Ma- ed individuals in natural stands. First genetil jor emphasis is placed upon meiotic divisions screening of the several hundred selections wil in immature staminate strobili. Morphological be l-parent progeny tests conducted by thl details of chromosomes are noted to determine various cooperators with guidance,of the Uni differences between species. Meiotic irregulari- versity of Florida staff. ties are critically examined, classified as to type, and their frequency recorded. The study COOPERATOR : Brunswick Pulp and Pap is part of the S-23 project. er Company; Buckeye Cellulose Corporation Container Corporation of America; Continenta ASSIGNMENT : R. E. Goddard, Associate Can Company; Scott Paper Company; Inter Professor. national Paper Company; Rayonier, Incorp orated; St. Regis Paper Company; Union Bag 31-2. REEDING SUPERIOR STRAINS OF SOUTH B - Camp Paper Corporation. ERN PINES. 111.1, 111.3, 112.02. Pinus elliottii, P. palustris. ASSIGNMENT : R. E. Goddard, Associate OBJECT : To assess variation pattern of Professor; R. K. Strickland, Research Associate Southern pine species indigenous to Florida, and, with the use of data collected from genetic 31-3. NITROGEN NUTRITION AND METABOLISM studies of individuals and populations, develop IN RELATION TO PINE REPRODUCTIVE RE superior strains. SPONSES. 151.01, 151.03. PinuS spp. METHODS: Variation in natural popula- OBJECT: To determine some aspects o tions of slash and longleaf pine is determined nitrogen nutrition and metabolism in relatior

66 to pine reproduction and cone and seed develop- 31-5. E XPERIMENTAL PLOT- SIZE TRIALS FOR ment. SOUTHERN PINE PROGENY TESTS. 153. METHODS : Trees in a seed orchard for Pinus elliottii. which past flowering records are available are OBJECT : To determine most adequate selected for detailed study. Nitrogen composi- plot size for progeny testing southern pines. tion of reproductive and vegetative tissues dur- METHODS : Slash pine seedlings from 24 ing several stages of cone development is an- geographic sources representing most of the alysed including measurement of total nitrogen species range were obtained in December 1959. and various protein fractions. By appropriate Four separate test plantings involving these statistical techniques, the nitrogen analyses sources were established on adjacent areas em- will be related to flowering and cone produc- ploying l-, 4-, 16-, and 36-tree plots. One hund- tion. The sites and biosynthetic pathways of red to 112 seedlings from each source were the utilization of nitrogen in pine reproduction used in the various tests. Data from each test will be investigated. will be subjected to analysis of variance. Com- ASSIGNMENT : R. E. Goddard, Associate parison of the tests will be made on basis of Professor; W. H. Smith, Assistant Professor. sensitivity in detection of source differences, B and, through analysis of sequential measure- 31-4. FERTILIZATION OF SOILS FOR SOUTHERN ments, any accentuation of differences in later PINES. 151.01, 151.03. Pinus spp. measurements will be determined. OBJECT: To determine the growth and ASSIGNMENT : R. E. Goddard, Associate reproductive response of southern pine to ap- Professor. plications of plant nutrients and to relate the response to the fertility status of principal 31-6. EFFECTS OF TOP-PRUNING SEED ORCHARD forest soils in Florida. TREES. 154.3. Pinus taeda, P. elliottii. OBJECT : To determine the effect of sev- METHODS : A series of replicated experi- eral intensities of pruning upon development ments were established in slash pine seed or- and flower production of grafted and seedling chards. Treatments consisted of two or more pines. rates of primary plant nutrients or of secondary nutrients. In areas of low pH, lime was METHODS : Three degrees of pruning and applied in split-plots in which lime treatments a tree-bending treatment have been applied in make up the main plots. A factorial design was loblolly and slash pine seed orchards and in used in all experiments where practical. In nearby open-grown natural stands of compar- most experiments, treatments have been ap- able tree size. The most intensive pruning was plied annually since establishment. Height, removal of 2-years’ bole growth. All treatments diameter and occurrence of conelets are record- are replicated on several clones in both orch- ed annually. Trials were initiated in 1961 and ards. Annually, height, diameter, crown spread 1962 to determine the extent of differential re- and flower production are tallied for all treated sponse of select tree progeny to major plant trees and untreated controls of each clone. nutrients and other cultural treatments on COOPERATOR : International Paper Com- flatwoods sites. pany, Southlands Experiment Forest. ASSIGNMENT : R. E. Goddard, Associate ASSIGNMENT : R. E. Goddard, Associate Professor; W. L. Pritchett, Soils Technologist; Professor; Roy W. Stonecypher, Silviculturist, C. M. Kaufman, Professor. International Paper Company.

32. UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA, GEORGE FOSTER PEABODY SCHOOL OF FORESTRY Athens, Georgia

32-l. P ATTERN OF INHERITANCE STUDIES IN OBJECT : ( 1) Study the pattern of inherit- Pinus. 111.0, 111.3, 141. Pinus taeda, ante in vigor (height and diameter growth), P. elliotti, P. echinata. form and disease resistance among open- and

67 control-pollinated progeny; (2) determine the COOPERATORS : College Experiment St; nature of parent-progeny correlations for cer- tion; Georgia Forest Research Council; Depar tain characteristics of form and growth; (3) ment of Botany; U. S. Forest Service. ascertain the method best suited to estimating ASSIGNMENT : James T. Greene, Assis heritability; and (4) gather native and exotic ant Professor; H. D. Porterfield, Forest Techn pines to be used in studies of inheritance. cian; Claud L. Brown, Professor. METHODS : The selection of trees to provide the basic materials for the study of in- 32-3. SELECTION FOR EARLY STROBILI PRODU( herent characteristics now totals approximate- TION. 111.3. Pinus elliottii, P. taeda. ly 500. Some of these trees are being and will OBJECT : To continually search for ind be controlled pollinated in all possible com- viduals which are producing male and femal binations. Progenies from these selected trees strobili at an early age, particularly slash an will be measured for short-term and long-term loblolly pine under 6 years of age. evaluation of growth, form and disease resistance. Heritability will be determined. Appro- METHODS : ( 1) Seedlings from open- an priate techniques are being utilized to gain a control-pollinations will be closely observec knowledge of the physical bases of inheritance (2) the young “seedlings” will be crossed wit of specific characteristics. The arboretum will each other in all possible combinations whe provide germ plasm for a new gene pool which possible; and ( 3) the known parents whit can be utilized for the creation of new trees. bear seed yielding the early “flowering” “seec lings” will also be control-pollinated and vegc. COOPERATORS : College Experiment Sta- tatively propagated. tion; Georgia Forest Research Council; Depart- ment of Botany. COOPERATORS : College Experiment St; tion; Georgia Forest Research Council. ASSIGNMENT : James T. Greene, Assist- ant Professor; H. D. Porterfield, Forest Tech- ASSIGNMENT : James T. Greene, Assisl nician; C. L. Brown, Professor; L. W. R. Jack- ant Professor; H. D. Porterfield, Forest Techn. son, Professor; Mervin Reines, Associate Pro- cian. fessor. 32-4. VARIATION AND INHERITANCE OF PHOTC

32-2. HERITABILITY STUDIES IN Cupressus. SYNTHETIC EFFICIENCY AND VIGOR I 111.0, 111.3, 141, 151.02. Cupressus LOBLOLLY PINE. 111.3, 141. Pinu spp., Pinus spp., Juniperus virginiana. taeda. OBJECT : (1) To determine if there are OBJECT : To study and define variatio differences in phenotypic expression within the and heritability of photosynthetic efficient genus Cupressus; ( 2 ) develop a control-pollina- and its relationship to vigor. tion technique for the genus Cupressus; (3) de- METHODS : ( 1) Needles and seedling termine if parent-progeny correlation exists from wind- and control-pollinated trees will b for certain characters of form and growth; and scanned with an infra-red analyzer to measur ( 4) develop methods of vegetative propaga- CO:! absorption, as a measure of apparent phc tion. tosynthetic activity. Seedlings will be grow METHODS : (1) Select individual pheno- under the uniform conditions of a growt types for the following characteristics : ( a) nar- chamber in sufficient numbers to permit a vali row crown, (b) well-formed pyramidal crown, statistical analysis. Seedlings will be compare (c) color of foliage, (d) horizontal branching, to determine variation within lots as well a (e) stem form, and (f) those which are ap- between lots. Subsequently, these seedling parently resistant to Phomopsis blight; (2) will be transplanted to the field to observe thei develop methods of control-pollination and veg- growth performance. Here, a possible relatior etative propagation; and ( 3) test different ship between measured photosynthesis i species of Cupressus, sources of Scotch pine, young seedlings and subsequent growth may b Japanese black pine, white pine, redcedar, and demonstrated. (2) To start with, five tree Virginia pine for possible advocation as Christ- representative of each of two vigor classe mas trees. will be selected and reciprocally cross-pollinal

68 ed. If more trees can be found to make up a METHODS : ( 1) The first-order branches minimum total of 10 per vigor class, we will of slash and loblolly pine parents will be ana- proceed with a breeding program using bulked lyzed for tracheid length and specific gravity. pollen. Resultant progeny will be tested as (2 ) The first-order branches from the control- above in (1) and then will be outplanted in pollinated seedlings of the slash and loblolly randomized blocks of six replications, 25 seed- pine parents will be analyzed for tracheid lings per plot with isolation strips provided. An- length and specific gravity. The specific grav- nual height, diameter, and crown measure- ity will be determined by the maximum mois- ments will be made and analyzed statistically ture method. The tracheids will be measured based on least squares. Inheritance of photo- by the use of a Micro-projector. (3) Extreme synthetic efficiency will be estimated using parents with tracheid length and specific grav- analysis of variance. The studies are part of ity will be crossed, selfed, and reciprocally the S-23 project. crossed within and between the species. (4) Control-pollinated F, “seedlings” which have COOPERATORS : College Agricultural Ex- extremes of tracheid length and specific grav- periment Station; Georgia Forest Research ity will be crossed in all possible combinations. Council. The inclusion of the interspecific crosses as ASSIGNMENT : Mervin Reines, Associate well as the shortleaf is necessary to complete Professor. the possible pattern of inheritance in tracheid length and specific gravity for the populations 32-5. CYTOLOGY AND ANATOMY. 111.3,151.32. studied. Heritability will be determined. Pinus elliottii, P. taeda. COOPERATORS : College Experiment Sta- OBJECT : Variation of fibril angle in wood tion; Georgia Forest Research Council; Uni- of parents and progeny of slash pine and lob- versity of Minnesota. 1011~ pine. ASSIGNMENT : James T. Greene, Assist- METHODS : ( 1) Determine the correlation ant Professor; H. D. Porterfield, Forest Tech- of the fibril angle of the branch wood with that nician. of the adjoining stem wood; (2) determine the variation in the fibril angle of first and second 32-7. AGING IN TREES. 151.0, 151.02. Pinus ring from the pith with height in the stem of elliottii. the tree; (3) determine the variation in the OBJECT: This project is intended to be the fibril angle of the parents and their open- and first in a program for the study of the chrono- cross-pollinated progeny of slash pine and lob- logical aging in trees. Aims are to characterize 1011~ pine; and (4) determine variation in fib- the structural and physiological bases for aging ril angle of stem wood at breast height of trees in relation to problems of vegetative propaga- with identical age and diameter. tion. The specific objective of this project is to COOPERATORS : Georgia Forest Research characterize structural aging of meristematic Council; College Experiment Station. tissues; the living cells and its contents, Such studies of cells located in tissues or regions of ASSIGNMENT : L. W. R. Jackson, Profes- active cell division in the cambium and tips of sor; William Morse, Graduate Assistant. stems are presumably related to the functional aspects of plant parts of aging trees and to 32-6. THE INHERITANCE OF TRACHEID LENGTH their manifestation in propagation. AND SPECIFIC GRAVITYINSLASHAND LOB- METHODS : ( 1) Meristematic tissues, stem 141, 151.321, 151.322. LOLLY PINE. tips, and cambial cells will be removed from Pinus elliottii, P. taeda. five slash pine trees, representing each of sev- OBJECT : ( 1) To determine the effect of eral age classes (germinating seed, seedlings selection and controlled crosses and selfings as in the cotyledon stage, seedlings 1 year old, and a means of altering tracheid length and specific trees 2, 5, 10, 15, and 20 years of age). From gravity in slash and loblolly pine, and ( 2) to each tree in each age class five samples of stem compute heritability and genetic gain estimates and cambial meristems will be collected for for the populations studied. examination. (2) These tissues will be sec-

69 tioned, mounted on slides and appropriately sidered. (9) Further installations of need stained for comparative studies of inter- and bundles into propagation benches will be mat intracellular structure with the light micro- to stimulate root growth and bud developme scope. (3) Living tissues of the above will be by treatments with varying concentrations viewed with the phase microscope for compara- urea, nucleic acids, and kinetin. tive studies of structure and behavior. (4) Tis- COOPERATORS : College Experiment St sue culture of above materials will be made to tion; Georgia Forest Research Council. provide suitable material for further microscopic examination and study of their relation ASSIGNMENT : Mervin Reines, Associa to callus formation and consequently, vegeta- Professor. tive propagation. ( 5 ) Appropriately prepared tissue will be examined by electron microscopy. 32-g. In V&-O CULTURE.OF PINE CALLUS ON Particular attention will be paid to the particu- DEFINED MEDIA. 151.02. Pinus spp. late structure of the cytoplasm and nucleus ( mitochondria, microsomes, endoplastic reti- OBJECT : ( 1) To determine the nutrition culum, cytosomes, and nuclear inclusions) in factors necessary for the successful growth ar the search for changes which might transpire culture of isolated cambial cells on artifici with age. Particular attention will also be paid media, and (2) to extend this information in to the structural aspects of membranes and in- practical ways of propagating members of tl terfaces for subtle changes which may influence genus Pinus. the transport, within the cell, of physiological- METHODS: Cambial explants from tl ly active substances. four major southern pines are placed on cultul COOPERATORS : College Experiment Sta- media of known chemical consistency and 01 tion; Georgia Forest Research Council. served for continued proliferation and call1 formation. Growth factors such as auxins ar ASSIGNMENT : Mervin Reines, Associate kinins are introduced into the media to stiml Professor. late bud and/or root formation. COOPERATORS : Georgia Forest Researc 32-8. THE PROPAGATION OF NEEDLE BUNDLES. Council. 151.02. Pinus elliottii, P. taedu... ASSIGNMENT: Claud L. Brown, Prl OBJECT: To propagate needle bundles of fessor. loblolly and slash pines and to stimulate and sustain bud growth and development in rooted 32-10. CULTURE OF HAPLOID TISSUES in vitr needle bundles. 151.1, 251.1. Hardwoods, softwood METHODS : ( 1) One terminal branch from OBJECT : (1) To grow callus cultures ( each of 60 young and several older trees will female and male gametophyte tissues fro] be collected. ( 2 ) One hundred needle bundles gymnosperms and angiosperms in vitro; (2 will be stripped from each of 50 branches. (3) to initiate bud and root formation on such ti They will be planted in a sand, sand-peat, or sues to obtain haploid plants; and (3) to daub: perlite medium in the sequence of their occur- the chromosome number i?z vitro in an atteml ence on the branch. (4) Observations will be to produce a homozygous diploid, i.e., a trL made as to rootability with relation to age or breeding strain which would have much utilit position of needles, at the end of a 6-month in practical as well as basic utilization. period. (5) Within this time interval the con- COOPERATORS : Georgia Forest Researc dition of bud primordia will be examined. ( 6) Council. Needle bundles of the remaining branches will be preserved. (7) Slides will be prepared, ex- ASSIGNMENT : Claud L. Brown, Prc amined microscopically to determine the con- fessor. dition of bud primordia at the time of planting. (8) The influence of condition of bud 32-11. P RODUCTION OF USEFUL MUTANTS I primordia on rooting of needle bundles and LOBLOLLYPINE BYIRRADIATION. 112.1 subsequent bud development will also be con- Pinus taeda.

70 OBJECT : ( 1) The development of more been outplanted in replicated plots in Spalding productive loblolly strains by gamma irradia- County, for further observations. Irradiated tion of seedlings, seed, and pollen, and (2) the pollen (292r to 2579r) has been applied to the determination of dosages most efficient in the flowers of selected trees, seed have been col- production of mutants. lected and planted. Seedlings from dosages through 2579r have been field planted in re- METHODS : One-year-old dormant and plicated plots in Spalding County for further growing seedlings have been exposed to dosages tests. ranging from 200 roentgens to 7,OOOr at various Biological Laboratories, intensities. Surviving seedlings (200r to 1300r) COOPERATORS : are planted in randomized plots in Putnam and Oak Ridge National Laboratory; College of Ag- Spalding Counties. Other pine and hardwood riculture, School of Forestry, and Agricultural species have been treated for comparison. Lob- Engineering Dept., Univ. of Georgia. 1011~ seed have been exposed to dosages rang- ASSIGNMENT : Turner S. Davis, Assistant ing from 327r to 50,00Or, along with other spe- Forester, Georgia Agricultural Experiment Sta- cies. Seedlings from dosages up to 10,OOOr have tion of the Univ. of Georgia.

33. UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE, DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY Knoxville, Tennessee

33-l. PINETUM. 111.0. Pinus species. volves 24 replicates, each containing one seedling from each seed source. The Virginia pine To determine which species of OBJECT : test was enlarged in 1959 to include 20 more pine will grow in Tennessee and to compare seed lots. their performance. Also, to provide a facility for production of interspecific hybrids as well COOPERATOR : One or more of the follow- as studies in cytology and taxonomy. ing: Maryland Department of Natural Re- sources; Tennessee Valley Authority. METHODS : A uniform area of about 100 ASSIGNMENT: Eyvind Thor, Forest Gen- acres has been set aside for the Pinetum. Fol- eticist; James S. Kring, Forester; J. T. Beavers, lowing site preparation, the area was divided Forester; P. J. Huffman, Forester. into l-acre single species plots. To date, 26 species have been successfully established. ARIATION IN RASER FIR 111.1, 111.3. Data on survival, growth, etc. are obtained 33-3. V F . periodically on port-a-punch. Abies fraseri. OBJECT : To determine variation between ASSIGNMENT : Eyvind Thor, Forest Gen- trees and seed sources for selection of trees eticist. suitable for Christmas tree production.

33-2. PINE SEED SOURCE TESTS. 111.1. Pinus METHODS : Five trees were selected at taeda, P. echinata, P. virginiana, P. each of three elevations in the Great Smoky strobus, P. elliottii. Mountains. Cuttings were taken from three levels in the crown and of three branch orders. OBJECT : To compare the performance and Cuttings from the lower level of the crown adaptability of planted loblolly, shortleaf, Vir- rooted best. The rooted cuttings have been ginia, white, and slash pine of different geo- outplanted for further observations on growth graphic origins to Tennessee conditions. characteristics and possible clonal relation- METHODS : Fourteen pine seed source ships. The study is part of the S-23 project. test plantings have been established in all ma- ASSIGNMENT : Eyvind Thor, Forest Gen- jor physiographic regions of Tennessee, from eticist. 1955 through 1962. Tests with geographic sources of loblolly, white, slash, and shortleaf 33-4. WOOD PROPERTIES. 111.1, 111.3, 151.321, pine follow the standard pattern recommended 151.322, 211.1, 211.3, 251.321, 251.322. for seed source tests. A test of 16 Virginia pine Pinus taeda, P. strobus, P. virginiana, seed sources from a wide geographic range in- Liriodendron tulipifera.

71 OBJECT: To study the variation between OBJECT: To establish and maintain a trees and between regions in specific gravity orchard with clones selected for resistance t and fiber length in loblolly pine, white pine, fumes. Virginia pine, and yellow-poplar. METHODS : Several good phenotypes wit METHODS : Specific gravity and fiber apparent resistance to fumes from a steal lengths are determined from large increment plant have been selected and propagated. Th cores. When provenance test plantations are orchard is located near Wartburg in an are available, the samples will be taken from these with heavy fume damage. The clones will b in order to eliminate site effect; otherwise, evaluated in the orchard and progeny tests wi natural populations will be used. The studies be made. are part of the S-23 project. ASSIGNMENT : Eyvind Thor, Forest Ger ASSIGNMENT : Eyvind Thor, Forest Gen- eticist; J. S. Kring, Forester. eticist. 33-S. PINE BREEDING ORCHARD. 112.02. Pinu 33-5. VARIATION IN VIRGINIA PINE. 111.2, taeda, P. strobus. 111.3. Pinus virginiana. OBJECT: To establish and maintain a OBJECT: To determine the variation orchard with clones of white pines and lob among trees and stands for Virginia pine in 1011~ pine. Primarily this orchard will be use{ Tennessee and Kentucky. Special emphasis is for production of controlled intraspecific an on wood properties. interspecific crosses for later progeny tests. METHODS : Fifteen trees were selected METHODS : Selection and propagation o from 13 stands. A study of natural variation in superior phenotypes for white pine are unde wood properties has been completed. Seed has way. Ramets of exotic white pines have alsl been collected from 10 trees in each stand and been established. Good phenotypes of lobloll: an open-pollinated progeny test will be made. pine have already been selected by other agen ties, and scions from many of these trees havi COOPERATOR: Society of American For- been propagated. Loblolly clones from most o esters, Kentucky-Tennessee Section. the species range will be represented in thl ASSIGNMENT : Eyvind Thor, Forest Gen- orchard near Knoxville, Tennesse. eticist. ASSIGNMENT : Eyvind Thor, Forest Gen eticist. 33-6. VIRGINIA PINE PROGENY TEST. 111.3. Pinus virginiana. 33-9. YELLOW-POPLAR SEED SOURCE TEST 2 11.1. Liriodendron tulipifera. OBJECT : To study the heritability of bole OBJECT: To compare the performance o and crown form and other selected characters different seed sources in the different physio in Virginia pine. graphic regions of Tennessee. METHODS : Progenies from trees select- METHODS : Four seed sources have beei ed for good bole and crown form were out- outplanted in five different areas. Four repli planted in Morgan County, Tennessee, in 1958. cations and 25 trees per plot were used. Periodic measurements will be taken to obtain evidence on heritability of the selected ASSIGNMENT : Eyvind Thor, Forest Gen characteristics. eticist; James S. Kring, J. T. Beavers, and P. J Huffman, Foresters. COOPERATOR : The Tennessee Valley Authority. 33-10. YELLOW-POPLAROPEN-POLLINATED PRO ASSIGNMENT : Eyvind Thor, Forest Gen- GENY TEST. 211.3 Liriodendron tu eticist; James S. Kring, Forester. lipifera. OBJECT: To determine heritability fo: 33-7. WHITEPINE SEEDORCHARD. 111.3,122.1. some important characteristics in yellow-pop Pinus strobus. lar.

12 METHODS: Several trees in two locations, and a test of black walnut and Chinese chest- the Cumberland Mountains and West Tennes- nut in Hamilton County, Tennessee. see, were examined and seed collections made. COOPERATOR: Tennessee Valley Author- Seedlings were grown and outplanted in the ity. two locations. Large differences are apparent after two growing seasons in the field, both ASSIGNMENT : Dr. B. S. Pickett, Head, among the two seed sources and among in- Department of Horticulture; James S. Kring, dividual trees. Forester. ASSIGNMENT : Eyvind Thor, Forest Gen- eticist; James S. Kring and J. T. Beavers, For- 33-13. AMERICAN CHESTNUT BREEDING PRO- esters. GRAM. 211.3, 212.02, 212.11. Castanea dent&a. 33-11. YELLOW-POPLAR BREEDING ORCHARD. OBJECT: To develop trees with resistance 211.3. Liriodendron tulipifera. to blight. OBJECT: To establish and maintain an or- METHODS : A breeding orchard has been chard with a large number of selected yellow- established near Knoxville. Several trees with poplar clones. Primarily this orchard will be apparent resistance have been selected and used for production of controlled crosses for propagation has been started. Several thousand later progeny tests. nuts have been irradiated and the seedlings are METHODS : Selection of outstanding yel- now being outplanted for natural selection. low-poplar phenotypes has started and several Controlled crosses will be made with promising clones are established. In addition to vigor, individuals. form, branches, etc., wood properties like spe- ASSIGNMENT : Eyvind Thor, Forest Gene- cific gravity and fiber length are considered. ticist; Paul E. Barnett. The orchard is established near Knoxville, Tennessee. 33-14. YELLOW-POPLARSEEDORCHARDS. 222.1. ASSIGNMENT : Eyvind Thor, Forest Gen- Liriodendron tulipifera. eticist. OBJECT : To establish and maintain or- 33-12. TESTING OF IMPROVED BLACK WALNUT chards with clones selected from specific phy- AND CHINESE CHESTNUT. 211.3. Jug- siographic regions of Tennessee. These orchards Zans nigra, Castanea spp. will serve as a source of seed as well as scion wood. OBJECT : To test improved nut trees for their adaptability to Tennessee conditions. METHODS: Outstanding phenotypes have Principal species include black walnut and been selected and several clones have been es- Chinese chestnut. tablished in three orchards. East Tennessee ( near Knoxville), Mountains ( near Wartburg), METHODS : Testing of better varieties in and West Tennessee (Ames Plantation).. plantings at several locations in Tennessee is in progress. Oldest plantings include a test of ASSIGNMENT : Eyvind Thor, Forest Gen- black walnut varieties at Knoxville, Tennessee, eticist; James S. Kring, J. T. Beavers, Foresters.

34. UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA Charlottesville, Virginia

34-l. IRRADIATION OF AMERICAN CHESTNUT. Virginia Division of Forestry will stratify and 212.11. Castanea spp. raise seedlings at Charlottesville Nursery and OBJECT : To test irradiated seeds for re- transplant them on various State lands for fu- sistance to chestnut blight. ture evaluation as to induced resistance. First METHODS : Professor Singleton will ar- shipment irradiated nuts were received in early range for collection and irradiation of seed; spring 1958 and 7,700 nuts were planted in

73 nursery. Because of high rate of irradiation, 1959, (estimated 14,600 nuts planted Char101 only 73 irradiated seedlings survived to be out- tesville Nursery). Yield by spring of 1960 wa planted at the Cumberland State Forest (with 1,200 seedlings which were transplanted to some untreated checks) in early March 1959. field at Charlottesville Nursery. Only 1 per In the same area were 24 seedlings provided cent were surviving by fall 1962, the remainde by Dr. Albert Dietz and planted November having succumbed mainly to root rot. 1958. Only 4 percent survived when checked COOPERATOR: Virginia Division of For in spring 1961. One hundred and seventy-five estry. pounds of seed received January and February 1959 were stratified and planted March 20, ASSIGNMENT : C. L. Morris, Forester.

35. VIRGINIA DIVISION OF FORESTRY Charlottesville, Virginia

35-1. LOBLOLLY, WHITE, AND SHORTLEAF PINE mont and coastal plain seed orchards of 7( SEED PRODUCTION AREAS AND SEED OR- acres, will be established. For shortleaf, it ii CHARDS. 122.0, 122.1. Pinus taeda, P. planned to have only a single Piedmont seec echinata, P. strobus. orchard of 10 acres. A 40-acre white pine seec OBJECT: To produce improved seed for orchard is planned. About 86 acres of lobloll: use in the tree nurseries and direct seeding. pine and 61 acres of shortleaf pine seed pro duction areas have been established. Progen: METHODS : An intensive search for lob- testing is planned. lolly, shortleaf, and white pine super trees has been completed. For loblolly pine, both Pied- ASSIGNMENT : R. L. Marler, Forester.

36. WEST VIRGINIA PULP AND PAPER COMPANY Summerville, South Carolina

36-l. O PEN- POLLINATED PROGENY TEST OF deep peat (l-10 feet) sites in eastern North SUPERIORLOBLOLLYPINEANDPONDPINE Carolina. SEEDLINGS. 111.3. Pinus taeda, P,.sero- METHODS : Control-pollinated seedling: tina. produced by crossing 16 superior pond pinf OBJECT : To progeny test open-pollinated and 15 superior loblolly pine trees, using 4 pol seedlings from superior trees selected on deep len testers for each species, will be field plantec peat ( l-10 feet) sites in eastern North Carolina. beginning in 1966. Control-pollinations are we1 under way, but of the necessary crosses on@ METHODS : Open-pollinated seedlings pro- 30 percent of the pond pine and ld percent o: duced from 16 superior pond pine and 15 su- the loblolly pine have been completed. Plo. perior loblolly pine were field planted on a design will be as recommended by the North! deep peat (6 feet plus) site beginning in 1960. Carolina State-Industry Tree Improvemen Final field planting will be in 1966. Plots con- Program under the direction of Dr. B. J. Zobel sist of 25 seedlings from each superior tree and Seedlings will be planted on a deep peat site. the five best check trees. Each plot is replicated four times in a randomized design. COOPERATOR: Dr. B. J. Zobel. ASSIGNMENT : J. L. Landino, Project ASSIGNMENT : J. L. Landino, Projec, Leader. Leader.

36-2. C ONTROL- POLLINATED PROGENY TEST OF 36-3. CONTROLLED-POLLINATIONPROGENYTES: SUPERIORLOBLOLLYPINEANDPONDPINE OF SEED ORCHARD SELECTIONS. 111.3 SEEDLINGS. 111.3. Pinus taeda, P. sero- 112.02. Pinus taeda. tina. OBJECT : ( 1) To determine superiority o OBJECT : To progeny test control-pollinat- clones used in seed orchard; ( 2) to determint ed seedlings from superior trees selected on combining ability of the clones; and ( 3) tc

74 further determine what characteristics are loblolly x loblolly genetically controlled. ( open pollinated) 60 seedlings planted 8 x 8 ( Shortleaf x loblolly ) METHODS : Pollen from 14 ortets selected x loblolly 60 seedlings planted 8 x 8 for the seed orchard was applied separately to Shortleaf x slash Seedlings to be raised flowers of another ortet in 1958. Ten seedlings 1965 and outplanted 1966 of each cross were outplanted in an old field ASSIGNMENT : D. M. Crutchfield, Project in 1961. Tree used as the common tester is lo- Leader. cated at Westvaco Experimental Forest,

Georgetown, South Carolina. Pollen parents 36-6. POLLINATION OF SUPERIOR PITCH PINE are located throughout the South Carolina WITH LOBLOLLY POLLEN. 112.01. Pinus coastal plain. rigida, P. taeda. ASSIGNMENT : D. M. Crutchfield, Pro- OBJECT : To produce species hybrids from ject Leader. select parent trees. METHODS : Over 2,000 grafts were made 36-4. O PEN- POLLINATED PROGENY TESTS OF from 30 loblolly and 28 pitch pine select trees SEED ORCHARD SELECTIONS. 111.3, 112.02. between March 24 and April 30, 1965, at Char- Pinus taeda. lottesville, Virginia. All of the loblolly and the OBJECT: To determine whether progeny majority of the pitch pine parents were selected of ortets selected for seed orchard are superior by personnel of Northeastern Forest Experi- in the qualities desired; to determine what ment Station, New Lisbon, New Jersey, Re- characteristics are genetically controlled. search Center. The Hancock and Charlottesvil- le Research Centers of West Virginia Pulp ,and METHODS : Plots of open-pollinated pro- Paper Company selected 12 pitch pines. geny, containing 25 seedlings each, are planted adjacent to plots of progeny from trees in same COOPERATOR: Northeastern Forest Ex- stand as the ortet. Tests of eight ortets estab- periment Station, U. S. Forest Service. lished in 1959, replicated four times in one lo- ASSIGNMENT : David W. Sowers, Jr., Re- cation, once on another site. Seven more ortets search Center Leader. were tested in 1960, six additional ortets in 1965. Plantings located on old field and flat- 36-7. S LASH x POND PINE HYBRIDIZATION. woods sites at Westvaco Experimental Forest. 112.01. Pinus elliottii, P. serotina. COOPERATOR: North Carolina State Uni- OBJECT: Develop superior hybrid for versity, School of Forestry. planting on difficult organic soil sites. ASSIGNMENT : D. M. Crutchfield, Project METHODS : Pistillate flowers of superior Leader. slash pine growing in Union Bag-Camp’s orchard were crossed with pond pine pollen from superior trees selected on deep organic soil 36-5. TESTS OF PINE HYBRIDS. 112.01. Pinus sites. Union Bag-Camp has successfully com- serotina, P. taeda, P. palustris, P. elli- pleted the cross started in 1962. The reciprocal ottii. of this cross has not been successful to date. OBJECT: A group of informal studies to COOPERATOR : Union Bag-Camp Paper determine inheritance of such qualities as Corporation. growth rate, bole and crown form, branching ASSIGNMENT : J. L. Landino, Project habits, and adaptability to various sites. Leader. METHODS : The following hybrids have been planted : 36-8. EXPERIMENTAL SEED ORCHARDS OF LOB- Pond pine x 1.oblolly 60 seedlings planted 8 x 8 LOLLY PINE AND POND PINE. 122.1. Pi- Longleaf x loblolly 35 seedlings planted 8 x 8 nus serotina, P. taeda. Longleaf x slash 23 seedlings planted 8 x 8 OBJECT : To produce superior seed for re- Loblolly x slash 7 seedlings plantedCrow) generating deep organic soil sites in eastern Loblolly x lobloliy 80 seedlings planted 8 x 8 North Carolina.

75 METHODS : Grafts from 16 superior pond ASSIGNMENT : J. L. Landino, Projec pines and 15 superior loblolly pines are includ- Leader. ed in the orchard. The orchard was started in 1957 and consists of approximately 25 acres of 36-10. Y ELLOW- POPLAR PROVENANCE STUD' each species. The superior trees were all se- 211.1. Liriodendron tulipifera. lected on deep peat (l-10 feet) sites. OBJECT: To determine racial variation i ASSIGNMENT: J. L. Landino, Project Leader. yellow-poplar. METHODS : Four seedlings each of 12 prc 36-9. R OOTING POND PINE CUTTINGS TAKEN venances of yellow-poplar were supplied b FROM MATURE TREES. 151.02. Pinus the University of Maryland and were part c serotina. a large study. The plantings are in two block OBJECT: To learn how to root cuttings with two replicates of four seedlings each i taken from grafted superior trees to overcome each block. The plots are arranged in a Lati incompatibility or for developing and expand- square. Plots were established April 2, 196: ing a seed orchard. on the Robert Eddy tract of West Virginia Pul METHODS : Cuttings (6-8 inches long) and Paper Company on the Cairo-Cisco roac taken from grafted superior trees in December Ritchie County, West Virginia. Elevation i were placed in a heated rooting bed. The bed 800 feet, aspect N 75 E, slope 15 percent. Are consists of 3 inches of peat covered by 3 inches supports a stand of dwarf sumac, and the poI of vermiculite. The entire bed is enclosed in a lars were planted under the sumac. Soil j plastic-covered Wardian case and heated by Meigs, heavy-textured, and well drained fror regular greenhouse heating cables. Tempera- interbedded alkaline and acid shales. ture in the rooting medium varies between 75” COOPERATOR : Professor John Geny: and 85” F. The study was started in December Natural Resources Institute, University c 1963 and 8 percent of the 60 cuttings rooted Maryland. and were field planted 104 days after being placed in the rooting bed. The study was re- ASSIGNMENT : David W. Sowers, Jr., RE peated in December 1964. search Center Leader.

76 A TABULAR SUMMARY

Summaries of the information contained in different subjects. Although the tables were not the project statements are given in five tables. designed to summarize all the information The tables are intended to show the amount given in the project descriptions, they do in- and type of work under way with forest tree dicate the relative amount of research effort genera and certain tree species as well as the devoted to various forest trees and research number of projects or studies. This treatment subjects. The tables do not cross-check because is necessary because certain projects may in- of the combination of factors covered. volve several species as well as a number of

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78 Table 2-Projects Subject-matter classification ( Abies Cupressus 1 Juniperus Pinus 1 Tsuga 1 General/Total --I

11 Selection and testing of variation 1 1 111 Natural variation 6 6 111.0 Natural variation among species 3 3 72 6 84 111.1 Natural variation among races 1 1 3 86 1 92 111.2 Natural variation among stands 7 7 111.3 Natural variation among individuals 1 2 2 109 114 112.01 Interspecific hybridization 57 57 112.02 Intraspecific hybridization 42 42 112.03 Self ing 5 5 112.11 Mutation by physical treatment 7 7 112.12 Mutation by chemical treatment 1 1 122.0 Seed production areas 11 11 122.1 Seed orchards 1 . 21 22 122.2 Registered seed 2 2 13 Genetics in silviculture 3 3 14 Fundamental genetics studies 4 4 141 Mode of inheritance 1 1 43 2 47 144 Evolution 1 1 151.0 Physiology 17 17 151.01 Flower induction 6 6 151.02 Vegetative propagation 2 1 12 15 151.03 Nutritional studies 9 9 151.07 Drought resistance 1 1 151.08 Phenology 1 1 151.09 Soil effects 4 4 151.1 Cytology 1 1 2 151.3 Morphology and anatomy 1 4 5 151.32 Wood characteristics 20 1 21 151.321 Wood density 8 8 151.322 Fiber length 6 6 151.5 Pathology 10 10 152.0 Entomology 10 10 153 Biometry 12 1 13 154 Special techniques 2 2 154.0 Controlled pollination 3 3 154.3 Seed orchard tree shaping . 4 4 154.4 Seed orchard spacing 1 1 154.5 Pollen flight . 1 - -1 Total --ii lo 11 610 -i ii 645

79 Table -. ._.--

Subject-matter classification

211 Natural variation 2 11.. 11 f 211.0 Natural variation among species ‘i ‘i ‘i .i ‘i? ‘i ‘i ‘i 3 3 1 1 4 ‘1 2 4 2E 211.1 Natural variation among races 1 .... 1 2 .. 1 .. 4 6 1 ...... 2 .. 1E 211.2 Natural variation among stands 1 ...... 1 .... 2 211.3 Natural variation among individuals ‘i ‘i ‘i :: ‘i ‘i :: ‘i! 7 6 3 11 2 4 1 43 212.01 Interspecific hybridization .... l...... 1 212.02 Intraspecific hybridization .. l.... l.... l.... 12..... 6 212.11 Mutation by physical treatment .... 2 ...... 2 221 Clonal lines ...... l...... 1 222.1 Seed orchard ...... 1 ...... 1 241 Mode of inheritance ...... 3 2 1.. 4.. 1 3 13 251.02 Vegetative propagation ...... 1 .... 4 2 .. 1 .... 1 1 10 251.05 Thermoperiodism ...... 1 ...... 1 251.07 Drought resistance ...... l...... 1 251.09 Soil effects ...... l...... 2...... l...... 4 251.1 Cytology ...... 1 1 ...... 1 3 251.3 Morphology and anatomy ...... l.... 11 l...... 4 251.31 Flower primordia ...... 1 ...... 1 251.32 Wood characteristics ...... 1 .... 1 1 1 1 .... 1 1 7 251.321 Wood density ...... 1 .... 1 ...... 2 251.322 Fiber length ...... 1 ...... 1 251.5 Pathology ...... 1 .. 1 252.0 Entomology ...... l...... 1 253 Biometry ...... 1 1 254.0 Controlled pollination ...... 4 1 ...... 5 Total 3 2 8 2 6 6 2 3 35 2’7 6 7 28 3 13 13 164

80 Table 4.-Pinus by research agencies and species ----- ’ f:

1 Auburn University 1 1 1 1 9 2 Buckeye Cellulose Corporation i 1 1 3 Clemson University 1 1 :: :: I 8 4 Continental Can Company 7 3 ,. 2 20 5 Florida Forest Service 1 2 1 1 5 7 Ida Cason Callaway Foundation 1 2 1 2 6 8 International Paper Company 1 3 4 9 Louisiana State University i 12 1 10 North Carolina State University 1 1 1 7 13 11 Tennessee Valley Authority 1 . 2 2 2 1 8 12 Texas Forest Service 2 10 12 13 Union Bag-Camp Paper Corporation 1 6 i ‘i ‘1 : 1 i 14 14 U.S.F.S., Forest Products Laboratory 1 1 15 U.S.F.S., Region 8 ., 1 1 U.S.F.S., Southeastern Forest Experiment Station 16 Asheville, North Carolina 1 3 17 Athens, Georgia 1 1 4 18 Blacksburg, Virginia i 9 19 Charleston, South Carolina i ‘ii 3 :: 16 20 Cordele, Georgia 3 21 Fort Myers, Florida ‘i 5 22 Franklin, Virginia 3 1 23 Macon, Georgia ‘i : 1 21 24 Marianna, Florida 2. 1 15 25 Olustee, Florida 4. 1 35 U.S.F.S., Southern Forest Experiment Station 26 Alexandria, Louisiana 27 Crossett, Arkansas 28 Gulfport, Mississippi 29 Harrison, Arkansas 31 University of Florida 1 32 University of Georgia 33 University of Tennessee 35 Virginia Division of Forestry 36 West Virginia Pulp and Paper Corp. - ‘i ‘i ‘6 :: Total 8 36 104 3 3 42 3 9 7 11 101 18 40 385 ’ Apply to several pine species.

81 Table 5.-Pinus projects by subject categories and species

Subject-matter classification

-. 11 Selection and testing of variation 1 1 111 Natural variation ‘3’712 1 1 . 2 ib 1: 1.. 1 2 12 16 2.. 4 12 1 72 6 111.0 Natural variation among species 111.1 Natural variation among races 2 14 23 1 1 9 1 ., 1 4 23 6 1 86 111.2 Natural variation among stands l..... 1.. ‘3 2.. 7 111.3 Natural variation among individuals 10 30.t 92 2 4 37 ‘7 8 109 112.01 Interspecific hybridization 1 913 1 8 33 3 7 1 8 57 112.02 Intraspecific hybridization 516... 6.. 1 9 5 42 112.03 Selfing 1 3 1 5 112.11 Mutation by physical treatment ,..1 1 . ,. ,. 5.... 7 112.12 Mutation by chemical treatment ...... l.... 1 122.0 Seed production areas ‘i 2 1 4 4 1 2 1 12 3 5 1 2 2 21 11 122.1 Seed orchards 122.2 Registered seed 1 . . . l.... 2 13 Genetics in silviculture 3 :: 1: :: 1: 1: 3 14 Fundamental genetics studies 1 1 1 ‘1:::: 4 141 Mode of inheritance 1 16 51 2 1 10 1 6 43 144 Evolution ...... 1 1 151.0 Physiology 3 7 2 3 1 1 17 151.01 Flower induction 3 t.. I. . 1.. 2 6 151.02 Vegetative propagation 4 ,, ,. 1 ., 3 1 3 12 151.03 Nutritional studies 5 ,. ,. ,. 1.. 3 9 151.07 Drought resistance ...... l.... 1 151.08 Phenology A:: 1 l... ., . 1.. . . ,. ‘A:::: 4 1 151.09 Soil effects ., ., 151.1 Cytology 1 1 151.3 Morphology and anatomy 1 1 1,. l.... 4 151.32 Wood characteristics 1 6 31 1 7.. 120 151.321 Wood density ,. 2. .,. 1 41.. 8 151.322 Fiber length ,. 1. .1 31.. 6 151.5 Pathology 2 4 1:: 1: 1 2 10 152.0 Entomology 1 2 l.... . 1.. 2 3’ 10 153 Biometry 3 2 2,. :: :: :: 2.. 3 12 154 Special techniques . 1 l.... 2 154.0 Controlled pollination 1 ::: 1: 1 :: :: :: :: l.... 3 154.3 Seed orchard tree shaping 2 2.... 4 154.4 Seed orchard spacing l...... 1 154.5 Pollen flight ,. ,. ,, 1 1 Total 9 63 173 3 4 63 4 11 10 19 157 27 67 620

82 A GENERAL SUMMARY

The information given in the tables can be effort in softwoods and 6 percent in summarized as follows to give an over-all view hardwoods (tables 2 and 3). of forest tree improvement and forest genetics 6. Utilization of selected variants for plant- research in the South and Southeast: ing by production of clonal lines or by 1. Some 36 agencies, or combinations of seed from seed production areas or seed agency and geographic location, such orchards and the application of genetics as various field projects of the Forest in silviculture receive 6 percent of the Experiment Stations, are conducting research effort in softwoods and about 305 projects or studies involving 20 1 percent in hardwoods (tables 2 and 3). forest tree genera and 39 research sub- However, as was stated in the section jects. A few projects characterized by on the pattern of project descriptions, general subject matter are reported no effort has been made to include all (page 3 and tables 1, 2, and 3). seed production areas and seed orchards in the survey. 2. Of the 305 projects or studies reported, 186, or 61 percent, are being conducted 7. Fundamental genetic studies receive by the two U. S. Forest Service Forest about 8 percent of the research effort Experiment Stations; 61, or 20 percent, each in the softwoods and hardwoods by education institutions usually in con- (tables 2 and 3). nection with State Agricultural Experi- 8. ment Stations; and 58, or 19 percent, Supporting sciences in physiology, cyto- largely by industry but including some logy, taxonomy, morphology and anato- by state forestry agencies, the Tennes- my, ecology, pathology, entomology, and see Valley Authority, and other Federal biometry, plus work on special techni- agencies (page 3 and table 4). ques related to pollination methods or seed orchard culture account for 22 per- 3. The 305 separate projects reported often cent of the research effort in softwoods include work on more than one genera, and 28 percent in hardwoods (tables 2 so that there are 356 combinations of and 3). investigations by research agency and genera (table 1) . The 356 investigations 9. The 356 investigations reported include include 232, or 65 percent, with the gen- 26, or 8 percent, concerned with sweet- us Pinus; 14, or 4 percent, with other gum and 18, or 5 percent, with yellow- softwood genera; and 110, or 31 per- poplar. The work with these two species cent, with some 15 hardwood genera or is about 46 percent of the total research with forest trees in general (page 3 and effort on hardwood genera or trees in table 1) . general (table 1) . 4. Studies concerned with natural varia- 10. Of the 385 Pinus investigations reported tion and variation among species, races, by agency and tree species; 36, or 9 per- and individual trees are by far the most cent, involve shortleaf pine; 104, or 27 numerous. In softwoods these three sub- percent, slash pine; 42, or 9 percent, jects account for 47 percent of the re- longleaf pine; 101, or 26 percent, lob- search effort. In hardwood they account 1011~ pine; and 129, or about 29 percent, for 57 percent (tables 2 and 3). the 8 other pine species, one variety, one natural hybrid, and Pinus in general 5. Studies concerned with induced varia- (table 4). tion by hybridization among and within.species, selfing, and creation of muta- 11. A total of 620 investigations are in pro- tions receive 17 percent of the research gress (table 5).

83 SUBJECT-MATTER CLASSIFICATION TREE IMPROVEMENT RESEARCH PROJECTS

1 I. Softwoods 151.08 ( 8 ) Phenology 11 A. Selection and testing of 151.09 (9) Soil effects variation 151.1 b. Cytology 111 1. Natural variation 151.11 ( 1) Chromosome 111.0 a. Among species numbers 111.1 b. ” races ( ecotypes ) 151.2 c. Taxonomy 111.2 ,, stands 151.3 d. Morphology and anaton 111.3 ;; 7, individuals 151.31 ( 1) Flower primordia 112 2. Induced variation 151.32 ( 2) Wood character- 112.0 a. By recombination istics 112.01 ( 1) Interspecific 151.321 (a) Density hybridization 151.322 ( b ) Fiber length 112.02 ( 2) Intraspecific 151.323 (c) Fibril angle hybridization 151.324 (d) Heartwood, 112.03 ( 3 ) Selfing sapwood 112.1 b. By mutation 151.325 ( e) Compression 112.11 ( 1) Physical treatments wood ( radiation, etc. ) 151.326 (f) Tension wood 112.12 ( 2 ) Chemical treatments 151.331 ( 1) Agamospermy ( colchicine, etc. ) 151.332 ( 1) Vegetative repro- 12 B. Utilization of selected variants duction for planting by production of 151.34 ( 1) Leaves 121 1. Clonal lines 151.4 e. Ecology 122 2. Seed 151.5 f. Pathology 122.0 a. Seed production areas 152 2. Zoology 122.1 b. Seed orchards 152.0 a. Entomology 122.2 c. Registered seed 153 3. Biometry 13 C. Applications of genetics in sil- 154 4. Special techniques viculture and management of 154.0 a. Controlled pollination naturally reproduced stands 154.01 ( 1) Pollen collection 14 D. Fundamental genetic studies 154.92 ( 2 ) Pollen storage 141 1. Mode of inheritance 154.03 ( 3 1 Bagging 142 2. Reaction range 154.04 (4) Methods 143 3. Experimental taxonomy 154.1 b. Climbing gear 144 4. Evolution 154.2 c. Nursery techniques 15 E. Supporting sciences and special 154.3 d. Seed orchard tree techniques shaping 151 1. Botany 154.4 e. Seed orchard spacing 151.0 a. Physiology 154.5 f. Pollen flight 151.01 ( 1) Flower induction 2 II. Hardwoods 151.02 ( 2 ) Vegetative propaga- 21 A. Selection and testing of vari; tion tion 151.03 ( 3 ) Nutritional studies 211 1. Natural variation 151.04 (4) Photoperiodism 211.0 a. Among species 151.05 ( 5 ) Thermoperiodism 211.1 b. Among races (ecotypes 151.06 ( 6 ) Chemistry (Continue as in Soft- 151.07 ( 7) Drought resistance woods )

84 INDEX TO GENERA Numbers refer to subject matter category and research agency A bies Fraxinus 111.1 Natural variation among races, 33 211.0 Natural variation among species, 4 111.3 Natural variation among individ- 211.3 Natural variation among individuals, 33 uals, 4 212.02 Intraspecific hybridization, 4 Acer 251.02 Vegetative propagation, 10 251.3 Morphology and anatomy, 3 211.0 Natural variation among species, 11 251.32 Wood characteristics, 4 211.1 Natural variation among races, 11 211.3 Natural variation among individ- Grevillea uals, 11 211.0 Natural variation among species, 6 Betula 211.1 Natural variation among races, 6 211.0 Natural variation among species, 11 Juglans 211.3 Natural variation among individuals, 11 211.0 Natural variation among species, 11 211.3 Natural variation among individuals, Castanea 11, 33

211.3 Natural variation among individ- Juniperus uals, 33 212.01 Interspecific hybridization, 29 111.0 Natural variation among species, 11, 212.02 Intraspecific hybridization, 33 19, 32 212.11 Mutation by physical treatment, 33, 111.1 Natural variation among races, 3, 11, 34 111.3 Natural variation among individuals, 11, 32 141 Mode of inheritance, 32 Casuarina 151.02 Vegetative propagation, 32 211.0 Natural variation among species, 6 151.3 Morphology and anatomy, 3 211.1 Natural variation among races, 6 Liquidambar Cupressus 211 Natural variation, 10 111.0 Natural variation among species, 1, 211.0 Natural variation among species, 4, 32 19, 28 111.1 Natural variation among races, 1 211.1 Natural variation among races, 1, 111.3 Natural variation among individ- 10, 28 uals, 1, 32 211.2 Natural variation among stands, 1 122.1 Seed orchards, 1 211.3 Natural variation among individ- 141 Mode of inheritance, 32 uals, 1, 4, 17, 23, 28, 30 151.02 Vegetative propagation, 1, 32 212.02 Intraspecific hybridization, 4 241 Mode of inheritance, 10 251.02 Vegetative propagation, 1, 10, 17, 30 Eucalyptus 251.09 Soil effects, 28, 30 211.0 Natural variation among species, 6 251.1 Cytology, 10 211.1 Natural variation among races, 6 251.3 Morphology and anatomy, 3 211.3 Natural variation among indiv- 251.32 Wood characteristics, 4, 10 uals, 6 251.321 Wood density, 1 251.09 Soil effects, 6 251.322 Fiber length, 1

85 251.324 Heartwood, sapwood, 1 112.12 Mutation by chemical treatment, 254.0 Controlled pollination, 28 122.0 Seed production areas, 3, 4, 5, 8, 15, 25, 35 122.1 Seed orchards, 1, 5, 7, 8, 12, 15, Liriodendron 33, 35, 36 211 Natural variation, 10 122.2 Registered seed, 4 211.0 Natural variationamong species, 11, 13 Genetics in silviculture, 25 18, 19 14 Fundamental genetics studies, 14 211.1 Natural variationamong races, 10, 141 Mode of inheritance, 3, 4, 10, 12, 16, 33, 36 26, 28, 32 211.3 Natural variation among individ- 144 Evolution, 28 uals, 11, 16, 33 151.0 Physiology, 18, 25, 28, 32 222.1 Seed orchards, 33 151.01 Flower induction, 12, 25, 28, 31 241 Mode of inheritance, 10 151.02 Vegetative propagation, 1, 12, : 251.02 Vegetative propagation, 10, 17 27, 32, 36 251.1 Cytology, 10 151.03 Nutritional studies, 12, 13, 24, : 251.3 Morphology and anatomy, 3 31 251.32 Wood characteristics, 10 151.07 Drought resistance, 12 251.321 Wood density, 33 151.08 Phenology, 20 251.322 Fiber length, 33 151.09 Soil effects, 25 254.0 Controlled pollination, 28 151.1 Cytology, 10 151.3 Morphology and anatomy, 3 Nyssa 151.32 Wood characteristics, 4, 10, 12, : 23, 32 211 Natural variation, 10 151.321 Wood density, 1, 12, 25, 32, 33 211.0 Natural variation among species, 19 151.322 Fiber length, 1, 32, 33 211.1 Natural variation among races, 19 151.5 Pathology, 16, 28 241 Mode of inheritance, 10 152.0 Entomology, 13, 24, 25, 27, 28 251.3 Morphology and anatomy, 3 153 Biometry, 8, 13, 23, 28, 31 251.32 Wood characteristics, 10 154 Special techniques, 23 154.0 Controlled pollination, 26 Pinus 15.43 Seed orchard tree shaping, 12, 2 31 11 Selection and testing of variation, 10 Seed orchard spacing, 13 111 Natural variation, 10 154.4 154.5 Pollen flight, 10 111.0 Natural variation among species, 4, 11, 16, 17, 19, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33 Platanus 111.1 Natural variation among races, 1, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 211.0 Natural variation among species, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 33 211.3 Natural variation among individ 111.2 Natural variation among stands, 1, uals, 4, 9, 17 2, 3, 12, 20, 23, 33 212.02 Intraspecific hybridization, 4 111.3 Natural variation among individ- 251.02 Vegetative propagation, 10 uals, 1, 3, 4, 10, 11, 12, 13, 16, 17, 18, 251.32 Wood characteristics, 4 19, 20, 22, 23, 25, 27, 28, 31, 32, 33, 36 Populus 112.01 Interspecific hybridization, 1, 7, 10 13, 17, 23, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 36 211.0 Natural variation among species, 112.02 Intraspecific hybridization, 2, 3, 4, 211.1 Natural variation among races, 30 7, 12, 17, 23, 25, 27, 28, 31, 33, 36 211.2 Natural variation among stands, 112.03 Selfing, 3, 17, 25, 28 211.3 Natural variation among indivi 112.11 Mutation by physical treatment, 27, uals, 28, 30 28,32 212.02 Intraspecific hybridization, 19, 30

86 221 Clonal lines, 30 Tsuga 241 Mode of inheritance, 28, 30 111.1 Natural variation among races, 16 251.05 Thermoperiodism, 30 251.07 Drought resistance, 30 251.09 Soil effects, 30 General 251.31 Flower primordia, 30 (Softwoods) 251.321 Wood density, 30 252.0 Entomology, 30 111.0 Natural variation among species, 1, 5, 16 Prunus 122.0 Seed production areas, 11 122.1 Seed orchards, 11 211.0 Natural variation among species, 11 141 Mode of inheritance, 10, 28 211.3 Natural variation among individuals, 151.02 Vegetative propagation, 11 11, 16 151.32 Wood characteristics, 14 153 Biometry, 10 Quercus 211 Natural variation, 10 ( Hardwoods ) 211.0 Natural variation among species, 11, 211 Natural variation, 10 19 211.0 Natural variation among species, 1, 211.1 Natural variation among races, 3, 5, 16 16 211.3 Natural variation among individ- 211.3 Natural variation among individuals, 17 uals, 3, 11, 16 241 Mode of inheritance, 10, 28 241 Mode of inheritance, 10 251.02 Vegetative propagation, 11 251.02 Vegetative propagation, 30 251.1 Cytology, 32 251.32 Wood characteristics, 10 251.32 Wood characteristics, 14 251.5 Pathology, 16 253 Biometry, 10

87 INDEX TO RESEARCH WORKERS Numbers refer to research agencies

Allen, R. M., 28 Hatmaker, J. F., 11 Perry, T. O., 10 Hofmann, J., 10 Barber, J. C., 28 Pickett, B.S., 33 Huffman, P. J., 33 Barnett, P. E., 33 Pillow, M. Y., 14 Hutchinson, J. G., 18 Porterfield, H. D., 32 Bauer, E., 7 Posey, C., 10 Beavers, J. T., 33 Jackson, L. W. R., 32 Powers, H. R., Jr., 16 Beers, W. L., Jr., 2 Jewell, F. IF., 28 Pritchett, W. L., 31 Beineke, W., 10 Jordan, R. A., 5 Bennett, F. A., 20 Reines, M., 32 Berry, C. R., 16 Kang, K. W., 10 Roberds, J. H., 10 Bethune, J. E., 25 Kaufman, C. M., 31 Robinson, H. F., 10 Bramlett, D. L., 18 Kellison, R. C., 10 Brendemuehl, R. H., 24 Kennedy, C., 10 Saylor, L. C., 10 Brown, C. L., 32 Kinloch, B. B., Jr., 10 Schmitt, D. M., 28 Browne, C., 10 Koenig, R. L., 13 Schoenike, R. E., 3 Bryan, W. C., 17 Kok, H. R., 5 Schory, E. A., 5 Burns, R. M., 24 Kraus, J. F., 23 Shearin, A. T., 3 Kring, J. S., 33 Shelbourne, T., 10 Carr, C., 8 Kundt, J. IF., 10 Shoulders, E., 26 Clutter, J. L., 25 Sluder, E. R., 16 Cockerham, C., 10 LaFarge, T., 23 Smith, W. H., 31 Cole, D. E., 4 Land, S., 10 Snyder, E. B., 28 Coyne, J.F., 28 Landino, J. L., 36 Sowers, D. W., Jr., 36 Crow, A. B., 9 Langdon, 0. G., 19 Squillace, A. E., 25 Crutchfield, D. M., 36 Ledig, F., 10 Stonecypher, R. W., 8 Strickland, R. K., 31 Davis, T. S., 32 Maisenhelder, L. C., 30 Stubbs, J., 18 Derr, H. J., 26 Maki, T. E., 10 Switzer, G. L., 28 Duffield, J. W., 10 Malac, B. F., 13 Swofford, T. F., 15 Faircloth, J. B., 10 Mann, W. F., Jr., 26 Farmer, R. E., Jr., 30 Maple, W. R., 29 Taft, K. A., 11 Fatzinger, C. W., 25 Marler, R. L., 35 Taras, M. A., 10 Fogg, P. J., 9 Mathias, M., 10 Taylor, F., 10 Forbes, D. C., 11 McAlpine, R. G., 17 Thor, E., 33 Foster, A. A., 11 McElwee, R. L., 10 Trousdell, K. B., 21 McGee, C. E., 16 Franklin, C., 10 Usanis, R. A., 10 McGregor, W. H. D., 3 Gammage, J. L., 30 McMinn, J. W., 21 van Buijtenen, J. P., 12 Gansel, C. R., 2.5 Merkel, E. P., 25 Goddard, R. E., 31 Meskimen, G. F., 6 Wakeley, P. C., 28 Goggans, J. F., 1 Miller, T., 23 Webb, C. D., 17, 23 Grano, C. X., 27 Morris, C. L., 34 Wells, 0. O., 28 Greene, J. T., 32 Morse, W., 32 Wilhite, L. P., 25 Grigsby, H. C., 27 Wilcox, J. R., 28 Namkoong, G., 28 Hare, R.C., 28 Nikles, D. G., 10 Zarger, T. G., 11 Harrington, T. A., 2.5 Zobel, B. J., 10 Hatcher, J. B., 10 O’Gwynn, C., 8 Zoerb, M. H., Jr., 5

88 INDEX TO COOPERATORS Numbers refer to research agencies with which cooperators work

Agricultural Research Center (Beltsville, Georgia Kraft Company, 10, 19, 23 Maryland ) , 27 Georgia-Pacific Corporation, 10, 27 Alabama Department of Conservation, Division Halifax Paper Company, 10 of Forestry, 1, 11 Hardaway Contracting Company, 24 Albemarle Paper Manufacturing Company, 10 Hassel and Hughes Lumber Company, 11 Alice Land Development Company, 21 Hiwassee Land Company, (Bowaters), 10, 11 American Agricultural Chemical Company, 6, A. J. and Nona Trigg Hodges Gardens Incorp- 25 orated, 26 American Can Company, 10 A. J. Hodges Forest Products Company Incorp- Atlantic Land and Improvement Company, 25 orated, 26, 28 Auburn University School of Forestry, 27 Humble Oil Company, 26 Babcock Florida Company, 6 Bodcaw Company, 26 Ida Cason Callaway Foundation, 23 Bowaters, Incorporated, 4 International Paper Company, 10, 24, 26, 28, 31 Bradley-Southern Division of Potlatch Forests, T. C. James and Company, 26 Incorporated, 27 Brunswick Pulp and Paper Company, 31 S. C. Kardell, 27 Buckeye Cellulose Corporation, 25, 31 Kentucky Division of Forestry, 11 Kimberly-Clark Corporation, 4, 10, 11 Catawba Timber Company (Bowaters) , 10 Champion Papers Incorporated, 4, 10 I. J. Langdale, 25 Chesapeake Corporation of Virginia, 10 Long Bell Lumber Company, 26 Clemson University Department of Forestry Louisiana Forestry Commission, 26, 27 Management Staff, 3 Louisiana Polytechnic Institute Department of Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, Forestry, 27 16 Louisiana State University School of Forestry, Container Corporation of America, 31 27 Continental Can Company, 10,23, 25, 26, 27, 31 Lutcher-Moore Lumber Company, 26 Coosa River Newsprint Division, 1I Lykes Brothers Incorporated, 6 Crops Research Division Agricultural Research Service, 29 Management Staff of Clemson Forest, 3 Crown Zellerbach Corporation Southern Tim- Maryland Department of Natural Resources, 33 ber Operations, 26, 28 Members of North Carolina State-Industry Crutchfield, W., 10 Cooperative Program, 10 Francois Mergen, 28 L. N. Dantzler Lumber Company, 26 Mississippi Forestry Commission, 26, 27 Elizabeth Davis, 25 Mississippi State University, 28 Deltic Farm and Timber Company, 27 National Institute of Health, 10 Edgewood Land and Logging Company, 26 National Science Foundation, 10 Hillyer Deutson Edwards Incorporated, 26 North Carolina Department of Conservation Florida Forest Service, 6, 21, 24, 25 and Development, 10 North Carolina State University, 4, 10, 13, 28, Gaylord Container Corporation Division of 36 Crown-Zellerbach Corporation, 26 Genetics Department of North Carolina State Oak Ridge National Laboratory Biological Lab- University, 10, 28 oratories, 32 John Genys, 36 Olin Mathieson Chemical Corporation, 26 Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station, 25 Ontario Department of Lands and Forests, 16 Georgia Forest Research Council, 23, 32 Owens-Illinois Glass Company, 25 Georgia Forestry Commission, 11, 23 Ozan Lumber Company, 27

89 Carter Patten, 11 University of Tennessee Agricultural Expc Rayonier Incorporated, 31 ment Station, 11 Rice Land and Logging Company, 26 Urania Lumber Company, 26 Riegel Paper Corporation, 10 U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Savanr Riverside Manufacturing Company, 10 River Project, 3, 10 U. S. Forest Service, Central States Forest I St. Joe Paper Company, 24 periment Station, 28 St. Regis Paper Company, 31 U. S. Forest Service, Florida National Fore: Scott Paper Company, 31 25, 28 B. Smith, North Carolina State University, 10 U. S. Forest Service, Forest Insect Resear E. B. Snyder, 10 Project, Gulfport, 27 Society of American Foresters, Kentucky-Ten- U. S. Forest Service, Institute of Forest Gel nessee Section, 33 tics at Gulfport, 10, 12, 23, 25, 26 South Carolina Commission of Forestry, 3, 10, U. S. Forest Service, Institute of Forest Gel 19 tics at Placerville, 29 Southern Resin and Chemical Company, 25 U. S. Forest Service, Kisatchie National Fc State Armory Board (Florida), 25 est, 26 Tom B. Swann, 11 U. S. Forest Service, Lake States Forest E George Switzer, 28 periment Station, 14, 16 Tennessee Department of Conservation, 11 U. S. Forest Service, Mississippi National Fc Tennessee Fish and Game Commission, 11 ests, 26 Tennessee River Pulp and Paper Company, 10, U. S. Forest Service, Northeastern Forest E 11 periment Station, 11, 16, 28, 36 Tennessee State Division of Forestry, 11 U. S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Fort Tennessee Valley Authority, 16, 27, 28, 29, 33 Experiment Station, 14 The Collier Company, 6 U. S. Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Fan Tremont Lumber Company, 26 Experiment Station, 10, 29 R. P. True, 28 U. S. Forest Service, South Carolina Natior Forest, 19 Union Bag-Camp Paper Corporation, 4, 10, 25, U. S. Forest Service, Southeastern Forest E 31, 36 periment Station, 7, 11, 14, 25, 28, 32 Union Producing Company, 26, 27 U. S. Forest Service, Southern Forest Expe University of Arkansas, 27 ment Station, 11, 14, 23, 25, 28 University of Florida, 4, 5, 13 University of Florida Ranger School, 27 J. P. van Buijtenen, 28 University of Georgia Agricultural Engineering Virginia Division of Forestry, 34 Department, 32 West Louisiana Land and Timber Compar University of Georgia College Experiment Sta- Inc., 28 tion, 32 West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company, 4, I University of Georgia Department of Botany, 19, 27 32 Weyerhaeuser Timber Company, 10 University of Georgia School of Forestry, 17, 25 Williams Furniture Company, 10 University of Maryland, 11 Wood Products Department of North Caroli University of Minnesota, 32 State University, 10 University of Mississippi, 26 University of the South, 11 B. J. Zobel, 36