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Unit 4: Renaissance, Reform, and Counter-Reform © Jason Asbell, 2019 Unit 4: Renaissance, Reform, and Counter-Reform © Jason Asbell, 2019 https://www.animatedmaps.div.ed.ac.uk/Divinity_Map1/worldreligions.html © Jason Asbell, 2019 https://www.animatedmaps.div.ed.ac.uk/Divinity_Map1/majorcentres.html © Jason Asbell, 2019 https://www.animatedmaps.div.ed.ac.uk/Divinity_Map1/keyevents.html © Jason Asbell, 2019 1. 1453 Fall of Constantinople 2. 1482 Portugese mission begins in Congo 3. 1483 Portugese mission begins in Gold Coast 4. 1498 Francisco de Gama, followed by Franciscan and Augustinian monks, arrives in Goa 5. 1501 First Diocese in New World in Haiti 6. 1514 Portugese mission begins in Benin 7. 1521 Diet of Worms condemns Martin Luther 8. 1545 Council of Trent (1545-1563) 9. 1555 1st Council of Mexico 10. 1560 Portugese mission begins in Mozambique 11. 1565 Augustinian mission begins in Philippines 12. 1589 Orthodox Patriarchate of Moscow established 13. 1596 Union of Brest-Litovsk 14. 1599 Synod of Diamper 15. 1511 Dominican Montesino preaches sermon against harsh treatment of indigenous peoples 16. 1540 Dominican Domingo de Santo Thomas arrives in Peru 17. 1543 Dominican Bartholomew de Las Casas made Bishop of Chiapas 18. 1524 Franciscan mission begins in Mexico 19. 1542 Francis Xavier arrives in India 20. 1549 Francis Xavier arrives in Japan 21. 1603 Jesuit mission begins in Ethiopia 22. 1579 Jesuit Alessandro Valignano arrives in Japan 23. 1579 Jesuits arrive at Mongol court in Agra 24. 1583 Jesuit Matteo Ricci permitted to enter China at Macao 25. 1601 Matteo Ricci arrives in Beijing © Jason Asbell, 2019 Copyright © 1995-2005, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Longman © Jason Asbell, 2019 Augustinian Arrived in 1533, limited influence Dominican Smallest representation among missionaries to New World, concentrated in Caribbean and Mexico Instrumental in assuring rights of indigenous peoples leading to the New Laws of 1542 Franciscan First missionaries to arrive in New World (1523) – The Twelve Apostles of Mexico Had the widest spread of missions through systematic conversion of New Spain Jesuit Attempted to found a small mission in Virginia (1570), all were killed by local indigenous people Four missions to Nouvelle-France between 1609 and 1625 to Acadia, Newfoundland, Maine, and along the St. Lawrence river 20 missions founded in Baja California 1683-1767 23 missions founded in Sonoran Desert 1687-1704 Established missions among the Huron and Iroquois 1634-1669 but relations were tense, all were closed by 1708 with converts migrating to Canada Established two short-lived seminaries in Canada Established multiple “reductions” in Paraguay, Argentina, Brazil, and Canada © Jason Asbell, 2019 Marian apparition Appeared four times in December 1531 to St. Juan Diego Cuauhtlatoatzin, a local peasant, and once to Juan Diego’s uncle, Juan Bernardino, who was very ill and miraculously recovered following the visitation Appeared in the form of an Aztec princess and spoke in the native language, telling Juan Diego to collect flowers (in December?) in his tilma (cloak) Juan Diego found and collected roses (Castillan, not native to Mexico) When he emptied his tilma of flowers, an image of the Virgin was left behind Both Juan Diego and Juan Bernardino testified to the local Bishop, who authenticated their testimony and began Juan Diego’s tilma with image of holding celebrations in the Virgin’s honor the Virgin Mary, public domain using Juan Diego’s tilma Led to significant evangelization © Jason Asbell, 2019 Unit 4: Renaissance, Reform, and Counter-Reform © Jason Asbell, 2019 Calixtus III (8 April 1455 – 6 Aug 1458) Proclaimed the Feast of the Transfiguration (August 8) Ordered a retrial for Jeanne d’Arc Alexander VI (11 August 1492 – 18 Aug 1503) Divided extra-European world between Spain and Portugal in the bull Inter caetera (1493) Father of Cesare and Lucrezia Borgia Julius II (31 October 1503 – 21 Feb 1513) First Pope to directly rule the Papal States Convened 5th Lateran Council Commissioned rebuilding of St. Peter’s Basilica and revision of Sistine Chapel that included Michelangelo’s ceiling paintings Succeeded by Leo X who completed the 5th Lateran Council and was criticized for offering indulgences for donations for the rebuilding of St. Peter’s Clement VII (26 November 1523 – 25 Sep 1534) Pope during Sack of Rome (1527) by Imperial troops (Stand of the Swiss Guard) Forbade Henry VIII’s divorce from Catherine of Aragon Commissioned Michelangelo’sThe Last Judgment over altar in Sistine Chapel © Jason Asbell, 2019 Paul III, Julius III, Marcellus II, Paul IV, Pius IV Popes during the Council of Trent Began instituting some reforms, including economy in Vatican expenditures Wars in France and Italy led to the Council closing and reopening multiple times, unfortunately being moved closer to Rome which led to a number of Lutheran bishops that had been participating to drop out St. Pius V (7 January 1566 – 1 May 1572) Instituted Feast of Our Lady of Victory to commemorate Battle of Lepanto Issued 1570 Roman Missal Gregory XIII (13 May 1572 – 10 April 1585) Calendar reformation of 1582 Bull Ilius Fulti Præsido (1579) proclaimed the Immaculate Conception as Patroness of the Philippines Strengthened diplomatic ties with Asian nations Sixtus V (24 April 1585 – 27 Aug 1590) Limited number of Cardinals to 70 Clement VIII (30 January 1592 – 3 March 1605) Initiated European alliance to oppose the Ottoman Turks Convened the Congregatio de Auxiliis to address doctrinal controversies that had arisen between Dominicans and Jesuits © Jason Asbell, 2019 Paul V (16 May 1605 – 28 Jan 1621) Known for many building projects, including restoration of Rome’s public water supply Established the Bank of the Holy Spirit, the first national bank, the first public deposit bank in Rome, and the longest continually-operating bank in Rome until it merged with Banco di Roma in 1992 Gregory XV (9 February 1621 – 8 July 1623) Established Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith Issued Aeterni Patris mandating papal elections by secret ballot and Omnipotentis Dei against magic and witchcraft Urban VIII (6 August 1623 – 29 July 1644) Last Pope to expand the Papal State by force of arms Ordered trial of Galileo Galilei for heresy Made use of tobacco in holy places grounds for excommunication Innocent X (15 September 1644 – 7 Jan 1655) Condemned Jansenism as heretical © Jason Asbell, 2019 St. Ignatius of Loyola Born Inigo Lopez to a Basque family, joined the army at 17 with a desire for fame in the model of El Cid, the Knights of Camelot, and the Song of Roland An adept soldier and duelist, became a key servant of the Duke of Najera where he exhibited additional leadership and diplomatic qualities Badly wounded at Battle of Pamplona in 1521 requiring multiple surgeries (without anesthetics) and ending his military career While convalescing, was exposed to the lives of the saints and began developing the reflective method that later became his Spiritual Exercises Studied at University of Alcala and later University of Paris 1524-1534 Formed Society of Jesus in 1539 with his friends Peter Faber and Francis Xavier (both now St Ignatius of Loyola saints), approved in 1540 by Pope Paul III with by Peter Paul Rubens Ignatius as first Superior General Died of Roman Fever (malaria) in Rome in 1556 © Jason Asbell, 2019 St. Francis Xavier Born Francisco de Jasso y Azpilicueta to a Navarrese noble family whose father directly served the King of Navarre Student at University of Paris 1525-1535, where he met Ignatius of Loyola and seven others who would later found the Society of Jesus – they swore private oaths in a crypt beneath the Church of St. Denis in 1534 Began theology studies in 1534 and ordained in 1537 The Vision of St. Francis Xavier, by Giovanni Sent to Portugal in 1540 to prepare for missionary Battista Gaulli work in India and the East Indies upon request of King and Queen of Portugal Arrived in India in 1542, and had established 40 new churches by 1544 Preached in Indonesia 1545-1547 Spent 1548 and part of 1549 preparing for a missionary trip to China and Japan, where he evangelized from 1549 until his death of a fever in September 1552 This file is licensed under the Creative © Jason Asbell, 2019 Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Unit 4: Renaissance, Reform, and Counter-Reform © Jason Asbell, 2019 Diagram from The Psalm 119 Foundation, © 2012 © Jason Asbell, 2019 Teaching What It Means Why It is Problematic Sola scriptura That “Scripture alone” is the Not heretical, but contrary to historical source of Truth and doctrine reality of Christianity that Tradition existed before Scripture and writings were judged for canonicity in the context of Tradition Sola fide That “Faith Alone” is Not heretical, but inconsistent with James necessary for salvation, and 2:14-26 and can lead to belief that a single no action is sufficient or “mountaintop” experience without real necessary conversion can be sufficient for salvation Sola Christus That “Christ alone” mediates Challenges ‘communion of saints’ in the between God and mankind Creed, inconsistent with Scripture depiction of Holy Spirit as Paraclete and Mary at Wedding of Cana Sola gratia That “Grace alone” leads Not heretical, but some interpretations of man to salvation it deny Free Will Soli Deo gratia That “Glory belongs to God Challenges ‘communion of saints’ in the alone” Creed, inconsistent
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