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Istro-Romanians: the Legacy of a Culture Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov • Vol. 3 (52) - 2010 Series VII: Social Sciences • Law ISTRO-ROMANIANS: THE LEGACY OF A CULTURE Mihai BURLACU1 Abstract: The Istro-Romanians are one of Europe’s smallest ethnic groups. They inhabit villages like: Šušnjevica (i.e. Suşnieviţa), Zejane (i.e. Jeiani), Brdo (i.e. Bârdo) and Nova Vas (i.e. Noselo), in the central and north- eastern corner of the Istria Peninsula, Croatia. Their dialect is currently included in the UNESCO Red Book of Endangered Languages as Seriously Endangered. Istro-Romanians are not accepted by the Croatian Constitution as a national minority. In the lack of any institutions to preserve their language and cultural heritage, the very existence of this ethnic group is threatened. In this paper I am presenting potential solutions for preserving the culture of Istro-Romanians. Key words: Istro-Romanians, legacy, ethnic group, culture. 1. Introduction inland villages migrated towards the costal cities of Rjeka (it. Fiume), Opatja (it. In this paper I present a study about one of Abbazia), Rovinj (it. Rovigno), Pula (it. Europe’s smallest ethnic groups: the Pola), Pazin (it. Pisino) etc. Furthermore, an Istro-Romanians. They inhabit several important number of Istro-Romanians have villages from the North-Eastern corner of the migrated from their natal villages to foreign Istria Peninsula, Croatia. Currently, the countries like United States, Australia, Istro-Romanians are to be found in two Canada, Italy and France. It resulted that pockets. To the North of the Ćićarija there are more Istro-Romanian speakers in Mountains, the village of Zejane (i.e. Jeiani) the Diaspora than in their original is mostly inhabited by Istro-Romanians. To villages [5]. the South-Western side of Mount Uĉka In Medieval times, the Istro-Romanians’ (i.e. Monte Maggiore), there are several historical ethnonym was Rumêri. Istro-Romanian villages and hamlets Depending on the village of origin, they also surrounding the former shores of the now called themselves Rumeni and rarely drained Lake Ĉepić in which the Rumâri. Basically, Istro-Romanians are an Istro-Romanian language is still alive: ethnic group living in the north-eastern and Šušnjevica (i.e. Suşnieviţa), Brdo central parts of the Istria Peninsula, Croatia. (i.e. Bârdo), Jasenovik (i.e. Sucodru), The region in which they inhabit is called Kostrĉani (i.e. Costârcean), Letaj (i.e. Letai) in Croatian Ćićarija (i.e. Ciceria). Depending and Nova Vas (i.e. Noselo). In the last on the region the Istro-Romanians live in, the decades of the XXth century, large numbers Croatian and Slovenian inhabitants of Istria of Istro-Romanian inhabitants from the differentiate between: 1 Department of Social Assistance and Communication, Transilvania University of Braşov. 16 Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov • Vol. 3 (52) - 2010 • Series VII (1) The Ćići/ Ciribiri – Designate the 3. The Istro-Romanians: Origins, Istro-Romanians from and around the History and Identity village of Zejane (i.e. Jeiani). In my field trip of 2009 I have found that they The first reference to a romance speaking use a specific expression for their population in the Istria Peninsula in dialect: “pa jeianski”. Medieval times was made in 940 A.D. by (2) The Vlahi – Represent the the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) emperor Istro-Romanians around Šušnjevica (i.e. Constantin VII in his Πρὸς τὸν ἴδιον σἱὸν Suşnieviţa), a village situated on the Ρωμανόν, conventionally called De south side of Mt. Uĉka (i.e. Monte Administrando Imperio (engl. On the Maggiore) [1], [5]. governance of the Empire). He mentions This article is based on an ongoing team that there were Latin-speakers in the Istria research project in which I participate as a Peninsula who called themselves Romans member. Basically, I am presenting here but did not come from Rome. Afterwards, some of the results of the first research in the XIIth century, there was a mention of stage from the summer of 2009. Several of an Istrian leader called Radul, a name that the Istro-Romanian communities were is very frequent in Romania in our days. studied: the villages of Šušnjevica Both of these references are used to fuel (i.e. Suşnieviţa), Zejane (i.e. Jeiani), Brdo several debates regarding the (i.e. Bârdo), Jasenovik (i.e. Sucodru), Letaj Istro-Romanians’ origins and identity [8]. (i.e. Letai) and Nova Vas (i.e. Noselo). There are several perspectives concerning the Istro-Romanians’ origin. 2. Objectives Some historians, anthropologists and linguists consider that the Istro-Romanians In this article I address several objectives. migrated from Transylvania to their First, I examine the Istro-Romanians’ past present region between 1000–1400 A.D. and current status, and the politics that Other linguists would suggest a local address them; I begin by investigating the origin of Istro-Romanians, based either on debates surrounding their origins, history an ancient Roman origin, or in a possible and identity. Secondly, I continue by correlation with the Black Romanians describing their present situation from (i.e. Morovlachi or Morlaci/ Morlachs), anthropological and demographic points of which were a very distinct ethnic group view. Finally, I suggest a few solutions for that settled in great numbers in Dalmatia at preserving the culture of Istro-Romanians the turn of the second millennium [5]. and I also approach the way Another perspective advocates for Istro-Romanians are supported by the Istro-Romanians a dual emigrational and Diaspora. local origin. In order to emphasize the Based on the language peculiarities and Istro-Romanians current status, I am on the Istro-Romanians perspective presenting a map (Figure 1) that I have regarding their arrival to the Istria developed by corroborating data from Peninsula, I argue along the lines of Iosif Sextil Puşcariu’s map [7], maps available Popovici [6]. According to him, the Istro- on several websites created by Romanians are actually originating from Istro-Romanians [8-9], maps based on Transylvania, from a region called Ţara recent empiric data [2-5] and also on the Moţilor (i.e Moţilor County). They started information that I was able to gather to arrive in the Istria Peninsula in the XIVth regarding the Istro-Romanian and the XVth centuries. The main communities from Istria in 2009. arguments in favour of this thesis are: BURLACU, M.: Istro-Romanians: the legacy of a culture 17 1) The presence of rhotacism in the case of Another similar theory approaches a specific words found both in Ţara group that was either considered as a part Moţilor (i.e Moţilor County) and in the of the Morlachs/Morlaci, or related with Istro-Romanian dialect. The rhotacism them. They were named Cici and some represents the transformation of some sources consider them Istro-Romanians consonants into r, especially of the [7]. The first reference to this group is consonant n from the middle syllables made in 1329, when in Pinguente a certain of various words. For example the Pasculul Chichio is mentioned [5], [9]. Daco-Romanian word bine (engl. good) Around the city of Trieste the Cici are becomes bire in Istro-Romanian [3]. explicitly mentioned for the first time in 2) The presence of Istro-Romanian popular 1513. By 1523 they were officially stories regarding their arrival in the referred to as cicerani or ciceliani by the Istria Peninsula during medieval times. Italian and the Austrian Chancelleries, and For example Pepo G., the main research the region where they were established informant from the village of changed its name from Carsia to Ciceria. Šušnjevica (i.e. Suşnieviţa), stated In 1698 Fra Ireneo della Croce during our second interview, that (1625-1713) mentions in his Historia according to local legends, there were antica, e moderna sacra, e profana, della seven caravans that arrived during cittá di Trieste (i.e The Ancient and Medieval times in Istria, from Modern, Sacred and Profane History of Transylvania. Six of them passed the City of Trieste) a people who “beside through the mountain passes of Mount the slavic idiom common for all the Karst Uĉka (i.e. Monte Maggiore) and one area, speak also their own and particular remained in the north. language, which is similar to the It is also necessary to mention several Wallachian and contains many different other perspectives regarding the Istro- Latin words” [8]. Della Croce was actually Romanians’ origin. For example, if I referring to the language spoken by the approach the thesis according to which the Istro-Romanians who, during the XVIIth Morlachs/ Morlaci were the ancestors of century, inhabited vast areas of the Istria Istro-Romanians, the first documents in Peninsula, up to Trieste. which they are mentioned appeared as Another theory states that the early as 1160-1170. The Morlachs or Istro-Romanians are actually direct Morlaci were mentioned as being the descendants of the Roman colonists western branch of the Vlachs that established in the Istria Peninsula and populated Western Serbia, Sirmium, along the Dalmatian Coast during the time Croatia and Dalmatia [5]. In the XIVth when the Roman Republic, and later the century, Giovanni Frangipani (Ivan Empire, transformed these lands into Frankapan) brings to his estate Roman provinces. This theory relates the Morlachs/Morlaci from the island of Istro-Romanian dialect with the now Veglia [6]. In the second half of the XV extinct Dalmatian language, more century a plague epidemic decimated the specifically with the Vegliot dialect [8-9]. population. As a result, the Republic of However, this theory has few arguments in Venice settled Morlachs/Morlaci in the its favour, and it doesn’t explain region around Castelnuovo. In the period sufficiently the differences between the of 1510-1599 the Morlachs/ Morlaci Istro-Romanian dialect and the few established more than 30 settlements of thousand Vegliot words that have been various sizes all over Istria [5].
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