DOCSLIB.ORG

Geothermal Direct Use for a Crop Drying Center in Costa Rica

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Geothermal Direct Use for a Crop Drying Center in Costa Rica Geothermal Direct Use for a Crop Drying Center in Costa Rica Implemented by In cooperation with Published by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH Registered offices Bonn and Eschborn, Germany “Promotion of Geothermal Energy in Central America (Geo I)” GIZ Office San Salvador Boulevard Orden de Malta, Casa de la Cooperación Alemana, Urbanización Santa Elena, La Libertad, El Salvador, Central America T +503 2121-5145 F +503 2121-5101 E [email protected] I https: https://www.giz.de/en/worldwide/78071.html I www.sica.int/energias4e/ As of September 2020 Authors Helen S. Carpenter Based on the feasibility study conducted by: Mauricio Muñoz, Sofia Vargas Centro de Excelencia en Geotermia de los Andes CEGA Editing Isabel von Griesheim, Max Fernandez, Ana Lucía Alfaro and Karla Hernandez (GIZ) GIZ is responsible for the content of this publication On behalf of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) Design and layout Plasmático Media Lab (Consultant), Karla Hernandez and Neimy Giron (GIZ) Photo credits Marco Entchev (GIZ) 2 73% of the electrical energy production in Central America is produced with renewable energy sources. From that, 5.2% is provided by geothermal energy. Source: ECLAC 2018. 3 This summary presents findings from research on the technical, economic, and social feasibility of developing a geothermal direct use pilot project in Costa Rica. The research took place from 2018 to 2019 and forms part of the regional project “Promotion of Geothermal Energy in Central America (Geo I)” (2016-2020), which was implemented by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH on Executive behalf of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ). The objective Summary was to provide technical support as well as incentives to invest in geothermal energy in Central America. The main counterpart on the project was the Central American System for Regional Integration (SICA). The technical support from GIZ will continue in a second phase that focuses on geothermal heat processes in Central American industry (2020-2023). For the project described here, GIZ consulted the Costa Rican Institute of Electricity (ICE), collected data and information, and established relationships with potential stakeholders. In 2018, GIZ commissioned the Andean Geothermal Center of Excellence (CEGA) to research the feasibility of developing a direct use project. The local community supported the initiative, welcoming a plan to create the country’s first direct use geothermal crop drying facility. The geothermal energy resources of interest, part of the Dr. Alfredo Mainieri Protti Geothermal Field in Miravalles, are a strong asset for the surrounding community. In the canton of Bagaces and in nearby municipalities, access to crop drying and storage facilities that use geothermal heat could improve farmers’ production and profits. Tapping into the infrastructure already in place for the Miravalles geothermal power plants can help producers dry and store their harvest, thus gaining time and growing income, all while learning about geothermal energy. A drying and storage center based on direct use of geothermal energy not only keeps carbon emissions low, it can also promote sustainable community development. Cooling Tower at “Alfredo Mainieri Protti” Geothermal Field/ Miravalles V 4 Benefits of a drying center Understanding energy needs: an empathy based- approach to design sustainable energy solutions using the geothermal resource for a grain drying station. The first of its kind in Costa Rica, the proposed area, so the proposed project fills an important geothermal drying center will dry, store, and gap for local producers. The use of geothermal commercialize crops and create jobs. GIZ researched energy reduces drying time considerably without the project’s feasibility in terms of costs, risks, and fossil fuels and thus avoids emitting carbon. At the opportunities, and technical, social, and economic same time, the technification of the drying process requirements. The result of careful planning, the stabilizes and optimizes product quality regardless drying center includes an initial pilot phase, where of weather conditions, which makes the direct use the project will focus on onions, rice, beans, and of geothermal energy a valuable anecdote to the corn—crops with the highest potential for steady unreliable drying and storage conditions associated and profitable sales. Over time, new crops may be with climate change. added. There are no other drying centers in the 5 An innovation that improves the local economy Field trip and interview with local cocoa producer, another possible beneficiary of the geothermal-powered drying station. The drying center can build the local economy Because many producers are selling the same crops in important ways. For example, a drying center at the same time, there is competition and prices can help producers increase the quantity of goods decline. After selling the harvest, producers must that they bring to the market. Currently, producers budget wisely or find another source of income. dry crops naturally on fields or in homemade Access to a drying center can change all of this. artisan facilities, a process where they can lose approximately 10 % to 50 % of their harvest due to Using dryers, producers can preserve more of their damage from sources such as rain, mold, and pests. crops and do so at a faster rate, decreasing the time it To mitigate this loss, they typically sell the crops takes to prepare them while increasing the quantity quickly after harvest. This means they may sell their available to sell. Producers can dry their crops soon produce after ten or more days of natural drying, in after harvest instead of leaving them in the fields. the case of onions and beans, or sometimes after They can control the amount of drying time and more than a month of drying, in the case of corn. the temperatures for drying, skillfully calibrating 6 Dryng Center Activities | Receiving agricultural products from the field-at first, onion, rice, beans, and corn. | Transporting produce from warehouse to either the onion drying room or the grain processing room. | Performing a quality control check. | Cleaning grains. | Drying onions and grains. | Removing husks and cleaning rice, beans, and corn. | Performing final quality control check to discard poor quality grains. | Packaging products with environmental or green logo in “quintals” (bags of 46 kg). | Storing products in dedicated warehouses. | Distributing products to consumers by transporting them to markets, public institutions, and government warehouses, or selling them directly at the warehouse. Through the interviews, experts pointed out that one of the Figure 1. Drying center activities crops that could benefit the most out of the drying station would be beans. moisture levels, yielding reliable and dependable quality. Afterwards, producers can safely store the local economy by operating a crop processing dried crops in the warehouses, strategically saving business (Figure 1). The center will purchase crops the crops to sell later, either throughout the year at fair prices, and then dry, store, and commercialize or during specific seasons when prices are higher. them for profit. The center’s activities will The availability of crops outside of harvest time generate income to cover capital expenditures supports government objectives to supply food and operating expenses, including compensation year-round in the region and it allows producers to for ten employees. Additional financial details are have better control of their incomes. summarized below. The resulting crop processing center will sustain itself for the proposed ten In addition to providing services and facilities for years and, hopefully, serve as a local institution for producers, the drying center will add revenue to agribusiness for many years beyond. 7 Direct use of geothermal energy Key findings pointed out that another crop that could benefit the most out of the drying station would be onions. The proposed center will be based on direct use of Onion dryer. The center includes a 300 m2 onion geothermal energy. Specifically, the dryers and the dryer that will dry 30 tons in three days, in contrast climate-controlled warehouse will recover thermal to eight days on the field. Thermal insulation in energy from brine pumped through the reinjection the walls will reduce energy losses caused by air pipes. The dryers will use brine fluids as heat sources. renewals. The use of the onion dryer decreases brine To access the brine, engineers will tap into a pipe in temperature by an estimated 0.1 °C. the western part of the geothermal field, next to route 165 about one kilometer north of Miravalles Power Onion warehouse. The center includes a 450 m2 Stations I and II (Figure 2). The area of interest, near warehouse with full capacity of 120 tons of onions. the Miravalles volcano, has similar temperature and The warehouse temperature will be 25 °C with a mass flow of brine throughout the year. In addition, relative humidity of 65 % to 75 %. These temperature injection in this area is always under hot conditions and humidity conditions come from an absorption around 165 °C, ensuring a stable supply of heat for chiller, which will reduce the brine temperature by three dryers and an absorption chiller. The existing an estimated 0.4 °C. power plants will lose little energy from the proposed drying center; the heat reduction is minor and is Grain dryers. The center will include three bed described in more detail below. type dryers, each with a three-ton capacity, and where each is able to dry rice, beans, and corn. These The facilities that will rely on geothermal direct dryers will decrease drying time from three days to use are an onion dryer, onion warehouse, and one. When the three grain dryers run at the same grain dryers. A grain warehouse will not require time, they will reduce the brine temperature by an geothermal direct use.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Birds of Hacienda Palo Verde, Guanacaste, Costa Rica
    The Birds of Hacienda Palo Verde, Guanacaste, Costa Rica PAUL SLUD SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 292 SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Emphasis upon publication as a means of "diffusing knowledge" was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the following statement: "It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge." This theme of basic research has been adhered to through the years by thousands of titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoo/ogy Smithsonian Studies in Air and Space Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology In these series, the Institution publishes small papers and full-scale monographs that report the research and collections of its various museums and bureaux or of professional colleagues in the world cf science and scholarship. The publications are distributed by mailing lists to libraries, universities, and similar institutions throughout the world. Papers or monographs submitted for series publication are received by the Smithsonian Institution Press, subject to its own review for format and style, only through departments of the various Smithsonian museums or bureaux, where the manuscripts are given substantive review. Press requirements for manuscript and art preparation are outlined on the inside back cover.
    [Show full text]
  • UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Bees in urban landscapes: An investigation of habitat utilization Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0gp9j2q7 Author Wojcik, Victoria A. Publication Date 2009 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Bees in urban landscapes: An investigation of habitat utilization By Victoria Agatha Wojcik A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Science, Policy, & Management in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Joe R. McBride, Chair Professor Gregory S. Biging Professor Louise A. Mozingo Fall 2009 Bees in urban landscapes: An investigation of habitat utilization © 2009 by Victoria Agatha Wojcik ABSTRACT Bees in urban landscapes: An investigation of habitat utilization by Victoria Agatha Wojcik Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Science, Policy, & Management University of California, Berkeley Professor Joe R. McBride, Chair Bees are one of the key groups of anthophilies that make use of the floral resources present within urban landscapes. The ecological patterns of bees in cities are under further investigation in this dissertation work in an effort to build knowledge capacity that can be applied to management and conservation. Seasonal occurrence patterns are common among bees and their floral resources in wildland habitats. To investigate the nature of these phenological interactions in cities, bee visitation to a constructed floral resource base in Berkeley, California was monitored in the first year of garden development. The constructed habitat was used by nearly one-third of the locally known bee species.
    [Show full text]
  • Readiness-Proposals-Costa-Rica-Unep-Adaptation-Planning.Pdf
    with UNEP for the Republic of Costa Rica 10 October 2018 | Adaptation Planning READINESS AND PREPARATORY SUPPORT PROPOSAL TEMPLATE PAGE 1 OF 50 | Ver. 15 June 2017 Readiness and Preparatory Support Proposal How to complete this document? - A Readiness Guidebook is available to provide information on how to access funding under the GCF Readiness and Preparatory Support programme. It should be consulted to assist in the completion of this proposal template. - This document should be completed by National Designated Authorities (NDAs) or focal points with support from their delivery partners where relevant. - Please be concise. If you need to include any additional information, please attach it to the proposal. - Information on the indicative list of activities eligible for readiness and preparatory support and the process for the submission, review and approval of this proposal can be found on pages 11-13 of the guidebook. - For the final version submitted to GCF Secretariat, please delete all instructions indicated in italics in this template and provide information in regular text (not italics). Where to get support? - If you are not sure how to complete this document, or require support, please send an e-mail to [email protected]. We will aim to get back to you within 48 hours. - You can also complete as much of this document as you can and then send it to coun- [email protected]. We will get back to you within 5 working days to discuss your submission and the way forward. Note: Environmental and Social Safeguards and Gender Throughout this document, when answering questions and providing details, please make sure to pay special attention to environmental, social and gender issues, particularly to the situation of vulnerable populations, including women and men.
    [Show full text]
  • Documento Completo
    INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE APRENDIZAJE DE COSTA RICA ESTUDIO DE PROSPECCIÓN DE MERCADOS: ALTURA GUANACASTECA Unidad PYME - Gerencia General Kenneth Acuña Segura Diego Solís Barrantes Oscar Solís Salas Mario Villamizar Rodríguez 2012 Contenido I. Introducción ................................................................................................................................ 5 II. Objetivos ..................................................................................................................................... 7 2.1 Objetivo General ....................................................................................................................... 7 2.2 Objetivos Específicos ................................................................................................................ 7 III. Ubicación Geográfica .............................................................................................................. 8 IV. Perfil cantonal ............................................................................................................................... 9 4.1 Abangares .................................................................................................................................. 9 4.2 Bagaces ................................................................................................................................... 10 4.3 Cañas ....................................................................................................................................... 10 4.4 Tilarán
    [Show full text]
  • “Marimba Por Tí Me Muero”: Region and Nation in Costa Rica, 1824-1939
    “MARIMBA POR TÍ ME MUERO”: REGION AND NATION IN COSTA RICA, 1824-1939 by Soili Iiris Buska Submitted to the faculty of the University Graduate School in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History Indiana University March 2006 Accepted by the Graduate Faculty, Indiana University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ______________________________________ Jeffrey L. Gould, Ph.D., Chairperson ______________________________________ Peter Guardino, Ph.D. Doctoral Committee _______________________________________ Daniel James, Ph.D. ______________________________________ Víctor Hugo Acuña Ortega, Ph.D. December 16, 2005 ii © (2005) Soili Iiris Buska ALL RIGHTS RESERVED iii Acknowledgements Many people and institutions made this dissertation possible. The Department of History of Indiana University provided me with financial support and graduate appointments from the start of my studies in Bloomington. The pre-dissertation grant and research fellowship from the Office of International Programs and the University Graduate School of Indiana University respectively helped me to define my project and to begin the research. The Indiana University Bloomington Library staff and the History Department Staff in IU Bloomington were of greatest help. History Department Graduate Secretary Alexia Bock assisted in many ways and gave me crucial practical advice during my stay in Bloomington. The Center for Latin American Studies of the University of Pittsburgh's University Center for International Studies generously opened its doors to me in the summer of 2005. The Escuela de Historia, Centro de Investigaciones Históricas de America Central (CIHAC), and the Oficina de Asuntos Internacionales y Cooperación Externa (OAICE) of the Universidad de Costa Rica have all participated in making possible research and writing of this dissertation.
    [Show full text]
  • Aya, 2008 Castro, 2008 13 3.6 BALANCE DE HUMEDAD DE SUELOS-RECARGA
    INSTITUTO COSTARRICENSE DE ACUEDUCTOS" ALCANTARILLADOS DIRECCIÓN DE GESTIÓN AMBIENTAL DEPARTAMENTO DE ESTUDIOS BÁSICOS ESTUDIO HIDROGEOLÓGICO DEL ACUÍFERO SARDINAL Responsable: Hidrog. Viviana Ramos Especialista en Manejo de Recursos Hidricos e Hidrogeología JEFATURA ESTUDIOS BÁSICOS Colaboró: Oeal. Laura Castro ENERO, 2008 l. INTRODUCCIÓN El área de estudio se localiza entre las coordenadas 265,000-291,000 I 345,000­ 365,000. de las hojas topográficas BeJén y Carillo Norte, escala 1: 50000 (Fig. 1), editada por el Instituto Geográfico Nacional. El área tiene como límites al norte la Finca Monte Galán, al Sur el poblado de Belén, al oeste fa divisoria de la cuenca del Río Sardinal y al este el Río Limoncito y el Río Tempisque. Como se observa en la Fig. 1, el área se divide en tres zonas, sin embargo los estudios se enfatizan en la zona 2, que cOlTesponde al Acuífero SardinaL 1.I OBJETIVOS El objetivo general es determinar las condiciones hidrogeológicas del Acuifero Sardinal, a partir de estudios existentes e infannación nlleva. 1.2 OBJETIVOS ESPECíFICOS o Detenninar la recarga del Acuífero Sardinal, correspondiente a las Cuencas de los Ríos Sardinal y Brasil, a partir de inf01mación existente y nueva información que se ha realizado. o Definir la extracción correspondiente al Acuífero Sardinal. o Definir el sistema acuífero de la zona. 2 MAPA DE UBICACIÓN Fíg.l N -* Simbología UNIDAD TERRITORIAL AREA(KM2) 1.11 Area de estudio CANTÓN 505 Carrillo 577,54 Filadelfia 125,01 Palmira 37,17 Sardinal 240,45 Belén 174,91 3 1.3 METODOLOGÍA A UTiLIZAR La metodología que se empleó para la ejecución del trabajo fue: o Revisión y recopilación de trabajos e investigaciones (Geología, hidrogeología, geofisica, etc) que se encuentran en diferentes instituciones SENARA, AyA, Escuela Centroamericana de Geología y otras, referentes al área de estudio.
    [Show full text]
  • Código Presupuestario Centro Educativo Dirección Regional Circuito
    CÓDIGO CENTRO EDUCATIVO DIRECCIÓN REGIONAL CIRCUITO PRESUPUESTARIO 2252 TEMPATAL LIBERIA 01 2256 EL PORVENIR LIBERIA 01 2258 AGUA CALIENTE LIBERIA 01 2264 GIL TABLADA COREA LIBERIA 01 2273 BARRIO IRVIN LIBERIA 01 2275 COLONIA BOLAÑOS LIBERIA 01 2276 LA LIBERTAD LIBERIA 01 2277 COPALCHI LIBERIA 01 2278 CUAJINIQUIL LIBERIA 01 2286 LAS VUELTAS LIBERIA 01 2290 GUAPINOL LIBERIA 01 2293 SALVADOR VILLAR MUÑOZ LIBERIA 01 2297 LA GARITA LIBERIA 01 2300 LAS BRISAS LIBERIA 01 2303 LOS ANDES LIBERIA 01 2312 SAN FERNANDO LIBERIA 01 2315 SAN DIMAS LIBERIA 01 2325 BELLO HORIZONTE LIBERIA 01 2327 SONZAPOTE LIBERIA 01 4100 EXPERIMENTAL BILINGÜE DE LA CRUZ LIBERIA 01 4867 NOCTURNO LA CRUZ LIBERIA 01 5588 TELESECUNDARIA LAS BRISAS LIBERIA 01 5708 LICEO RURAL LA GARITA LIBERIA 01 5844 LICEO CUAJINIQUIL LIBERIA 01 6578 C.T.P. BARRIO IRVIN LIBERIA 01 6651 ASENTAMIENTO EL GALLO LIBERIA 01 2255 ALBA OCAMPO ALVARADO LIBERIA 02 2270 J.N. LIBERIA LIBERIA 02 2274 EL CAPULIN LIBERIA 02 2282 GUARDIA LIBERIA 02 2299 LABORATORIO JOHN FITGERALD KENNEDY LIBERIA 02 2309 ASCENSION ESQUIVEL IBARRA LIBERIA 02 2319 ISABEL BROWN BROWN LIBERIA 02 2320 J.N. SAN ROQUE LIBERIA 02 2324 EL TRIUNFO LIBERIA 02 2328 LA VICTORIA LIBERIA 02 2329 BARRIO LA CRUZ LIBERIA 02 2330 PELON DE LA BAJURA LIBERIA 02 4096 COLEGIO FELIPE PÉREZ PEREZ LIBERIA 02 4102 INSTITUTO DE GUANACASTE LIBERIA 02 4194 C.T.P. LIBERIA LIBERIA 02 4194 SECCION NOCTURNA C.T.P. LIBERIA LIBERIA 02 4673 ENSEÑANZA ESPECIAL DE LIBERIA LIBERIA 02 4986 BERMUDAS LIBERIA 02 4989 JULIA ACUÑA DE SOMARRIBAS LIBERIA 02 5535 LICEO DE GUARDIA LIBERIA 02 5561 EL PELONCITO LIBERIA 02 5692 LOS LAGOS LIBERIA 02 6255 CNV.
    [Show full text]
  • Origen De La Estructura De La Caldera Cañas Dulces Y Su Relación Con El Recurso Geotérmico De Alta Entalpía
    Origen de la estructura de la caldera Cañas Dulces y su relación con el recurso geotérmico de alta entalpía Fernando Molina Zúñiga Aquesta tesi doctoral està subjecta a la llicència Reconeixement- NoComercial 3.0. Espanya de Creative Commons. Esta tesis doctoral está sujeta a la licencia Reconocimiento - NoComercial 3.0. España de Creative Commons. This doctoral thesis is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0. Spain License. Origen de la Estructura de la Caldera Cañas Dulces y su Relación con el Recurso Geotérmico de Alta E ntalpía T T T Fernando Molina Zúñiga Tesis Doctoral 2017 i Facultad de Geología Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de la Tierra Origen de la estructura de la caldera Cañas Dulces y su relación con el recurso geotérmico de alta entalpía Fernando Molina Zúñiga Tesis Doctora l dirigida por Prof. Joan Martí Molist Tutor: Prof. Joan Manuel Vilaplana Barcelona , Junio 2017 Origen de la estructura de la caldera Cañas Dulces y su relación con el recurso geotérmico de alta e ntalpía. Autor: Fernando Molina Zúñiga Junio 2017 En la portada: Domos dacíticos, ubicados en los límite s estructurales sur y suroeste de la Caldera Cañas Dulces, C ordillera Volcánica de Guanacaste , Costa Rica. Foto: Fernando Molina Zúñiga. Dedicatoria A: Mi Esposa; Rocío Bravo Quirós Mi Hijo; Aaron Molina Bravo Mis Padres; Flora Zúñiga Henly y José Rodrigo Molina Sibaja Agradecimientos Es difícil dar las gracias a todas las personas que han hecho posible este proyecto, ya que he compartido con mucha gente durante el desarrollo de esta investigación. Pero sería egoísta de mi parte el no expresar mi gratitud a las personas que más han infl uido en esta vivencia.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 a Guide to Working on the Lomas Barbudal Monkey
    A GUIDE TO WORKING ON THE LOMAS BARBUDAL MONKEY PROJECT, FOR PROSPECTIVE FIELD ASSISTANTS – last updated Sept 18, 2016 I. Historical Background: In 1990, Susan Perry and Joe Manson arrived in Costa Rica with the idea of establishing a long-term field site for the study of capuchins and howler monkeys. We chose Lomas Barbudal Biological Reserve because a study done by Colin Chapman et al. had revealed that both species were abundant there. We rapidly discovered that the monkeys regularly ranged outside the park into many private farms and ranches (e.g. Hacienda Pelon de la Bajura and Hacienda Brin D’Amor, as well as many small farms in the community of San Ramon de Bagaces), and fortunately these landowners also gave us permission to conduct research there. Joe began working with howlers, and Susan began her dissertation work on capuchin monkeys. Susan habituated a single group of monkeys (Abby's group), which was the focus of her dissertation work in 1991-3. Howlers turned out to be excruciatingly boring, so Joe opted to help Susan instead of continue with that work and did his own research in subsequent field seasons. Julie Gros-Louis joined us as Susan's assistant beginning in 1991 and eventually came back to do her own dissertation work in 1996, when she began habituation of the second study group (Rambo's group). Beginning in 2001, observations of the monkeys have continued without a break. Since 2001, Susan has taken the lead role in running the site, while a manager (or two-person managerial team) is in charge of day-to- day project supervision, particularly when Susan is in the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Valores De Terreno Por Zonas Cantón.Mxd
    MAPA DE VALORES DE TERRENOS POR ZONAS HOMOGÉNEAS PROVINCIA 5 GUANACASTE CANTÓN 06 CAÑAS 405000 412500 420000 427500 435000 442500 450000 300000 300000 MINISTERIO DE HACIENDA DIRECCIÓN GENERAL DE TRIBUTACIÓN UPALA Fca. El Encanto DIVISIÓN Quebrada Seca io enor ÓRGANO DE NORMALIZACIÓN TÉCNICA Río T Las Vueltas Río Esquivelito Río Las Flores Las Flores Quebrada Sanguijuela R A IO U C H p IQ a l U a IT O Q uebrad s a Des Flore prendi Río miento to ri o n afé e a C T rad ío ueb 292500 R Q 292500 Fca. Gota de Agua Fca. Tenorito o h c a n AMPLIACIÓN AREA URBANA DE CAÑAS ó M j BAGACES a GUATUSO e o í t C n R a e i d ESCALA 1:12.500 l a a r 416250 417500 418750 C b 506-02-U03 e Ing. Alberto Poveda Alvarado 506-02-U03 a u u Q g s A o A e DIRECTOR ONT c a n s d o a a T Fca. Guachipelín e r ñ L e b i y e P e l a a p u o d a Martirio a d Q r Fca. Bajo Potrero C r a á a da Guajiro b r d e b a a n r PALMIRA u e b u e Q u Quebr Q Q Fca. Choluteca Ing. Wanny Chaves Solano 506-02-R02/U02 Paraíso SUBDIRECTORA 506-02-R02/U02 R 270000 270000 ío Hda. Tenorio Ti qu VALORACIONES MUNICIPALES isq ue Sitio Quebrada Honda Pozo Azul Coyota 506-02-R02/U02506-02-R02/U02 da on Ing.
    [Show full text]
  • (Área Km²), Según Cantón. Con El Cuadro Anterior Lo Logra Denota
    Categorías Clase I Clase V Dentro de esta clase se incluyen tierras con Las tierras de esta clase presentan severas pocas o ninguna limitación para el desarrollo de limitaciones para el desarrollo de cultivos, por lo actividades agrícolas, pecuarias o forestales cual su uso se restringe para pastoreo o manejo adaptadas ecológicamente a la zona. de bosque natural. Clase II Clase VI Las tierras de esta clase presentan leves Las tierras ubicadas dentro de esta clase son limitaciones que solas o combinadas reducen la utilizadas para la producción forestal, así como posibilidad de elección de actividades. cultivos permanentes. Clase III Clase VII Las tierras de esta clase presentan limitaciones Las tierras de esta clase tienen severas moderadas solas o combinadas, que restringen limitaciones por lo cual sólo se permite el la elección de los cultivos. manejo forestal en caso de cobertura boscosa o restauración forestal. Clase IV Clase VIII Las tierras de esta clase presentan fuertes Estas tierras no reúnen las condiciones limitaciones, solas o combinadas, que mínimas para actividades de producción restringen su uso a vegetación semipermanente agropecuaria o forestal alguna. Las tierras de y permanente. esta clase tienen utilidad sólo como zonas de preservación. Cuadro n° 9. 44 Capacidad uso de la tierra (área km²), según cantón. No Cantón II III IV V VI VII VIII Total clasificado Nicoya 2.08 262.31 15.27 244.51 5.28 433.66 -- 360.48 1323.59 Santa 0.17 277.66 127.83 258.87 4.08 548.71 -- 149.94 1317.26 Cruz Carrillo 3.72 165.22 60.80 98.29 -- 232.76 14.59 21.56 596.93 Fuente: Elaboración propia, con datos Diagnóstico de la región chorotega: competitividad territorial y mercado de trabajo.
    [Show full text]
  • “Bee-Flower-People Relationships, Field Biologists, and Conservation in Northwest Urban Costa Rica and Beyond.”
    Zoosymposia 12: 018–028 (2018) ISSN 1178-9905 (print edition) http://www.mapress.com/j/zs/ ZOOSYMPOSIA Copyright © 2018 · Magnolia Press ISSN 1178-9913 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zoosymposia.12.1.4 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:BE014C6F-4641-487D-9B78-799E6CA5037F “Bee-Flower-People Relationships, Field Biologists, and Conservation in Northwest Urban Costa Rica and Beyond.” G. W. FRANKIE1, R. E. COVILLE2, J. C. PAWELE3, C. C. JADALLAH1, S. B. VINSON4 & L. E. S. MARTINEZ5 1University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720 2Professional Entomologist/Photographer, El Cerrito, CA, 94804 3Professional Landscape Designer and Bee Taxonomist, Richmond, CA, 94805 4Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843 5Private Naturalist/Bee Ecologist, Bagaces, Guanacaste, Costa Rica Abstract The forests of Costa Rica are rich in a wide variety of pollinator types and a very diverse flora that supports them. Our research group from the University of California, Berkeley and Texas A & M University, College Station has been researching the ecology of one pollinator group, the bees, in the northwest Guanacaste dry forest region since 1969. Much natural forest existed in this area when we first began the work. But, many land use changes have occurred over the years to present day to the point that it is difficult to find tracts of undisturbed forest suitable for field research, especially those not affected by wildfires, which are now common. Further, urban areas in the region continue to grow with increasing numbers of people populating the region. In this paper we provide an overview of our past bee-flower work for a historical perspective, and then weave in people that have now become an obvious ecological component of current bee-flower relationships.
    [Show full text]