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Insights Into Post-Glacial Colonization of Sub-Arctic Environments: Using Beetle Phylogeny to Determine the Role of Feeding Strategy

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Insights Into Post-Glacial Colonization of Sub-Arctic Environments: Using Beetle Phylogeny to Determine the Role of Feeding Strategy Insights into post-glacial colonization of sub-arctic environments: Using beetle phylogeny to determine the role of feeding strategy by Michelle N. Pyle A Thesis presented to The University of Guelph In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Integrative Biology Guelph, Ontario, Canada ©Michelle N. Pyle, July, 2018 ABSTRACT INSIGHTS INTO POST-GLACIAL COLONIZATION OF SUB-ARCTIC ENVIRONMENTS: USING BEETLE PHYLOGENY TO DETERMINE THE ROLE OF FEEDING STRATEGY Michelle N. Pyle Advisor: University of Guelph, 2018 Dr. Sarah J. Adamowicz Advisory committee members: Dr. Karl Cottenie Dr. M. Alex Smith This thesis investigates the diversity and distributions of Coleoptera in northern North America. Beetles were sampled in Churchill, Manitoba, adding to the DNA barcode sequence library. While previous sampling efforts showed near-complete species coverage for this sub- arctic region, my new samples filled gaps in several under-sampled families (e.g. Staphylinidae). These new specimens along with publicly available records were then analyzed to investigate the influence of feeding strategy on species richness across temperature zones, using both non- phylogenetic and phylogenetic analysis methods. Predacious species were relatively more successful in colder zones than herbivores; in warmer zones, herbivores, fungivores, and predators were all successful. This thesis presents a unique macroecological analysis using a novel analysis pipeline written in R together with a large dataset of georeferenced DNA sequence data and temperature data, yielding new insights into the role of traits in structuring the latitudinal species diversity gradient. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was funded by a Discovery Grant from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) awarded to Dr. Sarah J. Adamowicz, the Northern Research Fund (NRF), and the Northern Scientific Training Program (NSTP). I would like to thank Dr. Sarah (Sally) Adamowicz for being my advisor for this project, and for her support, encouragement, and feedback over the years. Sally helped me stay focused through tough times with “writing jams” and check-ins, and I am so thankful to have had her guidance throughout this project. Thank you to my committee members Dr. Karl Cottenie and Dr. M. Alex Smith for their insight and advice. Throughout my troubles with R, Karl’s door was always open and I went to him frequently for help. Thank you for being so available, for your patience, and for sharing your statistical knowledge. Thank you to Anna Solecki, for being the best field partner I could have asked for. You were instrumental in growing my love for field work, making our hours of sorting samples fun, and being there when I had questions about any part of the MSc process. Thank you to Katherine Drotos and Spencer Monkton for being part of my field team. We worked so well together and I appreciate all of your help. Thank you to all the members of Sally’s lab who were there to offer advice and help when I needed it, with a special thanks to Matt Orton and Jacqueline May for helping me through my struggles with R and participating in writing sessions in the library. Thank you to my office mates for making each day working on campus enjoyable. Thank you to CNSC staff who were there to make planning field work easy and help when problems arose in the field (like they inevitably do). Thank you to the volunteers who helped sort and photograph all of the beetles I collected. Thank you to David Fisher who helped me solve a problem with my data. Finally, thank you to my family for their never ending love and support. Without you I would not be where I am today. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................... iii List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ vi List of Figures .............................................................................................................................. vii List of Appendices ...................................................................................................................... viii Chapter 1: General introduction ................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Summary ................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Patterns in global species diversity .................................................................................. 1 1.3 Impacts of glaciation on biogeography ........................................................................... 4 1.4 Community formation and composition .......................................................................... 5 1.5 My study on Coleoptera macroecology ........................................................................... 7 1.6 Thesis outline................................................................................................................... 8 1.6.1 Chapter 2 ............................................................................................................. 8 1.6.2 Chapter 3 ............................................................................................................. 9 1.6.3 Chapter 4 ........................................................................................................... 10 Chapter 2: Barcoding Coleoptera of Churchill, MB ............................................................... 11 2.1 Abstract.......................................................................................................................... 11 2.2 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 11 2.3 Methods ......................................................................................................................... 13 2.3.1 Field collections ................................................................................................ 13 2.3.2 Sample preparation ........................................................................................... 15 2.3.3 Molecular analysis ............................................................................................ 15 2.3.4 Data analysis ..................................................................................................... 16 2.4 Results ........................................................................................................................... 17 2.4.1 New DNA barcode data .................................................................................... 17 2.4.2 Exploring the data ............................................................................................. 17 2.5 Discussion...................................................................................................................... 18 Chapter 3: Insights into post-glacial colonization of sub-arctic environments: Using beetle phylogeny to determine the role of feeding strategy ................................................................ 32 3.1 Abstract.......................................................................................................................... 32 3.2 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 32 3.2.1 Hypothesis and Prediction ................................................................................ 36 3.3 Methods ......................................................................................................................... 37 3.3.1 BOLD specimen data download ....................................................................... 37 3.3.2 Trait and geographical data ............................................................................... 38 3.3.3 Geographic distributions of terminal taxa ......................................................... 39 3.3.4 Testing whether feeding strategy influences BIN distributions ........................ 39 3.3.5 Phylogenetic tree construction using maximum likelihood .............................. 41 3.3.6 Including evolutionary relationships in macroecological analysis using ............. phylogenetic generalized least squares ...................................................................... 42 3.4 Results ........................................................................................................................... 42 3.4.1 Data filtering and exploration ........................................................................... 42 3.4.2 Generalized linear models ................................................................................. 43 3.4.3 Phylogenetic generalized least squares linear models ...................................... 44 iv 3.5 Discussion...................................................................................................................... 45 3.5.1 Trophic levels and their influence on the LDG ................................................. 45 3.5.2 Validation of GLMs using phylogeny .............................................................. 49 3.5.3 Future directions and caveats ...........................................................................
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