86 John E. Bradley

The area of the site that has been exposed by have been outside of structures but within the erosion along the lakeshore is well under 2 ha. hamlet. Direct evidence of food storage featuresis Even with relatively extensive areas eroded, the lacking, but the bell-shaped pits may have been site would be defined as a small hamlet using used for this purpose. criteria developed by Blanton [1972}. The actual Many questions remain regarding the occupa- 5 extent of the site and the total number of struc- tions at Tronadora Vieja, however, the site offers tures during each occupation is unknown. Al- some unique opportunities to study the prehis- Excavations at though the number of excavated structurehold tory of lower Central America. Future excava- units decreases through time, the limited area ex- tions should concentrate on finding areas with Sitio Bolivar: cavated and differential preservation make any in- unmixed Fortuna Phase and early Tronadora ferences regarding population changes on the site Phase deposits to determine the date of transition A Late Formative Village tenuous. from the Archaic to the Pormative. Other ques- It appears that Tronadora and Arenal phase tions concern the date of the introduction of JOHN W. HOOPES in the Arenal Basin households utilized a single, relatively small maize to the site, and the variability of construc- lea. 20 mll structure constructed of a framework tion and structurehold units during the Forma- MARK L. CHENAULT of vertical support poles, likely with a thatched tive. Tronadora Vieja has already contributed to roof. The households sometimes utilized interior the understanding of the Archaic/Formative tran- and exterior smaller structures in addition to the sition in lower Central America, and further re- main structure for special purposes, possibly in- search can add to our understanding of this cru- cluding food storage or processing. Hearths were cial period of cultural change. outside of the structures, and burials appeared to INTRODUCTION

Sitio Bolivar (G-164) is situated on a small point of land on the south shore of Lake Arenal. I It is 1.25 km NE of the modern town of Trona- dora (ARENAL 1:50,000: UTM 276300 m N X 436500 m E} at a maximum altitude of 565 m above sea leveltftg. 5-I). The site extends north- ward below the present surface of the lake (540 m]. It is named for Quebrada Bolivar, .t~e small drainage 350 m to the west of the site. SlUO Bolivar is currently the property of ICE; however, the site is being farmed under agreements that in- clude the planting of trees in order to control ero- sion. Modern agricultural activity on the property is intensive, with the principal crops being toma- toes beans, yuca {sweet manioc], and corn. The southern end of the site is marked by a stand of yuca and several citrus trees. The north- ern hall includes com- and beanfields, which are planted to the edge of the lakeshore. A heavily overgrown bulldozed road runs east-west across the site. Current access is via a small two-track road that leaves the main road 2.5 km east of Tronadora. The site, as defined by the extent of subsurface features on the ridge top to the south and the lakeshore margin to the east, covers an area of ap- proximately 2.5 ha. It is situated on a landform comprising small foothills in the Arenal yalley that are dissected by a number of small drainages and that has been largely denuded for pasture. Excavations at Sitio Bolivar 88 John W. Hoopes and Mark 1. Chenault 89

-c., '. SITIO BOLIVAR GI64 4L ~'~rMel",. I -----. ------

-~------~- -~------~~------+.------~.~--- / / ,/ @Dolum

N 1

o 100, 2ClO ,D 400, SOO, Meters i I /'

_5-1, Figure 5-2. Site map of the ridge top portion of SWo Bolivar. Map indicating location of S' . pit near the top of the ridge overlooking the lake- to the Quebrada Bolivar and: B01f~r (G-l64) relative FIELD METHODS indicating the relative locations of Operations B, C, and Aren41. Map by!ohn Hoo e sou ern shore of Lake sh~re. Their size and location suggested prehis- E. Map by fohn Hoopes. ""', t?nc burial features. The informant also men- RECONNAISSANCE tioned that waves along the lake's edge had ~xposed whole vessels, subsequently removed by ~oopes, Matthews, and Sheets first recorded Si- Deal collectors. Mueller assessing the volcanic ttc Bolivar at the end of March 1984 during a strati h ' a ratlgrap y in the cut banks of the eroded lake- shoreline survey of Lake Arenal (Mueller 1984 i ~hore, noted a high density of artifacts embedded Chap. 3). A lowering of the lake during the drY In layers below Unit 50. season exposed deposits 10-30 m wide along the water's edge. Artifacts were scattered alOng 215 m aof sho~eI'me. Surface collection produced 271, di- SURVEY AND EXCAVATION gnosnc sherds, 23 chipped stone artifacts, eight t The specific goals of subsurface testing at the site groundof stone artifacts ' and one small fragIDen.a__ were (1J to determine the nature of the disturbed a greenstone pendant. Approximately 140 IU" stone features on the upper part of the site, and cracked cooking stones were recovered. These, to- (2l to determine whether there was a functional gether with a high proportion of monochrome ce- dOff1 erence between the features on the shoreline ramics, suggest the remains of domestic activities. :;-d thos~ on top of the small knoll. G,ur ~or~g ~t the time of the initial reconnaissance, a 10- ypothesls was that the shoreline, with ItS high ca1mfOnnant (Abel Gutierrez) showed roe a large percentage of monochrome ceramics and large number of round boulders in and around a looter's

,. ",'-, .~,;iM',_, Excavations at Sitio Bolivar 91 90 fohn W. Hoopes and Mark L. Chenault quantity of thermally fractured debitage, was a TABLE 5-] domestic activity area. while the hilltop, with STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS IN OPERATION D large stone features and evidence of looting, was Depth Characteristics LAKE ARENAL mainly the locus of funerary activities. We used a manually operated posthole digger to 0-30cm Mixed, containing Units 10 and 20, identify buried features and to determine the ex- corresponding to the modern tent of artifact distribution, digging small holes cultivation zone ~ 30-50cm Unit 30i dark gray, sandy, and friable every 10 m along two 70 ill transects. Cultural 50-60cm Units 40/41. Yellow/gray sandy stratum • materials appeared in nearly every posthole, indi- 6O-70cm Unit 50, dark gray to black soil LARGE • iIJ;- A9 • cating a continuous distribution of artifacts to the W • • 70-90 em Lighter horizon, Units 52/53 HEARTHS north and west of the site datum. Although some 90-105 em Dark, clay-laden, with small white and • STRUCTURE SMALL material was as shallow as 30 em, we located the yellowish particles. Unit 54, possibly • • • • STRUCTURE majority of artifacts between 90 and 110 em be- mixed with eroded Unit 55 • @ Black, clay-laden. Probably Unit 60 and low the present ground surface (Fig. S-2). 105-115 ern • • • compressed lower strata, overlying the A8 • • • A18 Aguacate Formation \ POSSIBLE LAKESHORE INVESTIGATIONS WINOBREAK

Sheets and Mueller directed investigations along Black-an-Red, Mojica Impressed (Corrida and ~e modern lakeshore at the northern end of the Arrastrada varieties), Guinea Incised, Los Herms- ROCK o 0123415 SIte, They included excavation of a 2 m x 4 m ~ nos Beige and Los Hennanos Beige: Cervantes POSTMOLD. test unit (~peration D, Fig. 5-3) and the cleaning Variety-all of which date to the latter portion METERS N an~ mapping of several features exposed by wave of the Late Arenal Phase (cal AD 300-600; acnon. Chap. 1O). We found no ceramics from earlier or Figure 5-3. Figure 54. later phases and there was little apparent tempo- ~ketch map of the lakeshore portion of Sitio Bolivar, A jirepit located between the circular domestic OPERATIOND ral variation within individual ceramic types. indicating features exposed by wave action. The map structures in Figure 5-3. Fire-cracked cooking stones are indicates the relative locations of two circular structures, visible in a matrix of charcoal and burned clay at the base of the feature. A posthole of what may have been a Operation D was placed next to in situ deposits with two large iirepits between them. Three postholes windbreak is visible as a dark circle in the upper right 10 an .eroded se~tion of the lakeshore that had LAKESHORE FEATURES near the hearths may represent traces of a windbreak. comer. Photograph by Payson Sheets. Map by Brian McKee. a .partlcularly high density of surface artifacts As noted earlier, the rise and fall of the lake be- Given the domestic character of the lakeshore tween wet and dry seasons dissects Sitio Bolivar assemb~age, we hoped that this operation would ~aterally at the water's edge. When the water level reveal mtact domestic features and Id tr ti hi provt e a IS low, the shoreline exposes a section of cultural S a igrap IC cut with which we could d t . the a .. f e errrune deposits as much as 30 m wide. Although the ere . ssocranons 0 cultural materials d hr units. an tep a sion of softer strata is severe, harder strata such as the Aguacate Formation and portions of over- cera:nic and lithic artifacts were present in lying tephra layers survive. Inthese we found sev- Operanon D but we cultural fea~res. howev~~co~ntered no intact eral well-preserved archaeological features. . provide a contin~ous strati a e .excav~tion did The lakeshore features consist of the following present gro d tf gr phic section from (in the order of their discovery]." un su ace to the '1 Formation [Unit 651 Th ~ten.e Aguacate A6II: A short, outflaring-necked. globular ~ . e strata In this 0 . can firm the preservation of t . peranon Hermanos Beige: Espinoza Variety olla (cooki.D& stratigraphy at this sit Th he regional tephra pot). Its base was in Unit 65 but this vessel prob- Table 5-1. e. ey are presented in ably was deposited at the same time as Unit 54. In the southeastern com f A6/2: A Los Hermanos Beige jar in a b~ack light, fine, tephra-laden er a the operation, a stratum {Unit 60?} overlying Unit 65. CarbonIZed 15 em thick was present stratum approximately material on its interior indicates that it was used on top of Aguacate It' as a small lens directly for Cooking. . greatest artifact den~it/~ pr~ba~yS Unit 61. The AS: A pre~istoric firepit, demarcated by a.c"," Units 40/41 that is . 'u I? t e strata beneath cular depression 135 em in diameter outhn Th ' ,lnnIts5054 . e greatest concentration of ' . ,and 55. by red, oxidized clay (Fig. 5-4). It contained ~ 10 Unit 54-a light-col d materials appeared fragments of fire-cracked rock 10 cODlple thick. are stratum 10-15 em 272 cooking stones, charcoal (C-14 s;mple rx-S !1 The ceramic assemblage includ d 14 sherds (one with charcoal on the interior!, and e types Charco lithic debris. John W. Hoopes and Mark L. Chenault Excavations at Sitio Bolivar 93

G-164-B W Wall A9: A second Hrepit, one meter NE of the total area is preserved. The structure has a recon- first [Peature AB). Oval in shape, it measures structed diameter of 5.5 m, for a total area of 563 - 1';,.,.."J,m77:~,"",*:,.,.,."*",",,,.)~"'~"''7"';''"~~'j·~':;;'~:'~'~·.b~.b~~..•'•.~.!..,~;".. 145ern x 170 cm and contained 149 fragments of about 24 me. Unfortunately, all traces of the floor fire-cracked rock, large quantities of charcoal had eroded away. ~;,.,,..,.,.,.,r,:;::;::'7:":;~""""~7!:::::-:-::~·:::'~~"'~":.'''''." , " :.. : ::~v-:-',.•.~ '.:"::.:.:..:.:....' : ;~~~~;~ 10 L.~'.'.".,.." " .. ' ." : '.. ~.' ..~...... lC-14 sample Tx-5269}, 29 sherds (including one A14: A small, roughly rectangular pit measur- . . ..."':"..;' .'...... ' .. ' " '..'. • , , " : ~.;:;'.;.','"::" "" ••••• :.:.:; :: •••••••;..••...:.. 20 jar neck fragment), and lithic debris {including ing about 140em x 110 em, filled with a mixture ...... , " '.' " . . :.~ " . one metate fragment}. We found the artifacts on of sand and Aguacate Formation clay. It contained ....: , " ..~...... • ..... 30 top of fine, hard black surface within the burned 2 fragments of cooking stones and 188 sherds, in- and oxidized margins of the feature. Differences cluding fragments of Mojica Impressed jars and in the amount of fire-cracked rock between A8 both bowls and jars of Los Hermanos Beige. 562 - and A9 suggest that the latter had been cleaned We found several other features interpreted as after use. postholes in the vicinity of the hearths and the AID: A probable flrepit on the shoreline be- circular structures; however, none demonstrate tween Features A7 and AB. It measures approxi- structural plans as clear as the aforementioned 65 mately 45 em in diameter and contained 17 frag- circular structures except for a small group of 60 ments of fire-cracked rock, 4 small body sherds, holes to the SW of the larger circle. This group and a small amount of flaked lithic debris. It was was interpreted as the remains of a small wind- 65 filled with a sandy, dark-gray tephra. break built to shelter the two firepits (A8 and A91 All: A small flrepit containing 7 fire-cracked from prevailing northeasterly winds. rock fragments and 75 sherds, including rims from nine Los Hermanos Beige bowls, two Los Herma- o I 2 INCIDENTAL LAKESHORE FINDS I I I nos jars, a small carinated, complex-silhouette bowl of unidentified type, and a fragment of a We found a fluted Clovis-style point made of lo- Meters cal chalcedony (Melson, personal communication 1Ipn$-5. Figure 5-6. gadrooned jar of Los Hermanos Beige: Espinoza Stratigraphic profile of the west wall of Operation B. Variety. to Sheets, 1985) under water 50 cm to 100 cm A midden feature in Operation B (G-164·B6). This deep a short distance off the beach. This artifact Most of the mortuary activity was associated with strata feature probably represents the redeposition of broken A12: Another probable flrepit containing 1 greatly predates the major occupation of Sitio 80· below Unit SO. Drawing by John Hoopes. vessels and other debris from previously utilized complete cooking stone, 3 fragments of fi.re- portions of the ridge top cemetery. photograph by Payson cracked rock, and 19 sherds (including rims of a livar (Chap. 11). We also found a fragment of a small greenstone pendant offshore [Chap. 121· Sheets. LosHermanos Beige bowl and jar). AU: The remains of a small structure, as in- 1 dicated by a circular pattern of six postholes, i spaced 120 cm to 135 cm apart. The feature had RIDGE TOP INVESTIGATIONS been partly eroded by wave action, leaving ap- I proximately 60% of the floor intact. Postholes OPERATIONB f vary from 36 em to 45 cm in depth and 13 cm to I ; Operation B was located on the ridge top imme- r ( 15 cm in diameter. One has a smalll'pocket" ap- diately to the south of the disturbed area of large pended to one side, perhaps traces of an extra stones noted on our initial survey of the site. The post. The enclosed area is about 3 m in diameter, purpose of this operation was to discover whether 1 for a total internal area of 7 00 • Nothing remains any of the looted features remained intact and to of the living surface inside or outside of the fea- expose a large enough horizontal area to judge ture, with the exception of a small, elevated patch their shape and size. At its maximum extent, Op- ofhard earth at the western end. eration Bprovided a total exposure of 24 m", We identified a second round structure imme- Surface clearing revealed that large, rounded diately to the west of A13. (Wedid not assign a lot boulders visible on the surface had been moved by number because we collected no material from it.] looters. Informants stated that the site had been This feature is larger than the first and marked by looted within two years of our arrival; however, eight postholes spaced from 1.30 m to 2.30 m the presence of intact Unit 10 tephra abov~ looted apart. With the exception of the largest span, at deposits clearly indicates that some looting had the SW end of the feature, the average distance occurred prior to the 1968 eruption of the Arenal between them is about 1.5 m. The entrance was Volcano (Fig. 5-51.The informants also reported probably located on the southwestern side, which that no one had found anything at the location faces away from the prevailing winds. The post- but large stones. holes range from 14 cm to 19 ern in diameter. Al- The upper 20 cm in Ope~~ion B we~ ,~adlY though erosion had claimed the northern end of disturbed by agricultural acuvtty and this plow ~. the feature/ it is estimated that 60% to 70% of the . " (

·Ij 94 John W. Hoopes and Mark L. Chenault Excavations at Sitio Bolivar 95 zone" was excavated quickly. Below this, exca- 9,856 sherds and 1,229 lithic artifacts, as well asa vessels are represented by 1,492 diagnostic sherds Chipped stone examples include 56 percussion vation proceeded in 10 em levels to a depth of number of important botanical samples. from G-164-B6 alone. Over half of these are Los debitage flakes, 5 flake cores, and 1 percussion 80 em. Screens were not used; however, an at- Initially, the feature appeared to consist of a Hermanos Beige. The most common vessel forms blade (Chap. l l]. Cooking stones, of which we tempt was made to collect all ceramic and lithic relatively small number of vessels smashed at the are jars with outflaring, unthiekened rims !205 found 943 fragments and 17 whole examples, are artifacts. same time. The large stones removed by looters vessels), outcurving-necked jars with exteriorly the most abundant lithic category. In addition to suggest a large mortuary feature, and we assumed thickened rims (184 vessels), and open bowls with these were 6 small, rounded pebbles and a total exteriorly thickened rims (122 vessels). Other im- of 115 unclassified pieces. Chipped stone was Stratigraphy that the deposit of broken vessels represented a pile of ritually smashed offerings similar to fea- portant types are Mojica Impressed (99 vessels], mostly fine-grained dacite (49 pieces], with only Modem disturbance, possibly as a result of deep- tures overlying Curridabat Phase burials at sites Charco Black-on-Red (more than 50 vessels], Cer- 7 fragments of chalcedony and a few rare pieces rooted yucales [manioc gardens), was evident to such as La Pesa Vieja [Snarskis, personal commu- vantes Incised-Punctate (27 vessels], and Guinea of other materials. Only 2 hinge fractures were a depth of 50 em throughout Operation B. Loot- nication, 1984). Subsequent analysis, however, Incised (17 vessels). All of these are important found in a total of 56 flakes-an indication of ing was heaviest in the eastern portion of the op- indicated that the assemblage was domestic in na- types of the latter half of the Late Arenal Phase highly skilled knapping (Chap. II). Sheets inter- eration, where it reached depths of as much as ture and consisted of hundreds of different ves- and suggest a date for the assemblage between cal prets this assemblage as clearly domestic in na- 1 m. Unit 20 was present only in small patches sels, few of which were complete. AD 300-600. This time range, narrower than that ture. He has suggested classification of this de- throughout the operation. In the western half The midden of sherds and lithic debris covered for the Late Arenal Phase as a whole, is based on posit as a "secondary midden," that is, a collection of waste material that was redeposited in a loca- of the operation, patches of a harder matrix-pos- two small features. We have interpreted the first (1) a radiocarbon date from the feature of cal tion different from that of its original disposal. sibly Units 40/41-were present at about 50 em (G-164-BI7) as either a hearth or a small burial AD 261 13981435 {Tx-5273: AD 290 ± 701; [21the below the present ground surface. All strata above pit, located at a depth of l l O em below the present close similarity between the ceramics from this Unit SO, located approximately 60 em to 80 em ground surface. It measures approximately 60 em assemblage and those of the Linear Decorated Pe- Botanical Remains below the surface, had been disturbed. Unit 50 it- x 80 em and was excavated into the Aguacate riod lAD 300-500) as proposed by Baudez (1967: We recovered a small amount of carbonized, self was also somewhat disturbed, as indicated by Formation to a depth of 20 em. On the west it is 207); {3}the presence of a small amount of Ca- the presence of Arenal Phase sherds in overlying rillo Polychrome, usually dated to the Early Poly- macrobotanical material from deposits in Opera- enclosed by six large stones, one of which had tion B. Aida Blanco of the National Museum of levels-a context that is inconsistent with their fallen into the depression. In the southwestern chrome Period (AD 500-800; see Chap. 1Ol; and stratigraphic position at other sites (Chap. 10). (4)the absence of any typical Silencio Phase types Costa Rica identified these as two fragments of comer is a small (6 em rim diameter) Los Herms- gourds [cucurbitaceae), two seeds of nance (Byr- Unit 50 overlies a large feature of ceramics nos Beige outflaring-rim jar. Charcoal from the in the assemblage. The radiocarbon date was ob- Hthics, and other cultural debris (Fig.5-6)associ: tained from a consolidated sample of charcoal re- sonima crassifolia), four palm seeds (Scheelia. feature yielded a C-14 date of 770 {399J200 cal Be ated with Unit 54-a light brown/orange stratum covered from the matrix of the thick midden fea- Acrocomia, or Blais sp.l, and three kernels of ITx-5271: 390 Be ± 1701. maize (Zea mays). We identified an additional characterized by the presence of a largenumber of The second feature (G-164-B8) is a small pit ture 125 em below the present ground surface. small white particles. This in turn overlies a hard palm seed in a thin stratum between the large excavated into the Aguacate Formation from a The assemblage suggests redeposited refuse ra- black matrix with a maximum thickness of 5 em sherd feature and the surface of Aguacate mixed, brown matrix. It is oriented roughly NE- ther than pottery broken in place. Sherd size is and traces Unit 55, a light yellow/orange sand [Chap. 161· SW and measures 115 em x 65 cm with a maxi- predominantly small to medium (less than 7.5 em tephra layer, which had probably been disturbed The presence of maize in this assemblage indi- mum depth of 28 em. The pit expands slightly maximum dimension) and there were no fully re- by cultural activity. When dry, the black matrix cates its cultivation during the Late Arenal Phase; below the surface from which it was excavated, constructable vessels. The nature of this midden could only be removed with macanas [hea is puzzling. The only complete ceramic artifact however, the presence of tree crops also indicates undercutting the Aguacate matrix along its east- the concurrent gathering of wild foods. A combi- ~oesJand picks. Sherds embedded in it were ide; we found in Operation B is a crude, unslipped, ern edge. The only artifacts in it were the remains nation of wild plant gathering and garden culti- tical to those of the feature above and probabl d miniature tripod bowl, only 2.2 em high with a Y of a large, outflaring-rim Los Hermanos Beigejar, vation was probably characteristic of most indige- not represent an earlier occupation Thi h dO rim diameter of 3 ern. It was probably a child's toy. hi kl " . S arc, part of a large Mojica Impressed jar, and two large nous Costa Rican subsistence economies. ac ayer I.SSituated directly on top of the Agua- Not far from this was a perforated sherd disk sherd disks (8 em and 9 em in diameter and 0.5 cID cate.FormatIOn substrate. It represents the partial spindle whorl 7 em in diameter. Both of these thick) from a single vessel of the same paste and , ~roslOnand compression of Unit 60 and und 1- objects indicate domestic activities; however, mg strata. er y thickness as the Hermanos jar. While it did not Discussion sherds with carbonized residue-common in do- con~in any trace of bone, its depth and shape, its Ceramic analysis indicates that the pottery from location beneath a thick layer of broken pottery, mestic deposits-were absent. the midden feature in Operation B represents Ground stone artifacts (Chap. I2) support the Futures Its excavation into the Aguacate Formation sub- waste material and broken vessels rather than interpretation of the feature as a household mid- strate, and the associated artifacts suggest that It ritual offerings broken in place. As with Opera- Although several loose boulders that had been den. Virtually all of the ground stone artifacts, Wasa burial pit. The small size of the pit suggestS tion E (see below), the presence of unfinished ar- moved by looters were present on the su f h including manos and metates, are broken or u~- brood, thick deposit of ceramics ch' rdace,t e that it was either a primary child burial or a sec- tifacts and small pieces of manos and metates, as and gr d d h . ,Ippe stone finished, and all fragments are small [maximum di- well as a small amount of carbonized seeds, in- oun stone e os at SO em to 125em belo ' ondary adult burial. mension less than 20 em]. The feature contained dicates that the midden's origin was ultimately the modem surface was the princi al I w six metate fragments, five mane fragments, two ture in Operation B. This feature ~ve~~~~r;~fea- domestic. Artifacts small burnishing stones (used in the manufacture The presence of domestic debris, however, does to 40 em in thickness and cover d em of ceramics), and one small, unidentified ground least 16 ms. It appeared to hav \ an area o.fat not necessarily indicate the presence of dwellings. 1?e painstaking matching of rim sherds of iden- stone fragment. Also present was a small, tabul~, within a short period of tim id een deposited The ridge top portion of the site appears to have tical type, diameter and thickness to estimate the unfinished ground stone pendant with rwo m- as a single lot (G-164.B613It was excavated minimum number' of vessels represented by the served as both a cemetery and a dumping ground . :::1nun dto Contain complete, biconical perforations. assemblage indicates that at least 1,000 different Excavations at 5itio Bolivar 97 '6 fohn w Hoopes and Mark L. Chenault

ral strata that overlay the cultural features, above G 164- E E Wall (N End) TABLE 5·2 Artifacts STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS IN OPERATION C and including Unit 50, were intact (Fig. 5-7). In - Lithic remains suggest that the assemblage from the first 2 m x 2 m square excavated in Operation A gray stratum with particles of Unit 20 lapilli Operation C is primarily domestic in nature. The E, we recognized Units 10, 20, 30, 40/41, SO, as ~~~:,~'.:.{~··~····"E··;:··5., ..·~·.··~··~·.·~.·.'~···.~··.:.rr:.:".~:.:.~::.'•.~.::[:...~::, 20 A brown stratum, possibly Unit 30 three pieces of ground stone include a bar mano well as a mixed, clay-laden brown stratum with so A black, uncompacted stratum, Unit 50 yellow/orange flecks-probably Unit 54. This 561- p2i:J;::Z======2J3:===SI22J~ ~/41 A brown compacted stratum, probably Unit S4 fragment, a conical metate leg, and a grinding A brown stratum, Unit 64, mixed with Unit 61 tephra stone similar in morphology to artifacts from overlies Unit 64, which in turn overlies the Agua- The base stratum or Aguacate (Unit 65) other parts of the site (Chap. 12). We also recov- cate Formation (Unit 65). Upper 50's ered a total of seventy-three pieces of thermally The concentration of stones proved to be part of a large mortuary feature that consisted of burial / fractured rock and two complete cooking stones. for broken pots and household artifacts. The We found all but four pieces of flaked stone debi- pits outlined and covered by large boulders. These midden feature probably represents a secondary tage in the lower 30 ern, with the greatest concen- were in turn covered with a layer of ceramic and deposition of this material-or perhaps midden tration coming from directly above and within lithic artifacts (Fig. 5-8). This feature is located in material associated with burials (see belowj-c-as Unit 61 (Chap. 11). These levels also yielded a the strata below Unit 50, in some places overlain a result of excavations for new tombs in a previ- flake core, a hammerstone, and two small water- by what appear to be Units 52 and 53 and in oth- ously utilized section of the cemetery. This would worn pebbles like those found in direct associa- ers overlain directly by Unit 50. In general, the Meters strata below Units 52 and 53 are very mixed; how- explain the small sherd size and the large num- tion with the remains of an early dwelling at Figure 5-7. ber of fragments from different vessels. Ceramic Tronadora Vieja [Chap. 4}. Other lithic artifacts ever, portions of Unit 60 and Unit 61 are intact Stratigraphjc profile of the north end of the eas.t wall of types present suggest that the contents of the fea- include seven pieces of general percussion debi- directly beneath the stone alignments. Upon ex- Operation E. Tephra layers represented by U~lItS40 and ture accumulated over the space of two hundred tage and twenty-five unclassifiable items. cavation, it was evident that the stones had been 41 are visible as light bands. Mortuary ecnvrry at the placed around the perimeters of several burial pits sire ended prior to their deposition and was associated or three hundred years. The lack of internal stra- with strata below Unit 50. Drawing by fohn Hoopes. tigraphy and soil development, however, suggests excavated into underlying strata sometime during Botanical Remains that the midden itself represents a short-term dep- the formation of Unit 54. Figure 5-8. d ositional event. Botanical remains from Operation C consist of Dense artifact scatter above the layer of large rocks an boulders in Operation E. This feature represented the three fragments of either Crescemia or Lagenaria Features smashing of a large quantity of ceramic vessels and OPERATIONC from Unit 54. We also recovered two samples of stone tools. Photograph by Payson Sheets. carbonized wood. The principal cultural feature in Operation E Operation C was a 2 m x 2 m excavation unit consists of a layer of over two hundred large with its northeast comer at the site datum. We (30-50 em maximum dimension), rounded boul- placed it near the highest point of the site to ex- Discussion ders and cobbles overlain by a dense deposit of plore the stratigraphy of the ridge top portion This operation was useful for revealing the strati- sherds, lithic debitage, and ground stone frag- of the site and to identify funerary or domestic graphic sequence in a relatively undisturbed por- ments. This deposit of tightly packed boulders activities. tion of the ridge top. Its artifactual assemblage probably appeared as a low stone mound, less The stratigraphy for the operation consists of is suggestive of domestic activities such as food than 1 m high and at least 8 m to 10 m in dia~e. six strata, listed in Table 5-2. The upper 30 em preparation and artifact manufacture; however, ter, prior to its burial by later tephra deposits had been heavily disturbed by modem farming ac- the artifacts are all fragmentary and were not and the associated soil development. Although tivities, and gray lapilli from Unit 20, which was found in association with any recognizable habi- we were able to define the eastern, southern, and not intact, were scattered throughout this level. tation features. They probably represent redepos- western edges of the feature through excavation, Unit 50 and Upper 50s strata extend beneath the ited household debris from another portion of the we could not determine whether the original plan em disturbed level to a depth of approximately 80 em site (as do the materials in Operation B). was round, square, or amorphous. The n.0rt.h below the present ground surface. edge of the feature continues beyond the limits of The heaviest concentration of materials was in the excavation. OPERATIONE Unit 54, a stratum approximately 20 ern thick Most of the large stones that form this feature that contained both ceramics and lithics. We Operation E was begun as a 2 m x 2 m excavation were not deposited with care. Many of the.boul- found a metate support and a mano fragment to- unit with its southeastern corner located 45 m ders fractured in place, probably from violent gether at a depth of approximately 75 em. In lower west and 10 m north of the site datum. It was later impacts as they were tossed on top of one an- levels, we found five stones (each 10 em to 15 cm expanded to a total of 22 m", The purpose of the other. Large, unmodified percussion flakes found in diameter) on the surface of Unit 61. We found excavation was to investigate a concentration of throughout the layer of stones were produced as a shallow, basin-shaped pit, 82 cm at its widest large stones discovered during posthole testing. they were thrown together. point and 11 cm deep, excavated into the Agua- cate Formation in the northwest comer of the op- Stratigraphy Stone Enclosures eration. We discovered broken pottery and chunks of Unit 61 tephra in the fill of the pit, but the fea- Unlike the features in Operation B, those in Op- Despite the haphazard appearance of most of ture's stratigraphic origin is unknown. eration E had not been disturbed by looting. Natu- the stones capping the feature, some of the large

-----" Excavations at Sitio Bolivar 99 98 fohn W. Hoopes and Mark L. chenault

stones in the deposit were found to be standing It is marked by a smaller (1.06 m long and 90 ern upright in linear arrangements (Fig. 5-9). In order wide) and much shallower (2-3 em into the to define these arrangements, all of the stones Aguacate Formation] depression than the other that were not upright or part of the alignments features; however, it contained a single rounded- were removed after they had been mapped and bit celt. We found two straight-bit celts near this photographed. This left four roughly rectangular pit at the base of the stone alignment delineating Burials 1 and 3. As with the other burials, we Burial 2 stone enclosures. We excavated the interior of each stone enclo- found no traces of bone in this feature. sure down to the sterile Aguacate Formation sub- strate. This revealed three roughly oval depres- sions that we have interpreted as burials on the Artifacts basis of their similarity to features found else- where in the Cordillera (see below). In addition Ceramics to there are two features whose functions are un- certain. One is a concentration of middle-sized We collected all of the sherds encountered during (ca. 20-30 ern] stones in a roughly rectangular the excavation of Operation E; however, given the pattern at about 20-30 em below the upper layer very large number of plain body sherds, we ana- of the large stone feature in the southeastern en- lyzed only the total of over three thousand sherds closure. The other is a deep, circular pit, approxi- diagnostic as to vessel form or decoration. The mately 1.10m deep and 74 em in diameter, that vast majority of these appear to have come from contained several small sherds and three small whole vessels that were broken on the stones or {l0-15 ern in diameter) stones. The latter is both otherwise deposited at the feature. Although we deeper and narrower than the features interpreted matched rim sherds and decorated pieces to the oi!'-f- + :::D:.c:.':.::":::m'-& as burials, but may nonetheless represent a verti- maximum extent possible in order to determine cal burial pit. the minimum number of whole vessels repre- sented by the assemblage, we reconstructed no whole vessels from the feature. The most com- 1 Burial mon types present were Los Hermanos Beige, Burial I, a rectangular pit 1.68 m long, 92 ern Charco Black-on-Red, Mojica Impressed: Ca- Wide, and excavated to a depth of IS em to 25 em nida and Arrastrada varieties, Guinea Incised, an Burial 3 into the Aguaeate Formation, is situated directly unnamed red monochrome, and Los Hermanos beneath one stone enclosure. The only cultural Beige: Cervantes Variety (Chap. 10). These help materials we found in this feature are several place the cultural features at the end of the Late sherds, one piece of heat-cracked rock, and a Arenal Phase {cal AD 300-600). There were some small bifacial flake. No skeletal material was differences in the frequencies of specific types be- present, and tests for the presence of bone colla- tween the assemblages in Operations B and E. For gen in soil samples were negative. example, four types, Tamino Incised, Mojica Im- pressed: Laguna Variety, Tala Trichrome, and Ca- Burial 2 rillo Polychrome, were represented in Operation B but not in Operation E. It should be noted, how- Burial 2 is another rectangular pit, 2.26 m long, ever, that the total number of sherds from these 1.06 m Wide, and excavated 32 em into the Agua- types is very small, making it difficult to draw any care Formation. As with Burial I, the sides of the conclusions from their distribution. o 2 pit correspond to the stone alignments above it IL_--'--7C~I------~" indicating that the alignments defined the boun- Meters Lithics daries of individual tombs. We found no evidence of bone or bone collagen in the feature, nor were We recovered a total of 49 ground- and polished Figure 5-9. there vessels or other grave goods. stone artifacts and fragments from Operation E Level plan of the stone enclosures and burial (Chaps. 12 and 13). The twenty-three metate frag- pits in Operation E. The alignments were situated approximately 80 cm below the present Burial 3 ments include two plates with cylindrical sup- ground surface. capped with a layer of large ports, two cylindrical supports, and two conical boulders and a dense deposit of broken pouerv Burial 3 is located near the western edge of the supports. Other artifacts consist of fourteen mana and stone artifacts. The burial pits had been stone feature, roughly parallel to the alignment of fragments, three straight-bit celts and four celt excavated into the sterile Aguacate FormatiOn stones that delineate the western edge of Burial I. fragments, a fragment of a slate mirror back three substrate. Map by John Hoopes. , Excavations at 5itio Bolivar 101 100 fohn W. Hoopes and Mark L. Chenault

Similar features were excavated at Sitio Mu- exposed by bulldozing at the site of Rio Chiquita grinding stones, and a nutting stone. With the ex- nearby quebrada indicates a substantial invest- rillo, in the Guayabo de Bagaces region south- (G-176J, where tephra deposits can be several me- ception of the three celts from Burial 3, all of the ment of energy-more than what is likely to have west of Miravalles Volcano (Ryder 1982-1983b). ters deep. He estimates that the mound was ap- ground stone artifacts come from the dense de- been undertaken by just one or two individuals. proximately 40 m in diameter and 3 m high, com- Large boulders and a layer of medium-sized (10- posit of artifacts on top of the stone feature. As noted earlier, however, the feature was not for parable in size to examples at Hacienda Jerico, 40 cm diameter) rocks formed a small, oval The well-made bar mana fragments and pieces the benefit of a single individual and the "com- Hacienda Mojica [El Carmen), and Guayabo de Ba- partmental" nature of the stone enclosures sug- mound. Three "rock cluster features" built from of undecorated metates are suggestive of a house- gaces. Ceramic collections at the mo~m~ yiel~ed combinations of columnar basalt pillars, thick hold assemblage, but the slate disk fragment gests that it does not represent a single episode of late Zoned Bichrome types in association with stone slabs, thin Iajas, and river cobbles within suggests the presence of "elite" items. No ground burial activity. Instead, the community or a single Carillo Polychrome, as was noted at both El Car- the mound were found to contain fragmentary stone fragments fit together, suggesting that they family may have utilized it at intervals. The dep- men and Sitio Bolivar. Aguilar [ibid.: 81) also re- skeletal remains. No grave goods were present. represent artifacts broken elsewhere and dis- osition of materials over time was complex. As ports two or three heavily loo.ted cobb.le mounds The ceramic assemblage at Sitio Murillo is simi- carded on top of the mortuary feature. If the arti- new burials were added, ceramic and lithic de- at Sitio Carmelo, near the PIedras RIver at the lar to that from Sitio Bolivar, and Ryder suggests facts were broken during activity associated with bris was either placed or redeposited between and western end of the lake. The associated ceramics the burials, they must have been widely scattered within the tombs. Although sherds were found a date of around cal AD 300 [ibid.: 126). include Corrida and Arrastrada varieties of Mojica Other similar features were excavated at El over unexcavated parts of the feature. throughout the feature, however, the scatter of Impressed and help tie this site chronologically to lithics and ceramics directly on top of the stones Carmen (or Hacienda Mojica; Ryder 198~- The 100% sample of lithic artifacts from Op- Sitio Bolivar. eration E include numerous cooking stones and appears to represent a final dedicatory event. Af- 1983a: 106-110J, a site with several stone burial Ryder (1982-1983b: 127) notes that the wide pieces of heat-cracked rock (Chap. 11). We recov- ter all of the burials were in place, whether con- mounds. Excavations exposed part of one mound, variety of burial features from sites in and near ered these artifacts from hearths and other do- structed all at once or by accretion, large stones all of another, and the area between the two. A the Cordillera de Guanacaste illustrates the com- mestic assemblages at sites in the Arenal basin, and then a layer of vessels were thrown onto the rich assemblage of seventy whole or nearly com- plexity and diversity of mortuary practices in th.e and their presence suggests that a portion of the feature and it was not used again. plete ceramic vessels was recovered from caches region during the latter half of the ~one.d ~1- assemblage from Operation E consists of waste lacking skeletal remains. Burials were marked by chrome Period. While there is a wide diversity m materials from domestic activities. alignments of large stones and two caches ~f c,e- the number and size of mound features, however, INTRAREGIONAL COMPARISONS ramics were covered by large stones overlam III the use of stone burial features appears to have turn by a layer of sherds. .' Interpretations been a strong cultural tradition throughout the The stone mortuary complex shares a number In one mound, six caches were assOCIated with Cordillera around cal AD 300-500. Elements of The concentration of ceramics in Operation E of important parallels with other contemporane- parallel lines of cobbles below a "cap" of large mortuary features at Sitio Bolivar, su~h as cobble appears to have been the result of both on-site ous sites in the Northwestern Cordillera region. stones. Four of these yielded a total of seventeen and boulder construction, thick deposits of sh~rds smashing of whole vessels and the disposal of pre- Burial mounds constructed of river cobbles and ceramic vessels. Associated ceramics were Late and broken vessels, burial pits marked by align- viously broken ones (Chap. 10). The ground stone rounded boulders have been recorded at Ha- Arenal Phase types, including two vessels of Ca- ments of standing stones, and a relative pau~lty of assemblage consists exclusively of broken frag- cienda Jerico (Finch 1982-19831, Hacienda Mojica rillo Polychrome from a cache and fra~ents ?f a burial offerings, are similar to t?o.se found m the ments from incomplete artifacts, scattered widely (Ryder 1982-1983a], Guayabo de Bagaces (Ryder Carillo bowl interpreted as a postbunal offenng, larger mounds. These charactenstlcs ~re also geo- across the feature. Flaked lithics represent a large 1982-1983b), and at Sitio Mendez in the Naranjo either placed or smashed in situ. A second set of aphically distinct within the CordIll.era. Stone River/Bijagua Valley {Norr 1982-1983). In all of stone alignments was associated with a rectan- grb '1 mounds are not associated With Zoned quantity of domestic debitage, probably brought una . Vll to the burial complex for disposal. these locations, mounds appear both alone and in gular tomb containing three simple met~tes,. a Bichrome cemeteries in the T:mp1sque a ey groups. They are frequently associated with pet- mane, and half of a Las Palmas Red-an-BeIge Jar {Baudez 1967), the Nicoya Peninsula {Guerrero roglyphs. Human skeletal remains were found in {an Early Arenal Phase type]." 1982-19831, or the Pacific Coast of Guanacas~e Botanical Remains burials within stone mounds at Guayabo de Ba- Unlike Sitio Mendez, Mound 2 at Bl Canne~ (Lange 1980b, 1984b): They are also unknown m We found carbonized macrobotanical remains gaces and Sitio Mendez on the Naranjo River. At appears to have been built in stages. On the baSIS the Rivas region of NIcaragua (Hea!y 1980). from Operation E in the material deposited on all of these sites, the principal occupations and of the ceramics Ryder (1982-1983a: 112) sug- The stone mounds at Sitio golivar h~ve more top of the layer of large stones. They consist of mound construction took place during the mid- gests that there were two or three principal phases arallels in the Atlantic Watershed region than a carbonized fragment of an unidentified fruit and to late Zoned Bichrome Period, especially the last of mound construction. The first, characteri~ed ~he do in the west. El Bosque Phase {AD O-~OO) by the tomb containing the Palmas Red-on-Belge y 1 re typically constructed of large nver numerous samples of carbonized wood of un- part (cal AD 300-600). bunasa he " ' The most similar features were identified at Si- vessel, is believed to represent the middle of thle bbl nd include a fonn known as t e corn- known species. Unlike the sample from Opera- co·es,a d d burial Zoned Bichrome Period (300 cal Be-cal AD 300 . " '0 which grave goo s an una s are tion B, which includes some remains of maize, tio Mendez, where one of six large mounds was dortoID, b I bl ( k 11 Operation E yielded no direct evidence of this trenched to reveal several burials [ibid.: 138-140). The second given the appearance of Carillo Poly- laced between long rows of. cob. es Snars 1S I I , , cultigen. As in Operation E, a cluster of mortuary features chrome, probably dates to the latter half of the ~978'169 1981a: 50) in a fashion Similar to that ' E" comeo (Ryder 1982-1983.: fig, 7,21, , built of large river cobbles was overlain by a de- Late Arenal Phase around cal AD 300-600. did note d at '1 ' ' B li we I ~ , bout the nature of socia orgam- posit of crushed vessels. Ten burial pits sur- Apart from the features at Sitio 0 lVar, J.ueones a . 1 Discussion , d' ur own sur- , oct'.ted with Zoned Bichrome buna rounded by cobbles were identified. Four con- Dot Identify large stone moun s 10 0 'bl zatlon ass . f h h 'oked to the questIon 0 w et er We have interpreted the large stone feature in Op- tained fragmentary skeletal remains of adults. As vey of the perimeter of Lake Arenal. It is pOSSI. e moun ds are It .' 1 I eration E as a mortuary complex dating to the at Sitio Bolivar, burial offerings were rare. The that volcanic tephra and associated soil fonnatl~ th se features were built dunng a smg e construc- 1 I ,e ff rt or by accretion. Ryder proposes that Late Arenal Phase. The nature of the feature sug- only artifact recovered from any of the pits was a have buried or obscured stone mo~nds thr~~~2i t10n e 0 '11' gests a special regard for those interred there. The large jar of the type Mojica Impressed-also the out much of the Arenal basin. AgUllar (198 . the large mound at Sitio Mun 0 con tams as II transport of heavy stones from the streambed of a most common decorated type in Sitio Bolivar reports a buried mound of river cobbles that was I, assemblages.4 1 Excavations at Sitio Bolivar 103 102 fohn W. Hoopes and Mark L. Chenault

E suggests the possibility of down-the-line trade the lakeshore at approximately 7 m- and 24 mt. many as one hundred tombs and was built in a DATING FEATURES AND ASSEMBLAGES from Mesoamerican cultures much farther to the The larger one probably represents a family dwell- single episode. Further, this might have required ing and the smaller one a special-function struc- the direction of "an individual or group of special The features and assemblages at Sitio Bolivar have north. These have also been found at the site of La Fortuna, just east of Arenal Volcano (Stone and ture such as a sweat bath or a storage space. Most status" (1982-1983b: 127). Norr, however, inter- been dated by means of comparisons with mate- of the dwellings were probably located in a por- prets the Sitio Mendez mound as "a continuous, rial from similar sites in northwestern Costa Balser 1965), where they were associated with a ceramic assemblage very similar to that of Sitio tion of the site that has been inundated by Lake family or community effort as individuals were Rica and new radiocarbon dates. The chronologi- Arenal. Water to the north of the exposed shore- Bolivar and dated to AD 300-500 [Baudez and added to the cemetery throughout the occupation cal placement of prehistoric activities at Sitio Bo- line is fairly shallow, especially as one approaches of the site" 11982-1983: 139). livar is useful not only for reconstructing cultural Coe 19661· The period of Sitio Bolivar's principal oc~upa- the lagoon at the mouth of Quebrada Bolivar. To date, there is little evidence to support or development in the Arenal basin, but also for un- This broad area of relatively flat ground would tion coincides roughly with the Early Classic Pe- refute either model. It is possible that both inter- derstanding patterns that characterize the Zoned have been ideal for settlement. The habitarional riod in the Maya Lowlands, during which time pretations are correct, and that there was signifl- Bichrome Period in both the Cordillera and the features that we were able to identify we interpret Classic Maya trade with the southeastern "p~- cant regional variation in social organization or Greater Nicoya regions. as the remains of the village that was served by mortuary practices in eastern Ouanacaste during We obtained five radiocarbon dates from exca- riphery" was at its peak (Hoopes 1984bJ. Costa R1- can contact with Mesoamerica at this time might the hilltop cemetery. . . the Zoned Bichrome Period. In our view, the vations in both the lakeshore and the ridge top One of the most interesting characteristics of have included a loose network for the procure- burials at Sitia Bolivar are probably best inter- portions of Sitio Bolivar. The earliest, 770 j399) the lakeshore features is that they suggest the ex- ment of jadeite from southern Guatemala (Lange preted as an example of Norr's accretional model 200 cal BC (Tx-527l: 390 BC ± 1701, comes from istence of round houses at Arenal Phase sites. and Bishop 1982~1983J. Contact between Meso- for mound construction. a possible hearth at the base of deposits in Opera- This pattern indicates the continuation of a tra- american cultures and the Cordillera region, how- All of the stone mortuary features that have tion B. It suggests that Sitio Bolivar was utilized dition established during the Tronadora Phase, as ever, appears to have been confined to the. ex- been excavated contained multiple tombs, and during the Early Arenal Phase, although few ce- evidenced by the remains of structures at Trona- change of small trinkets such as slat~ rmrror none of them have been found to be particularly ramics from this phase were present.s A second dora Vieja {Chap. 4). At present, dwellings hav.e backs and occasional incised jades. Neither the lavish in either their construction or the nature of date of cal AD 261 (3981 43S (Tx-S273: AD 290 ± not been reported from any other .Zoned B~- appearance of more elaborate burial architectur.e burial offerings. In fact, despite huaqueros' (loot- 70) from the sherd midden and a third of cal chrome sites in northwestern Costa Rica. The SI- nor the level of sociopolitical complexity aSSOC1- ers') reports of jades, ornamental metates, and AD S67(642) 669 (Tx-S270: AD S40 ± 801 from the tio Bolivar structures, however, suggest that Late elaborate ceramics from the mounds (Ryder 1982- matrix of the stone tomb features in Operation E ated with its construction suggests strong cul- Arenal Phase architecture was distinct fro~ con- tural influence from Mesoamerica. 1983b: 124), very few artifacts of any kind have date activities during the principal Late Arenal temporaneous El Bosque Phase st~ctures III the been recovered from these features in controlled occupation of the site. A date of cal AD 145 (244) Atlantic Watershed region. Snarskis (198~bJ notes excavations-with the exception of EI Carmen. 338 (Tx-5272: 180 AD ± 60) was obtained from that EI Bosque houses were rectan~l~r, withfoun- The "wealthiest" burials, such as those repre- one of the two firepits (A8) on the lakeshore. The CONCLUSIONS dations made of river cobbles. Citing ~ roundl sented by Cache 1 at EI Carmen (Ryder 1982- latter half of its range is consistent with the esti- circular dichotomy between Meso~~enc~n and 1983a: lOll, which contained fourteen ceramic mated dates for the principal occupation of Sitio Sitio Bolivar is interpreted as the remains ?f a South American architectural .tradltlons 10 the vessels, or Cache 2, which contained two vessels Bolivar. The second flrepit [A9) yielded a date of Late Arenal Phase village. Lakeshore and ridge Formative Period, Snarskis attributes the rec.tan- of Carillo Polychrome in association with a large cal AD 879 (894)97S(Tx-S269: AD 820 ± SO}.It is top investigations indicate activities as~oc1ated gular shape of EI Bosque houses to. Mesoam~ncan carved tripod metate and four other vessels, are several hundred years too late and does not over- with both life and death in this commumty- The influence that accompanied the 1OtroductlOn .of not especially impressive as "chiefly" interments. lap the date of the first firepit even with a two- site appears to have been spatially organized with intensive maize agriculture. He also notes .a shift While the use of basalt columns or large, volcanic sigma interval. We believe this second sample to houses situated on a flat bench near a freshwater from rectangular to circular structures lll. the lajas in tomb construction indicates the expendi- have been contaminated. stream (now mostly inundated by the waters of Atlantic Watershed/Central Highl~ds regrons ture of a fair amount of energy, it is not beyond On the basis of interpretations of a corpus of Lake Arenal] and a cemetery on top of the ridge around AD SOD.According to our evidence from what one might expect from a single-family unit. radiocarbon dates from related contexts and as- overlooking the site. k the Arenal basin, the rectangular house form tr~- With the possible exception of the mound at semblages elsewhere in Costa Rica, the princi- The features located on the shore of ~a. e dition did not extend to the Northwestern Cordi- Arenal at Sitio Bolivar are distinctly domesnc III Sitio MUrillo, there is little evidence for centrally pal occupation of Sitio Bolivar is dated to cal llera region. . appearance. The circular patterns of postholes; administrated construction in northwestern Costa AD 300-600, during which time both the mortu- The contemporaneity of the o.cc~patlOn of the Rica during the Zoned Bichrome Period. Burial ary features on the ridge top and the habitational the presence of flrepits with charcoal, fire-cracked as of the site is clearly indicated by the rock and large numbers of cooking stones; and ~e two are h . high patterns within the mounds themselves have not features on the lakeshore are believed to have associiated ceramics . Although t. ere 1S aid 1 er indicated the hierarchy one would expect for an been constructed. At this time, the site was quite fact that vessels from this part of the site ~ons.1st ntage of decorated types III the n ge top perce k h is Id . I primarily of large jars for storage and cooklllg the ttery from the la es are IS 1 ennca elite-sponsored mortuary compound. The paucity large relative to other sites in the Arenal basin. ceme tery, po f A of grave goods makes the internal chronology of Both macrobotanical remains and ground stone dicate that this portion of the site served as e to that associated with the mortuary eatures. s burials in these features difficult to assess, and locus for household activities, especially the prep- 'er all of the features date to the lat- artifacts such as manos and metates indicate the note d earl, , ltk I until we have further data it is probably wise to the Late Arenal Phase, most ley cultivation and processing of maize, but there is aration of food. . f shore- ter par t 0f I 300-600 (see also Chap. 10. take a conservative stance on the value of stone also evidence for a continued exploitation of tree Unfortunately given the narrow stnp 0 k' between cal AD . mounds as evidence for political centralization. crops such as palm fruits and nance IByrsonima line and the problem of erosion since the la ellS Strata on which the major lakeshore occupat1o~ b ofdwe- While we can see the beginnings of rank in the Long-distance contacts with areas to recent filling we cannot infer num ers d d had largely eroded away; however, It crassifolia). . ' b' . rea We 0 occurre f I·k variable amounts of energy expended in tomb mgs or the size of the total ha 1tatlon a· . ·k Iy that the lakeshore eatures- I e both the east and the west are suggested by Atlan- seems1e1 .' d·U·S4 construction and in the accumulation of goods in- know, however that structures were circul~r ~n those elsewhere at the site-onglllat~ 10 mt tic Watershed ceramics and greenstone pendants t cluded in individual burials, evidence for power- plan and variable in size. We have estitrIa:tfied e and penetrated the Aguacate Formation. of imported materials. The association of a slate . 'denu e on ful chiefs has yet to be found in these features. mirror back with mortuary features in Operation lOternal areas of the two structures 1 Excavations at Sitio Bolivar 105 104 fohn w. Hoopes and Mark L. Chenault

Mauche et al. 1987; Hoopes 1988). There is clear NOTES We found no evidence of habitations during The destruction of objects that had been the arnfactual evidence, however, that Arenal Phase testing in the ridge top portion of Sitio Bolivar, property of the deceased has been reported from peoples were actively participating in a network 1. A detailed description of investigations at this site which appears to have served a primarily mortu- similar contexts. At the site of El Carmen (Ha- can also be found in Hoopes 1987: 98-161. of communication (and probably exchange) that ary function. The combination of both midden cienda Mojica), Ryder (1982-1983a: 107) reports 2. Features are identified by individual lot numbers. stretched westward into Greater Nicoya. This in- and mortuary features in this part of the site sug- a contemporaneous burial cache of fourteen ves- 3. Although other material was grouped in separate teraction, as well as the construction of stone lots, it is likely that all of it derives from this feature. gests that the ridge top was considered unsuitable sels, most of which had been ritually "killed" by burial mounds, was probably carried out in the 4. NOIf (1982-1983: 143) notes that ceramics from the for either dwellings or agriculture and was used punching holes in their bases. As noted earlier, context of a decentralized political organization. stone "cap" of the Mendez mound were similar to col- for the disposal of both people and artifacts. The deposits of broken pottery on mortuary features lections from an unidentified stone burial mound near Understanding the nature of prehistoric society at location of Zoned Bichrome cemeteries on the are common in the Northwestern Cordillera of Arenal. tops of hills and ridges is a common pattern in Costa Rica. villages like Sitio Bolivar can provide us with im- 5. A large charcoal sample from this tomb yielded a date of 349 cal Bc-cal AD 42 (UCLA·2167E: 160 BC :!: 80, Guanacaste (Lange and Scheidenhe1m 1972], and An alternative explanation for this pattern is portant insights into the emergence of ranking and complex tribes-as opposed to chiefdoms- Ryder 1982-1983a:l09). Its association with a vessel of the choice of this type of setting for the cemetery that cemeteries and tombs were considered appro- Las Palmas Red-on-Beige makes this feature contempora· at Sitio Bolivar is further evidence that Arenal priate locations for disposing of broken artifacts. in lower Central America. neous with the Early Arenal Phase, about 300 years earlier Phase peoples were participating in cultural tra- Just as burial practices removed deceased indi- than the principal occupation at Sitio Bolivar. ditions characteristic of Greater Nicoya. viduals from the principal habitation areas, trash 6. This date is very close to that of a sample dated to 394-207 cal BC (UCLA-2163: 300 BC :!: 60l from the base The feature in Operation B appears to represent heaps and sherd middens would have removed of a similar mound excavated by Norr (1982~ 1983: 140l at a secondary deposition of material from surround- broken vessels from paths and other areas in daily Sitio Mendez. ing burials, perhaps in conjunction with burials of use. In addition, broken vessels served as both of- individuals of lower social rank or with smaller ferings to dead relatives and markers for grave lo- families than those buried under the large stone cations. It seems likely that the features represent features in Operation E. The group of enclosures a cemetery that experienced relatively intensive of large river cobbles capped with heavy boulders use in a short amount of time, and that burial in Operation E is interpreted as the remains of practices necessitated the frequent displacement a funerary mound constructed by higher-ranking of both soil and artifacts in and on it. individuals or families. The features at Sitio Bolivar provide us with a The large quantities of broken ceramics and glimpse of what village life was like in the Arenal other artifacts found in association with these basin at the end of the Late Formative Period. features are suggestive of the rites and ceremonies Late Zoned Bichrome society at the site appears that may have accompanied Late Arenal Phase in- to have had an economy based on both maize hor- terments. Large feasts in conjunction with funer- ticulture and the collection of wild foods. Social als are common to a number of cultures [Hunt- organization was probably organized along the ington and Metcalf 1979) and can include ritual lines of kinship, but evidence for centralized lead- vessel smashing. At La Ceiba, a site on the Tem- ership is lacking. The similarities in ceramic styles :1 pisque River dating to the late Middle Poly- and mortuary practices that Sitio Bolivar shares I chrome Period leal AD 800-l300}, such activities with other sites in both the Arenal basin and the are evidenced by a large complex of elongated clay Northwestern Cordillera region suggest partici- ovens and huge quantities of faunal and floral re- pation in a more Widespread, regional "culture," mains in association with burials (Blanco et al. possibly maintained through intercommunity ex- 1986: 149). Unlike at La Ceiba, however, there is change networks and regional religious sodalities. no evidence that the cooking of funeral feasts oc- Understanding the nature of village life at sites curred on or near the burials at Sitio Bolivar. like Sitio Bolivar is important for addressing prob- It is possible that the artifacts on top of the lems concerning the nature of sociopolitical or- mortuary features were the personal possessions ganization and the emergence of rank in lower of the interred. Smashing and depositing them on Central America. At Sitio Bolivar, the only evi- top of the burials would have removed the objects dence for social ranking lies in the appearance of of the deceased from common use-the psycho- imported objects such as greenstone pendants and logical equivalent of placing them in the grave. slate mirror backs and the differentiation between This could explain both the domestic nature of simple burials covered with sherds (Operation B] the artifact deposit and the paucity of offerings and more elaborate burials covered with both within the tombs themselves. As a practice simi- stones and sherds. Because evidence for chiefly in- lar to the burning of the house of a dead relative, dividuals and centralized political authority is the smashing and destruction of vessels would missing, it is difficult to substantiate an interprc' have helped to remove traces of the deceased's tation that Zoned Bichrcme society was orga- mortal existence from the community. nized along the lines of chiefdoms (See Habicht- Archaeology, Volcanism, and Remote Sensing in the PAYSON D. SHEETS BRIAN R. MCKEE Arenal Region, EDITORS Costa Rica

UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS PRESS, AUSTIN Copyright © 1994 by the University of Texas Press For Fran All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America First edition, 1994

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Archaeology,volcanism, and remote sensing in the Arenal Re- gion, Costa Rica I Payson D. Sheets and Brian R. McKee, editors. -1st ed. p. em. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN0-292-77667-5(alk. paper) I. Indians of Central America-Costa Rica-Arenal, Lake, Region-Antiquities. 2. Arenal, Lake, Region (Costa Rical-Antiquities. 3. Archaeology-Remote sensing. 4. Volcanism-Costa Rica. I. Sheets, Payson D. IT.McKee,Brian R.IBrian Ross],date. F1545.1.A7A73 1994 972.860l-dc20 93-15655

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WILLEY, G., AND C. R. MCGIMSEY WAGNER, PHILIP L. 1985 Nicoya, a Cultural Geography. University of Cal- 1954 The Monagrillo Culture of Panama. Peabody ifornia Publications in Geography 12: 193-250. Museum Papers, vol. 54. Cambridge: Harvard WALLACE, HENRY, AND RICHARD M. ACCOLA University. 1980 Investigaciones arqueo16gicas preliminares de Ne- WILLEY, G., AND J. SABLOFF cascolo, Bahia Culebra, Costa Rica. Vinculos 6 1971 A History of American Archaeology. San Fran- 11-21'51-67. cisco: Freeman. Notes on Contributors WEILAND, DORIS WINTER, MARCUS c. 1984 Prehistoric Settlement Patterns in the Santa Ma- 1976 The Archaeological Household Cluster in the Val- ria Drainage of Central Panama: A Preliminary ley of Oaxaca. In The Early Mesoamerican va. Analysis. In Recent Developments in Isthmian loge. Edited by Kent V. Flannery, pp. 25-31. New Archaeology: Advances in the Prehistory of Lower YOlk: Academic Press. Central America. Edited by F. W. Lange, pp. 31-53. WU, S., AND S. SADER Proceedings of the 44th Congress of Americanists. 1987 Multipolarization SAR Data for Surface Feature B.A.R. Series 212, Manchester. Delineation and Forest Vegetation Characteriza- tion. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Re- WEST, 11.., AND', AUGELLI 1966 Middle America: Its Lands and Peoples. Engle- mote Sensing, vol. GE-25, no. 1. New York: insti- wood Cliffs, N.f.: Prentice-Hall. tute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers. WILLEY, G. YOUNG, R. A., AND C. K. MUTCHER 1971 An Introduction to American Archaeology, Vol- 1969 Soil Movement on Irregular Slopes. Water Re- ume 2: South America. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: sources Research 5: 1084-1089. Prentice-Hall. ZEITLIN, R. 1984 A Summary of the Archaeology of Lower Central 1984 A Summary Report on Three Seasons of Field in- AIDA BLANCO VARGAS is an archaeologist working in America. In The Archaeology of Lower Central vestigations into the Archaic Period Prehistory Costa Rica. of Lowland Belize. American Anthropologist 86: America. Edited by F.Lange and D. Stone, pp. 341- JOHN E. BRADLEY is a Southwestern archaeologist. 378. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico 359-369. Press. ZEVALLOS MENENDEZ, CARLOS, W. C. GALINAT, D. W. LATH- MARK. L. CHENAULT is receiving his Pb.D. at the Uni- WILLEY, G., W. BULLARD, J. GLASS, AND J. GIFFORD RAP, E. R. UNG, J. G. MARCOS, AND K. M. KLUMPP versity of Colorado and is an archaeologist with SWCA. 1965 Prehistoric Maya Settlements in the Belize Val- 1977 The San Pablo Com Kernel and Its Friends. Sci- Inc., Environmental Consultants, in Tucson, Arizona. ley. Peabody Museum Papers, voL 54. Cambridge: ence 196(4288):385-389. KAREN H. CLARY is a botanist at the University of Texas, Harvard University. Austin. JOHN W. HOOPE.S is an associate professor of anthropol- ogy at the University of Kansas. BRIAN R. MCKEE. is enrolled in the Ph.D. program in an- thropology at the University of Arizona. NANcY MAHANEY is an assistant curator in anthropol- ogy at the Arizona State Museum inTucson and does con- tract archaeology in the U.S. Southwest. MEREDITH H. MATIliEWS is a contract archaeologist working inthe U.S. Southwest. WILUAM G. MELSON is a volcanologist at the Museum of National History, Smithsonian Institution. MARILYNN MUELLER is a contract archaeologist work- ing inHawaii. DOLORES PIPERNO is a pbytolith analyst with the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama. TIlOMAS L. SEVER is a sector research scientist at the Earth Resources Laboratory, Stennis Space Center, NASA. PAYSON D. SHEETS is a professor of anthropology at the Univenity of Colorado.

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