The Wars of the Roses

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Wars of the Roses Unit 4: Renaissance, Reform, and Counter-Reform © Jason Asbell, 2019 Unit 4: Renaissance, Reform, and Counter-Reform © Jason Asbell, 2019 https://www.animatedmaps.div.ed.ac.uk/Divinity_Map1/worldreligions.html © Jason Asbell, 2019 https://www.animatedmaps.div.ed.ac.uk/Divinity_Map1/majorcentres.html © Jason Asbell, 2019 https://www.animatedmaps.div.ed.ac.uk/Divinity_Map1/keyevents.html © Jason Asbell, 2019 1. 1453 Fall of Constantinople 2. 1482 Portugese mission begins in Congo 3. 1483 Portugese mission begins in Gold Coast 4. 1498 Francisco de Gama, followed by Franciscan and Augustinian monks, arrives in Goa 5. 1501 First Diocese in New World in Haiti 6. 1514 Portugese mission begins in Benin 7. 1521 Diet of Worms condemns Martin Luther 8. 1545 Council of Trent (1545-1563) 9. 1555 1st Council of Mexico 10. 1560 Portugese mission begins in Mozambique 11. 1565 Augustinian mission begins in Philippines 12. 1589 Orthodox Patriarchate of Moscow established 13. 1596 Union of Brest-Litovsk 14. 1599 Synod of Diamper 15. 1511 Dominican Montesino preaches sermon against harsh treatment of indigenous peoples 16. 1540 Dominican Domingo de Santo Thomas arrives in Peru 17. 1543 Dominican Bartholomew de Las Casas made Bishop of Chiapas 18. 1524 Franciscan mission begins in Mexico 19. 1542 Francis Xavier arrives in India 20. 1549 Francis Xavier arrives in Japan 21. 1603 Jesuit mission begins in Ethiopia 22. 1579 Jesuit Alessandro Valignano arrives in Japan 23. 1579 Jesuits arrive at Mongol court in Agra 24. 1583 Jesuit Matteo Ricci permitted to enter China at Macao 25. 1601 Matteo Ricci arrives in Beijing © Jason Asbell, 2019 Copyright © 1995-2005, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Longman © Jason Asbell, 2019 Augustinian Arrived in 1533, limited influence Dominican Smallest representation among missionaries to New World, concentrated in Caribbean and Mexico Instrumental in assuring rights of indigenous peoples leading to the New Laws of 1542 Franciscan First missionaries to arrive in New World (1523) – The Twelve Apostles of Mexico Had the widest spread of missions through systematic conversion of New Spain Jesuit Attempted to found a small mission in Virginia (1570), all were killed by local indigenous people Four missions to Nouvelle-France between 1609 and 1625 to Acadia, Newfoundland, Maine, and along the St. Lawrence river 20 missions founded in Baja California 1683-1767 23 missions founded in Sonoran Desert 1687-1704 Established missions among the Huron and Iroquois 1634-1669 but relations were tense, all were closed by 1708 with converts migrating to Canada Established two short-lived seminaries in Canada Established multiple “reductions” in Paraguay, Argentina, Brazil, and Canada © Jason Asbell, 2019 Marian apparition Appeared four times in December 1531 to St. Juan Diego Cuauhtlatoatzin, a local peasant, and once to Juan Diego’s uncle, Juan Bernardino, who was very ill and miraculously recovered following the visitation Appeared in the form of an Aztec princess and spoke in the native language, telling Juan Diego to collect flowers (in December?) in his tilma (cloak) Juan Diego found and collected roses (Castillan, not native to Mexico) When he emptied his tilma of flowers, an image of the Virgin was left behind Both Juan Diego and Juan Bernardino testified to the local Bishop, who authenticated their testimony and began Juan Diego’s tilma with image of holding celebrations in the Virgin’s honor the Virgin Mary, public domain using Juan Diego’s tilma Led to significant evangelization © Jason Asbell, 2019 Unit 4: Renaissance, Reform, and Counter-Reform © Jason Asbell, 2019 Calixtus III (8 April 1455 – 6 Aug 1458) Proclaimed the Feast of the Transfiguration (August 8) Ordered a retrial for Jeanne d’Arc Alexander VI (11 August 1492 – 18 Aug 1503) Divided extra-European world between Spain and Portugal in the bull Inter caetera (1493) Father of Cesare and Lucrezia Borgia Julius II (31 October 1503 – 21 Feb 1513) First Pope to directly rule the Papal States Convened 5th Lateran Council Commissioned rebuilding of St. Peter’s Basilica and revision of Sistine Chapel that included Michelangelo’s ceiling paintings Succeeded by Leo X who completed the 5th Lateran Council and was criticized for offering indulgences for donations for the rebuilding of St. Peter’s Clement VII (26 November 1523 – 25 Sep 1534) Pope during Sack of Rome (1527) by Imperial troops (Stand of the Swiss Guard) Forbade Henry VIII’s divorce from Catherine of Aragon Commissioned Michelangelo’sThe Last Judgment over altar in Sistine Chapel © Jason Asbell, 2019 Paul III, Julius III, Marcellus II, Paul IV, Pius IV Popes during the Council of Trent Began instituting some reforms, including economy in Vatican expenditures Wars in France and Italy led to the Council closing and reopening multiple times, unfortunately being moved closer to Rome which led to a number of Lutheran bishops that had been participating to drop out St. Pius V (7 January 1566 – 1 May 1572) Instituted Feast of Our Lady of Victory to commemorate Battle of Lepanto Issued 1570 Roman Missal Gregory XIII (13 May 1572 – 10 April 1585) Calendar reformation of 1582 Bull Ilius Fulti Præsido (1579) proclaimed the Immaculate Conception as Patroness of the Philippines Strengthened diplomatic ties with Asian nations Sixtus V (24 April 1585 – 27 Aug 1590) Limited number of Cardinals to 70 Clement VIII (30 January 1592 – 3 March 1605) Initiated European alliance to oppose the Ottoman Turks Convened the Congregatio de Auxiliis to address doctrinal controversies that had arisen between Dominicans and Jesuits © Jason Asbell, 2019 Paul V (16 May 1605 – 28 Jan 1621) Known for many building projects, including restoration of Rome’s public water supply Established the Bank of the Holy Spirit, the first national bank, the first public deposit bank in Rome, and the longest continually-operating bank in Rome until it merged with Banco di Roma in 1992 Gregory XV (9 February 1621 – 8 July 1623) Established Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith Issued Aeterni Patris mandating papal elections by secret ballot and Omnipotentis Dei against magic and witchcraft Urban VIII (6 August 1623 – 29 July 1644) Last Pope to expand the Papal State by force of arms Ordered trial of Galileo Galilei for heresy Made use of tobacco in holy places grounds for excommunication Innocent X (15 September 1644 – 7 Jan 1655) Condemned Jansenism as heretical © Jason Asbell, 2019 St. Ignatius of Loyola Born Inigo Lopez to a Basque family, joined the army at 17 with a desire for fame in the model of El Cid, the Knights of Camelot, and the Song of Roland An adept soldier and duelist, became a key servant of the Duke of Najera where he exhibited additional leadership and diplomatic qualities Badly wounded at Battle of Pamplona in 1521 requiring multiple surgeries (without anesthetics) and ending his military career While convalescing, was exposed to the lives of the saints and began developing the reflective method that later became his Spiritual Exercises Studied at University of Alcala and later University of Paris 1524-1534 Formed Society of Jesus in 1539 with his friends Peter Faber and Francis Xavier (both now St Ignatius of Loyola saints), approved in 1540 by Pope Paul III with by Peter Paul Rubens Ignatius as first Superior General Died of Roman Fever (malaria) in Rome in 1556 © Jason Asbell, 2019 St. Francis Xavier Born Francisco de Jasso y Azpilicueta to a Navarrese noble family whose father directly served the King of Navarre Student at University of Paris 1525-1535, where he met Ignatius of Loyola and seven others who would later found the Society of Jesus – they swore private oaths in a crypt beneath the Church of St. Denis in 1534 Began theology studies in 1534 and ordained in 1537 The Vision of St. Francis Xavier, by Giovanni Sent to Portugal in 1540 to prepare for missionary Battista Gaulli work in India and the East Indies upon request of King and Queen of Portugal Arrived in India in 1542, and had established 40 new churches by 1544 Preached in Indonesia 1545-1547 Spent 1548 and part of 1549 preparing for a missionary trip to China and Japan, where he evangelized from 1549 until his death of a fever in September 1552 This file is licensed under the Creative © Jason Asbell, 2019 Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Unit 4: Renaissance, Reform, and Counter-Reform © Jason Asbell, 2019 Diagram from The Psalm 119 Foundation, © 2012 © Jason Asbell, 2019 Teaching What It Means Why It is Problematic Sola scriptura That “Scripture alone” is the Not heretical, but contrary to historical source of Truth and doctrine reality of Christianity that Tradition existed before Scripture and writings were judged for canonicity in the context of Tradition Sola fide That “Faith Alone” is Not heretical, but inconsistent with James necessary for salvation, and 2:14-26 and can lead to belief that a single no action is sufficient or “mountaintop” experience without real necessary conversion can be sufficient for salvation Sola Christus That “Christ alone” mediates Challenges ‘communion of saints’ in the between God and mankind Creed, inconsistent with Scripture depiction of Holy Spirit as Paraclete and Mary at Wedding of Cana Sola gratia That “Grace alone” leads Not heretical, but some interpretations of man to salvation it deny Free Will Soli Deo gratia That “Glory belongs to God Challenges ‘communion of saints’ in the alone” Creed, inconsistent
Recommended publications
  • 045-1974-6-1.Pdf
    Front view of PATHFINDER Harness Rear view of PATHFINDER assembly with the RFD-GQ PROTECTOR - manuals containing packing Reserve parachute assembly fitted. instructions supplied with each PATHFINDER Nil porosity 1.6 oz. canopy. fabric canopy with forward speed of PROTECTOR 17ft Steerable Reserve. 10-12 miles per hour, a descent rate of Conical shaped nil porosity steerable 15ft per second and a rate of turn of canopy. Rate of descent 17|ft per approximately 4 seconds per 360°. The second with 220 lbs., forward speed stall action of the canopy - an essential of 6-7 miles per hour and rate of turn part of the performance of any 360° in 7 - 8 seconds. Canopy in 1oz. competition or advanced display canopy ripstop nil porosity fabric with the - is extremely stable and recovery after blank gores of nylon net for additional the stall is immediate with minimum safety during deployment. 'surge' and instability. ON 1HE DISC MAIN RFD-GQ RFD-GQ Limited, Godalming, Surrey, England. Tel: Godalming 4122 Telex: 85233 2 THE JOURNAL OF THE BRITISH PARACHUTE ASSOCIATION (A company limited by guarantee! PARACHUTIST THE BRITISH PARACHUTE ASSOCIATION LTD, ARTILLERY MANSIONS, Vol. 11 No. 6 75 VICTORIA STREET, LONDON, SW1H OHW DECEP’ SER 1974 Phone 01-799 3760 BPA COUNCIL L N. E. St. John Chairman G. C. P. Shea-Simonds Vice-Chairman M. Batchelor Treasurer J. T. Crocker Chairman Safety and Training Committee (Stotnrial Other Members: R. S. Acraman The delightful cover of this issue by Terry Fulham is a W. G. Boot tribute to the most important group within our sport— the A.
    [Show full text]
  • French Antisemitism in the Press from 1894 to 1945
    Bastions or Brutes: French Antisemitism in the Press from 1894 to 1945 Nathan J. Johnson Texas Tech University 1 Abstract: Modern Era Europe, a time strife with power struggle, nationalistic growth, and scarred people and landscapes. France, a country unsheltered from the era’s terrors, faced a great struggle not unique to the rest of Europe; a country, a political mechanism, and populations of people supporting and accelerating Antisemitic beliefs. The once brave bastions of freedom once again fell into tyranny - a self-tyranny in a sense - where racism and antisemitism ruled their agendas. Beginning with Alfred Dreyfus and his exile and still propagating to this day, the Free French have become less about freedom and more about oppression and purification. At the root of this evil stood several major French publications, pushing a political mechanism. How were these publications controlled, were they under ideological control of the government? Are the journalists of these publications under guise of the propaganda machine or are they free thinking individuals who whole heartedly see the Jewish population to blame for major French downfalls? Are the “freedom fighters”, who are writing in protection of the Jewish population, doing so by way of clear conscious or career incentivization? What personal risks do these journalists take from the burden of speaking their truths? Also, as the period progresses and the 20th century truly takes hold, are the antisemitic beliefs held by the French remnants of the Dreyfus Affair, or are they influenced by current ideas held in Nazi Germany? 2 Introduction: Modern French history is ripe with triumph and exhilaration, but also stress, disruptions, and mistakes.
    [Show full text]
  • The Importance of the Catholic School Ethos Or Four Men in a Bateau
    THE AMERICAN COVENANT, CATHOLIC ANTHROPOLOGY AND EDUCATING FOR AMERICAN CITIZENSHIP: THE IMPORTANCE OF THE CATHOLIC SCHOOL ETHOS OR FOUR MEN IN A BATEAU A dissertation submitted to the Kent State University College of Education, Health, and Human Services in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Ruth Joy August 2018 A dissertation written by Ruth Joy B.S., Kent State University, 1969 M.S., Kent State University, 2001 Ph.D., Kent State University, 2018 Approved by _________________________, Director, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Natasha Levinson _________________________, Member, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Averil McClelland _________________________, Member, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Catherine E. Hackney Accepted by _________________________, Director, School of Foundations, Leadership and Kimberly S. Schimmel Administration ........................ _________________________, Dean, College of Education, Health and Human Services James C. Hannon ii JOY, RUTH, Ph.D., August 2018 Cultural Foundations ........................ of Education THE AMERICAN COVENANT, CATHOLIC ANTHROPOLOGY AND EDUCATING FOR AMERICAN CITIZENSHIP: THE IMPORTANCE OF THE CATHOLIC SCHOOL ETHOS. OR, FOUR MEN IN A BATEAU (213 pp.) Director of Dissertation: Natasha Levinson, Ph. D. Dozens of academic studies over the course of the past four or five decades have shown empirically that Catholic schools, according to a wide array of standards and measures, are the best schools at producing good American citizens. This dissertation proposes that this is so is partly because the schools are infused with the Catholic ethos (also called the Catholic Imagination or the Analogical Imagination) and its approach to the world in general. A large part of this ethos is based upon Catholic Anthropology, the Church’s teaching about the nature of the human person and his or her relationship to other people, to Society, to the State, and to God.
    [Show full text]
  • The Siege of Belgrade on Stage
    Michael Hüttler THEATRE AND CULTURAL MEMORY: THE SIEGE OF BELGRADE ON STAGE Michael Hüttler (Vienna) Abstract: This contribution considers the historical image of Belgrade created by European playwrights and librettists of the eighteenth and nineteenth century. Istanbul has been for a long time the symbol of an oriental city and lifestyle in the Western European mind – an image that was transmitted especially in poetry and dramatic texts. Belgrade seems to be present in a different way in the European cultural memory. Analysis of the representation of history related to Belgrade in the medium of theatre is based on the four selected historical theatre texts: Hannah Brand’s Huniades, or The Siege of Belgrade (Norwich, 1791/1798); Carl Kisfaludy’s Ilka oder die Einnahme von Griechisch-Weissenburg (Pest, 1814); James Cobb’s The Siege of Belgrade (London 1791/1828); und Friedrich Kaiser’s General Laudon (Vienna, 1875). In this article I would like to investigate the historical image of Belgrade created by European playwrights and librettists of the eighteenth and nineteenth century. What are the contents transported in the dramatic texts about Belgrade? Is a certain historical-political context present, which dominates the entertainment factor? Istanbul has been for a long time the symbol of an oriental city and lifestyle in the Western European mind – an image that was transmitted especially in poetry and dramatic texts. Belgrade seems to be present in a different way in the European cultural memory. In his 1963 essay Sur Racine (‘On Racine’) Roland Barthes already posed the question of how to deal academically with the challenge of the relation between history and a work of art, be it music or a dramatic text.
    [Show full text]
  • BYZANZ UND DAS ABENDLAND V. STUDIA BYZANTINO-OCCIDENTALIA Antiquitas • Byzantium • Renascentia XXXII
    ANTIQUITAS • BYZANTIUM • RENASCENTIA XXXII. BYZANZ UND DAS ABENDLAND V. Studia ANT I U Byzantino-Occidentalia YZ M B R E S N A A T S I C U E N Q I T T I A Studia Byzantino-Occidentalia N A MMXIII BYZANZ UND DAS ABENDLAND V: EÖTVÖS-JÓZSEF-COLLEGIUM ELTE BYZANZ UND DAS ABENDLAND V. STUDIA BYZANTINO-OCCIDENTALIA Antiquitas • Byzantium • Renascentia XXXII. Herausgegeben von Zoltán Farkas László Horváth Tamás Mészáros Eötvös-József-Collegium 2018 Byzanz und das Abendland V. Studia Byzantino-Occidentalia Herausgegeben von Erika Juhász Eötvös-József-Collegium Budapest 2018 Der vorliegende Band konnte im Rahmen des Nationales Forschungs-, Entwicklungs- und Innovationsbüro – NKFIH-Forschungsprojekts ,,Társadalmi kontextus a szövegkritika tükrében: Bizáncon innen és túl“ (NN 124539) und des vom Ministerium für Nationale Ressourcen unterstützten Projekts für ungarische Fachkollegien NTP-SZKOLL-17-0025 realisiert werden. Verantwortlicher Herausgeber: László Horváth, Direktor des Eötvös-József-Collegiums Anschrift: ELTE Eötvös-József-Collegium H-1118 Budapest, Ménesi út 11-13 © Eötvös-József-Collegium und die einzelnen VerfasserInnen, 2018 Alle Rechte vorbehalten ISBN 978-615-5371-91-2 ISSN 2064-2369 Druck: Pátria Nyomda Zrt. 1117 Budapest, Hunyadi János út 7 Generaldirektorin: Katalin Orgován Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort ....................................................................................................................... 11 Peter Schreiner Der Koloman-Palast in Konstantinopel und die Árpáden ..........................13 Hermann Harrauer
    [Show full text]
  • Is Caste System Prevalent Among the Syrian Christians of Kerala? a Critical Analysis
    Vol. 5 No. 3 January 2018 ISSN: 2321-788X UGC Approval No: 43960 Impact Factor: 2.114 IS CASTE SYSTEM PREVALENT AMONG THE SYRIAN CHRISTIANS OF KERALA? A CRITICAL ANALYSIS THOMAS P JOHN Assistant Professor in History St. Xavier’s College, Thumba, Kerala, India Article Particulars: Received: 25.11.2017 Accepted: 06.12.2017 Published: 20.01.2018 Abstract The concept of caste has ever been a reality in all societies and countries, and yet there exists some ambiguities in understanding the concept of caste in some communities. A great confusion exists among the academicians as well as in the general public about the concept of caste in the Syrian Christian community in Kerala. The multiplicity of denominations among them, each having their own Rite, Liturgy, Clergy, Ecclesial hierarchy etc. had created great confusion among the people especially among the non Christians. Vague ideas had taken position and a majority including learned historians and thinkers are totally mistaken in this regard. Some interpret these varieties as separate castes. Hence, an earnest attempt to find out the truth in this matter is urgent. This article is an attempt to deactivate the wrong concepts about the caste factor in the Syrian Christian community and to replace it with the most reasonable and genuine knowledge of the same. It finds out that all the different Syrian Christian groups except the ‘Knanites’ forms one single cast and the difference is only denominational. Keywords: Caste, Religion, Syrian Christians, St. Thomas Tradition, Synod of Diamper, Coonnan Cross Oath, ‘Mission of Help’ Malankara, Jacobite, Knanaya, Marthoma Syrian, Pazhayakooru, Puthenkooru, Idavaka.
    [Show full text]
  • Conquering the Conqueror at Belgrade (1456) and Rhodes (1480
    Conquering the conqueror at Belgrade (1456) and Rhodes (1480): irregular soldiers for an uncommon defense Autor(es): De Vries, Kelly Publicado por: Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra URL persistente: URI:http://hdl.handle.net/10316.2/41538 DOI: DOI:https://doi.org/10.14195/2183-8925_30_13 Accessed : 5-Oct-2021 13:38:47 A navegação consulta e descarregamento dos títulos inseridos nas Bibliotecas Digitais UC Digitalis, UC Pombalina e UC Impactum, pressupõem a aceitação plena e sem reservas dos Termos e Condições de Uso destas Bibliotecas Digitais, disponíveis em https://digitalis.uc.pt/pt-pt/termos. Conforme exposto nos referidos Termos e Condições de Uso, o descarregamento de títulos de acesso restrito requer uma licença válida de autorização devendo o utilizador aceder ao(s) documento(s) a partir de um endereço de IP da instituição detentora da supramencionada licença. Ao utilizador é apenas permitido o descarregamento para uso pessoal, pelo que o emprego do(s) título(s) descarregado(s) para outro fim, designadamente comercial, carece de autorização do respetivo autor ou editor da obra. Na medida em que todas as obras da UC Digitalis se encontram protegidas pelo Código do Direito de Autor e Direitos Conexos e demais legislação aplicável, toda a cópia, parcial ou total, deste documento, nos casos em que é legalmente admitida, deverá conter ou fazer-se acompanhar por este aviso. impactum.uc.pt digitalis.uc.pt Kelly DeVries Revista de Historia das Ideias Vol. 30 (2009) CONQUERING THE CONQUEROR AT BELGRADE (1456) AND RHODES (1480): IRREGULAR SOLDIERS FOR AN UNCOMMON DEFENSE(1) Describing Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II's military goals in the mid- -fifteenth century, contemporary Ibn Kemal writes: "Like the world-illuminating sun he succumbed to the desire for world conquest and it was his plan to burn with overpowering fire the agricultural lands of the rebellious rulers who were in the provinces of the land of Rüm [the Byzantine Empire!.
    [Show full text]
  • In the Lands of the Romanovs: an Annotated Bibliography of First-Hand English-Language Accounts of the Russian Empire
    ANTHONY CROSS In the Lands of the Romanovs An Annotated Bibliography of First-hand English-language Accounts of The Russian Empire (1613-1917) OpenBook Publishers To access digital resources including: blog posts videos online appendices and to purchase copies of this book in: hardback paperback ebook editions Go to: https://www.openbookpublishers.com/product/268 Open Book Publishers is a non-profit independent initiative. We rely on sales and donations to continue publishing high-quality academic works. In the Lands of the Romanovs An Annotated Bibliography of First-hand English-language Accounts of the Russian Empire (1613-1917) Anthony Cross http://www.openbookpublishers.com © 2014 Anthony Cross The text of this book is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0). This license allows you to share, copy, distribute and transmit the text; to adapt it and to make commercial use of it providing that attribution is made to the author (but not in any way that suggests that he endorses you or your use of the work). Attribution should include the following information: Cross, Anthony, In the Land of the Romanovs: An Annotated Bibliography of First-hand English-language Accounts of the Russian Empire (1613-1917), Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.11647/ OBP.0042 Please see the list of illustrations for attribution relating to individual images. Every effort has been made to identify and contact copyright holders and any omissions or errors will be corrected if notification is made to the publisher. As for the rights of the images from Wikimedia Commons, please refer to the Wikimedia website (for each image, the link to the relevant page can be found in the list of illustrations).
    [Show full text]
  • The French Wars of Religion
    New Dorp High School Social Studies Department AP World History Mr. Hubbs The French Wars of Religion The French Protestants were called Huguenots and they represented only a small part of the population. Before the 1560s it was illegal for Huguenots to worship publicly. In 1562, Catherine, the Queen of France took a major step in religious toleration by allowing Huguenots to hold public worship outside the boundaries of towns. They were also allowed to hold church assemblies. Catherine was a Catholic and wanted France to remain Catholic; she also did not want a Protestant France. This began the French Wars of Religion which lasted for almost forty years and destroyed thousands of lives. Catholics began to target and kill many Huguenots. Fearing a Huguenot uprising, Catherine convinced Charles IX that the Huguenots were plotting his overthrow. On August 24, 1572, the day before St. Bartholomew's Day, royal forces hunted down and executed over three thousand Huguenots in Paris. Within three days, royal armies had hunted down and executed over twenty thousand Huguenots. The St. Bartholomew Massacre was a turning point in the history of the Christian Church. In 1576, Henry III ascended to the throne. And some Catholics formed a violent and fanatical group which was aided by Philip II of Spain who wanted to overthrow the Protestant churches of other countries. Henry III was stabbed to death and Henry IV became king. Henry IV stated that the only way France would find peace is if it were ruled by a tolerant Catholic king. On April 13, 1598, Henry IV ended the religious wars in France by proclaiming the Edict of Nantes.
    [Show full text]
  • Violence in Reformation France Christopher M
    Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette Maria Dittman Library Research Competition: Library (Raynor Memorial Libraries) Student Award Winners 4-1-2010 Quel Horreur!: Violence in Reformation France Christopher M. McFadin Marquette University, [email protected] Undergraduate recipient (Junior/Senior category) of the Library's Maria Dittman Award, Spring 2010. Paper written for History 4995 (Independent Study) with Dr. Julius Ruff. © Christopher M. McFadin 1 Quel horreur! : Violence in Reformation France By Chris McFadin History 4995: Independent Study on Violence in the French Wars of Religion, 1562-1629 Dr. Julius Ruff November 9, 2009 2 Oh happy victory! It is to you alone Lord, not to us, the distinguished trophy of honor. In one stroke you tore up the trunk, and the root, and the strewn earth of the heretical vermin. Vermin, who were caught in snares that they had dared to set for your faithful subjects. Oh favorable night! Hour most desirable in which we placed our hope. 1 Michel de Roigny, On the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, 1572 The level of sectarian violence that erupted in Reformation France was extraordinary. Otherwise ordinary Catholics tortured their Huguenot neighbors to death and then afterwards mutilated their corpses, sometimes feeding the disfigured remains to farm animals. Catholic children elicited applause from their coreligionists as they killed adult Huguenots by tearing them to pieces. Huguenots assaulted Catholic priests during the Mass, pillaged Catholic churches, and desecrated the Host. Indeed, as the sectarian duel increased in frequency and intensity, a man could be killed for calling someone a Huguenot; both sides used religion to rationalize the assassinations of dukes and kings.
    [Show full text]
  • Roman Catholic View Ii
    These Living Waters: Common Agreement on Mutual Recognition of Baptism A Report of the Catholic Reformed Dialogue in United States 2003 - 2007 Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Common Agreement on Mutual Recognition of Baptism 3. Historical overview: sacraments and sacramentality a. Sacramentality i. Roman Catholic view ii. Reformed view b. Sacraments i. Roman Catholic view ii. Reformed view c. Summary 4. Baptismal rites a. Our Common Early History b. Historical Developments: The Reformation c. Historical Developments: Roman Catholic d. [comparative chart of pre and post-Tridentine Baptismal Rites – appendix?] e. Development of Baptismal Rite after the Reformation i. Reformed ii. Roman Catholic f. Twentieth Century Convergence in Scholarship and Ritual i. Reformed ii. Roman Catholic g. Critical Comparison of Roman Catholic and Reformed Rites h. Conclusion: Similar Rites with Different Hermeneutics 5. Theology of Baptism: Roman Catholic, Reformed, and Common Perspectives a. What is baptism? b. Why does the church baptize? c. What does Baptism effect or signify? d. How is Christian Baptism related to the Biblical Economy of Salvation? e. What is the Relationship between Baptism, Faith and Discipleship? f. What implications does Baptism have for the church? g. Who may baptize and with what means and Formula ? h. Why do people need to be baptized? i. Who can receive baptism? j. Why do we baptize children? k. Why should someone be baptized only once? l. What is the relationship between baptism and confirmation and/or profession of faith? m. What is the relationship between baptism and election? n. What is the relationship between baptism and grace? 1 o.
    [Show full text]
  • Communion in Growth
    Communion in Growth Declaration on the Church, Eucharist, and Ministry A Report from the Lutheran-Catholic Dialogue Commission for Finland Communion in Growth Declaration on the Church, Eucharist, and Ministry A Report from the Lutheran-Catholic Dialogue Commission for Finland Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland Catholic Church in Finland Helsinki 2017 Communion in Growth Declaration on the Church, Eucharist, and Ministry A Report from the Lutheran-Catholic Dialogue Commission for Finland © Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland Catholic Church in Finland Language editor: Rupert Moreton, Lingua Fennica Book design: Unigrafia/ Hanna Sario Layout: Emma Martikainen Photo: Heikki Jääskeläinen: Icon of St. Henry the martyr, the first bishop in Finland by bishop Arseni of Joensuu ISBN 978-951-789-585-9 (paperback) ISBN 978-951-789-586-6 (PDF) Grano Helsinki 2017 CONTENTS Introduction .................................................................................................... 7 The Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification and the Way Forward....................................................................................................... 7 Aim and Method of the Declaration............................................................ 9 I THE CHURCH AS COMMUNION IN THE TRIUNE GOD 1. Communion Ecclesiology as a Shared Framework ...................................... 13 2. The Sacramental Nature of the Church ...................................................... 18 3. The Common Understanding of the Church ............................................
    [Show full text]