2.0 HYDROGEOLOGY

2.1 Hydrometeorology

The region experiences a tropical climate with wide variation in temperature. There are four seasons during the year. The summer season from March to Mid June, the monsoon season from Mid June to September, the post monsoon season in October- November, and the winter season from December to February, May is the hottest month, while January is the coldest. All the climatic parameters are shown in the Figure-2 The normal temperature varies between 8-120 C in winter and 420C in the peak summer. The maximum diurnal variation of temperature and humidity is during March. The maximum aerial variations in temperature also occur during this month. Monsoon rainfall is the main source of recharge to ground water and rainfall pattern has an important impact on groundwater levels in the phreatic aquifer. About 90% of the annual rainfall occurs during the south west monsoon periods from June to September. August is the wettest month. Most of the rainfall (more than 90%) occurs during the south-west monsoon season. The normal annual rainfall for the region is 1073 mm. The variation in normal annual rainfall is between 753.7 mm and 1427.7 mm. The rainfall decreases as we move from East to West and south to North. The highest normal annual rainfall occurs in district (1427.7 mm) followed by Annupur, Balaghat, and Dindori districts, which are in southern and south eastern parts of State whereas lowest normal annual rainfall is recorded in 753.7 mm in in the northern part of .

The normal rainfall data of 50 rain gauge stations, maintained by IMD, located in Madhya Pradesh was collected from Indian Meteorological Department, , which is given in Table-1. The isohyetal map for normal annual rainfall, prepared on the basis of data is shown in Figure-2.The State average normal monsoon rainfall of last five years is 967 mm. Table: - 1 District- wise Normal Annual Rainfall and Monsoon rainfall

S.No. District Normal monsoon rainfall( mm) monsoon non annual rainfall monsoon 1 Alirajpur 861.9 50.9 912.8 2 Annupur 1204.2 219.4 1423.6 3 Ashoknagar 840.6 86.5 927.1 4 Balaghat 1321.1 69.2 1390.3 5 Barwani 673.3 150.5 823.8 6 Betul 999.3 130.3 1129.6 7 Bhind 681.0 73.4 754.4 8 Bhopal 1032.6 94.2 1126.7 9 Burhanpur 788.1 95.7 883.8 10 Chhatarpur 974.1 107.7 1081.7 11 Chhindwara 1019.4 120.0 1139.3 12 Damoh 1065.4 105.0 1170.4 13 Datia 767.0 85.0 852.0 14 983.9 85.1 1069.0 15 Dhar 796.2 60.3 856.5 S.No. District Normal monsoon rainfall ( mm) monsoon non annual rainfall monsoon 16 Dindori 1230.0 146.7 1376.7 7 Guna 990.6 92.8 1083.4 18 790.0 95.0 885.0 19 Harda 1274.6 99.9 1374.5 20 Hoshangabad 1225.0 99.5 1324.5 21 888.8 88.2 977.0 22 1157.3 122.2 1279.5 23 Jhabua 792.3 56.8 849.1 24 Katni 1055.3 116.1 1171.4 25 Khandwa 861.2 90.5 951.7 26 Khargone 740.6 35.3 775.9 27 Mandla 1263.4 164.3 1427.7 28 814.2 66.7 880.9 29 Morena 689.4 64.3 753.7 30 Narsinghpur 1115.3 102.4 1217.6 31 783.0 71.9 854.9 32 Panna 1069.6 113.3 1182.9 33 Raisen 1086.8 120.5 1207.3 34 Rajgarh 906.8 79.0 985.8 35 922.5 70.4 992.9 36 Rewa 1020.9 120.6 1141.5 37 Sagar 1127.8 116.9 1244.6 38 Satna 960.3 131.9 1092.1 39 Sehore 1127.8 89.9 1217.7 40 Seoni 1150.8 173.0 1323.7 41 Shahdol 993.6 137.8 1131.4 + 42 Agar 941.2 79.0 1020.2 43 Sheopur 775.7 52.3 828.0 44 Shivpuri 852.0 77.9 929.8 45 Sidhi 1025.1 129.1 1154.2 46 Singrauli 774.6 105.2 879.8 47 Tikamgarh 963.7 100.4 1064.1 48 844.2 70.3 914.5 49 Umaria 1103.4 139.5 1242.8 50 Vidisha 1044.6 90.7 1135.3

Figure: 2 Climate and Rainfall of Madhya Pradesh 2.2 Physiography and Drainage

The State exhibits six distinct physiographic units as follows: . The Plateau . TheSatpuraRange . The VindhyanRange . The MahakoshalRange . TheBundelkhand Region and . The River valleys. The main drainage networks and different elevations in the state are depicted in the Figure-3. The region forms a part of the vast Deccan plateau of Central . The Malwa Plateau marks the northern span of the Deccan Plateau. The hill ranges run across the plateau. The Satpura range located in the southern part of the State is E-W trending. It has an average elevation of 600 m amsl and highest elevation of 1350 m amsl. The Vindhyan range occupies in the Northern and Central part of the region and has ENE- WSW trend. The MahakoshalRange also has a similar trend. The Vindhyan range extends into the Malwa plateau and Bundelkhand region. The VindhyanRange and MahakoshalRange are separated from the Satpura range by the and vast tract of its basin area. There are two distinct sets of drainage in the region, one formed by the westerly flowing rivers, which drain into the Arabian Sea. Of these the Narmada river system is the major system of the region. The Tapi and Mahi rivers are also westerly flowing rivers. The second set of drainage is formed by the Ganga system, which consists of northerly and northeasterly flowing rivers which ultimately join the river except Son and Tons joining the Ganga and then drain into the Bay of Bengal. The Wainganga River of the Godavari system is a south flowing river draining into the Bay of Bengal. The river valleys, other than the Narmada Alluvial Plain and Chambal Alluvial Plain, are very limited and form narrow belts along the rivers

2.3 Hydrogeological Units and Aquifer Parameters

The State of Madhya Pradeshhas varied hydrogeological characteristics due to which ground water potential differs from place to place. The area is underlain by various geological formations ranging in age from the Archaean to the Recent. Hard rock areas cover more than 80% of total land area of the State. These hard-rock areas show wide variations and complexities in nature and composition of rocks, geological structures, geomorphological set up and hydro meteorological conditions. The crystalline rocks of Archaean age like granite, gneiss, granulites, schist, quartzite and granitoids occupy about 14.7% of geographical area of the State.

The basaltic rocks of Deccan lava flows are the predominant formations and occupy nearly 44.5% of total geographical area. The consolidated sedimentary rocks of Vindhyan Super Group and Mahakoshal (Cuddapah) Super Group of Proterozoic age occupy about 19.1% of total geographical area and the semi consolidated (Gondwana Formation) occupies about 6.7%. Recent unconsolidated alluvial sediments occupy about 14.4% of total geographical area. The Hydrogeological units of the state and their potential is described in Table-2 and shown in Figure-3.

Table- 2 Hydro geological Units, their Potential and Groundwater Scenario of Madhya Pradesh Geological Group Rock Surface Occurrence and Hydrogeological Characters. Age Formation Exposure Area (Approx.) Unconsolidated Occur widespread in Bhind (Chambal basin), Hoshangabad and clays and silts, Narsimhapur districts (Narmada basin) and also in Sheopur, Alluvial plains gravels and sands Morena, Datia, Chhatarpur, Jabalpur, Katni, Khandwa, Pleistocene (older and of different mix. 38,000 Burhanpur, Raisen, Sidhi and Balaghat districts and along rivers to Newer Lenses of Peat and Sq.Km. in some other districts. Form very potential ground water Recent Alluvium) organic matter reservoirs with a thick sequence of sandy aquifers down to great carbonate and depths (>300 m.bgl). The aquifers are unconfined, semi-confined siliceous (leaky confined) or confined. concretions (Kankars) Occupy the Malwa plateau covering Nimuch, Mandsaur, Indore, Dhar, Ratlam, Shajapur, Sagar, Rajgarh, Sehore, Badwani, Deccan Trap Basalts 1,43,300 Khargone, Khandwa and Burhanpur districts and parts of Jhabua, Sq.Km. Raisen, Guna, Ashoknagar, Vidisha, Bhopal, Sehore, Betul, Jabalpur, Katni, Hoshangabad, Harda, Narsimhapur, Chhindwara, Cretaceous Seoni, Dindori, Mandla, Shahdol and Anuppur districts. to Infra Trappean formation of Bagh&Lametas occurs in Dhar, Eocene Jhabua& Jabalpur districts and small patches in Sagar, Bagh and Sandstones cherty 8,500 Hoshangabad and Narsimhapur districts. Weathered, Fractured Lameta Groups limestone Sq.Km. and vesicular basaltic layers of Traps, inter-trappeans and infratrappeans form productive unconfined hallow aquifers and leaky confined/confined deeper aquifers and yield upto 5 lips. (Infra trappeans are less productive). Sp.Yield 1 to 4% Hydraulic conductivity 5-15 m/day. Gondwana Occur in Betul, Chhindwara, Narsimhapur, Hoshangabad, Palaezoic super Group. Boulder beds Jabalpur, Katni, Sidhi, Umaria, Shahdol and Anuppur districts. to Jabalpur, Sand-stones, 28,000 Possess moderate primary porosity. Groundwater occurs under Cretaceous Mahadeva, shales, clays, Sq.Km. phreatic as well as semi-confined to confined conditions. Free Panchet, limestone, coal flowing conditions with free flow discharge of 150 to 200 lpm Raniganj, seams have been recorded in North-eastern part of . Barakars and Talchir Groups Vindhyan Occur in Gwalior, Morena, Sheopur, Shivpuri, Guna, Super Group. Ashoknagar, Rewa, Panna, Satna, Jabalpur, Katni, Damoh, Sagar, Bhander, Chhatarpur, Raisen, Bhopal, Vidisha, Nimuch, Mandsaur and Rewa, Kaimur Shales, 58,700 Dewas districts. Generally, devoid of any primary porosity. Precambrian and Semri Sandstones and Sq.Km. Weathering and denudation, structurally weak planes and (Proteozoic) Groups. limestones fractures impart porosity and permeability in the rock mass. Mahakoshal Solution cavities (Cavernous) in carbonate rocks, at places give (Cuddaph) rise to large groundwater storage/circulation. Sp. Yield value of Super Group unconfined aquifer is generally low (0.2% to 3%). Hydraulic Bijawar and conductivity varies widely depending upon fracture incidence Gwalior (2 to 10 m/day.) Groups. Older Occur in Seoni, Balaghat, Shahdol, Anuppur, Mandla, Dindori, MetamorphicsSa Granitoid Sidhi, Rewa, Panna, Datia, Tikamgarh, Gwalior, Chhatarpur, usar, Sakoli and gneisses, schists, 31,500 Jabalpur, Katni, Jhabua and Shivpuri districts, as also parts of Archaeans Chilpi Groups. gneisses, Sq.Km. Chhindwara, Harda, Hoshangabad, Narsimhapur and Dewas &Bundelkhand quartzites and districts. Do not posses primary porosity. Weathering, Granites. granites fracturing, jointing impart secondary porosity. Groundwater mostly occurs under phreatic conditions and at some places also under confined/semi confined conditions.

Archaeans Archaeans comprise old metamorphic, granites, gneisses and schist. They are hard and compact formations with low primary permeability, forming poor aquifers. Ground water occurs in these only in the weathered mantle and underlying fractured zone. Dug wells in this formation have depths of 5-30 m with water levels between 3-17 m bgl. Where thickness of aquifer is considerable. Specific capacity ranges from 20-200 lpm/m of draw down. Hydraulic conductivity is generally less than 1 m/d and specific yield less than 3%. The yield of open wells ranges between 40-135 m3/d.

Vindhyans These are composed of sandstone, shale and limestone. The sandstone and shale are hard and compact and form poor aquifers. Ground water occurs in these in the weathered mantle and fractured zone. The limestone is different in its hydrogeological properties having large solution cavities, which give rise to immense secondary permeability. The wells in limestone formations yield 100-500 m3/day for 3m draw down. Specific capacity ranges from 100-300 lpm/m of draw down, hydraulic conductivity varies between 5-15 m/d and specific yield ranges from 1-3 % in good karstic zones.

Gondwana The Gondwanas are sedimentary formations rich in granular zones and form good aquifers. They support both dugwells and tubewells, capable of yielding 100-500 m3/d for the drawdown of 6-10 m. the specific capacity ranges between 75-250 lpm/m of drawdown, hydraulic conductivity varies between 10-25 m/d and specific yield is from 1-3 %.

Infra Trappeans The Bagh and Lameta beds and Nimar sandstone are also sedimentary formations but have a limited extent and poor to moderate permeability. The limestone and calcareous clays when karstified form productive aquifers. The corralling limestone, the marls and nodular limestone are hard and compact having poor permeability. The Nimar sandstone has intergranular porosity, joints, fracture, bedding planes, which give moderate scope for ground water movement. The depth of wells varies from 3 to 13 m and depth to water level between 2 to 12 m bgl.

Deccan Traps These form the most important aquifers in the region. Being the most extensive. The weathered, fractured, jointed and vesicular units of basalts form moderate to good aquifers. These formations have highly variable yields ranging from 10 to 750 m3/d. Dug wells range in depth from 4 to 20 m with water levels varying between 2 and 14 m bgl. The specific capacity ranges from 50 to 150 lpm/m of drawdown, hydraulic conductivity varies between 5 and 15 m/d and the specific yield is 1-3%.The Deccan Traps formations can be tapped by dug well, dug-cum-bore and bore wells. It is observed that the yield increases by 5-10 times when 10-15 m bores wells extending down to the lower vesicular and bore well are drilled at the base of dug wells. Yields of 400-600 m3/d can be obtained in this way. In some areas the control of doleritic dykes on occurrence of ground water is observed. Wells located on the upstream side of these dykes produce yields. Also wells located on tectonic lineaments gave better yields.

Figure: 3 Hydrogeology of Madhya Pradesh

Figure: 3 Legend of Hydrogeology of Madhya Pradesh Alluvium It consists of unconsolidated gravel, sand, silt, clay in various proportions and has primary inter-granular porosity and permeability. Hence it is the most promising formation for ground water development. The thickness of alluvium varies from 10 to 318 m with aquifer thickness from 10 to 160 m being more in the Ganga basin than in the Narmada basin. The depth to water ranges from 5 to 30 m bgl. The transmissivity is high in the Ganga basin being upto 3000 m2/d. In the Narmada basin transmissivity ranges between 83-283 m2/d. the yields vary from 30 to 50 m3/hr for shallow wells and 30-200 m3/hr for deep wells in the Ganga basin. In the Narmada basin the yields are of the order of 15-30 m3/hr in the phreatic zone and 70-200 m3/hr in the deeper zone. In the Waingangā sub basin the wells yield 60-600 m3/d. In the Tapi basin, the yields are 25-95 m3/d.

2.4 Scenario of Ground Water Levels in Madhya Pradesh

2.4.1 Depth to Water Levels

Groundwater level refers to underground surface below which the ground is wholly saturated with water. The upper surface of the zone of saturation is the water table. In case of wells penetrating confined aquifers, the water level represents the pressure or piezometric head at the point. The configuration of the water table depends upon topography, geology, climate water yielding and water bearing of rocks in the zones of aeration and saturation which control ground water recharge. The groundwater level data of National Monitoring wells monitored during May 2014, and November 2014, have been compiled, analysed and given in Annexure-IIIB. The depth to water level in the phreatic aquifer varies widely and was mainly controlled by the topography, geology, and development in the area. Maps showing depth to water level were prepared for each measurement and are given in various plates and also discussed below.

A. Depth to Water Level: May- 2014

Depth to Water levels ranges from 0.83 to 49.40 m bgl in Madhya Pradesh state. Very shallow water levels up to 2 m bgl are seen in sporadic patches spread in Tikamgarh, Hoshangabad, Balaghat, Mandla and Chhindwara districts. Only 0.71% of wells in Madhya Pradesh State fall in this category. About 19.83% of wells spreading all over Madhya Pradesh State has recorded a water level in depth range of 2-5 m bgl occurring mainly in south-east and north-east parts of the state. Depth to water levels ranging 5-10 m bgl is noticed prominently in major parts of the State except north and north-west parts of the state. About 49.84% of wells fall in this category. Deeper ground water levels ranging 10-20 m bgl are seen in northern and north-west part and in isolated patches in many parts of the state. About 25.94% of wells in the State fall in this category. Ground water levels of 20-40 m bgl are found in about 3.53% of the wells and occur mainly in Burhanpur, Indore, Mandsaur, Chhindwara, Gwalior, Narsinghpur, morena and Bhind districts. Depth to water level more than 40 m bgl has been recorded in Bhind, and Mandsaur district of the State.

Figure:4 Pre monsoon Water level (2014) Map of Madhya Pradesh

Figure:5 Post monsoon Water level (2012) Map of Madhya Pradesh

B Depth to Water Level: November-2014

Depth to Water levels ranges from 0.21 m agl to 49.00 m bgl in Madhya Pradesh state. Very shallow water levels up to 2 m bgl are seen in pockets mainly in south east districts of the state like Balaghat, Mandla, Dindori, Seoni and in central parts mainly in Raisen, Damoh, Panna and in western parts in Jhabua, Khargone and Barwani districts. About 7.68% of monitoring wells recorded water level less than 2 m bgl category. About 36.84% of monitoring wells spreading all over Madhya Pradesh state has recorded a water level in the depth range of 2-5 m bgl. Depth to water levels ranging 5-10 m bgl is noticed prominently in northern, north eastern and western parts of the state. About 37.88% of wells fall in this category. Deeper ground water levels ranging 10-20 m bgl are seen in northern part and in isolated patches in northern, north-western and north eastern and central parts of the state. About 14.91% of wells in the state fall in this category. Ground water levels of more than 20 m are found in about 2.61% of the wells and are seen in Bhind, Morena, Sheopur, Gwalior, Mandsaur, Ratlam and Burhanpur districts. Water level more than 40 m bgl is seen in of the state.

2.4.2 Water Level Fluctuation:

Ground water is a dynamic system. The ground water level or head is subject to change both due to natural and man made causes. The zones of aeration and saturation play important roles in ground water recharge and ground water level fluctuation. Groundwater level is an important indicator for the recharge of the aquifer, groundwater abstraction and the discharge from the aquifer to surface waters and to some extent groundwater quantity. Groundwater level can vary significantly over time and seasons. Decline in groundwater levels can occur as a result of natural climatic conditions (low rainfall), changes in land use, or as a result of over abstraction. Rise in groundwater levels can occur as a result of natural climatic conditions (heavy rainfall), changes in land use, or as a result of artificial recharge to groundwater by rainwater harvesting Analysis of water level data collected during different periods of the year 2014 was carried out to identify the changes over that period. The pre-monsoon water levels of May 2014 have been compared with those of November 2014. The annual fluctuations in water levels between the two consecutive measurements of the same month have also been analysed. The various fluctuations are given in Annexure-IIIB-1.

A Water Level Fluctuation -May-2013Vs November-2014

The ground water levels of monitoring wells during May 2014 were compared with those of May 2013 to decipher the changes that took place in the ground water regime. In Madhya Pradesh, 73.85% of the wells show a rise and the rest 26.15% wells show a decline in water levels. About 42.69% of the wells show a rise in water level up to 2 m, 16.63% of the wells show a rise in water level between 2 to 4 m and 14.53% of the wells shows rise more than 4 m. In general there the rise in water level as seen in most parts of the State. The rises in water in the range 0f 2-4 m more than 4 m are mainly seen in the central and northern parts of the state. About 20.14% of the wells show a decline in water level up to 2 m, 4.21% of the wells show a decline in water level between 2 to 4 m and 1.80% of the wells shows decline more than 4 m. It is observed that fall in water is seen in southern parts of the State, mainly Betul, Chhindwara and Balaghat, districts. Fall in water level more than 2 m are seen in sporadic patches only owing to pumping.

B. Water Level Fluctuation - Decadal Average (May 2004 to 2013 Vs. May 2014)

The ground water levels of May 2014 were compared with the 10 years May (2004-2013) average ground water levels to decipher the long-term changes in the ground water regime. It is observed that about 79.58% of the wells show rise and about 20.42% wells show decline in water levels in the state. The rise in water level is in the order of 0-2 m in 41.81% of the wells, 2-4 m in 21.48% of the wells and more than 4 m in about 16.29% of the wells. In general there the rise in water level as seen in most parts of the State. The rises in water in the range 0f 2-4 m more than 4 m are mainly seen in the central and northern parts of the state. The decline in water levels in the order of 0-2 m is about 15.23% of the wells, between 2-4 m in 3.79% of the wells and more than 4 m in 1.41% of the wells. Fall in water level more than 2 m are seen in sporadic patches only owing to pumping.

C Water Level Fluctuation - Decadal Average (November 2004 To 2013 Vs. November 2014)

The ground water levels of November 2014 were compared with the 10 years (2004-2013) average ground water levels to decipher the long-term changes in the ground water regime. There is a rise in the water levels in about 42.08% of wells and fall in 57.92% wells. About 32.98% of wells spreading all over the north, western and south eastern parts of the state shows a rise in water level up to 2 m. About 6.97% of the wells show a rise in the order of 2- 4 m and is spread in north, western and north eastern part of the state. Rise in water level of more than 4 m is found in about 2.13% of the wells and are seen in Shivpuri, Guna, Rewa, Satna, Katni, Umaria, Indore, and Dhar districts of the state.

Water level decline up to 2 m is recorded in about 38.72% of wells spread in entire parts of the state. About 11.57% of the wells show a decline in the order of 2-4 m and 7.63% in the order of more than 4m, mostly spread in patches in many districts of the state Water level decline more than 4 m is seen mainly in Ratlam, Ujjain, Shajapur, Chhatarpur, Bhind, Morena, Gwalior and Shivpuri districts.

2.4.3 Ground Water Level Trend

Groundwater is replenished from precipitation and from surface water, but the rate of abstraction (withdrawal by humans) may exceed the rate of natural recharge, leading to reduction of the resource indicated by declining trend of water level. Rising trend in groundwater levels can occur as a result of natural climatic conditions (heavy rainfall), changes in land use, construction of pond or reservoir or as a result of artificial recharge to groundwater by rainwater harvesting. The trend analysis of depth to ground water levels (time series analysis) using the data from the hydrograph net work stations for the past one decade 2005-2014 was carried out using the least square method. Based on this analysis, maps are prepared demarcating various zones where the trends of ground water level rose/declined during 2005-2014.

PRE-MONSOON TRENDS OF GROUND WATER LEVELS The pre-monsoon trend of ground water levels in the State. There is a general rising trend up to (0.25 m/year) of ground water levels during the past decade in the almost all the districts of the State. The rising trend at higher rate (0.25 to 0.5 m/year) is found in sporadic patches of smaller areal extent Bhind, Morena, Gwalior, Datia, Sheopur, Tikamgarh, Ratlam, Mandsaur, Khandwa and Khargone districts. The rising trend more than 0.50 m/year has been observed in Sheopur, Gwalior Indore and Jabalpur, Damoh and in patches in many districts of the State. Declining trend at a rate up to (-0.25 m/year) is observed in patches mainly in central and southern parts of the state. The declining trend more than (-0.25 m/year) has been observed only at few places, namely, Ratlam, Rajgarh, Narsinghpur, Bhind Morena, Sheopur, Chhindwara, Khandwa and Khargone districts. The declining trend of pre-monsoon water levels reflects the ground water developmental activities in an area, whereas the rising trend indicates that either the developmental activities have reduced, or that, recharge due to sources other than the rainfall, such as applied irrigation, has increased.

POST-MONSOON TRENDS OF GROUND WATER LEVELS

The post-monsoon trend of ground water levels in the State. There is a general rising trend up to 0.25 m/year of ground water levels during the past decade in all most all the districts of the State. Rising trend at a rate 0.25 to 0.50 m/year is observed only in small patches in Shivpuri, Gwalior, Bhind, Chhatarpur, Sidhi, Katni Rajgarh, Shajapur, Indore and Ujjain districts. The rising trend at rate more than 0.50 m/year) is found mainly in the districts of northern parts of the state mainly in Gwalior Shivpuri and Datia districts. The declining trend up to 0.25 m/year has been observed in patches mainly in Southern and central parts of state. The declining trend at rate more than -0.25 m/year) is found in patches mainly in Bhind, Morena, Narsinghpur, Hoshangabad, and Chhindwara districts. The declining trend in post-monsoon water levels suggests that a part of the aquifer is being dewatered every year, due either to deficient rainfall or to developmental activities. The rising post-monsoon trend, on the other hand, shows that additional water is being stored in the aquifer, due either to increased rainfall or to seepage through applied irrigation.

2.4 Ground Water Quality

HYDROCHEMISTRY Water samples were collected from 1050 Ground Water Monitoring Wells during May 2014 and monitored for chemical quality of ground water (phreatic aquifer) and their location is given in Fig 6. Detailed analysis of the chemical samples was carried out for 15 parameters.

Figure – 6 Distribution of NHS For Ground Water Collection In M.P. (2014)

SALINITY The water having electrical conductivity upto 1000 µS/cm at 25°C may be considered fresh & suitable for drinking purpose. The Ground water quality of Madhya Pradesh is generally good as 65.24% wells have electrical conductivity below 1000 µS/cm at 25°C. The salinity tolerant crop may be grown in the area where electrical conductivity is more than 2000 µS/cm 25°C. The chemical quality of ground water of Madhya Pradesh is generally good as the perusal of the frequency distribution of electrical conductivity in phreatic aquifer. Table-4 shows that 86.86% wells fall in the range of 0-1500 µS/cm at 25°C and only 1.52% wells have electrical conductivity more than 3000 µS/cm at 25°C.

Table 4 Frequency distribution of electrical conductivity in phreatic aquifer range

Range s/cm at 250C No. of Samples % 0-1500 912 86.86 >1500-3000 122 11.62 >3000 16 1.52

Very high electrical conductivity i.e. more than 3000 µs/cm at 25°C at Mungaoli district Ashok Nagar (3313 µs/cm at 25°C), Ron district Bhind (3336 µs/cm at 25°C), Gohad (Bhagathar) district Bhind (3108 µs/cm at 25°C), Mehgaon district Bhind (4211 µs/cm at 25°C), Gohad (Mau) district Bhind (4132 µs/cm at 25°C), Damoh (3160 µs/cm at 25°C), Datia (3570 µs/cm at 25°C), Dewas(3960 µs/cm at 25°C), Ghatigaon district Gwalior (3154 µs/cm at 25°C), Maheshwar district Khargone (3276 µs/cm at 25°C), Mandla (3550 µs/cm at 25°C), Neemuch (4045 µs/cm at 25°C), Ashta district Sehore (3062 µs/cm at 25°C), district Shajapur (3050 µs/cm at 25°C) Karera district Shivpuri (3123 µs/cm at 25°C) and district Ujjain (4085 µs/cm at 25°C).The distribution of Electrical Conductivity in Madhya Pradesh is given in the Fig 7.

Figure – 7 Electrical Resistivity In Ground Water (Phreatic Aquifer) Madhya Pradesh, 2014 The distribution of major ions indicates that in Madhya Pradesh in ground water with low to medium salinity (EC 1000 s/cm ) bicarbonate is the predominant anion but there is conspicuous increase in Chloride, Sulphate and Nitrate ion concentration with increase in salinity which indicates that the leaching of minerals of these constituents or human activity is contributing towards salinity in ground water of the area. Generally the ground water in Madhya Pradesh is alkaline earth bicarbonate type. The list of samples having electrical conductivity more than 3000 s/cm at 250C is given in Table 5. Table 5 Locations showing electrical conductivity above 3000 µs/cm at 250C EC (µs/cm at S. No. District Block Location Latitude Longitude 25°C)

1 ASHOKNAGAR MUNGAOLI Bahadurpur 24.342 77.969 3313 2 BHIND RON Balaji 26.296 78.980 3336 3 BHIND GOHAD Bhagathar 26.344 78.492 3108 4 BHIND MEHGAON Chirole 26.355 78.634 4211 5 BHIND GOHAD Mau 26.270 78.667 4132 6 DAMOH DAMOH Abhana 23.705 79.503 3160 7 DATIA DATIA Imaliya 25.694 78.581 3570 8 DEWAS DEWAS Bhesuni 23.233 75.993 3960 9 GWALIOR GHATIGAON Mohna 25.897 77.777 3154 10 KHARGONE MAHESHWAR Baddiya 22.234 75.698 3276 11 MANDLA MANDLA Bamhni New 22.476 80.368 3550 12 NEEMUCH NEEMUCH Girdola 24.462 74.932 4045 13 SEHORE ASHTA Ashta 23.023 76.716 3062 14 SHAJAPUR SHUJALPUR 23.382 76.599 3050 15 SHIVPURI KARERA Sirsod Chouraha 25.422 78.051 3123 16 UJJAIN TARANA Kaiytha 23.233 76.018 4085

FLUORIDE Generally fluoride is present in low concentration in natural water. The presence of fluoride in ground water is very important from health point of view for human consumption as in low concentration; it prevents dental caries (upto 1.0 mg/l). However the high concentration of fluoride above the permissible limit of 1.5 mg/l in drinking water (IS: 10500 Drinking water standards) is harmful for human consumption as it causes mottling of teeth and skeletal fluorosis. Its accumulation leads not only to high skeletal concentration, but also has crippling ill effects. In Madhya Pradesh fluoride rich water in shallow aquifer occurs in Agar Malwa, Anuppur, Betul, Chhindwara, Katni, Mandla, Narsinghpur, Sehore, Seoni, Shahdol, Shajapur, Ujjain And Umaria districts. The distribution of fluoride in the State is shown in Fig 8. Flouride analysis reveals that there is no specific trend observed for distribution of Fluoride in the State. The maximum fluoride concentration has been observed at Rehgaon (3.85mg/l) Mandla district. Flouride analysis reveals that there is no specific trend observed for distribution of Fluoride in the State. The maximum fluoride concentration has been observed at Rehgaon (3.85mg/l) Mandla district.

Table 4 Frequency Distribution of Fluoride in Phreatic Aquifer Range mg/l No. of Samples % 0-1 963 91.71 1-1.5 68 6.48 >1.5 19 1.81

The frequency distribution of Fluoride is give in the Table 4 shows that in 91.71% wells Fluoride concentration is within the desirable limit of 1.0 mg/l where as 1.81% wells show Fluoride concentration above the maximum permissible limit of 1.5 mg/l.

Figure – 8 Fluoride Concentration in Ground Water (Phreatic Aquifer), Madhya Pradesh 2014

NITRATE Undesirable changes in the natural quality of ground water due to anthropogenic activities of man are a matter of great concern. The contribution of atmospheric and geological sources for Nitrate in ground water is small in comparison to the sources related to pollution as a result of activities of man. Sewage and animal waste contain considerable amount of Nitrate and its discharge on land & subsequent leaching by rainfall causes enrichment of Nitrate in ground water. Similarly agricultural sources such as excessive use of fertilizers, irrigation with wastewaters, legumes and farm yard wastes contribute nitrate to ground water. Concentration of nitrate in excess of 45mg/l in water is harmful for human consumption, particularly for infants as it may cause blue baby disease. The highest desirable and maximum permissible limit of nitrate is 45mg/l (IS: 10500 Drinking water standards). The locations of wells in Madhya Pradesh, where concentration of nitrate ion was more than 45mg/l in ground water are shown in Fig 9. Perusal of frequency distribution of Nitrate in ground water reveals that 66.48% (698 nos.) wells have nitrate concentration within the permissible limit of 45mg/l while 33.52% (352 nos.) well water contain nitrate in excess of 45 mg/l (Table 5). Table 5 Frequency distribution of Nitrate in shallow aquifer Range mg/l No. of Samples % 0-45 698 66.48 >45-100 222 21.14 >100 130 12.38

In Madhya Pradesh, nitrate concentration in shallow aquifer occurs in Agar Malwa, Alirajpur, Anuppur, Ashoknagar, Balaghat, Barwani, Betul, Bhind, Bhopal, Burhanpur, Chhatarpur, Chhindwara, Damoh, Datia, Dewas, Dhar, Guna, Gwalior, Harda, Hoshangabad, Indore, Jabalpur, Jhabua, Katni, Khandwa, Khargone, Mandla, Mandsaur, Morena, Narsinghpur, Neemuch, Panna, Raisen, Rajgarh, Ratlam, Rewa, Sagar, Satna, Sehore, Seoni, Shahdol, Shajapur, Sheopur, Shivpuri, Sidhi, Singrauli, Tikamgarh, Ujjain and Vidisha districts. The distribution of nitrate concentration in the State is shown in Fig 9. Very high Nitrate concentration of 500 mg/l was found in the ground water sample from Sirsod Chouraha, (765 mg/l). The locations having more than 45 mg/l nitrate in ground water of Madhya Pradesh are shown in Table 9.

Figure – 9 Nitrate Concentration in Ground Water (Phreatic Aquifer), Madhya Pradesh 2014