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2.0 Hydrogeology 2.0 HYDROGEOLOGY 2.1 Hydrometeorology The region experiences a tropical climate with wide variation in temperature. There are four seasons during the year. The summer season from March to Mid June, the monsoon season from Mid June to September, the post monsoon season in October- November, and the winter season from December to February, May is the hottest month, while January is the coldest. All the climatic parameters are shown in the Figure-2 The normal temperature varies between 8-120 C in winter and 420C in the peak summer. The maximum diurnal variation of temperature and humidity is during March. The maximum aerial variations in temperature also occur during this month. Monsoon rainfall is the main source of recharge to ground water and rainfall pattern has an important impact on groundwater levels in the phreatic aquifer. About 90% of the annual rainfall occurs during the south west monsoon periods from June to September. August is the wettest month. Most of the rainfall (more than 90%) occurs during the south-west monsoon season. The normal annual rainfall for the region is 1073 mm. The variation in normal annual rainfall is between 753.7 mm and 1427.7 mm. The rainfall decreases as we move from East to West and south to North. The highest normal annual rainfall occurs in Mandla district (1427.7 mm) followed by Annupur, Balaghat, and Dindori districts, which are in southern and south eastern parts of State whereas lowest normal annual rainfall is recorded in 753.7 mm in Morena district in the northern part of Madhya Pradesh. The normal rainfall data of 50 rain gauge stations, maintained by IMD, located in Madhya Pradesh was collected from Indian Meteorological Department, Bhopal, which is given in Table-1. The isohyetal map for normal annual rainfall, prepared on the basis of data is shown in Figure-2.The State average normal monsoon rainfall of last five years is 967 mm. Table: - 1 District- wise Normal Annual Rainfall and Monsoon rainfall S.No. District Normal monsoon rainfall( mm) monsoon non annual rainfall monsoon 1 Alirajpur 861.9 50.9 912.8 2 Annupur 1204.2 219.4 1423.6 3 Ashoknagar 840.6 86.5 927.1 4 Balaghat 1321.1 69.2 1390.3 5 Barwani 673.3 150.5 823.8 6 Betul 999.3 130.3 1129.6 7 Bhind 681.0 73.4 754.4 8 Bhopal 1032.6 94.2 1126.7 9 Burhanpur 788.1 95.7 883.8 10 Chhatarpur 974.1 107.7 1081.7 11 Chhindwara 1019.4 120.0 1139.3 12 Damoh 1065.4 105.0 1170.4 13 Datia 767.0 85.0 852.0 14 Dewas 983.9 85.1 1069.0 15 Dhar 796.2 60.3 856.5 S.No. District Normal monsoon rainfall ( mm) monsoon non annual rainfall monsoon 16 Dindori 1230.0 146.7 1376.7 7 Guna 990.6 92.8 1083.4 18 Gwalior 790.0 95.0 885.0 19 Harda 1274.6 99.9 1374.5 20 Hoshangabad 1225.0 99.5 1324.5 21 Indore 888.8 88.2 977.0 22 Jabalpur 1157.3 122.2 1279.5 23 Jhabua 792.3 56.8 849.1 24 Katni 1055.3 116.1 1171.4 25 Khandwa 861.2 90.5 951.7 26 Khargone 740.6 35.3 775.9 27 Mandla 1263.4 164.3 1427.7 28 Mandsaur 814.2 66.7 880.9 29 Morena 689.4 64.3 753.7 30 Narsinghpur 1115.3 102.4 1217.6 31 Neemuch 783.0 71.9 854.9 32 Panna 1069.6 113.3 1182.9 33 Raisen 1086.8 120.5 1207.3 34 Rajgarh 906.8 79.0 985.8 35 Ratlam 922.5 70.4 992.9 36 Rewa 1020.9 120.6 1141.5 37 Sagar 1127.8 116.9 1244.6 38 Satna 960.3 131.9 1092.1 39 Sehore 1127.8 89.9 1217.7 40 Seoni 1150.8 173.0 1323.7 41 Shahdol 993.6 137.8 1131.4 Shajapur + 42 Agar 941.2 79.0 1020.2 43 Sheopur 775.7 52.3 828.0 44 Shivpuri 852.0 77.9 929.8 45 Sidhi 1025.1 129.1 1154.2 46 Singrauli 774.6 105.2 879.8 47 Tikamgarh 963.7 100.4 1064.1 48 Ujjain 844.2 70.3 914.5 49 Umaria 1103.4 139.5 1242.8 50 Vidisha 1044.6 90.7 1135.3 Figure: 2 Climate and Rainfall of Madhya Pradesh 2.2 Physiography and Drainage The State exhibits six distinct physiographic units as follows: . The Malwa Plateau . TheSatpuraRange . The VindhyanRange . The MahakoshalRange . TheBundelkhand Region and . The River valleys. The main drainage networks and different elevations in the state are depicted in the Figure-3. The region forms a part of the vast Deccan plateau of Central India. The Malwa Plateau marks the northern span of the Deccan Plateau. The hill ranges run across the plateau. The Satpura range located in the southern part of the State is E-W trending. It has an average elevation of 600 m amsl and highest elevation of 1350 m amsl. The Vindhyan range occupies in the Northern and Central part of the region and has ENE- WSW trend. The MahakoshalRange also has a similar trend. The Vindhyan range extends into the Malwa plateau and Bundelkhand region. The VindhyanRange and MahakoshalRange are separated from the Satpura range by the Narmada River and vast tract of its basin area. There are two distinct sets of drainage in the region, one formed by the westerly flowing rivers, which drain into the Arabian Sea. Of these the Narmada river system is the major system of the region. The Tapi and Mahi rivers are also westerly flowing rivers. The second set of drainage is formed by the Ganga system, which consists of northerly and northeasterly flowing rivers which ultimately join the river except Son and Tons joining the Ganga and then drain into the Bay of Bengal. The Wainganga River of the Godavari system is a south flowing river draining into the Bay of Bengal. The river valleys, other than the Narmada Alluvial Plain and Chambal Alluvial Plain, are very limited and form narrow belts along the rivers 2.3 Hydrogeological Units and Aquifer Parameters The State of Madhya Pradeshhas varied hydrogeological characteristics due to which ground water potential differs from place to place. The area is underlain by various geological formations ranging in age from the Archaean to the Recent. Hard rock areas cover more than 80% of total land area of the State. These hard-rock areas show wide variations and complexities in nature and composition of rocks, geological structures, geomorphological set up and hydro meteorological conditions. The crystalline rocks of Archaean age like granite, gneiss, granulites, schist, quartzite and granitoids occupy about 14.7% of geographical area of the State. The basaltic rocks of Deccan lava flows are the predominant formations and occupy nearly 44.5% of total geographical area. The consolidated sedimentary rocks of Vindhyan Super Group and Mahakoshal (Cuddapah) Super Group of Proterozoic age occupy about 19.1% of total geographical area and the semi consolidated (Gondwana Formation) occupies about 6.7%. Recent unconsolidated alluvial sediments occupy about 14.4% of total geographical area. The Hydrogeological units of the state and their potential is described in Table-2 and shown in Figure-3. Table- 2 Hydro geological Units, their Potential and Groundwater Scenario of Madhya Pradesh Geological Group Rock Surface Occurrence and Hydrogeological Characters. Age Formation Exposure Area (Approx.) Unconsolidated Occur widespread in Bhind (Chambal basin), Hoshangabad and clays and silts, Narsimhapur districts (Narmada basin) and also in Sheopur, Alluvial plains gravels and sands Morena, Datia, Chhatarpur, Jabalpur, Katni, Khandwa, Pleistocene (older and of different mix. 38,000 Burhanpur, Raisen, Sidhi and Balaghat districts and along rivers to Newer Lenses of Peat and Sq.Km. in some other districts. Form very potential ground water Recent Alluvium) organic matter reservoirs with a thick sequence of sandy aquifers down to great carbonate and depths (>300 m.bgl). The aquifers are unconfined, semi-confined siliceous (leaky confined) or confined. concretions (Kankars) Occupy the Malwa plateau covering Nimuch, Mandsaur, Indore, Dhar, Ratlam, Shajapur, Sagar, Rajgarh, Sehore, Badwani, Deccan Trap Basalts 1,43,300 Khargone, Khandwa and Burhanpur districts and parts of Jhabua, Sq.Km. Raisen, Guna, Ashoknagar, Vidisha, Bhopal, Sehore, Betul, Jabalpur, Katni, Hoshangabad, Harda, Narsimhapur, Chhindwara, Cretaceous Seoni, Dindori, Mandla, Shahdol and Anuppur districts. to Infra Trappean formation of Bagh&Lametas occurs in Dhar, Eocene Jhabua& Jabalpur districts and small patches in Sagar, Bagh and Sandstones cherty 8,500 Hoshangabad and Narsimhapur districts. Weathered, Fractured Lameta Groups limestone Sq.Km. and vesicular basaltic layers of Traps, inter-trappeans and infratrappeans form productive unconfined hallow aquifers and leaky confined/confined deeper aquifers and yield upto 5 lips. (Infra trappeans are less productive). Sp.Yield 1 to 4% Hydraulic conductivity 5-15 m/day. Gondwana Occur in Betul, Chhindwara, Narsimhapur, Hoshangabad, Palaezoic super Group. Boulder beds Jabalpur, Katni, Sidhi, Umaria, Shahdol and Anuppur districts. to Jabalpur, Sand-stones, 28,000 Possess moderate primary porosity. Groundwater occurs under Cretaceous Mahadeva, shales, clays, Sq.Km. phreatic as well as semi-confined to confined conditions. Free Panchet, limestone, coal flowing conditions with free flow discharge of 150 to 200 lpm Raniganj, seams have been recorded in North-eastern part of Jabalpur district. Barakars and Talchir Groups Vindhyan Occur in Gwalior, Morena, Sheopur, Shivpuri, Guna, Super Group. Ashoknagar, Rewa, Panna, Satna, Jabalpur, Katni, Damoh, Sagar, Bhander, Chhatarpur, Raisen, Bhopal, Vidisha, Nimuch, Mandsaur and Rewa, Kaimur Shales, 58,700 Dewas districts.
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