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Topography and Urban Form

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Topography and Urban Form RICE UNIVERSITY TOPOGRAPHY AND URBAN FORM BY CHARLES M. KURT A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE HOUSTON, TEXAS JUNE, 1966 3 1272 00333 0253 ABSTRACT TOPOGRAPHY AND URBAN FORM CHARLES M. KURT MAN IS MORE DRASTICALLY CHANGING THE FACE OF THE EARTHj ALSO HIS STRUCTURES ARE BEGINNING TO CHALLENGE THOSE WHICH NATURE PROVIDES. THE CITY IS, AND WILL CONTINUE TO BE, THE LARGEST OF THESE STRUCTURES. THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE CITY TO THE LANDFORMS IS CHANGING BECAUSE SOME OF THE BASIC REASONS FOR THEIR IMPORTANCE TO THE CITY HAVE CHANGED. AND FUNCTIONAL¬ LY A MUCH GREATER FREEDOM EXISTS FOR BOTH THE LOCATION AND THE FORM OF THE URBAN AGGLOMERATION. THUS A NEW RESPONSIBILITY EXISTS AS WELL. THIS RESPONSIBILITY INVOLVES A NEW APPRAISAL AS TO WHAT LANDFORMS MEANT TO MAN AND HIS URBAN FORM IN THE PAST AND AN ANALYSIS OF WHAT QUALITIES THEY HAVE WHICH CAN BE BENEFICIAL TO THE CITY TODAY. IN SHORT, HOW THEY CAN BE EMPLOYED AS DESIGN ELEMENTS. THIS PROBLEM OF THE CHANGING SCALE OF MAN'S ACTIVITIES HAS BEEN VOICED BY MANY WRITERS FROM MANY DIFFERENT FIELDS AND HAS BEEN OF SPECIAL CONCERN SINCE THE TURN OF THE CENTURY. THEIR VIEWS HAVE BEEN BOTH OF MAN'S INFLUENCE ON THE EARTH ITSELF AND, OF GREATER CONCERN, THE SIGNIFICANCE OF NATURAL LAND FEATURES WHICH MAN HAS OR HAS NOT RECOGNIZED IN GIVING A CHARACTER AND DISCIPLINE TO THIS URBAN FORM. IN ORDER TO UNDERSTAND THE PRESENT AND PROPOSE FOR THE FUTURE IN MAN'S USE OF THE EARTH FORM AS IT RELATES TO HIS URBAN FORM, ONE MUST KNOW WHAT FACTORS HAVE CHANGED. MAN'S CLOSE IDENTIFICATION WITH THE EARTH BEGAN IN THE EARTH ITSELF, THE CAVE, AS HIS FIRST PERMANENT SHELTER. UNTIL THE RELATIVELY RECENT TIMES, TOPOGRAPHY REMAINED UNTHREATENED AS THE MAJOR THREt—DIMENSIONAL ELEMENT BOTH OF HIS EVERYDAY NOMADIC LIFE AND LATER HIS URBAN ENVIRONMENT. HE DEPENDED ON LAND FEATURES FOR GUIDING HIS TRAILS, ORIENTING HIM TO HIS HUNTING GROUNDS, OBSERVATION AND PROTECTION FROM HIS ENEMY, AND EVEN SERVING AS • THE BASIS OF HIS RELIGIOUS BELIEFS. IF THE URBAN PLANNER CAN IN¬ JECT SOME OF THIS SIMPLICITY IN APPROACH INTO THE COMPLEXITY OF THE CITY, THOSE SURVIVING ELEMENTS OF THIS SIMPLICITY MAY SUGGEST A FRAMEWORK FOR PRESENT AND FUTURE TOWN-BUILDING. TOPOGRAPHY HAS SINCE SLOWLY BECOME A PASSIVE AGENT; IT PERMITS, BUT IT NO LONGER COMPELS. INDUSTRIALIZATION HAS OVERCOME THE FUNCTIONAL LIMITATIONS. NOW IT IS MAN*S STRUCTURES WHICH ATTEMPT TO GIVE FORM TO THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT. THE ONLY MEANS HE HAS TO RETAIN A SEMBLANCE OF THE NATURAL WORLD IN THE EVER INCREASING SCALE AND ARTIFICIALITY OF THE URBAN FORM UNRELATED TO IT IS TO VISUALIZE A NEW URBAN FORM AS A RECOGNITION, APPRAISAL, EXPRESSION, AND REINFORCEMENT OF THE CHARACTERISTIC TOPOGRAPHICAL FEATURES IN HIS PARTICULAR URBAN ENVIRONMENT, AN APPROACH TO CITY BUILDING AS AN ART OF THE PLACE RATHER THAN AS A TECHNIQUE. THE DEMONSTRATION ILLUSTRATES THE EXISTING AND THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF TOPOGRAPHY IN THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT OF DUBUQUE, IOWA. IT CONSISTS OF TWO PHASES: FIRST, A HISTORICAL AND CRITICAL TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY EXAMINING THE INFLUENCE OF THE TOPOGRAPHICAL FEATURES IN ITS PRESENT COMPOSITION; A PROPOSAL IN VIEW OF CHANG¬ ING TECHNOLOGY EMPLOYING THE TOPOGRAPHIC FEATURES AS A NEW FRAME' WORK topical 2411 lor itoplcnl \"\ n -s : « postage stamp bearing a design relating to of a psrticutsr locality <a — poem) <— painting) 2 ! of or Is — —Virgil Thomson) — often used with the (generally con¬ some general topic (as sports, noted scientists, birds, or trains) relating to a mind made up of different strata and esp. of the sidered the — in the field —Fletcher Pratt) that is often featured on stamps and often used as a theme for conscious, preconscious, and unconscious 3 : of, relating to, top-nail VtHpsal (usu naut), -p^ial\ also topsT N'tapialN n -S a stamp collection or concerned with the delineation of the structure and rela¬ [topsail fr. ME topsell, topsail, fr. •top + sell, sail tail; topt*l top-l-cnl-l-ty N,**'k*lad-?f -lat?, -IN n -ES 1 : the quality or tions of the parts of a group or subject — topo-graph-i-cal-ly contr. of topsail — more at SAIL] 1 : the sail next above the state of being topical (lectures and articles rather summarily \-k(a)lc, -li\ adf lowermost sail on a mast in a square-rigged ship* also l one of thrown together ... before they shoutd lose ~ —Times Lit. topographical anatomy n : TOPOLOOY 2a two sails set one above the other next above the lowermost sail Supp.) 2 : an item of merely topical interest <the thriller . .. topographic Infancy n : the condition of a district freshly ex¬ — see SAIL illustration, SHIP illustration 2 : the sail set above ^ul reasonably well with its international topicalities —J.S. posed to the action of surface waters when the original hol¬ and sometimes on the gaff in a fore-and-aft rigged ship ndoe) lows are still occupied by lakes snd ponds and the plains are topsail schooner n : a two-masted schooner having square# lco n : shaved ice blown into loaded refrigerator cars to imperfectly dissected by narrow stream gorges rigged topsails on the foremast .»mplete icing topographic map rt : a map intermediate between a general and rarely on the mainmast topic scntcnco also topical scntonco n J a sentence that states map and a plan on a scale large enough to show roads, plans top sawyer n 1 : a worker at a the main or central thought of a paragraph or of a larger unit of towns, and contour lines sawpit who stands above the of discourse and is usu. placed at or near the beginning topographic maturity n : the condition of a district In which timber — compare BOTTOM SAWYER •toplos pi of *TorY the land is reduced to slopes, the original upland has been 2 Brit : a person in a position of top-i-ni\m-t>our N,tapa’nam,biUa)r, .**,*,A also top-I-nam- completely dissected, a new plain of erosion has just begun to advantage or eminence bou \-bU\ or tob-l-nam-bur N,taba'nam,bti(9)r, n -s appear, and many of the individual river valleys are mature top scoro n J TOP 8b(3) [topinambour fr. F, fr. Pg tuplnambor, alter, of tuplnamba, but some of the headwaters of the tributaries may still be in top secret adf J demanding In¬ short for batata tuplnamba Tupinamba potato, fr. batata the youthful stage violate secrecy among top officials potato (fr. Taino) + Tuplnambd Tupinamba; toplnambou fr. topographic old age n : the condition of a district reduced by or a select few : classified as re¬ obs. F, fr. Pg tuplnamba, tuplnamba; toblnambur modif. of erosion nearly to base level. quiring the highest degree of con¬ AmerSp topindmbur, fr. Pg tuplnambor] : JERUSALEM ARTI¬ to-pog-ra-phlze Nta’pagra.flz, to'-N vf -ED/-INO/-S[topography cealment from a nation’s enemies to. ,a,.... CHOKE + -Ize] : to describe topographically in a scale rating the value of infer- P » Kroner topincross Y*XA n {'top + Incross] J an individual produced topo-grapho-mot-ric NJtapaJgrafalme-trik, Jt5p-\ adf f topog¬ mation to a nation’s security — compare CLASSIFICATION If by interbreeding an inbred sire with a noninbred dam of the raphy + -o- + -metricJ : concerned with or devised tor the top sergeant n : PIRST SEROEANT 1 same breed or variety — compare TorcROSSBRED •measurement of heights, angles, and distances <terp set n : TOP ONION toping pres part of Tors to-pog-ra-phr Nta'pacrMf. to’-; -fiN rt -ts [ME topographic fr. ipsot beds \X*-\ « pl ! the nearly level layers of sediment lop-i-nish \’tSpanish\ n. nf toplnlflh or topinlshes usu cap ♦ LL. topo graph la, fr. Gk, fr. topographeln to describe a place deposited on the top of a delta I a subdivision of the Yakima , (fr. topas place 4- graphefn to write) -f *la *y — more at TOPIC, ipsot onion n : TREE ONION opklck V*,A n [’/op + kick, n.) : riRST SEROEANT 1 S CARVE] 1 a (1) obs : the description of a particular place (as ip-3helf \XA adf J TOP-DRAWER topknot NXA n 1 a : an ornament (as a knot of ribbons, a city, town, manor, parish, or tract of land) (2) : the art or )p shell n 1 : any of various marine snails constituting the bunch of flowers or feathers, or a pompon) forming a head¬ ^practice of graphic delineation in detail usu. on maps or charts amily Trochidae and having a spiral and usu. regularly conical dress or worn on a cap or as part of a hairdress D (1) : a of selected natural and man-made features of a place or region ^hell marked -by a flat base and rhombic aperture and a crest of feathers (as on a cock) (2) : a tuft of hair on the top esp, in a way to show their relative positions and elevations tnultispira! operculum and sometimes used to make pearl or forward part of a head c : an arrangement of hair high on (3) : topographical surveying t) (!) t the configuration of a JiUttonS 2 : TURBAN SHELL the head and usu. in a knot 2 Z a small European flounder surface including its relief and the position of its natural and jp sickness n : a boron deficiency disease of tobacco marked (Zcugopterus punctatus) havine the anterior rays of the dorsalj man-made features (a map showing the — of the county) 'sp. by a pale green color appearing first in the leaves of the fin elongated; also J any closely related species (2) : the physical or natural features of an object or entity lerminal bud and by bases that %are paler than the tips topknot pigeon n J a crested Australian wild pigeon (Lo■ and their structural relationships (statistics which reveal the topside \XA rt, often attrlb [ top + side] 1 a topsides pl pholalmus antarctlcus) economic— of our time — R.D.Mack) 2 a S REGIONAL ANATOMY : tne top portion of the outer surface of a ship on each side top-less Vtap!is\ adf In: being without a top b archaic ! sol !) : a chart or illustration showing the location of body parts ‘hbove theJ waterline b : the portion of a Jship :above the main high as to seem without a top : reaching up beyond sight or (as[as ofCM a<iA’lru bird orur mammal)rn*Miiin<u/.:;.
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