Geology and Ground-Water Resources of the York-James Peninsula, Virginia
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Geology and Ground- Water Resources of the York-James Peninsula, Virginia GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1361 Prepared in cooperation with the Division of Geology, Virginia Department of Conservation and Development Geology and Ground- Water Resources of the York-James Peninsula, Virginia By D. J. CEDERSTROM GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1361 Prepared in cooperation with the Division of Geology, Virginia Department of Conservation and Development UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1957 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Fred A. Seaton, Secretary 'I r GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D. C. - Price $1.75 (paper cover) CONTENTS Abstract__________________.___________-___.--_--- __ 1 Introduction and acknowledgments_____________________ ____ 4 Historical sketch_________________________________________________ 7 Geography_________________________________________________ _ 8 Area and population________________________ _______ _ g Industry_________________________________ __________ _ g Climate____________________________________________________ g Geologic formations and their water-bearing character._________________ 9 Stratigraphy of the Coastal Plain in Virginia____________________ 10 Basement rocks_________________________________ _____ 13 Basement rock surface________________________________ 13 Granitic rock___________________________________________ 14 Triassic system________________________________________________ 15 Cretaceous system Potomac group___________________________ ig Cretaceous to Tertiary system________________________________ 17 Upper Cretaceous and Paleocene series Mattaponi formation. __ 17 Tertiary system____________________________________________ 22 Eocene series____________________________________________ 22 Aquia formation____________________________________ 25 Nanjemoy formation__-_____-__--_-________-___-_-__--_ 26 Chickahominy formation____________________________ 28 Miocene series Chesapeake group_________________________ 29 Calvert formation_______________________ __ 30 Yorktown formation_______________________________ 30 Quaternary system__________________________________________ 31 Pleistocene series Columbia group________-_--__--__________ 31 Recent series____________________________________________ 32 Artesian water levels____-__-_-_____________________________________ 32 Quality of water_________________________________________________ 33 Water from granitic rocks___________________________________ 33 Water from Triassic rocks___________________________________ 34 Water from the Cretaceous system and the Paleocene and Eocene series___________________________________________________ 34 Soft water of low mineral content-.________________________ 36 Hard water of moderate mineral content___________________ 37 Use_-______-__-_----_____-__________-.___-_____-_____ 37 Soft sodium bicarbonate water____________________________ 38 Nanjemoy formation_________________________________ 38 Aquia and Mattaponi formations--_-____-_--__---_-__-__ 391 Use _ _ _ __ __ _ _ ____ 39 High-chloride water________________________________________ 40 Chemical character_________________________________ 41 Use_--_______-__-_-___-___--__--__.-________________- 42 m TV CONTENTS Quality of water Continued Page Water from the Miocene series____________..____>__________ 43 Calvert formation__________________________ 43 Yorktown formation___________________________ 43 Water from the Pleistocene series Columbia group ____________ 44 Well construction____________________________________________ 45 Use of water ___________________________________________________ 45 Artificial recharge_______________________________________________ 45 The recharge experiment at Camp Peary ____________________ 46 Recharge operation_______________________________ 47 Discharge of the recharged well_____________-__-____ 51 Natural softening of recharge water ______________________ 52 Summary of recharge________________________________________ 55 Ground-water resources__________________________________________ 57 Central and eastern.Henrico County ________________________ 57 Topography ___ _________________________ 58 Geology ______________________________ __ 58 Water-bearing formations______________________________ 62 Quality of water _________________________________________ 65 Eastern Hanover County_________________________________ 77 Topography. ._______________________________ 77 Geology______________________________ 78 Water-bearing formations________________________________ 80 Quality of water________________________________ 82 King William County___________________________ 88 Topography. ___________________________________________ 89 Geology__________________________________ 89 Water-bearing formations_______________________________ 92 Quality of water____________________________________ 94 Summary of ground-water resources _____ _ _______________ 95 New Kent County_______________________________ 107 Topography. _________________________________________ 107 Geology___________________________________ 108 Water-bearing formations________________________________ . Ill Quality of water____________________________ 112 Summary of ground-water resources.---.----,_________-_--__ 113 Charles City County________________________________________ 119 Topography _______________-________-__-_---_------------- 120 Geology-_-_-____-_.______________________._-___-_ 120 Water-bearing formations _________________________________ 122 Quality of water _______________________-____--_-_-____--- 125 Summary of ground-wacer resources ____-_-_____-__-__-______ 126 James City County._______________-_____-_-----__--_--..-_--- 134 Topography __________________-____-___----_--_-^-_--_-_-- 134 Geology___________-___-________-_.____-___.-___ 135 Water-bearing formations_____________-__-______-^__--___- 137 Quality of water ______________________-_---._----_'--_-_ 140 Summary of ground-water resources _-_____-_^-_--_--__-_____ 142 York County ____________________________--- ----- 151 Topography ____________________-_---___-_----- --_-__--- 152 Geology______________________________________ 152 CONTENTS Ground-water resources Continued York County Continued _ _ Municipal supplies_.______________________________ 157 Water-bearing formations________________________ 158 1 Quality of water ________________________ ____ 171 Use of ground water_______________________^__ 172 Water from deep wells.___________________________ 172 Water from shallow wells___________________________ 173 Summary of ground-water resources. _____________________'__ 173 Warwick County..-____________________________________.__ 189 Topography. _____________________________ 189 Geology_________________________________ 189 Municipal water supplies_______________________ 192 Ground water._______________________________ 193 Water-bearing formations_____________________________ 193 Skiffs Creek and Lee Hall Reservoirs.____________.__ 194 FortEustis_____________________________ 195 Supply wells. _______________ _ _ __ 195 Ground-water levels_______________ _____ 195 Variations in chloride content_____________________ 196 Yields....________________ ___________-___ 198 Camp Patrick Henry___________________________ 199 Harpersville. ______________ __________ 199 Newport News. _________________________ 200 Shallow wells in rural areas.______________.____ 201 Quality of water__________________________ 201 Elizabeth City County..___________________________ 217 Topography ...____________________________ 217 Geology...._____________________________________ 217 Municipal water supplies_________________________. 220 Water-bearing formations___ _____ _______ 220 Quality of water_____________________________ 223 Literature cited.____________..___________________ 232 Index..__._____________..._________._.______ 235 VI CONTENTS ILLUSTRATIONS [Plates 1,2, 4-7 in pocket] Page PLATE 1. Geologic cross sections of the York-James peninsula. 2. Columnar section with description of the geologic formations found in the York-James peninsula. 3. Fossiliferous limestone, Aquia formation, at Belvedere Beach Facing 24 4. Maps showing hardness and chloride and fluoride content of artesian waters in the York-James peninsula. 5. Cross sections showing position of formations in York-James peninsula relative to areas north and south. 6. Geologic cross section through wells at Camp Peary. 7. Graphic log of washed residues, well 35, Yorktown Naval Mine Depot. 8. Typical Foraminifera from the Chickahominy formation. _ .Facing 152 9. Coarse water-bearing gravel from deep well at Camp Peary Facing 153 FIGURE 1. Index map showing location of area and of cross sections.____ 6 2. Structural contour map of the base of the Miocene formations. _ 23 3. Diagram showing progressive increase in mineralization of Coastal Plain waters east of the Fall Line-______ _______ 35 4. Diagram showing amount of water recharged at Camp Peary, April 4-June 28, 1946_.____________________ 48 5. Diagram showing water levels in wells adjacent to wells being recharged at Camp Peary____-----_-________ 49 6. Diagram showing composition and amount of water pumped from well after recharging. ____-__-__--_--- __ 51 7. Diagram showing computed and determined hardness of water pumped from recharged well at Camp Peary __________ __ 54 8. Location of wells in central and eastern Henrico County___ 59 9. Location of wells in eastern Hanover County ________