Political Reviews

Micronesia in Review: Issues and Events, 1 July 2013 to 30 June 2014 taberannang korauaba, kelly g marsh, clement yow mulalap, christina sablan, tyrone j taitano

Polynesia in Review: Issues and Events, 1 July 2013 to 30 June 2014 lorenz gonschor, margaret mutu, christina newport, forrest wade young

209 political reviews • polynesia 273

%20Ariihau%20Tuheiava.pdf ing of the 68th session. 8 October. [accessed 22 Aug 2014]. http://webtv.un.org/watch/fourth -committee-4th-meeting-68th-general UN, United Nations. 2013a. Official -assembly/2732447142001/ [accessed Records. UN General Assembly, 67th 20 Aug 2014] session, 82nd plenary meeting, Friday, 17 May. A/67/PV.82. http://www.un.org/ en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/67/ PV.82 [accessed 20 Aug 2014] Māori Issues ———. 2013b. Press Release. As Session Concludes, Special Committee on Decolo- Before considering how decolonization nization Reaffirms Inalienable Right of manifests itself for Māori, we must French Polynesian People to Self-Determi- pause to remember those we have lost nation. Special Committee on Decoloniza- over the past year. Among our leaders tion, 9th Meeting, 21 June. http://www we bade farewell to were three who .un.org/News/Press/docs/2013/gacol3258 left important legacies. In September .doc.htm [accessed 23 Aug 2014]. 2013, we lost Denis Hansen of the ———. 2013c. Question of French Poly- iwi (tribal nations) of Ngāti Kahu and nesia. Resolution adopted by the General Ngāpuhi. He had worked tirelessly for Assembly on 11 December. UN General the Māori community and was a love- Assembly, 68th session. A/RES/68/93. able rogue who lit up any gathering http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc he walked into. Thousands of people .asp?symbol=A%2FRES%2F68%2F93 had attended his eightieth birthday &Submit=Search&Lang=E [accessed 20 Aug 2014]. celebration in June. In February 2014, we lost Nin ———. 2014a. French Polynesia: Working Tomas of the Ngāti Kahu and Te paper prepared by the Secretariat. Special Rarawa nations. As an associate Committee on the Situation with regard to professor of law, Nin had trained a the Implementation of the Declaration on generation of Māori lawyers, some of the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, 26 March. whom are now judges. They turned up A/AC.109/2014/19. http://www.un.org/ga/ in large numbers for her tangihanga search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A%2FAC (funerary ceremony) at the University .109%2F2014%2F19&Submit=Search of Auckland’s Waipapa marae. She &Lang=E [accessed 20 Aug 2014] had fought for recognition of the first law of New Zealand, tikanga Māori ———. 2014b. Report of the Secretary- General. Information from Non-Self- (Māori law), and its application to Governing Territories transmitted under environmental issues. Article 73e of the Charter of the United In May 2014, Morvin Simon of Nations. UN General Assembly, 69th Te Ātihaunui a Pāpārangi iwi passed session, 17 March. A/69/69. http://www away. He was a leading music com- .un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol poser and had dedicated his life to =A%2F69%2F69&Submit=Search&Lang tutoring kapa haka (dance), compos- =E [accessed 20 Aug 2014]. ing songs, and preserving the language United Nations Web tv. 2013. Video and customs of his people of the broadcast of statements made before the Whanganui. Fourth Committee during its fourth meet- For Māori, decolonization is about 274 the contemporary pacific • 27:1 (2015) removing the oppression and mar- ing our lands, resources, and terri- ginalization visited on us by British tories, our language, our social and colonizers and repairing the resultant spiritual practices, our history and damage. The devastating effects and traditions, our identity and rights, systemic injustices that Māori have our wealth and prosperity, our self- suffered are the same as those that determination and sovereignty (Smith European colonization visited on 2012, 121; Mutu 2011). It is about almost all indigenous peoples. The deconstructing the myths of coloni- colonization strategies employed by zation, breaking free of the Pākehā the British in Aotearoa/New Zealand (European) state, reconstructing our have been extensively documented: Māori reality through our own laws genocide; land and other resource and culture, and reclaiming effective theft; usurpation of our authority, sovereignty. This includes remedying power, and sovereignty; marginal- the numerous breaches of Te Tiriti and ization; banning and denial of our restoring the balance between Māori language, institutions, and intellec- as the indigenous owners and para- tual prowess; and social and cultural mount authority of the country and dislocation through the systematic British immigrants, who are here at ripping apart of our communities, our invitation and under our author- urbanization, incarceration, and relo- ity (Jackson 2004, 101). In the face of cation offshore to Australia (Jackson the often-ruthless exercise of unilateral 2004, 104; Smith 2012, 147; Mutu Crown power, Māori have engaged 2011; Webb 2012). The diseases of in peaceful protest. We also organize poverty that reduce our quality of life and run decolonization programs to and shorten our life expectancy, the empower our communities to take internalized violence born of oppres- back control of their lives and their sion, and the despair among young territories. And we continue to fight Māori shaped by an unemployment the government through its own rate almost four times higher than the tribunal and courts, ever hopeful that general population rate are all prod- it will eventually take heed of Māori ucts of the dispossession wrought by and international pressure to do what colonization (Jackson 2004, 104). is right and uphold widely recog- And this is all in violation of Te Tiriti nized international indigenous human o Waitangi, the 1840 treaty between rights instruments such as the United Māori and the British Crown that Nations Declaration on the Rights confirmed Māori sovereignty and of Indigenous Peoples (unga 2014), control of the country and guaranteed which it had endorsed in 2010. to the Crown control of her hitherto Decolonization in New Zealand “lawless” subjects. has been painfully slow. Pākehā have Decolonization in Aotearoa/New fought to retain unilateral power Zealand has therefore focused on and privilege, to continue to assert honoring, upholding, and implement- White supremacy, and to recreate and ing the treaty. It is about surviving readjust the myths that underpin these as Māori and recovering from the assertions. This is the only way they devastation of colonization: recover- can keep justifying their illegitimate political reviews • polynesia 275 status. For Māori, decolonization has Party and the Mana Party—although to start with what is often referred they have been restricted by the par- to as “decolonization of the mind.” liamentary system they operate within, The journey has been one fraught which is defined and controlled by and with political conflict and social strife. for Pākehā. Since 1840, the colonizers have fought Training Māori lawyers has con- to colonize the Māori mind and to tributed to some consideration of replace the Pacific history, traditions, Māori culture in the courts but has yet knowledge, language, laws, and social to result in a reduction in the rates of and political power structures of our Māori incarcerations (Webb 2012). ancestors with those of their culture, Training Māori doctors and health whose origins lie on the other side of professionals has started to improve the world. Empowering our culture the shocking Māori health statistics. to survive by privileging the world of On this front, there was a certain our ancestors over that of our English irony about a young Māori doctor, visitors can be bewildering and pain- Dr Lance O’Sullivan, being named ful for some. But as the devastation New Zealander of the Year for 2014 of colonization gnaws at the core of after being named Māori of the Year our existence, and the will to sur- for 2012. He has publicly highlighted vive as Māori under our own mana the racism in the health sector (incur- (power and authority derived from ring the wrath of his employers and the gods) pervades Māori communi- of Pākehā practitioners) and has set ties, submitting to the oppression of in place his own programs to combat the colonizer is an option that Māori that racism and to address the health are increasingly rejecting. Decoloniza- of Māori children and families in the tion wānanga (workshops and semi- Far North (Mutu 2014, 212). nars) have been operating in Māori At the international level, Māori communities for more than twenty have been engaging with other years. They work on encouraging oral indigenous communities in work- debate, confirming Māori culture and ing toward the implementation of identity through our own history, tra- widely recognized international ditions, language, and values; on iden- human rights instruments such as tifying and deconstructing the myths the UN Declaration on the Rights of of colonization; and on challenging Indigenous Peoples. Alliances have us to break free of the suffocating been formed not only through United oppression of the colonizers and to Nations groups such as the Working regain control of our lives. Māori Group on Indigenous Populations, immersion schools were established in the Permanent Forum on Indigenous the 1980s to ensure that our children Issues, the Expert Mechanism on the had the opportunity to learn free of Rights of Indigenous Peoples, and the White oppression. Māori radio and, Special Rapporteurs on the Rights of after lengthy battles, Māori television Indigenous Peoples, but also through have made important contributions. numerous exchange visits, indigenous To a certain extent, so have the Māori conferences and gatherings, and political parties—these days the Māori international collaborative projects. 276 the contemporary pacific • 27:1 (2015)

Despite the progress these initiatives clear belief that it is not only neces- have made, it has been clear for many sary, it is fundamental to the ongoing decades now that unless major consti- and long-term justice of the treaty tutional transformation takes place, relationship (Jackson and Mutu 2014, Māori will remain disadvantaged and 3–4). Despite Pākehā governments oppressed in our own land. being fearful of such change and the In 2009, the National Iwi Chairs’ inevitability of having to share power, Forum, an informal group of chair- international standards are now persons of iwi, established a work- well established, and it is becoming ing party to draw up a model for an increasingly difficult for New Zealand inclusive constitution for Aotearoa/ to keep evading them. New Zealand based on tikanga In the education sector, the govern- (Māori law), He Whakaputanga o ment has been exposed for violating te Rangatiratanga o Nu Tireni (the Māori treaty and human rights. 1835 declaration of Māori sovereignty Despite acknowledging the Māori and independence), and Te Tiriti o immersion schools and agreeing to Waitangi, while taking into account resource them, government bureau- other indigenous human rights instru- crats have fought to maintain White ments such as the UN Declaration on hegemony in the schools, denying the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. In them resources and interfering in their 2012 and 2013, the working party, management in order to force compli- named Matike Mai Aotearoa (Arise ance with Pākehā cultural norms. In Aotearoa), conducted more than 250 2012, the body representing Māori consultation hui (gatherings) with immersion preschools, the National Māori groups throughout the country, Kōhanga Reo Trust, successfully pur- including many Māori youth groups, sued a claim to the Waitangi Tribunal to discuss the values they wish such aimed at halting this behavior (Wai a constitution to be based on. Pre- tangi Tribunal 2012). However, in the liminary findings indicate the very past year the trust has come under strongly held belief expressed at the constant attack as government bureau- hui that the Westminster constitutional crats and the minister of education, system as introduced by the British who is Māori, refused to address Crown after 1840 does not—indeed the tribunal’s recommendations and cannot—adequately give effect to the instead tried to force the trust to come terms of He Whakaputanga or Te under the authority and control of Tiriti. In that context, the hui also the Ministry of Education. The usual indicated that the current Westminster Pākehā tactics of divide and rule were constitutional system is necessarily at adopted to set Māori communities odds with tikanga and the values that against the trust using spurious claims might more adequately provide a just of misappropriation and mismanage- and effective means of governance ment. Lengthy official investigations of the country. A different type of proved there had been no criminal constitutionalism is required. Imple- wrongdoing. The trust has refused to menting such a major constitutional bow to the demands but rather has shift may be difficult but there is a adopted a tikanga approach to restore political reviews • polynesia 277 calm and address the damage caused nization process, but it continues to by government interference. be fraught with difficulties. Despite One of the most seriously dysfunc- the Waitangi Tribunal upholding our tional and deeply harmful aspects claims to our territories, governments of the Pākehā education system for have refused to discuss, let alone reach Māori has been exposed through the agreement, with Māori about how conviction and sentencing of James those territories are to be recovered Parker in August 2013 to preventive or how the many other breaches of detention, with a minimum of seven the treaty are to be remedied. Instead, years imprisonment, after he was in 1994, they formulated and then found guilty on seventy-four charges imposed a much-resented treaty representing more than three hundred claims settlement policy (Mutu 2011, sexual offenses against twenty boys. 17–24). The primary aim of the policy Parker, whose parents are English, is to retain the power, property, and was a teacher who worked in primary privileges that Pākehā illegitimately schools in the Far North, rising to acquired through their colonization the position of deputy principal. As process in the colonizers’ hands, to part of his work, he gained access to bring Māori under their control and and immersed himself in local Māori to silence Māori protest and dissent. communities. When the police finally As a result, an average of less than 1 charged him, he had been sexually percent of lands is being recovered, violating young Māori boys attending no compensation is being paid, and those schools for more than thir- all claims for any and all histori- teen years. Those who tried to have cal breaches of the treaty are being authorities stop him, including the extinguished fully and finally. Most headmistress of one school he taught aspects of the claims are not addressed at, were not believed. One boy who before they are extinguished. The spoke out was forced to apologize to settlements aim to assimilate Māori Parker and remain in his class. The into the European majority, denying Māori communities in the Far North Māori self-determination, sovereignty, that he had violated for so long have and rights, and relegating Māori to a often buried knowledge of this type of permanent underclass. In June 2013, offending because of lack of support one senior Pākehā media commen- from authorities (tvnz 2013). Once tator claimed that Māori are being Parker’s offending was publicly recog- empowered to abandon te ao Māori nized, several other pedophiles operat- (the Māori world) that has so severely ing in the Far North were identified disadvantaged them (James 2013, 15). and charged. Decolonization includes These and many similar comments are removing our children from these designed to perpetuate the myths and harmful situations and being particu- fantasies conjured to preserve White larly vigilant in guarding against such hegemony and privilege. behavior intruding into our Māori Some Pākehā have attacked the immersion schools. Māori right to take claims to the Recovering our territories is Waitangi Tribunal or the courts for another crucial part of the decolo- many years now. They often appear at 278 the contemporary pacific • 27:1 (2015) the select committee hearings object- over the past twenty years has been ing to Māori receiving anything. fought to uphold Māori treaty and Some have organized extensive media human rights. It has the backing of campaigns aimed at preserving Pākehā international experts including the control of the country, unashamedly UN Human Rights Council. In its making numerous false statements and second Universal Periodic Review accusations against Māori communi- of New Zealand, which took place ties. In November 2013, one of the in January 2014, there were numer- leaders of these attacks, Allan Titford, ous recommendations relating to was finally unmasked when he was the government’s unacceptable convicted and jailed for twenty-four treatment of Māori. Three of these years after being found guilty of addressed the need to improve the thirty-nine charges including arson, treaty claims settlement process, while threatening to kill, assault with a another pointed out the need to start weapon, perjury, assault on a woman implementing and promoting the UN and children, and sexual violation. Declaration on the Rights of Indig- Over more than twenty years, enous Peoples. Titford received Pākehā media sup- Despite the injustices perpetrated port for his attacks on the Treaty of by the settlement policy and pro- Waitangi and on Te Rōroa, the right- cess, many claimants have taken a ful owners of land he had purchased pragmatic approach and accepted in Northland. He was responsible for government-determined settlements the government passing legislation in the mistaken belief that the only that prevents the Waitangi Tribu- other option they have is to receive no nal making recommendations over redress at all for their proven claims so-called “private land,” that is, land and that money is somehow equiva- wrongly acquired from its Māori own- lent to their mana (James 2013, 16). ers and sold to individuals. Titford In the 2013–2014 reporting period, had accused Te Rōroa of lying about legislation was passed extinguishing sacred sites located on property he all the claims of the iwi of Waitaha, had purchased after he had bull- Ngāti Rangiteaorere, Tapuika and dozed them, and of rustling his stock, Ngāti Rangiwewehi of the Te Arawa damaging his bulldozer, and burning confederation in the Bay of Plenty; down his house. Pākehā media vilified Ngāti Koata, Ngāti Rārua, Ngāti Te Rōroa, labeling them terrorists and Tama ki te Tau Ihu, Te Ātiawa o Te gangsters. Yet the High Court found Waka a Māui, Ngāti Apa ki te Rā Tō, that far from being a victim, Titford Ngāti Kuia, Rangitāne o Wairau and was a manipulative liar who burned Ngāti Toa Rangatira of Te Tau Ihu o down his own house in an attempt to Te Waka a Māui (the top of the South earn sympathy and blacken the name Island) and the south of Te Ika a Māui of Te Rōroa. His wife, who had turned (the North Island); Raukawa of the him in to the police, apologized to Te Tainui confederation in the Waikato Rōroa (Day and Dudding 2013). region; and the Maungaharuru- The Māori battle against the treaty Tangitū hapū of the Hawke’s Bay claims settlement policy and process region. A total of forty-seven settle- political reviews • polynesia 279 ments have now been legislated (ots attempts by hapū to keep control of 2014; mlr 2014). their claims saw large numbers of Large numbers of hapū (group- them resorting to applications to the ings of extended families) and iwi are Waitangi Tribunal for urgent hearings legally disenfranchised and disempow- into the government’s settlement pro- ered by the settlements and register cess, despite the decreasing confidence their protest in the courts, in the par- in the tribunal’s ability to provide liamentary process, or, most visibly, on relief for Māori in these matters (Jones the streets. Protest against settlements 2013, 28; Mutu 2014, 210). Govern- is now a permanent feature of the ment attempts to bulldoze through a process. So is the government’s deter- settlement while the tribunal was still mination to ridicule or ignore those hearing the claims simply drove claim- who point out the glaring injustices it ants onto the streets. perpetrates (Finlayson 2014). Courts For some who have settled claims, have been unsympathetic and at times Crown apologies made as part of hostile to Māori. The under-resourced their settlements started to sound and overworked Waitangi Tribunal hollow this year as the minister of has been dismissing objections (Jones treaty negotiations declined requests 2013, 28). Few claimants can afford that government representatives to appeal their decisions through the attend ceremonies to commemorate courts, and in the past those who have the atrocities the government had done so have most often failed. How- acknowledged and apologized for. ever, some recent judicial reviews of Between November 2013 and May Waitangi Tribunal decisions (Supreme 2014, Tainui and Tauranga Moana iwi Court of New Zealand 2011; High commemorated the 150th anniversa- Court of New Zealand 2014b) and ries of battles they fought when they government decisions relating to refused to give their lands to British settlements (High Court of New settlers in the 1860s and were invaded Zealand 2014a) have been at least by British troops. Ceremonies were partially successful. conducted at Mangatāwhiri, Rangiriri, The last resort of Māori trying to Waiari Pā, Rangiaowhia, Ōrākau, curb the greed and excesses of govern Pukehinahina (Gate Pā), and Te ments and stop gross injustices has Ranga. Calls were made for the true often been protest action. When the history of British colonization to be hapū of the country’s largest iwi, taught in schools and for the battle- Ngāpuhi, took to the streets repeat- grounds to be relinquished to the hapū edly as the government backed the they belong to so that they can be negotiators it preferred against the properly cared for. A plea for British wishes of these hapū, the government wars fought on New Zealand soil to was eventually forced to acknowl- be afforded the same recognition as edge and talk to them. Throughout those fought overseas was rejected by the entire reporting period, there was New Zealand’s prime minister. extensive coverage by Māori media Battles to protect Māori resources of the deep divisions the process had continued around the country fomented within the iwi. Desperate throughout the year. Many hapū 280 the contemporary pacific • 27:1 (2015) mounted protests against mining High Court of New Zealand. 2014a. licenses issued for oil drilling in the Ririnui v. Landcorp Farming Ltd, Minister seas off both the east and the west of State-Owned Enterprises and Minister coasts, sand mining in south Taranaki, of Finance and the Attorney-General, coal mining in North Waikato, and civ-2014-485-2915 [2014] nzhc 1128: Judgment May . gold mining at Puhipuhi in North- 26 2014 land, where previous mercury min- ———. 2014b. Baker and Winitana v. the ing had poisoned waters and led to Waitangi Tribunal, the Attorney-General long-term illness among mana whenua and Te Kotahi a Tūhoe, civ-2013-485- (indigenous owners) (Mutu 2014, 2796 [2014] nzhc 1176: Judgment 29 May 2014. 211). The battle continued to force insurance companies to remove the Jackson, Moana. 2004. Colonization as ship Rena, which had been wrecked Myth-Making: A Case Study in Aotearoa. on Ōtaiti (Astrolabe Reef) off Mōtītī In A Will to Survive: Indigenous Essays island in the Bay of Plenty in 2011 on the Politics of Culture, Language, and Identity, edited by Stephen Greymorning, (Mutu 2013, 168), as did the battle . New York: McGraw-Hill. to stop the Ruataniwha dam project 95–108 on the Tukituki river in Heretaunga Jackson, Moana, and Margaret Mutu. (Hawke’s Bay). 2014. Constitutionalism and Te Tiriti o North of Wellington, Te Atiawa Waitangi: A Preliminary Report on the ki Whakarongotai and Ngāti Awa ki Work of the Iwi Constitutional Trans Kāpiti finally won their battle to stop formation Working Group. In National Iwi Chairs’ Forum Agenda Papers, the New Zealand Transport Agency 4–5 February, Waitangi. from taking Māori land and destroy- ing wāhi tapu (sacred places) to build James, Colin. 2013. Transition from the Kāpiti expressway. And in the Far Tradition to Modernity. Māori Law North, Ngāti Kahu’s battle to stop Review July: 14–18. an American billionaire from build- Jones, Carwyn. 2013. Procedure in the ing luxury houses on their burial cave Waitangi Tribunal after Haronga. Māori ended when he sold the property and Law Review June: 20–28. the new Chinese owners agreed not to mlr, Māori Law Review: A Monthly build there. Review of Law Affecting Māori. margaret mutu Mutu, Margaret. 2011. The State of Māori Rights. Wellington: Huia. ———. 2013. Polynesia in Review: Issues References and Events, 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012: Māori Issues. The Contemporary Pacific Day, Simon, and Adam Dudding. 2013. 25:165–172. Bittersweet Vindication for Iwi. Stuff, 24 November. http://www.stuff.co.nz/ ______. 2014. Polynesia in Review: Issues national/crime/9435787/Bittersweet and Events, 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013: -vindication-for-iwi [accessed 2 Aug 2014] Māori Issues. The Contemporary Pacific 26:208–214. Finlayson, C. 2014. Treaty Settlements Working for the Betterment of Us. nzh, New Zealand Herald. Daily. New Zealand Herald, 6 February. Auckland. political reviews • polynesia 281 ots, Office of Treaty Settlements. 2014. Quarterly Report 1 July–31 December Rapa Nui 2013. Wellington: ots. http://nz01 Rapa Nui decolonization politics .terabyte.co.nz/ots/DocumentLibrary/ during the review period have been OTSQ2QuarterlyreporttoDec2013.pdf consistent on the island and in Chil- [accessed June ]. 28 2014 ean state and international arenas. ots website http://www.ots.govt.nz/ Highlights include: the reelection of [accessed 28 June 2014] Leviante Araki as president of Par- Palmer, Geoffrey. 2013. Māori, the Treaty lamento Rapa Nui in August; com- and the Constitution. Māori Law Review munity marches for decolonization July: 4–13. in September; political engagement against state plans to privatize and Smith, Linda Tuhiwai. 2012. Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous develop the Rapa Nui island territory Peoples. Second edition. London: Zed of Fundo Vaitea; and advocacy by Books. Santi Hitorangi for reenlistment on the United Nations list of Non-Self- Supreme Court of New Zealand. 2011. Governing Territories (nsgts) during Haronga v Waitangi Tribunal, the Attorney General and Te Whakarau the 13th annual UN Permanent Forum (sc54/2010) [2011] nzsc 53: Judgment on Indigenous Issues in May 2014. 19 May 2011. Initially, there were four candidates running for president of Parlamento tvnz, 2013. “Sicko” Paedophile James Rapa Nui: Mario Tuki, Ioni Tuki, Parker Gets Preventive Detention. Petero Cardinali, and Leviante Araki National News, 15 August. http://tvnz.co .nz/national-news/sicko-paedophile-james (the incumbent). However, as Ioni -parker-gets-preventive-detention-5534084 Tuki dropped out to focus on fam- [accessed 2 Aug 2014] ily responsibilities and Mario Tuki canceled his candidacy to concentrate , United Nations General Assembly. unga on his work as a member of Easter 2014. Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review: Island Development Commission New Zealand. a/hrc/26/3. 7 April. (codeipa), Petero Cardinali and http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/ Leviante Araki ultimately became the GEN/G14/131/43/PDF/G1413143 only two candidates. Public dialogues .pdf?OpenElement [accessed 2 Aug 2014] between the two candidates on Radio Manukena Rapa Nui, moderated Waitangi Tribunal. 2013. Matua Rautia: The Report on the Kōhanga Reo Claim. by Joel Hucke (a leading member of Lower Hutt, nz: Legislation Direct. Parlamento Rapa Nui), did not reveal http://www.justice.govt.nz/tribunals/ significant differences between Araki waitangi-tribunal/reports_old/wai-2336 and Cardinali on major social and -the-kohanga-reo-claim/matua-rautia-the political issues. Candidate answers -report-on-the-kohanga-reo-claim to questions that Hucke posed about [accessed 2 Aug 2014] immigration—a problem the past three Webb, Robert. 2012. Incarceration. In political reviews have highlighted as Māori and Social Issues, edited by Tracey a focal concern of the community— McIntosh and Malcolm Mulholland, stressed the value of continuing to 249–262. Wellington: Huia. “haito te me‘e” (measure the thing), in