The Wars of the Roses

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Unit 4: Renaissance, Reform, and Counter-Reform

© Jason Asbell, 2019 1. 1453 Fall of Constantinople 2. 1482 Portugese mission begins in Congo 3. 1483 Portugese mission begins in Gold Coast 4. 1498 Francisco de Gama, followed by Franciscan and Augustinian monks, arrives in Goa 5. 1501 First Diocese in New World in Haiti 6. 1514 Portugese mission begins in Benin 7. 1521 Diet of Worms condemns Martin Luther 8. 1545 Council of Trent (1545-1563) 9. 1555 1st Council of Mexico 10. 1560 Portugese mission begins in Mozambique 11. 1565 Augustinian mission begins in Philippines 12. 1589 Orthodox Patriarchate of Moscow established 13. 1596 Union of Brest-Litovsk 14. 1599 Synod of Diamper 15. 1511 Dominican Montesino preaches sermon against harsh treatment of indigenous peoples 16. 1540 Dominican Domingo de Santo Thomas arrives in Peru 17. 1543 Dominican Bartholomew de Las Casas made Bishop of Chiapas 18. 1524 Franciscan mission begins in Mexico 19. 1542 Francis Xavier arrives in India 20. 1549 Francis Xavier arrives in Japan 21. 1603 Jesuit mission begins in Ethiopia 22. 1579 Jesuit Alessandro Valignano arrives in Japan 23. 1579 Jesuits arrive at Mongol court in Agra 24. 1583 Jesuit Matteo Ricci permitted to enter China at Macao 25. 1601 Matteo Ricci arrives in Beijing © Jason Asbell, 2019 Copyright © 1995-2005, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Longman © Jason Asbell, 2019  Augustinian  Arrived in 1533, limited influence  Dominican  Smallest representation among missionaries to New World, concentrated in Caribbean and Mexico  Instrumental in assuring rights of indigenous peoples leading to the New Laws of 1542  Franciscan  First missionaries to arrive in New World (1523) – The Twelve Apostles of Mexico  Had the widest spread of missions through systematic conversion of New Spain  Jesuit  Attempted to found a small mission in Virginia (1570), all were killed by local indigenous people  Four missions to Nouvelle-France between 1609 and 1625 to Acadia, Newfoundland, Maine, and along the St. Lawrence river  20 missions founded in Baja California 1683-1767  23 missions founded in Sonoran Desert 1687-1704  Established missions among the Huron and Iroquois 1634-1669 but relations were tense, all were closed by 1708 with converts migrating to Canada  Established two short-lived seminaries in Canada  Established multiple “reductions” in Paraguay, Argentina, Brazil, and Canada

© Jason Asbell, 2019  Marian apparition  Appeared four times in December 1531 to St. Juan Diego Cuauhtlatoatzin, a local peasant, and once to Juan Diego’s uncle, Juan Bernardino, who was very ill and miraculously recovered following the visitation  Appeared in the form of an Aztec princess and spoke in the native language, telling Juan Diego to collect flowers (in December?) in his tilma (cloak)  Juan Diego found and collected roses (Castillan, not native to Mexico)  When he emptied his tilma of flowers, an image of the Virgin was left behind  Both Juan Diego and Juan Bernardino testified to the local Bishop, who authenticated their testimony and began Juan Diego’s tilma with image of holding celebrations in the Virgin’s honor the Virgin Mary, public domain using Juan Diego’s tilma  Led to significant evangelization

© Jason Asbell, 2019  Calixtus III (8 April 1455 – 6 Aug 1458)  Proclaimed the Feast of the Transfiguration (August 8)  Ordered a retrial for Jeanne d’Arc  Alexander VI (11 August 1492 – 18 Aug 1503)  Divided extra-European world between Spain and Portugal in the bull Inter caetera (1493)  Father of Cesare and Lucrezia Borgia  Julius II (31 October 1503 – 21 Feb 1513)  First Pope to directly rule the Papal States  Convened 5th Lateran Council  Commissioned rebuilding of St. Peter’s Basilica and revision of Sistine Chapel that included Michelangelo’s ceiling paintings  Succeeded by Leo X who completed the 5th Lateran Council and was criticized for offering indulgences for donations for the rebuilding of St. Peter’s  Clement VII (26 November 1523 – 25 Sep 1534)  Pope during Sack of Rome (1527) by Imperial troops (Stand of the Swiss Guard)  Forbade Henry VIII’s divorce from Catherine of Aragon  Commissioned Michelangelo’sThe Last Judgment over altar in Sistine Chapel © Jason Asbell, 2019  Paul III, Julius III, Marcellus II, Paul IV, Pius IV  Popes during the Council of Trent  Began instituting some reforms, including economy in Vatican expenditures  Wars in France and Italy led to the Council closing and reopening multiple times, unfortunately being moved closer to Rome which led to a number of Lutheran bishops that had been participating to drop out  St. Pius V (7 January 1566 – 1 May 1572)  Instituted Feast of Our Lady of Victory to commemorate Battle of Lepanto  Issued 1570 Roman Missal  Gregory XIII (13 May 1572 – 10 April 1585)  Calendar reformation of 1582  Bull Ilius Fulti Præsido (1579) proclaimed the Immaculate Conception as Patroness of the Philippines  Strengthened diplomatic ties with Asian nations  Sixtus V (24 April 1585 – 27 Aug 1590)  Limited number of Cardinals to 70  Clement VIII (30 January 1592 – 3 March 1605)  Initiated European alliance to oppose the Ottoman Turks  Convened the Congregatio de Auxiliis to address doctrinal controversies that had arisen between Dominicans and Jesuits © Jason Asbell, 2019  Paul V (16 May 1605 – 28 Jan 1621)  Known for many building projects, including restoration of Rome’s public water supply  Established the Bank of the Holy Spirit, the first national bank, the first public deposit bank in Rome, and the longest continually-operating bank in Rome until it merged with Banco di Roma in 1992  Gregory XV (9 February 1621 – 8 July 1623)  Established Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith  Issued Aeterni Patris mandating papal elections by secret ballot and Omnipotentis Dei against magic and witchcraft  Urban VIII (6 August 1623 – 29 July 1644)  Last Pope to expand the Papal State by force of arms  Ordered trial of Galileo Galilei for heresy  Made use of tobacco in holy places grounds for excommunication  Innocent X (15 September 1644 – 7 Jan 1655)  Condemned Jansenism as heretical

© Jason Asbell, 2019  St. Ignatius of Loyola  Born Inigo Lopez to a Basque family, joined the army at 17 with a desire for fame in the model of El Cid, the Knights of Camelot, and the Song of Roland  An adept soldier and duelist, became a key servant of the Duke of Najera where he exhibited additional leadership and diplomatic qualities  Badly wounded at Battle of Pamplona in 1521 requiring multiple surgeries (without anesthetics) and ending his military career  While convalescing, was exposed to the lives of the saints and began developing the reflective method that later became his Spiritual Exercises  Studied at University of Alcala and later University of Paris 1524-1534  Formed Society of Jesus in 1539 with his friends Peter Faber and Francis Xavier (both now St Ignatius of Loyola saints), approved in 1540 by Pope Paul III with by Peter Paul Rubens Ignatius as first Superior General  Died of Roman Fever (malaria) in Rome in 1556

© Jason Asbell, 2019  St. Francis Xavier  Born Francisco de Jasso y Azpilicueta to a Navarrese noble family whose father directly served the King of Navarre  Student at University of Paris 1525-1535, where he met Ignatius of Loyola and seven others who would later found the Society of Jesus – they swore private oaths in a crypt beneath the Church of St. Denis in 1534  Began theology studies in 1534 and ordained in 1537 The Vision of St. Francis Xavier, by Giovanni  Sent to Portugal in 1540 to prepare for missionary Battista Gaulli work in India and the East Indies upon request of King and Queen of Portugal  Arrived in India in 1542, and had established 40 new churches by 1544  Preached in Indonesia 1545-1547  Spent 1548 and part of 1549 preparing for a missionary trip to China and Japan, where he evangelized from 1549 until his death of a fever in September 1552 This file is licensed under the Creative © Jason Asbell, 2019 Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Unit 4: Renaissance, Reform, and Counter-Reform

© Jason Asbell, 2019 Teaching What It Means Why It is Problematic Sola scriptura That “Scripture alone” is the Not heretical, but contrary to historical source of Truth and doctrine reality of Christianity that Tradition existed before Scripture and writings were judged for canonicity in the context of Tradition Sola fide That “Faith Alone” is Not heretical, but inconsistent with James necessary for salvation, and 2:14-26 and can lead to belief that a single no action is sufficient or “mountaintop” experience without real necessary conversion can be sufficient for salvation Sola Christus That “Christ alone” mediates Challenges ‘communion of saints’ in the between God and mankind Creed, inconsistent with Scripture depiction of Holy Spirit as Paraclete and Mary at Wedding of Cana Sola gratia That “Grace alone” leads Not heretical, but some interpretations of man to salvation it deny Free Will Soli Deo gratia That “Glory belongs to God Challenges ‘communion of saints’ in the alone” Creed, inconsistent with depiction of Mary in Revelation 2nd Nicæa (787) had defined latria as appropriate for God alone vs dulia for saints (hyperdulia for Mary)

© Jason Asbell, 2019 Theologian Followers Core Teachings Heretical Aspects Martin Luther Lutherans Only 2 sacraments Donatism (Germany) Consubstantiation Ulrich Zwingli Reformed No sacraments Donatism (Switzerland) No Real Presence Denial of Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist Denial of aspects of the Creed John Calvin Reformed Only 2 sacraments Donatism (Calvinist) Predestination Predestination (Switzerland) Sort-of-real Presence Denial of aspects of the Creed John Knox Presbyterians No sacraments Donatism (Scotland) Several Anabaptists No sacraments Donatism (Various) Nonresistance Thomas Anglican Independent hierarchy None Cranmer, Mystic Real Presence others 2 sacraments, 5 rites Jakob Remonstrants Preeminent grace Donatism, Pelagianism Hermanszoon Limited predestination Conditional predestination

© Jason Asbell, 2019  Fifth Lateran Council (1512 – 1517)  Addressed a number of issues that reformers had been calling for but not the major problems  Confutatio Augustana  Composition led by Johann Meier von Eck  Found some common ground with Protestant Augsburg Confession, but was for the most part a refutation  Council of Trent (1545 – 1563)  Goals 1. Condemnation of principal doctrines of Protestantism 2. Effect reform in discipline and administration 3. Define the Church as the ultimate interpreter of Scripture, and define that Scripture and Tradition are equally and independently authoritative 4. Define the relationship of faith and works 5. Address abuses of other practices  Decrees  Reaffirmed the Niceno-Constantinapolitan Creed  Defined Justification in the context of human cooperation with Divine Grace, condemned “vain confidence” and affirmed that God’s Grace can be forfeited through mortal sin  Defended, clarified, and substantiated all seven Sacraments  Clarified teachings on Purgatory, saints, relics, and indulgences, banning the sale of relics and indulgences  Called for preparation of a Catechism and a list of forbidden books © Jason Asbell, 2019 Theologian Order Where/When Teachings Pope Leo X None Universal Misjudged the nature of the movement, Church reaffirmed indulgences, censured 41 of 1518 - 1521 Luther’s 95 theses in Exsurge Domine St. Thomas Not clergy England Assisted Henry VIII in writing Assertio More 1521-1535 Septem Sacramentorum, wrote Responsio ad Lutherum Attempted to dissuade Henry from breaking with Rome Henry VIII Not clergy England Wrote Assertio Septem Sacramentorum, 1509-1547 named Defender of the Faith by Pope Leo X Even after break with Rome, remained committed not to alter doctrine or practice Desiderius Augustinian Netherlands Defended free will in letters directly to Erasmus 1492-1536 Luther, argued for religious toleration and ecumenism, argued for religious disputants to use temperate language, defended Sacraments and Transubstantiation St. Ignatius Jesuits Spain, Italy Spiritual Exercises, taught self-denial and of Loyola (founder) 1539-1556 obedience to spiritual authority, as Superior General sent many Jesuits as missionaries to found schools and colleges © Jason Asbell, 2019 Theologian Order Where/When Teachings Francis de Minims, worked Germany, Introduction to the Devout Life, spiritual Sales closely with Italy, direction, heart of Mary, conducted Capuchins, Switzerland “enthuisiastic” evangelization into Calvinist founded 1587-1622 areas, Bishop of Geneva (but Visitandines administrated Diocese from Annecy due to Calvinist control) Johann Dominicans Germany, Inquisitor of Poland and Saxony Tetzel Poland Commissioned by Pope Leo X to preach the 1489-1519 Jubilee indulgence, his teaching was consistent with Catholic doctrine on indulgences for the living, but he went off the rails about indulgences for the dead Thomas Dominicans Italy, Germany Thomism, supported the Pope at Council of Cajetan 1484-1534 Pisa (1511-1512), desired to harmonize (Gaetanus) humanism with Catholic orthodoxy, recognized need for deeper Scripture scholarship to combat Protestants rather than Scholasticism Johann None Germany Initially friendly with a number of later Maier von 1501-1543 Protestants (Luther, a number of Eck Anabaptist leaders), reform within the Church, won a number of debates © Jason Asbell, 2019 Theologian Order Where/When Teachings Jerome None Germany May have been one of Luther’s teachers, Emsler 1504-1527 originally a friend of some, wanted practical reforms without breaking with doctrine or tradition, became a staunch defender of Catholic doctrine Johann None Germany Humanist reformer, issued many polemics Cochlaeus 1507-1552 against Protestants and their doctrines, one of the first to recognize that arguing with Luther was futile, tried to find points at Imperial Diets where Protestants and Catholics could cooperate (without much success) Cornelius Augustinian France,Spain, Wrote a biography on Augustine fully Jansen Holland embracing all of his teachings, opposed 1602-1638 Jesuit reforms and Cardinal Richelieu’s reforms, strayed very close to heresy trying to reconcile some doctrines of the Protestants into Catholicism, his later followers embraced Calvinism and became heretics (Jansenists) within the Church St. Teresa Carmelite Spain Instituted reforms among monastic of Avila 1536-1582 practices, focused on stronger faith © Jason Asbell, 2019  Synod of Diamper (1599)  Took place in Goa, India  Forcibly restructured portion of the Church of the East into communion, forming the Eastern Catholic Syro-Malabar Church, largely ending centuries of Nestorian faith in India  Condemned a number of Hindu beliefs and practices  Non-Catholic Synods  Leipzig Debate (1519): Debate between Protestant (Luther, Karlstadt, Melanchthon, von Amsdorf) and Catholic (von Eck, Emser) theologians, hosted by University of Paris and University of Erfurt, Catholics won but Protestants refused to back down – led to excommunication threat  Synod of Emden (1571): Calvinist  Uppsala Synod (1593): Lutheran Church of Sweden  Synod of Dort (1618-1619): Dutch Reformed, with representatives from Church of England and Church of Scotland  Synod of Jassy (1642): Refined Orthodox confession  Westminster Assembly (1643-1653): Church of England  Synod of Jerusalem (1672)  Consecrated Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem  Defined Orthodox Biblical canon  Defined Orthodoxy in relation to Roman Catholicism

© Jason Asbell, 2019  The Renaissance marks the transition from the Middle Ages to the modern era  Began in Florence, origins lay in the rise of Humanism during the 14th century  Writings of Dante Aligheri and Petrarch  Painting of Giotto di Bondone  Architecture of Lorenzo Ghiberti and Filippo Brunelleschi  Began first in Italy with the rise of Italian commerce  Continuity of the de Medici family in Florentine rule helped with rise and spread  Spread to the rest of Europe through the late 15th and 16th centuries This file is licensed under the Creative © Jason Asbell, 2019 Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license © Jason Asbell, 2019 © Jason Asbell, 2019  Instability in the rest of Europe gave Spain and Portugal a head start in exploration of the rest of the world, leading to significant colonization and Christianization of the rest of the world  Continued instability due to the Protestant Reformation contributed to the New World and Third World being largely Catholic

This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. © Jason Asbell, 2019  Portugese  Madeira archipelago in 1419  Azores archipelago in 1427  African Atlantic coast after 1434  Sea route to India in 1498  Brazil in 1500  Indian Ocean 1498-1518  Indonesia and Southeast Asia 1509-1512  China 1513-1517  New Guinea 1526 Spanish and Portuguese Trade Routes (public domain)  Japan 1542  Spanish  Voyages of Christopher Columbus 1492-1502  Pacific Ocean 1513  Circumnavigation 1519-1522  Tierra del Fuego, Strait of Magellan 1520  Philippines 1521  Indonesia 1525  Others  Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot) and his son Sebastian reached and explored Newfoundland and Nova Scotia  Jaques Cartier (France) was the first European to explore inland in North America, 1534-1536, and claimed Canada for France  Henry Hudson, an Englishman exploring for the Dutch East India Company, explored searching for a northwest passage to the Pacific and opening up Dutch colonization of New Amsterdam, 1609-1611  Willem Janzoon (Dutch) explored Australia and New Zealand 1603-1606  Russians conquer and explore Siberia 1581-1660 This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license © Jason Asbell, 2019 This file is licensed under the Creative  French Wars of Religion (1562-1598) Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0  Religious conflict between Catholics and International license. Huguenots (Calvinists) was a cause, but...  Major political factors included succession to the French crown and French political relationships with Spain and England  Concluded when Protestant Henry of Navarre converted to Catholicism and was crowned Henry IV  Conflict with Huguenots would be revived in later rebellions in 1621-1622, 1625, and 1627-1629, and the War of the Cévennes (1702-04)  Ultimately, French Cardinal Richelieu, who had been a reformer and the first Bishop in France to implement the reforms of the Council of Trent, broke the political and military power of the Huguenots while preserving their religious rights (Peace of Alès, 1629)

© Jason Asbell, 2019 The Siege of La Rochelle, by Henri-Paul Motte, 1881  Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648)  Following earlier wars in Germany, the Peace of Augsburg (1555), signed by HRE Charles V declared:  Rulers of the 224 German states could choose Lutheranism or Catholicism for their realms – subjects could conform or emigrate  Prince-bishoprics and other states ruled by Catholic clergy remained Catholic  Prince-bishops who converted to Lutheranism had to give up their titles  Succession crisis over who would be the next HRE led to a revolt in Bohemia, with an attack by Protestant Transylvania into Hungary supported by the Ottomans  Catholic leaders responded, expanding the conflict  Huguenots take advantage of conflict and rebel in France  Denmark, Norway, and Sweden intervene  France intervenes further and Spain gets more involved  By the time of the Peace of Westphalia (1648), 30 million people had died

© Jason Asbell, 2019 Both files licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, 2.5 Generic, 2.0 Generic and 1.0 Generic license.  English Civil War (1642 – 1651)  Primarily characterized as a conflict between Parliament and the Crown over governance, religion had a definite influence  Following end of Tudor dynasty, England and Scotland were unified under the Stuart dynasty  Stuart kings were Catholic  By this time, most of Parliament was Protestant  King Charles I captured and This file is licensed under the Creative executed, his son Charles II escaped Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license  Oliver Cromwell established a military dictatorship that lasted until 1660 when King Charles II was restored

© Jason Asbell, 2019  Fall of Constantinople, 1453  End of Hundred Years’ War (France)  Poland annexes Prussia  Wars of the Roses (England)  Siege of Belgrade (1456) halts Ottoman expansion into Europe  Wallachian princes (Vlad Dracul, Vlad Tepes) drive Ottomans out of Romania  Marriage of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castille leads to unification of Spain  Battle of Breadfield drives Turks out of Hungary  Ferdinand and Isabella institute Spanish Inquisition  Russia begins to become consolidated  End of Reconquista  Beginning of Age of Discovery  Invention of the printing press  Copernicus’ studies lead to modernization of mathematics and astronomy

© Jason Asbell, 2019  Age of Discovery continues  First appearance of African slaves in the New World  Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Nostradamus, Galileo, Sir Francis Bacon, Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler, and many others…  Jews expelled from Spain and Portugal  Tatars invade Poland  Smallpox in New World leads to epidemics among indigenous peoples  Recurrences of plague  Protestant Reformation begins, Catholic Counter-Reformation responds  Crowns of Holy Roman Empire and Spain united (1519), Hapsburg empire dominates European politics for centuries  War between France and the Hapsburgs becomes a periodic reality  The Netherlands repeatedly rebel, eventually gaining independence  French Wars of Religion 1562-1598  Defeat of Spanish Armada  English attempts to found colonies in Americas fail (e.g., Roanoke)  Invention of first portable watch, theory of complex numbers, camera obscura, and the first flush toilet

© Jason Asbell, 2019  Formation of the British East India Company (1600) and Dutch East India Company (1602)  End of Tudor dynasty in England, beginning of Stuart dynasty  University of Santo Tomas established in Manila  Oldest university in Asia  Publication of King James Bible  Thirty Years’ War  English Civil War  Virginia Company (and its branches Plymouth Company and London Company) found first long-term English colonies in the Americas  Richelieu (succeeded by Mazarin) leads consolidation of power for the French Crown  Eruption of Mt. Vesuvius  Inventions include refracting telescopes, flintlock muskets, logarithms, calculus, pendulum clocks, mercury barometer, and a LOT of astronomy… © Jason Asbell, 2019 This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license  Bibliography  Crocker, H.W.; Triumph: The Power and the Glory of the Catholic Church; Crown Forum, 2001  Rendina, Claudio; The Popes: Histories and Secrets; translated by Paul McCusker, Pharos Publications, 2002  McBrien, Richard; The HarperCollins Encyclopedia of Catholicism; HarperSanFrancisco, 1995  Runciman, Steven; The Fall of Constantinople 1453; Cambridge University, 1990  Blanchard, Jean-Vincent; Eminence: Cardinal Richelieu and the Rise of France; Bloomsbury, 2011  Burkhardt, Carl; Richelieu: His Rise to Power, Borodino Books, 2017  Other Reading  Weidenkopf, Steve; Timeless: A History of the Catholic Church; Our Sunday Visitor, 2018  Schreck, Alan; The Compact History of the Catholic Church, Servant, 2009 © Jason Asbell, 2019