STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES BRIAN J. BOYLE, Commissioner of Public Lands ART STEARNS, Department Supervisor
DIVISION OF GEOLOGY AND EARTH RESOURCES Raymond Lasmanis, State Geologist
Pacific North1•1est Tertiary benthi c forami ni feral bi os tra ti graphy framevwrk-An overvi e\'1 by Weldon W. Rau
(Reprinted from Geological Society of America Special Paper 184)
Open-File Report 80-5
Department of Natural Resources Division of Geology and Earth Resources Olympia, Washington 98504
April, 1980; reprinted 1981
Geological Society of America Special Paper 18-1 1981
Pacific Northwest Tertiary benthic foraminiferal biostratigraphic framework-An overview
WELDON W. RAU \Vashington Division of Geology and Earth Resources, Department of Natural Resources nnd U.S. Gcolo.i::icc:l S:.ruey, Olympia, Washington 98504
ABSTRACT acteristics of these early Eocene to Pliocene fauna! di visions are summarized in this report. ··The benthic foraminiferal biostratigraphic framework for marine Tertiary strata of the Pacific Northwest, as it has developed over the past 30 years, has been funda INTRODUCTION mental to geologic mapping by the U.S. Geological Survey and the state of Washington. However, the refinement of Over the past 30 years, fornminiferal studit'S h:1ve been foraminiferal zonation in this area varies considerably conducted in conjunction with both U.S. Gt'nlogic:1! Sur because foraminiferal faunas sometimes do not differ vey and \\'ashi1.;-ton tit:Ht' g,,,,]ogic mappinis and other greatly throughout thick sequences or the available data surveys in the Tert,ury pnwim·,, of the Pacific l\ orth west. from certain areas have been limited. Furthermore, cor During this time geologic m:1ppini:: has b,,come fund:1men relations are most reliable within local areas because tally dependent upon foraminifrral biostratig-raphy. Few differences in benthic foraminiferal faunas are largely the and poorly exposed outcrops. n•l:itivcly f,,w continuously result of paleoecologic variations through time, as well as exposed sections, and subst:rnti:d thicknt'SSt's of massive over geographic area, rather than evolutionary change. relatively uniform lithology h:1w nll contrihutt'd to the Studies, beginning in southwest Washington in the late need for biostratig-rnphic n,11tn1l. Much of the for:iminif 1940s and continuing into the 1950s, resulted in the initial eral data and biostrntigrnphic interprrtntions dPwloped correlation of Washington's Tertiary sequence with Cali from these studies has bt'en pn's,'nlt'd in various pu blica fornia foraminiferal stages and the establishment of tions through the years. Thus. foraminifrral hi,,strati provincial zones. This framework was later extended to the graphic concepts evo!Vt't•ms :ippropriate to n'view and connection with Washington State and U.S. Geological synthesize these studit•s for a lwttt'r und,•rstanding of their Survey geologic mapping in the Grays Harbor basin. In contribution to Pacific Northwest for:uninifrr:il hiostr:itig western Oregon during much of the past 30 years, foramin raphy. iferal studies have also been an integral part of U.S. Geological Survey geologic mapping. California stages Limitations and Nature of Hinstratigraphic Units have been recognized and the local faunal distribution has been informally established. In the 1970s, foraminiferal Because n foraminifrral hi,,stratigraphic fr:rn1t·\1·ork studies and geologic mapping in several coastal areas of hnd aJn,ad:, bt>t'n pstahlisht',{ in t'aliforni:1, early stu,iies the Olympic Peninsula by both the U.S. Geological Survey in western Washingtnn and l):t'>,:on 1wc1'ss:1ril~· r,•lied and the. state of Washington made it possible to present hen vily on corn'l:1tions with t ',1 li forni:1 hi"st r:\l i;:r:\ phy. biostratigraphic and paleoecologic interpretations for the However, it was soon rt'c,,gni:t'd th:1t :iltl\()u;:h broad Tertiary rocks of that area. divisions. such ns st:1gcs ,,f hkin1wll (lit,;i). c,,uld be As a result of these studies, eight foraminiferal zones, generally n·t·tii-:ni::.,•d in w,,stcn, \\':1shingtnn :rnd t)n·gon, two informal subdivisions of a stage, and four distinctive the faunal ch:ir:ictcristics ofs111,dlcrC:diforni:111111ts. such assemblages from additional parts of the Pacific North as zon,•s. W<'rt' frl'qt11•nth· 11n1,·,,•i-:ni:::1hk (l,:rn. 1:i:,;;i. It west Tertiary sequence have been described. The char- therefon• lwc:1 nw 11,·n'ss:1 rv. \1 lwn pr:1,·t ic:1 I. tn dcq•]op 67 68 W.W.RAU
local subdivisions or zones. The extent to which local Eocene Cowlitz Formation of W:1,d1ingtnn Cushman and subdivisions could be defined depended on several con Frizzell (19-l:n on the Lincoln Creek Fnrm:ition of Wash siderations. First, the stratigraphic variability of assem ington; and in Oregon, Cushman and Schl'!lck (1928) blages within a local area had to be considered. In some described foraminifer::i from tlw 1'1•:is,•y and Bastendorff areas, for example, the Zemorrian StageofKleinpell (1938) beds. In the late 1940s Detling (I !l.lti) dcscrilwd ioramin is readily recognized, but its fauna! character varies little ifera from the lower Tertiary of Cons Hay; Cushman and throughout hundreds of metres of section. Thus, although others (1947, 1949) publisht>d on foraminifrral faunas it was desirable, in reality it was not practical to define from the Miocene Astoria Form:itinn, E1,ct'tll' Toledo and local subdivisions of the stage, even though a substantial Coaledo Formations and HPlmirk llills bcd::. of Oregon, amount of data was available. In other areas and/or in and the Pliocene Quinault Formation of \\"ashington. Rau parts of the Tertiary sequence, fauna! characteristics were (1948a, 194Sb, 1951) described an :i E aplonctlCW'I .... + Snov•ly ond othen, 1979 2 Brown ond othert. 1960, G.C\wtt, 1960 3 Rau, 1973, 197!,a, 1979 4 Rau, 1966 ond 1967 :I Snavely ond othort, 19!18 6 P•o•• end HooV'l1', 19~7 7 Go,.., ond Poau, 1!>6!1, ond .,.a9ner, 1967 8 Wolfe and McKu, 1968 ond 19n 9 Rot>.rh, 1958 10 Bald•in ond afhou, 19 ~!I 11 Sna,..11 ond othen, 1976 a,b,c 12 Sold..-in, 195!1 ,.~<:!" 13 Bald•in, 1961 ....~"" 14 He>ovtt, 1963 .... + + ,. ...,~ Co/"""b.,i,o, pi""' <> ..., • ;. i:i -- o'. 0 0 ... G .s-,, + • A.Jbony 11 12 •Con'Ollia •E"9"" l9'C"01- ...... + + + 13 14 ~-\\1 o"~,.o'f- _,-~ .,. + + + Figure 1. Index map showing nrea11 discuN11t•d in thi11 r,•p,,rt. 70 W.W.RAU FORAMINIFERAL AGE ZONE EPONIDES w z MANSFIELD! w OREGONENSIS (.) 0 EPONIDES (!) LINCOLN ::i LEINPELLI 0 SIGMOMOR- CIBICIDES PHINA HODGE! SCHENCK! BULIMINA ....a: SCHENCK! Q. >- Q. 0:: ::, PLECTOFRONDICULARIA WEST COAST STANDARD PROPOSED ZONES {JIU,U,19,..) FORMATIONS NONMARINE SEDIMENTARY 1 PSEUDOPARRELLA SAUCESIAN ASTORIA(!) ROCKS PARVA l,,tS,.M.T ft.OW "OLIGO-MIOCENE" FORMATION 1 ZEMORRIAN PSEUDOGLANDULINA AFF. P. INFLATA OLIGOCENE EPONIDES KLEJNPELLI LINCOLN FORMATION t DI' WOV!Jt. lf'tt J REFUGIAN' SIGMOMORPHINA "EC-OLIGOCENE" SCHENCK! BUUMINA SKOOKUMCHUCK SCHENCK! "A-1" PLECTOFRONDICULARIA "A-3• 1---~~--,,~~C~F~.P.~·~J~EN~K~l~N~Sl~~--i MclNTOSH UVIGERINA EOCENE "A-2" CF. U. YAZOOENSIS BULIMINA FORMATION "B-lA" CF. B. JACKSONENSIS VAGINULINOPSIS VACAVILLENSIS 1 KLWtl"(U.. 1,3,1 l~A.HOKUWP"C.J...1'SC J I,. AHO I ZOHE.S 0, UIMIN4, lMO, MOOlf"l[D IJT ,U.U. 11'~ Figure 3. Foraminiferal zones and stratigraphy of southwest Washington as proposed by Rau in 1958. Subsequent changes in zonal nomenclature are discussed in the text. the study area, as well as to other areas, were limited this major Tertiary basin. Several reports were presented largely to the stage level of magnitude. The thick Twin dealing with foraminiferal data (Rau, in Snavely and River Formation was found to contain assemblages repre others, 1964, 1969), but the major use of these studies was sentative of the N arizian, Refugian, and Zemorrian Stages. as a direct aid to geologic mapping. Faun al characteristics A twofold division of the latter stage was recognized and of each formation of the local sequence were stressed informally referred to as "upper" and "lower" Zemorrian. rather than defining and describing new biostratigraphic Key taxa for each unit were noted as shown in Figure 5. zones. Suggested correlations were made to California Due to the growing need for paleoenvironmental analysis, foraminiferal stages and to some zones (Fig. 6). Rau a greater emphasis has been placed on paleoecologic inter (1975b) located and defined the Refugian/Zemorrian bound pretation in this study than in previous works. ary in the type section of the Alsea Formation at Alsea Bay Recent studies in the northern Olympic Peninsula have (Fig. 7) and suggested that faunas of this formation can be demonstrated that the Saucesian Stage is in part repre correlated to those of his Cassidulina galvinensis and sented in the Twin River Formation (Rau, in Addicott, Pseudoglandulina cf. P. inflat a Zones of the southwest 1976b). The Zemorrian/Saucesian boundary is within the Washington sequence. Additional foraminiferal studies upper part of the formation and at least 45 m below the top were made in support of geologic mapping in the Oregon of the molluscan "Blakeley" Stage of Weaver and others Coast Range and the west side of the Willamette Valley, (1944) (= Matlockian Stage of Armentrout, 1975). particularly for projects conducted by Baldwin (1955), Geologic mapping and related research in western Ore Baldwin and others (1955), Baldwin (1961), and Hoover gon by the U.S. Geological Survey during the past 30 years (1963) (see Fig. 1). have yielded extensive foraminiferal data, particularly In the 1960s Washington State began stratigraphic from the Newport embayment (Snavely and others. 1976a, studies on the northern flank of the Grays Harbor basin, 1976b, 1976c), where foraminiferal studies were an integral mainly in tributaries of the Wynoochee .and Satsop River part of the mapping project (Fig. 1). Extensive sampling valleys (Rau, 1966; see Fig. 1). The project was initiated for from measured sections along the Yaquina and Siletz the purpose of conducting detailed biostratigraphic stud Rivers, as well as from sections along the shores of Alsea ies where the Refugian and Zemorrian Stages are well Bay, provided most of the basic biostratigraphic infor represented in the thick and widespread Lincoln Creek mation concerning foraminiferal occurrences throughout Formation. Modifications and refinements were made 72 W.W.RAU SOIJ~1t Washington Cenotoic cont:lallon on Pa<:1hc coast This reoort (.ldapted from Weavet and others. 1944) (Rau. 1958) ~· St.agt: Zone Format)()(\ S.uces,an Aston-;!) fotTNt1on Clallam (ot K!e,npell, 1938) (k>wer part) fotmat,on 1------r------1.------,--+--'- _, __ Ohgo M,ocene Upper memb,er Zemornan Pu~Uld.W.iJt4 (of Kle1npell, 1938) aH. P. i,vl41<, Lincoln tormatiou Oligocene of Weaver.(1912) Oligocene Refugian (of Sch•nk and K!e1n~II. 1936) (o. I--~--!- - Oligocene 1----+------+--,.--tt------i------;K Skookumchock lower meme,er formafl()tl P'.rt::.o.fru,.,iJU:-1,1.l.ario; ct P. xUi""''i - Northeratt tormatlOO Naruian (of Mallory. 1959) Ui~riir.a Lyra format,on cf. u. )"Q,U)0'1U'il McIntosh torm.ahon A-2 Eocene Aldwell formatlCN"I Btdi,,ww. d. B.jac.uaMJUU Ulat1s1an (Of Mallory. 1959) B Vo.gi,u1luwpsU' wr::.vi!Ull.ltl U5"em.bl..ie Crescent(?) tormatton (base oot u~) Penultan ,____ _, -- _,_ -- -?- - (ol Mallo,y. 1959) C (of M~l~~~i 959\ 0 Paleocene r--.=..:.:;y;;;,,."',"'"',a-'-n='--+----1 Sol~uck form.at.on of Rugan. U 909) (of Mallo,y, 1959\ E ~retaceous I. Pos,tion of A-3 zon• mod,h•d by Rau 09'53) 1 B tones not chtte-rentiated Figure 4. Stratigraphic relations-northern Olympic Peninsula, southwest Washing ton, and a West Coastatandard as proposed by Rau in 1964. Subsequently, the zone name Eponides kleinpelli has been changed to Cassidulina galvinensis, and the single Epistominella parva Zone has been divided into three newly named zones (see text). especially to faun al definitions for provincial subdivisions valleys of the Wynoochee and Satsop Rivers, where large of the Refugian and Zemorrian Stages. The previously areas of the Miocene Astoria(?) Formation and Montesano named Eponides kleinpelli Zone (Rau, 1958) of the Refu Formation are exposed, provided the opportunity to gian Stage was renamed the Cassidulinagaluinensis Zone determine the stratigraphic occurrence of Miocene fora because the latter species was found to be more widely minifers of the Grays Harbor basin (Rau, 1967). Three zones, distributed (Fig. 8). In addition, a twofold division of the all occurring within rocks of the Astoria(?) Formation and Zemorrian Stage was recognized. These subdivisions were broadly referred to as the Pseudoparella parua Zone of not given formal names, mainly because fauna! character Rau (1958) were named and described from bottom to top istics are gradational between them without a precise as the Siphogenerina kleinpelli Zone, Baggina washing boundary. Concurrent ranges of several long-ranging ton,ensis Zone, and Rotalia becki Zone (Fig. 8). It was species not restricted to the Zemorrian Stage characterize emplasized that the faunas of the three zones actually these subdivisions. The two parts of the Zemorrian Stage reflect differences in depositional environments through were regarded as general correlatives of two previously time within a given geographic area. The local basin of recognized subdivisions of the stage in the northern deposition apparently was deepest during the early part of Olympic Peninsula area. the Miocene and is represented by the relatively deep Subsequent geologic mapping southward into the main water, perhaps bathyal, faunas of the Siphogenerina PACIFIC NORTHWEST CENOZOIC BIOSTRATIGRAPHY 73 f------~'...... ·;::------· 1 f\.., ... ,... I l~d..... r... h.r,11•• Speciu (Kl.inr•ll.}Q)8} u4 {Wa11"'r~. t.hu•r•ll. Jt!,tJ Uppu· Lc,,nr }Olft) f------+----"S"-3'.-~l--=-S~--= __p_ =--- 1 '. __ £lpl\1diua cf. £. ai1utua fRcuu) ··································:·::::,:~ l I ···1-- ..... ,__.J I .. "'mrl"'~ Ep."'d"' ••••ficldi oN.10"""''' C,uh ... " ,.,d R. [. and K. C. Ste•,rt ···········--:~·~...... ,..., I "~·--, Sphruroi.dina v4riobili, Reu•• -,-,,~ I , Suliaino c!. B. ol1•Cic11 Cushn1an and Pari:.er . , __ ...... "~ I I Rohlu.t cf. R. C'alcor (Linne1 ·······----ii·--, "'~"-·~. I ~ ·-1'~1<~:~-- Siil t•ina • tu I i:co. Cuah.-,n and Parker ...... , 1"~· Ento,olrrii• •P . . ··l0-1'-1--- ..,--, ~ Plrrctofrondi..r:ulario podurdi poclardi C1ahaui ud Schet1ck ...... ll~l-. 11£~~'J,~ Ca11acru jooqui.l'l•nsi, S..itb ...... ·:~:~ C,bicidu ccl.rbru S.ndy ...... ·-·~s-•~ :-11m::] ClOic1d,1 •• ,11,-u:e,ui• acllor7i S-itla .. 1----s- Clo&,,,.,..:"• cf. C. ,,.uc,111i1 Weinricrl ud Applin Cibiddu lob•t•• (d'Orbigny) KEY ·- <5% 5-1~ -u-= 31-SM- Width o( bar indic•t•• percent•1• c•t"roriiu b••cd .on the ru.io o( 111.11aber o! a••pltos cont•1nt•J h•t•J •P.• 1 Tot•l nw•ber o( •••Pl•• ••••incd ia ••ell st•g• or awbd1•iaio11. , Nu•ber oC •••plea ia •hi.ch liatcd specie• ••• fowacl. Figure 5. Frequency of occurrence of selected species offoraminifrra in the Twin Rin•r Formation as presented by Rau in 1964. kleinpelli Zone. As the basin became shallower, faunal lower part of the S:rncl'sian Stagl\ tht' Uag;:ina washing characteristics changed to those oftheBa,t;gina washin,t;· tonensis Zone to the uppC'r part nf th<' S:HH't'sian Stage and tonensis Zone and eventually to those of the relatively probably the lower part nf tlw Rt•lizi:111 St:tg-e, and the shallow-water shelf faunas of the Rotalia becki Zone. Rotalia bccki Zone, largt•ly on t Jw b:tsis nf su1wrposition, to Thus, within the basin of deposition for the Astoria(?) an upper part of thr Ht•Ji;:i:m Stagl' and pt,!-Sibly a part of Formation, deep-water faunas are essentially restricted to the Luisian Stage. the lowest part, whereas the upper part of the Astoria(?) Foraminifera of thC' Mnntt's:mo Ft1rm:1tion were col Formation contains only shallow-water taxa. Even though lected only from key art'a,; as a nwans ,1f idt•ntifying the shallow-water faunas are more widespread in the upper formation. No atlt'mpt w:1,; m:idt' tn cnn fORAM ZONES AND STAGES STANDARD WEST FORMATlONS, WEST SIDE FORMATIONS, EAST SIDE JUI( ITAO.C 20'<( COAST SECTION OREGON COAST RANGE OREGON COAST RANGE , ...... lllitOOW'l(O,-,.,oi,tW'OOl.1.S NiCI 0'!'!4111&,'tN1 MIIO ,.,..... (~A11Donc,rrs,,J9,WI -~,,_ ,,,,.,. BASALT OF CAPE FOULWEATHER RELIZIAN SANDSTONE DF WHALE COVE w w "TEMBLOR" &'l.l-Ul-1 i z z w BASALT OF DEPOE BAY w 0 0 0 Q ! - :::!: ASTORIA FORMATION :i PLANT- BEARING TUFF SAUCESIAN "VAQUEROS" i NYE MUDSTONE ANO ASSOCIATED .....,._T 11:1.1...-iru.t•• L-- >~·- VOLCANIC ROCKS "BLAKELEY" YAOUINA FORMATION w w z ZEMORRIAN z w --- w 0 0 0 f 0 Cl 11;1,.l'-UI--., Cl "LINCOLN" EUGENE FORMATION J SILTSTONE OF ALSEA J 0 - 0 BEDS OF KEASEY AGE /_ FISHER REFUGiAN j ~ "KEASEY" FORMATION "'"'=- ~ ~"""' IQ.0-<"U..~ SPENCER FORMATION .__ NESTUCCA FORMATION "TEJON" I I I I I I I I I I I I I I NARIZIAN A YAMHILL FORMATION YAMHILL FORMATION t w w z / / z w , w 0 / 0 -- I 0 0 w TYEE FORMATION w "DOM ENGINE" TYEE FORMATION ULATISIAN I i ,_ __ i -- "Z.,. - - n.,rr,-::~ $1..TSTtlC ..-- - - , ••-• w.u.n M.nni-c ••·"'••• ?__ _!l~------11 "CAPAY" SILETZ RIVER VOLC.!.NICS SILETZ RIVER VOLCANICS PENUTIAN I C I i I I I ow "MEGANOS" ' BULITIAN D ow Wz uJ z ...J w t,u( .:JI'" tXJ"OflC> t.AJll(Cf&~ I I ...Jw a: 0 a: 0 "MARTINEZ" YNEZIAN I F. Figure 6. Correlations·-west and east sides of Oregon Coast Range (Snavely and others, 1969). Tlw Eocene/Oligocene boundary has been placed variously on the diagrams of the present report with respect to tht' bnst' of the Refugian Stage of Schenck and Kleinpell (1936). The authors of this diagram considered the Eoccne/Olig-oct'nt' houndnry to be with the Refugian Stage at that time. (1938). Fowler (1965) presentt•d ,on:;idt•rable detail on the stratigraphic and paleoecologic significance of foramini I fers of the Montesano Formation. I Kim Also in the 1960s, cooperative st :1tt' :ind federal geologic mapping was conducted in the Grny:; River area of the extreme southwestern part of Washington (Wolfe and Z BOUV!NA ADVENA McKee, 1968). This project pro\'id,•d additional foramin ~ I BUCCELLA MANSFiE!.Dl OREGONENSIS iferal information and allowt'd an t'Xt,•nded application of c:,:: , BULIM!NElLA BASSE:::;C.'?FENSIS the foraminifernl zonation ofstluthwe:;t Washington (Rau, C:,:: I1 CASS/DUL/NA CF?ASS, -J;,e, 1-:A 0, CiB!CiDES ELMAENSiS \:.R. A in Wolfe and McKee, 1972). ::i: I LENT/CUL/NA BRD':S:::i,'IOSA 25m. Support of U.S. Geological SurYt'Y i,:eologic mapping in ~LNON!ON INC/SUM KER':EtVSiS PLECTOFF?ONDICULAR:;:. BILLMIWI the western part of the Grny:,; !Lirh,ir hnsin (Gower and Pease, 1965; Wagner, 1967) furtlwr ,•xtt•ndt,d the foraminif +I 25m. CONCEALED eral biostratigrnphy of\\' :1:; hingtnn t,, t hi,- area (see Fig. 1). Increasing interest in off,hnrt' t>xplnration in the late CASS/DUL/NA GALV!/,E//515 1960s promptt.>d Washington ~Litt• t,) lwgin stratigraphic -·-· ~ Z: CERATOBUL/!//INA ;,,,:.5.,3:;R,'IEI studies of the onshore Olympi,· c,1:1:stal area. The project 1 Poci fie cocnt I Southwest Washington Wynoochee-Sotsop 2 Cenozoic COl"rC"lot;o,r,,-! Fonrotions Zones Forrrotions Zones Stages Age -.2 ..~ -?---? "- V Delmontion3 Montesano Forrrotion Mohnion 3 :t ~ ? h k ~I Skookumchuck Bulimina scr.er.cki Seo, mentory roe s 11 Formation PLectofroncic~lari.a of lote Eocene 1cf. P. ;*en.i('ir.si oge 1I Not Norizion5 7 North croft Fm. Uvigeri.na differentiored cf, U. yazooer.sis r---_ t;~t~sh Eu Limina cf. 3. I ~t,on jacksonen.si.s ~---l------l Ulotision' Crescent VaginuZin.:ipsis Crescent Formation Penution ~ vaaavi Z Zer:sis Formation Not designor-ed (base not expo.,,d) Sul ',tion ~ 1 ~ ? ------? (base not exposed) r----'~--- ~ ; I Ynez ion' ce ~ 1 Adopted from report by Pease ond Hoover, 1957; Snavely ond others, 1958; Rou, 1958. 2 Includes area of report by Rou, 1966. 3 Of Kleinpell, 1938. 4 Of Schenck n, d Kleinpell, 1936. 5 Of M::illory, 1959. Figure 8. Correlations-southwest Washington and the Wynoochee-Satsop area as prest•nted by Rau in 1967. See text regarding differences in zonal nomenclature, southwest Washini;-ton, 1958, versus Wynoochee-Satsop area, 1966 and 1967. biostratigraphic subdivisions were not presented for the Eocene age have been recorded. However, uvaibble sec Quinault sequence because stratigraphic relations between tions are not sufficiently complete to ndt>quately verify each section were uncertain (Fig. 10). However, paleoeco that the stratigraphic order of occurrencl' of tht•se faunas logic studies suggested that the Quinault Formation may coincides with that of the \\' est Coast stngPs. have been deposited under shoaling conditions beginning Perhaps equally significant to rebtivl' ngP :rnd correla with upper bathyal depths and terminating at littoral tion of these coastal strata have bL'l'n tlw p:11,•oecologic depths. Thus, the deepest water foraminifers may be data that the contained faunas have prnduc,•d. :\!most all confined largely to the oldest Quinault strata and the foraminiferal assemblagt'S indicate suhstnnti:ll water youngest beds should contain only relatively shallow depths in an oceanic environment-,rn envirnnment dis water faunas, a depositional model similar to that pre tinct from that indicated by the shelf faunas th:,t occur in viously suggested for the early and middle Miocene As most of the rocks of the Gr:iys Harbor b:1sin :md northern toria(?) Formation of the Grays Harbor basin. Olympic Peninsula area of \\'ashing-ton. This evidence in Continuing stratigraphic studies along the western itself supports the currently t'mployed c,11w,•pt th:1t most of flank of the Olympic Mountains in pre-Pliocene coastal the Tertiary rocks of the Olympic r.1 Cape Elixobetn report (Fig. 11). Greater drtails of thest> fauna! character istics are presented in tht• ori~inal reports. Pre-Ulatisian Assemhln~es North of Dvck Creek Point A few collections from scattered nrens in western Wash ProttCtiH ington that usually occur in nssociation with the Crescent >-J~- Formation have been referred to either the Pt'nutian Stage ,__ ------r:~.oh of Mallory (1959) or a general early Eocene age. Such ?-~ faunas are perhaps even more widesprt'ad in western [--8 Oregon. Thoms (1965) drscribed someoftht>sdaunas from / --- / the Umpqua Group. Planktonic fornminifrrs are usually ,," ,," more prevalent in early Tt0 rtiary strntn than in other parts ,," / of the Tertiary. Studies by Miles (1977), l\kKeel (1972), and ,," l\kKeel and Lipps (1975) are important contributions to // ?' information on these fornminifers. Tnxn listed below typically occur in, although are not nect'ssarily restricted to, faunas that are assignd to a prc-Ulntisi:m age: Anomalina dorri aragoncnsis Nuttall Cibicides martinc::cnsis Cushman and Barksdale Globorotalia aragoncnsis Nuttnll Glomospira charoidcs (Jones :rnd Parker) Loxostomum applinac (Plummer) Figure 9. Suggested stratigraphic relations of four major Nodosaria velascocnsis Cushmnn coastal sections of the Pliocene Quinault Formation. Details of these sections are discussed in the original Nonion micrum Cole report (Rau, 1970). Silicosigmoilina califomica Cushman and Church Siphona cf. S. wilcoxcnsis Cushman Current geologic mapping by the U.S. Geological Survey Spiroplectammina dirccta (Cushman and Siegfus) in the northwest part of the Olympic Peninsula has provided Spiroplectammina richc:rdi Martin foraminiferal data from a sequence· of a deep, marginal Tritaxilina colei Cushman nnd Siegfus basin facies (Rau, in Snavely and others, 1979). Although Vaginulinopsis aspcrnliformis Nuttnll faunas are noticeably distinct from those of the adjacent northern Olympic Peninsula area to the east, West Coast l/aginulinopsis vacm•illcnsis Assem hinge foraminiferal stages have been recognized and local sub divisions are being developed as mapping progresses. Although this group of species is not tn•ated as char acterizing a formal zone. its stratigraphic oc-currence is consistent in Pacific Northwt'St Tertiary s,'quences. The SUMMARY fauna! composition of tht' ass,,mhbge may be compared generally to that of the Cl'mhint'd ··B'' z,11ws of L:i.iming Faun al differences in foraminiferal assemblages of the (19-lO), and its relative stratigr:,phic positi,111 in the Pacific Pacific Northwest Tertiary sequence largely reflect varia Northwest sections is also comparable to that of the "B" tions in ecological conditions not only over a geographic zones in California, as well ns a lower part <)fthe Ulatisian area but through geologic time as well. The details of Stage of l\fallory (1959). Tlw followin!,! list,•d species are fauna! characteristics for each zone are, therefore, most among the most commonly occurring. and they typify the reliable for stratigraphic correlation within the provincial assemblage: Tertiary sequence of southwest Washington where the Amphistc!]ina californica Cushman and :\LA. Hanna zones were originally defined. Nevertheless, the general Asteri1;crina crassaformi::; Cushman and Siegfus fauna! characteristics of most of these biostr::nigraphic B11limina lirata Cushman and Parkt'r divisions are also recognizable over a larger area and are Bag1;ina tcninocnsi::; Hau broadly applicable to correlations throughout western Cibicidcs coalingcnsis Cushm:rn :rnd G. D. Hanna Washington and Oregon. Furthermore, a geographically Cibicidcs martinc::,'n::;is Cushm:111 :,nd H:1rksdale widespread consistency of ecological evolution through C'ibicidcs spiropuncr,iuis C:dl,,way :rnd :\!orrey time is obvious in foraminiferal assemblages of the entire Gaudryina coalin_;.:,·ns1s \Cushman :rnd G. D. Hanna) Tertiary sequence of the West Coast, thus allowing broad Jfarginulina subb11lfot<1 l!:intkt•n stratigraphic correlations throughout this region at the l\'odosaria latcju.i:ata l~umlwl stage level of magnitude. Pscudo;:;landulina na!lp,·,·nsis Hau The following is a brief synthesis of fauna! ch:1racter Spiropl,·ct am min a m I ss1.,sipp:,·n sis \ l' 11:-: h man) istics for each zone or assemblage described :1nd defined Tritaxilina colci Cu:-:hn1:111 :1nd Si,•;.:fus over the years and reviewed in the preceding sec-tion of this \ 'a;;irwlinopsis aspcru/1(onn1s \Nuttall) PACIFIC NORTHWEST CENOZOIC BIOSTRATIGRAPHY 77 Vaginulinopsis uacauillensis (G. D. Hanna) [mexa Zone represents an upper pnrt of the N nrizian Stage of cana var. A-D of Laiming] Mallory (1959) in the Pacific Northwest. A large number of species representing a wide range of depositional environ Bulimina cf. B. jacksonensis Zone ments occur in this zone. The followini.-: are among the more commonly occurring siwcit'S in the zone: This zone was defined from surface sections of south Alabamina kernensis Smith west Washington (Rau, 1958) and has been broadly recog Angulogerina hannai Beck nized throughout western Washington and parts of wes Boliuina basisenta Cushman :rnd Stone tern Oregon. It is correlated with the upper part of the Boliuina kleinpelli Beck Ulatisian Stage of Mallory (1959). The following species Bulimina alazanensis Cushman occur typically in the zone: Bulimina schencki Beck Amphimorphina california Cushman and McMasters Cibicides haydoni (Cushmnn and Schenck) Asterigerina crassaformis Cushman and Siegfus Cibicides mcmastersi Beck Bulimina cf. B. jacksonensis Cushman Cibicides natlandi Beck Bulimina corrugata Cushman and Siegfus Cibicides warreni Cushm:rn, Stewart. and Stewart Baggina teninoensis Rau Globocassidulina globosa (Hantken) Cibicides warreni Cushman, Stewart, and Stewart Gyroidina condonz· (Cushman and Schenck) Gaudryina coalingensis (Cushman and G. D. Hanna) Lenticulina welchi (Church) Lenticulina sp. [robust, raised limbate sutures] Planularia cf. P. marklcyana Church Nodosaria latejugata Gumbel Plectofrondicularia cf. P. j,·nkinsi Church Plectofrondicularia cf. P. s,·arsi Cushman, Stewart, Uvigerina cf. U. yazooensis Zone and Stewart Pseudoglandulina conica (N eugeborl'n) This zone was defined from surface sections and wells of Quinqueloculina goodspccdi Hanna and Hanna southwest Washington (Rau, 1958), and it generally repre Spiroloculina wilcoxcnsis Cushman and Garrett sents the lower part of the N arizian Stage of Mallory in the Uuigerina garzaensis Cushn.an and Siegfus Pacific Northwest. Its faunal characteristics vary some Valuulineria aff. V. u·illapamsis Rau [a small form] what from area to area. However, the following taxa are Valvulineria tumeycnsis Cushman ::rnd Simonson common in the zone throughout western Washington and Virgulina hobsoni Beck Oregon: Asterigerina crassafor mis Cushman and Siegfus Sigmomorphina schencki Zone Boliuina basisenta Cushman and Stone Bulimina corrugata Cushman and Siegfus This zone was originally dt,finl'd from surface sections Cibicides warreni Cushman, Stewart, and Stewart and wells of southwest Washington wht'rt' it occurs in the Eponides yeguaensis Weinzierl and Applin lower part of the Lincoln Cre<'k Formation (Rau, 1958). Its Gyroidina simiensis Cushman and McMasters base is well defined by the lowt'St <)Cl'Urrt'net' of many of the Gyroidina soldanii octocamerata Cushman and G.D. taxa listed below. The upper limits oftht' ::nne are less well Hanna defined and are based bq.:L'ly nn the ah;:t•nce of species Lenticulina welchi (Church) that are known to occur in the ;:uperj:H·,·nt Ccssidulina Plectofrondicularia searsi Cushman, Stewart, and galuinensis Zone. Locally, at J.,:1st, as indic;:i.ted on the Stewart checklist, a few species make th,•ir highest appearance at Pleurostomella acuta Hantken or near the top of the zone. l\bny of the taxa that first Uuigerina cf. U. yazooensis Cushman appear at the base of the Sip:;,,n:orphina schencki Zone Uuigerina garzaensis Cushman and Siegfus continue to occur throughout this and the tl\"t'rlying Cassi Valuulineria tumeyensis Cushman and Simonson dulina galvinensis Zone, thus st:ggt>sting \'t'ry little or at Valuulineria jacksonensis welcomensis Mallory least gradational change in 1'11\"ironmcnt:1! conditions Vuluulina cf. V. curta Cushman and Siegfus through time. Although some v:iriations in fauna! char acter occur with increased dist :rnn' a w:1y from its type Bulimina schencki-Plectofrondicularia area, generally the Si~mon:,1r;,hina schcncki Zone is cf. P. jenkinsi Zone recognizable throughout Wt'st1'rn \\'ashington :rnd at least as far south as the Alsea R:1y :1r,':\ of Wt':-tnn Oregon. Although the boundary between this zone and the The following species are signifil-ant to the recognition subjacent Uuigerina cf. U. yazooensis Zone is gradatiorial, of the Sigmomorphina sch cncki z,,nt' (- indicates species is the upper limit of the Bulimina schencki-Plectofrondi particularly common and first to appt':lr at base; + in cularia cf. P. jenkinsi Zone is relatively distinct, par dicates highest appearanct' nt ,,r nenr tnp of zone): ticularly in southwest Washington where the zone was + Angulogerina cf. A. oc-ci,!,·.-:tdis ,Cushm;:i.n) originally defined (Rau, 1958). Many species ranging from Cancris joaquincnsis Smith below are not normally found above the top of this zone. + Cassidulina cf. C. kcn;oi.,:s Smith The Bulimina schencki-Plectofrondicularia cf. P.jenkinsi + Ceratobulimina washf,:,rn,1 Cushm:111 :rnd Schenck 78 W.W. RAU Southwest Forominiferol Wo shinqton Age Washington J Stages 2 Coo st ( Groys Harbor Basin) Sand and Grovel Sand end Grovel Pleistocene Deposits Deposits ,-,-,--,...,___,..+----? ---- Ho Ilion l-----7------1 Wheelerion Type Pliocene Venturion Ouinault Formation Repettion Delmontian Mohnian Montesano Formation· U ndi fferentioted Miocene Luision Relizian Astoria(?) Hoh Soucesian Formation Formot1on / Berggren ( 1969 ), based on rodiometnc dcto, suggests lhat l'\t Mio-Pliocene boundary l'Nly fell ""'"',,"•hf'1t .. rhm the Wheelerian stage. Various workers place the Plio-Pteistocene boundary either in o, 01 fht bou of thit Hollion stage. 2Miocene sieges of Kle Figure IO. Suggested stratigraphic relations of the Washin)!"ton con,.:t Quinnult Formation, formations of the Grays Harbor basin, and West Con,.:t fornminifrrnl stages (Rau, 1970). - Cibicides elemaensis Rau Plectofrondic11laria packardi Cu,.:hman and Schenck Cibicides haydoni (Cushman and Schenck) scnsu lato Cibicides hodgei Cushman and Schenck Pscudo!;la n du !in a inf/at a ( B()rtit'm :m n \ Dentalina dusenburyi Beck Quinqucloculina impaialis llann:1 :rnd Hanna Eponides yeguaensis Weinzierl and Applin Quinquclo{'lllina tc,·at·ai Rnu - Gaudryina alazanensis Cushman - Sigmomorphina :::p. :\ !,.:imilar to S. s,h,ncki but with - Karreriella washingtonensis Rau edges less :1cute] + lenticulina becki (Rau) + Si~momorphina sch,·ncki Cu,.:}11n:1n :rnd Ozawa + lenticulina texanus (Cushman and Applin) Spiroloculina tcxanus Cu,.:hman :ind r:Ilisor listerella nodulosa (Cushman) - Ur.:igcrina atwilll Cu,.:hm:111 and ~inwn: PREVAILING CONCEPT EUROPEAN STAGE - OF EPOCH-STAGE PACIFIC NORTHWEST PACIFIC CALIFORNIA I PLAM lolESSINIAN OELMONTIAN' ... UNDIFFERENTIATED GRAYSIAN t------o----.!.:!.- ASSEMBLAGES OF - TORTONIAN MOHNIAN' THE MONTESANO FORMATION' WISHKAHAN .. w z .. ':!! w LUISIAN' w '-' &:1::,:,::7/a:~ ....____... g 0 ROTAUA BECKI' .. SERRAVALIAN i I--- :i RELIZIAN' NEWPORTIAN ... BAGGINA WASHINGTONENSIS' -- ---ir--i LA.',GHIAN SUROIGAUAN SAUCESIAN' SIPHOGENERINA KLEINPELLI. ------· I -- PlLLARIAN ~ ACUITANIAN w 'UPPER ZEMORRIAN' w z JUANIAN CHATTIAN w ASSEMBLAGE' ~ ~ '-' ZEMORRIAN' -:.i- <.) 0 --·----·----· 0 "LOWER ZEMORRIAN" .. - :;"' lolATLOCKIAN - RUPELIAN :;"' --0 ASSEMBLAGE' I - - 0 CASSIDUUNA GALV1NENSIS' - 1 - REFUGIAN GALVINIAN .. SlGMOMORPHINA SCHENCK!,. - PRIASONIAN I BULIMINA SCHENCK! .. .. A·l . ' jPLECTOFRONDICULARIA CF. P. JENKINS! NARIZIAN A-3 w .. BARTONIAN z . A-2 UVIGERINA CF. U. YA!OOENSIS ~·- w <.) ~ 0 w w B-1A BULIMINA CF. a JACKSONENSIS" w LUTETIAN g ULATISIAN' - w VAGINULINOPSIS VACAVILLENSIS • B -· ASSEMBLAGE .. PENUTIAN' C .. UNDIFFERENTIATED - YPRESIAN BULITIAN' 0 - PRE·ULATISIAN ASSEMLAGES" .. - '--- :~ YNEZIAN E .. ~ r p : :t , .... T\...... 0.19$1 IIU.t••"'1.U.."-M J.c,,,(.Cll -0 -.U.-.t.u..'9M IU""°°''1(0t1't ...... - •.o.u...... ,t•._.l IO•( ..._•(SVJOI..LD • ._1"t11•-·-·._,,.,,."·""'~ ~n...... --.n-to n;,.,. •.s::u ...... c:• "...o.u''"tlt ...._ • .._ .... - .... te-.,v( ..... , ,..,.._ -·,:,,(-- - "" __, ,..,. .... Figure 11. Pacific Northwest fornminiferal biostratig-raphic units with corn•lntions to other West Coast standards and a sug-g-estt>d correlation of Europl'nn stni;,·s with planktonic foraminiferal zones. + Vaginulinopsis saundersi (Hanna and Hanna) sis Zone (Rau, 1966). It is repn'sl'ntt'd in southwest Wash - Valuulineria willapaPnsis Rau ington in n middle part of tht> Lincnln Creek Formation. The C'assidulina ~alt·incnsis Z111w lacks clear definition Cassidulina galvinensis Zone both at tht' base :rnd at thP tnp lwc:rns,• f:iunal changes through both Refug-ian -and tlw siqwrj:icent Zemorrian This zone locally represents an upper part of the time were not only few but gr;1dati,rn:1l. Thus, locally, the Refugian Stage. It was first defined from surface upper Refugi:rn foraminifrral f:iun:1s an' transitional in sections and wells of southwest \\'ashington and character lwtw,•l'n that nf tlw l,,w,•r Hcfugian Sigmomor named the Eponides kleinpclli Zone (Rau. 19:'ii,l. It was phina schozd.-i Zont• and tlw nv,•rlying faunas of the later redefined from adriitional surface :C-t'ctions of south Zl•mnrrian :-:;tag,•. Tlw faun:d ,·har:ic!t'r ,if thC' upper Refu west Washington and renamed the C'assidulina ;.:ah·inC'n- gian C'assidulina .i:ali·inoz.,i., Znnt' is hro:idly rt:'cognizable 80 W.W.RAU throughout western Washington and at least as far south + Buccclla mansficldi orrJ.:oncnsis (Cushman. Stewart, as the Al sea Bay area of Oregon. The following species are and Stewart) locally common in the Cassidulina galuinensis Zone; the + Bulimina alsatica Cushman nncl Parker occurrence together of those making either their highest or + Cassidulina crassipunctata Cushmnn and Hobson lowest appearance characterizes this zone (+indicates first + Cassidulinoidcs sp. appearance at base of zone;+ indicates highest appearance - Cassidulina cf. C. ohlonJ.:a Rruss at top of zone): - Cornuspira byramcnsis Cushman + Angulogerina cf. A. occidentalis (Cushman) - Eggcrella bradyi (Cushman) + Cassidulina galvinensis Cushman and Frizzell + Entosolenia sp. + Cassidulina cf. C. kernensis Smith - Guttulina problema d'Orhigny - Cassidulina cf. C. oblonga Reuss Lagena hexa{;ona (Williamson) Cibicides elmaensis Rau Marginulina cf. M. ala::an,·nsis Nuttall Epistomina eocenica (Cushman and Hanna) + Plectofrondicularia cf. P. californica Cushman and Eponides kleinpelli Cushman and Frizzell Stewart + Guttulina hantkeni Cushman and Ozawa - Plectofrondicularia packardi multi!in,·ata Cushman Gyroidina orbicularis planata Cushman and Simonson + Karreriella chilostoma (Reuss) Pseudopolymorphina cf. P. ligua (RMmer) - Plectofrondicularia cf. P. packardi multilineata Cush - Quinqueloculina zccai·cri Rau man and Simonson Sigmoilina tenuis (Czjzl'k) Pseudoglandulina inflata (Bornemann) + Sphaeroidina variahilis Rt>uss Quinqueloculina imperialis Hanna and Hanna Although many species range throughout the Zemorrian - Virgulina bramlettei Galloway and Morrey Stage, others are far more common to, or art> not found at all below, the upper part of the st:1gc. Furthl'rmore, species Faunas of the Zemorrian Stage ranging from below the Zemorri:rn Stage arc fewer in the upper part than they are in the lower pnrt of the stage. The The Zemorrian Stage is well represented in rocks of following congregation of spt'cit'S is typical of upper western Washington and Oregon. In southwest Washing Zemorrian strata (- indicates range from below the "up ton the stage is contained in some 2,000 m of section within per" Zemorrian; + indicates range from above the Zemor the Lincoln Creek Formation. It therefore would be de rian Stage; 0 indicates occurrence is most common in the sirable to be able to recognize local subdivisions of the "upper" Zemorrian): stage. Unfortunately, as previously pointed out, deposi + Anomalina californiensis Cushman :rncl Hobson tional conditions were relatively uniform and fauna! + Buccella mansficldi orcgoncnsis (Cushman, Stewart, changes are minimal throughout the thick section in and Stewart) which the stage is represented. Although formal names + Bolivina marginata adc!aidana Cushman and Klein have not been assigned, the terms "lower" and "upper" pell Zemorrian have been employed in both southwest Wash O+ Buliminella suhfusifurmis Cushman ington and the northern Olympic Peninsula (Rau, 1964, + Bulimina alsatica Cushman and Parker 1966, 1967). The recognition of these informal subdivisions + Cassidulina crassipunctata Cushm:m :rnd Hobson is based largely on combinations of species ranging from + Cassidulinoides sp. above and below, and the reader is referred to the original 0- Cibicides elmaensis Rau var. A [highly convexed reports for a more complete discussion. The boundary ventrally] between the lower and upper parts of the Zemorrian Stage 0 Dentalina quadrulata Cushman and I.aiming is not defined, even though in a general way the lower and O+ Elphidium cf. E. minutum (Rt'Uss) upper parts of the stage can be distinguished faunally. The + Entosolenia sp. Zemorrian Stage is also well represented in the Newport O+ Florilus incisum (Cushman) Alsea Bay area of west-central Oregon where the lower and 0 Lenticulina cf. L. c:1lcar (Limwl upper parts of the stage are also generally distinguishable - Plectofrondicu!aria packardi mziltilin,·ata Cushman on many of the same fauna! criteria as are presented for and Simonson western Washington. In addition, the stage is well repre - Quinquclocu!ina 1ccaccri R:iu sented in a thick sequence exposed on the southern part of 0 Siphogenerina nodi[cra Cushman :rncl hkinpell Bainbridge Island and nearby areas 6f Puget Sound. 0 Sphaeroidina i•ariahi!is Rt•uss Fulmer (1975) has made detailed studies of the foramini + Uuigerinella oh1•sa impolita Cushman and L:1iming fers of these strata. A typical congregation of foraminifers occurring in the Siphogenerina hlcinpclli Zo1w lower part of Zemorrian Stage in the Pacific Northwest is listed below (- indicates range from below the Zemorrian This is the lowest c•f thn•t• zo1ws th:,t wcr,· d,•fined from Stage; + indicates range from above the "lower" Zemor the early and :niddlt• !\liun•n,• :\st,1ri:11'.'l F,,rmation of rian): southwest \\'ashin;!ton (!bu. l'.lti7l. T!w (.rnn:t! cnmposi + Anomalina californiensis Cushman and Hohson tion of each of the thrt'l' Llll1t':' rdl,•ct:- dun;.:ing ,•co]ogicaJ PACIFIC NORTHWEST CENOZOIC BIOSTRATIGRAPBY 81 conditions through time in a g-radually filling depositional the Saucesian Stage. Specit's characteristically common to basin. Deepest conditions apparently existed during earli the Nye Mudstone of Newport emhaynwnt are listed below: est Miocene time and are represented by the faunas of the Bolivina advena Cushman Siphogenerina kleinpelli Zone. The following species are Bolic.:ina marginata adclaidana Cushm:in and Klein commonly found in this zone: pell Bolivina advena Cushman Buccella mansfieldi orcgoncnsis (Cushman, Stewart, Buccella mansfieldi oregonensis (Cushman, Stewart, and Stewart) and Stewart) Buliminella subfusiformis Cushman Cassidulina pulchella d'Orbigny Bulimina inflata alligata Cushman and Laiming Epistominella parua (Cushman and Laiming) Cassidulina laeuigata carinala Cushman Flori/us costi(erum (Cushman) Epistominella parua (Cushman and Laiming) Planulina astoriensis Cushman, Stewart, and Stewart Gyroidina soldanii d'Orbigny Plectofrondicularia californica Cushman and Stewart Florilus costiferum (Cushman) Siphogenerina kleinpelli Cushman Florilus incisum (Cushman) Sphaeroidina variabilis Reuss Plectofrondicularia cali(ornica Cushman and Stewart Uvigerinella obesa impolita Cushman and Laiming Uuigerina aubcriana d'Orbigny Valuulineria araucana (d'Orbigny) Uvigerinella obesa impolita Cushman and Laiming Virgulina californicnsis Cushman Baggina washingtonensis Zone Species characteristically common to the Astoria Formation of Newport embayment are listt'd below: Intermediate depths are believed to have dominated Bolivina advena Cushman during the deposition of the overlying strata of the Bag· Buccella mansfieldi orcgoncnsis (Cushman, Stewart, gina washingtonensis Zone. The following species are and Stewart) common in this zone: Buliminella elegantissima (d'Orbigny) Baggina washingtonensis Rau Buliminella subfusi(ormis Cushmnn Bolivina chehalisensis Rau Epistominella pan·a (Cu,;hm:111 and L1ir:1ing) Buccella mansfieldi oregonensis (Cushman, Stewart, Florilus costifcrum (Cushman) and Stewart) Nonionella mioccnica Cushman Cassidulina pulchella d'Orbigny Lenticulina ma·yi Cushm:rn and ParkC'r Cibicides elmaensis Rau var. A Uvigcrinella cali(ornica orna ta Cush m:rn Epistominella parua (Cushman and Laiming) Although many of the same spt'CiL'S occur in both the Florilus costi(erum Cushman Astoria Formation and the Nye MudstonC', the :issemblage Uvigerinella californica Cush man of the Nye Mudstone is mort' divl'rSt' and tlwrcfore easier to recognize. A few Astoria spt'cies, particubrly B:.diminella Rotalia becki Zone elegantissima and Lcnticulina mayi, :Ht' not known to occur in the Nye Mudstone and arC' useful for Shallow-water conditions are believed to have prevailed distinguishing the faunas of the :\s1<1ria Fnrmation from du,ing the deposition of the uppermost part of the lower to those of the Nye t,,.Iudstorw. middle t1iocene Astoria(?) Formation. During this time The subjacent Y::i.quina Fnrm;ltion, ,1n th,, basis of a faunas of the Rotalia becki Zone dominated. Listed below limited number of significant specit'S. has lwen generally is a typical congregation of commonly occurring species regarded as representing an upp,'r part of the Zemorrian for this zone: Stage. However, the reportt'd occurn'net' of F!orilus costi Boliuina chehalisensis Rau fcrum (R. G. Gonsalves, l!h,;,, persnnal Cllmmuns.) in the Buccella cf. B. (ripida (Cushman) upper part of the form;1tion suggt'st,; th:ll at least a part of Buliminella elegantissima (d'Orbigny) the formation may bP as ynung a,; ,S;1t1et'sian. Cassidulina pulchella d'Orbigny Elphidium cf. E. minutum Cushman Assemblages of the l'ppt>r :'llioce1w :'l\ontesano Rotalia becki Bandy and Arna] Formation UviI;erina auberiana d'Orbig-ny Valuulineria menloensis Rau Onshore outcrops of upp,'r '.\1i,Kcn,' st rat;\ in Washing The three preceding zones, although npplicable in south ton :ire largely con firwd !tl t ht' :, \,,n tt•s;rn,, Formation of west Washington, have not hL'L'n recognized in the :.liocene southwt>st Washington. :\lth,nt)!h nur studi,'s offoramini: Clallam Formation of the northern Olympic Peninsula of fr,rs were limited to u::-t' as :rn aid tn gt',>l,,,.:ie mapping, Washington, nor the Astoria Formation and Nye ;;1ud· other workers havp prl's,·ntt-d nrnn• cnmpn·llt'nsive obser stone of Oregon, particularly the Newport area of west \':ltions of these foraminif,•rs. Fnwkr \ I \lti.-,) discussed central Oregon. In the l:lttPr are:1 the faun:is of the :-S:yr foraminiferal biostrati)!r;1ph:, nf tllt' '.\l,1nt,•,-,1no Forma Mudstone and the Astori:1 Form;ition have lwen listed by tinn in cnnsiderahlt• dt'l:1il ,111d pr,·s,'nh',l ,•x1<·n,.;i\'e lists of Rau (in Snavely and others, 19(1-L 19G9); their character· for;iminifrrs. Bergl'n and Hird\ 1 !l7~\. in tlwir ,li,-cussion of istics have been discussed, and they have been referred to thr bio,;tratigraph:v oftlw l )c,·;rn l 'it~· :1rc;1, pr,·,-,·nted addi- 82 W.W. RAU tional data on late Miocene foraminiferal biostratigraphy. Globobulimina auriculata (Bailey) The following species are common to or characteristic of Globorotalia crassaformis (Galloway and Wissler) the Montesano Formation: Lagcna pliocenica timmsana Cushman and Gray Boliuina breuior Cushman Nonionella miocenica Cushman Boliuina rankini Kleinpell Oolina borealis Loeblich and Tappan Buccella frigida (Cushman) Pullenia cf. P. salisburyi Stewart and Stewart Buliminella curta Cushman Rotalia cf. R. garucyensis Natland Cibicides mckannai Galloway and Wissler Uuigerina juncea Cushman and Todd Epistominella pacifica (Cushman) Uvigcrina cf. U. Hootsi Rankin Epistominella smithi (Stewart and Stewart) Uc·igcrina senticosa Cushman Nonionella cf. N. basispinata (Cushman and l\foyer) UL•igerina subperevina Cushman and Kleinpell Nonionella miocenica Cushman \'irgulina californicnsis ticensis Cushman and Klein- Pullenia salisburyi Stewart and Stewart pell Rotalia cf. R. garueyensis Natland Uuigerina hootsi Rankin Uuigerina modeloensis Cushman and Kleinpell Uuigerina subperegrina Cushman and Kleinpell ACK:\'OWLEDG?llENTS Virgulina californiensis ticensis (Cushman and Klein- pell) In addition to the studies of governmental agencies, Virgulina subplana Barbat and Johnson numerous workers of various other affiliations have con tributed much to the present knowledge of foraminiferal Assemblages of the Pliocene Quinault Formation biostratigraphy of the Pacific Northwest. Significant studies were made by petroleum stratigraphers and paleontolo Marine rocks of Pliocene age in western \\' ashington are gists, but because of the competitive nature of these confined to the Olympic coastal area and constitute a positions, much of their work has not been published. major part of the Quinault Formation. Outcrops of the Among these researchers are H. G. Billman, formerly of lowermost part of the formation are generally regarded as the Union Oil Company of California; T. \\'. Rothwell, Jr., late Miocene in age, largely on the basis of the rare formerly of the Richfield Oil Corporation; and Charles V. occurrence of Rotalta garueyensis. Furthermore, offshore Fulmer, formerly of the Standard Oil Company of Cali data indicate that strata oflate Miocene age are extensive fornia. Although some studies of the late R. E. S~ewart and beneath rocks of Pliocene age (Rau, 1970). K. C. Stewart were published, they conducted many addi Biostratigraphic subdivisions of the Quinault Pliocene tional unpublished studies as well. Several university have not been defined largely because stratigraphic con professors and their students have also contributed much trol between isolated surface sections is insufficient. The to the foraminiferal biostratigraphy of the Pacific North following listed foraminifers are either among those char west. Among these in particular are V. S. Maliory of the acteristically common in the Quinault Formation or are University of \Vashington; R. E. Thoms of Por:land State particularly useful for general correlation of the formation: University; G. A. Fowler, formerly of Oregon State Uni Angulogerina semitrigona (Galloway and Wissler) versity; J. C. Ingle, Jr., of Stanford University; R. l\1. Anomalinoides quinaultensis Rau Kleinpell, professor emeritus o[ the Universi~y of Cali fornia; and the late 0. L. Bandy of the l'niversity of Boliuina acuminata Natland Boliuina aduena Cushman Southern California. In recent yea.rs additional important Buccella inusitata Andersen studies have been, or are being, conducted by Ann Tipton Bulimina subacuminata Cushman and Todd Donnelly, D. R. McKee], Kristin McDougall, G. A. :\1iles, Buliminella elegantissima (d'Orbigny) J. M. Armentrout, and Annalisa Berta. Cassidulina islandica Norvang Technical reviews by W. 0. Addicott, J.M. Ar:nentrout, Cassidulina limbata Cushman and Hughes Kristin :\IcDougall, and Ron Echols have added substan Cassidulina reflexa Galloway and Wissler tially to this report and are gratefully acknowledged. Cassidulina translucens Cushman and Hughes Cibicides conoideus Galloway and Wissler Cibicides fletcheri Galloway and Wissler REFERE:\'CES CITED Cibicides mckannai Galloway and Wissler Elphidiella hannai (Cushman and Grant) Addicott. W. 0., 1976a. '.\eog,-ne molluscan stages of Oregon and Elphidium hughesi foraminosum Cushman Washington, in Fritsche, A. E., and others, eds .. T:.e '.\eogene Elphidium hughesi huf;hesi Cushman and Grant symposium-Selected papHS on paleontology. sedimentol· ogy, petrology, tectonics. and geologic history oi :he Pacific Elphidium microgranulosum (Galloway and Wissler) coast of '.\'orth America: :;nciety of Economic Pa:~ -ntologists (Cushman) Epistominella pacifica and '.\lmeralogists. Pacific Section, Annual '.\l,-- •.:ng. San Florilus basispinatum (Cushman and :\foyer/ Fr:rncisco, p. 95-J l ,'1. Globigerina bulloides d'Orbigny __ l :i:-tib. '.\ l'W molluscan ass em hl;iges from the upprr ::wm her of Globigerina pachyderma (Ehrenberg) the Twin River Form::ition. western Washing-ton: :S:.rni ficance PACIFIC NORTHWEST CENOZOIC BIOSTRATIGRAPHY 83 in Neogene chronostratigraphy: U.S. Geological Survey Jour Fulmer, C. V., 1975. Stratigrnph:,· nnd pal,•nntology of the type nal of Research, v. 4, p. 437-447. Blakeley and Blnkelt•y llnrhor Formations. in Paleogene Armentrout, J.M., 1975, l\1olluscan biostratigraphy of the Lincoln symposium: Society of Economic Pnlt-ontnlogists and :\!in· Creek Formation, southwest Washington, in Paleogene sym er:ilogists, Pacific S,•ction. Annual !\\,•,•ting. Long Beach, posium: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineral California, p. 210-:n1. ogists, Pacific Section, Annual Meeting, Long Beach, Cali Gower. H. D .. 1960. G,-ology of the Pysht quarlrangle. Washington: fornia, p. 14-48. U.S. Geological Survey G,•ol,>_gic quadr,mgk :-.lap GQ-129, Baldwin, E. M., 1955, Geology of the Alsea and Marys Peak quad scale 1:62,500. rangles, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Oil and Gas Investi Gower, H. D., and Pease. M. H .. Jr .. I 9Cl.'",, G,•ology of the Monte gatio.1:: Map OM-162, scale 1:62,500. sano quadrangle, Wad,ington: U.S. (~,·olngic:il Survey Geo __1961, Geologic map of the lower Umpqua River area, Oregon: logic Qu:idrnngie M:ip Gq-:!7.J, scale l:G~.:iOO. U.S. Geological Survey Oil and Gas Investigations Map OM- Hanna, G. D .. and Hanna, M. A .. 192~. Fornminifera from the 204, scale 1:62,000. Eocene of Cowlitz River. L,•wis County, \\'ashington: Univer Baldwin, E. M., Brown, R. D., Jr., Gair, J: E., and Pease, M. H., Jr., sity of Washing-ton Puhlirntions in G,'<1logy, v. 1. no. 4, p. 1955, Geology of the Sheridan and Mcl\finn ville quadrangles, 57-64. Pl. 13. Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Oil and Gas Investigations Hardenbol. J., and RerggrPn, W. A .. 1978. A new Paleogene Map OM-155, scale 1:62,500. numeric:il time sc:ile. in Cohee. G. V .• :rnd ,1thers, The geologic Beck, R. S., 1943, Eocene Foraminifera from the Cowlitz River, time scale: Americ:rn Association of l't'trnlPum Geologists Lewis County, Washington: Journal of Paleontology, v. 17, p. Studi,•s in Geolog-y VI. p. :2 l:.J-~34. 584-614, Pls. 98-109. Hoover, Linn, 1963, Gt>ology of the Anbuf and D:ain quad· Beik man, H. M., Rau, W.W., and Wagner, H. C., 1967, The Lincoln rangles, Douglas and Lam• C'ounti,•s. Oregon: U.S. Geological Creek Formation, Grays Harbor basin, southwestern Wash Survey Bulletin 1122-D. 6:2 p .. I map. ington: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 12.J.J-I, 14 p. Kleinpell. R. M., 193S. :-.Hocrne stratigraphy nfCalifo:nia: Tulsa, Bergen, F. \V., and Bird, K. J., 1972, The biostratigraphy of the Oklahoma. 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Syst,•m,1ti,s. biostr:1tii,:r:1phy. and paleo geochronology, and paleoclimatolo 'Y of the last 15 million ce:inog-raphy of Tertiary planktonic: f,,r,11niniferal assem years in marine and continental sequences: Palaeogeogra blages, Oregon Coast Rang,• [111.:3. th .. sisJ: Davis. l"niversity phy, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 16, no. 1/2, p. 216. of California, 115 p. Brown, R. D., Jr., Gower, H. D., and Snavely, P. D., Jr., 1960,. McKee]. D.R., ancl Lipps. J. H .. 1!li5. Eon'n<' :ind Oligocene plank Geology of the Port Angeles-Lake Crescent area, Clallam tonic Foraminifera from the central and :southern Oregon County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Oil and Gas Coast R:inge: Journal of Foraminifaal l,,•s,•arch. v. 5, p. Investigations Map OM-203. scale 1:62,500. 2-19-269. Cady, W. M., 1975, Tectonic setting of the Terti:iry volcanic rocks Miles, G. A., 1977, Pl:inktonic Fnraminifrrn nfth,• lower Tertiary of the Olympic Peninsula, Washington: U.S. Geologic:il Sur Roseburg, Lookingglass. and Fl,,urnoy F,,rm:itions. southern vey Journal of Research, v. 3. p. 573-582. OrPgon [Ph.D. dissert.]: Eup•nt'. l'niwr:-1t"· ,1fUr,·,·1w strat:,;raphy of type area oft he Lincoln Formation (Oligocene) of\\' :ishington southern C:ilifornia [Ph.P. cliss,•rt.J: Los Ani,:,•lt>s. l"niversity State: Cushman Laboratory for Foraminiferal Research Con of California, 165 p .. :20 µls. tributions, v. 19, pt. 4, p. 79-89, Pis. 1-l, 15. Pease, M. H .. and Hoover. Linn. 1957, G,·,1h,i,:"· of the Doty-Minot Cushman, J. A., and Schenck. H. G., 192S. Two foraminiferal Peak are:i, Washington: ll.S. G,'<11,,gic:il S,ir,·py Oil and Gas faunules from the Oregon Tertiary: University of California Investig-:itions l\bp Ol\1-1~:,. ,;,·ale l:t,:.'.:,(H.l. Publications, Department of Geological Sciences Bulletin, v. Rau. \\'. \\'., 19-lSa. Foraminif,•ra from th,• P,,rt,•r shale (Lincoln 17, no. 9, p. 305-324. Pls. 42-45. Formation), Grays Harb,,r County, \\';i,-hington: Journal of Cushman, J. A., Stewart, R. E., and Stewart, K. C., 1947, Five Pal,•ontology, \'. 22. p. 1:i:.'-17-l. Pls. :27-:ll. papers on Foraminifera from the Tertiary of western Oregon: __19.JSb, Foraminifrra from tlw l\lioct'n,• Astoria Formation in Oregon Department of Geology and ~fineral Industries Bul southwestt>rn Washini-;tnn: ,h,urnal of l'ak,,ntology, v. 22, p. letin 36, pts. 1-5, 111 p., 13 pis. 77-l-7~:.!. Pl. 119. ___ 1949, Three papers on Foraminifera from the Tertiary of __ 19:il. T,•rtiary Foraminifrra from thl' \\"ilhpa !{iver valley of western Oregon a:-id Washington: Ort?gon Dt:partment of southw,•st Washini:;ton: ,J,,urn:il of l',il,·,•ntnlogy, v. 25, p. Geology and Mineral Industries Bulletin ;;6, pts. 6-8. p. -l 17-.J:i:1, !'ls. li:l-t,7. 113-208, Pls. 14-18. __ I cl;-,:,, St rat igr:1ph"· and f<>r:unini f,•ra I :,,n:it it1n in .some of the Detling, M. a., 1946, Foraminifera from the Coos Bay lower Tt>rtiary nicks of southw,•stan \\':i.shin;:t,>n: l'.S. Geological Tertiary, Coos County, Oregon: Journ:il of P:iJ,,,intology, v. Survt>y Oil and Gas ln,·,·st1i,:;1tinns t'hart ()l'.;i7, 2 sheets, 20. p. 3-18-361, Pls. 46-51. ;;,alt> I inch to :l()(l f,,,•t. Fowler. G. A .. 1965, The stratigraphy. For:iminifcra. :incl pal,•o. __ l~lti~. Ft1r:1minif,·r:1 frt1m tlw n,,nh,•rn \ \\, mpi,· Peninsula. ecology of the l\lontes.ino Formatinn 1:'.li,in·ne-l'li"et'nt'). Wa.shini::tnn: l'.S. l ;,,nl,,i,:ic.tl :--t:n·,·y l'r,•f.-,,1,'!ul Paper :l7 .J· Grays Harbor County, Washington [l'h.D. di~s,·rt. ]: Los An G. p. 1-:U. 7 pls. geles, University of Southt>rn California.;;;-,,,µ. __ l\l6ti. ::-tr:ni~raph"· and F,,r,1111i111f,•r:1 "f th,· :--.,t.sop River 84 W.W.RAU area. southern Olympic Peninsula, \\'ashington: Washington Snavely, P. D., Jr., Niem. A. R., MacLt,od, N. S., Pearl, J.E., and Division of Mines and Geology Bulletin 53, 66 p. Rau, W.W., 1979. Maknh Formation-An upper Eocene and __1967, Geology of the Wynoochee Valley quadrangle, Grays Oligocene deep marginal basin st'dimt•ntary sequence in the Harbor County, Washington: Washington Division of Mines northwestern Olympic Prninsula. \\'ushington: U.S. Geologi and Geology Bulletin 56, 51 p., 1 map. cal Survey Open-File Report 79-;j/ll, 75 p. __1970, Foraminifera, stratigraphy, and paleontology of the Snavely, P. D., Jr., Pearl, J.E .. and Land('rs. D. L., 1977, Interim Quinault Formation, Point Grenville-Raft River coastal area, report on petroleum resoun-es po!t'ntial and geologic hazards Washington: Washington Division of Mines and Geology in the outer continental shelf-Oregon and Washington Bulletin 62, 40 p. 3 pls. Tertiary province: U.S. Grolog-ical Survey Open-File Report __1973, Geology of the Washington coast between Point Gren 77-282. 64 p. ville and the Hoh River: Washington Division of Geology and Snavely, P. D., Jr., Rau, W.W .. and \\'agnf'r, H. C., 1964, Miocene Earth Resources Bulletin 66, 58 p. stratigraphy of the Yaquina Bay aren. Newport, Oregon: The __l975a, Geology of the Destruction Island and Taholah quad Ore Bin, v. 26, no. 8. p. I:l:l-151. 3 figs., 1 pl. rangles, Washington: Washington Division of Geology and Tabor, R. W., and Cady, W. :'\1., I97S, The structure of the Olympic Earth Resources Geologic Map GM-13. Mountains, Washington-Analysis of n subduction zone: U.S. __l 975b, Foraminifera and biostratigraphy of the Alsea Forma Geological Survey Professional Pnper 1033, 38 p. tion of western Oregon, in Paleogene symposium: Society of Thoms, R. E., 1965, Biostratigraphy of the Umpqua Formation, Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Pacific Sec southwest Oregon [Ph.D. dissert.J: Los Angeles, Cniversity of tion, Annual Meeting, Long Beach, California, p. 409-416. California, 219 p. __1979, Geologic map in the vicinity of the lower Bogachiel and Vokes, H. E., Myers, D. A., and Hoover. Linn, 1954, Geology of the Hoh River valleys, and the Washington coast: Washington west-central border area of the Willamt'tte \'alley, Oregon: Division of Geology and Earth Resources Geologic Map GM- U.S. Geological Survey Oil and Gns Investigations Map OM- 24. 150, scale 1:62,500. Reagan, A. B., 1909, Some notes on the Olympic Peninsula, Wash Vokes, H. E., Snavely, P. D .. Jr., nnd Myers. D. 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C., and Rau, W.W., Washington Division of l\lint:s ar.d G,,ology Geologic Map 1976a, Geologic map of the Waldport and Tidewater quad GM-4, scale 1:62,500. rangles, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey ~1iscellaneous In __1972, Sedimentary and ign,,,nis rocks ofth,, Grays River quad vestigations Map I-866, scale 1:62,500. rangle, Washington: C.S. G,,,lu;..'irnJ Surwy Bulletin 1335, 70 p. __l976b, Geologic map of the Yaquina and Toledo quadrangles, Lincoln County, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellan eous Investigations Map I-867, scale 1:62,500. __l976c, Geologic map of the Cape Foulweather and Ucher Mountain quadrangles, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Mis MA;s;USCRIPT RECEl\'J:::D BY Tl!r: S\K!ETY MARCH 14, 1980 cellaneous Investigations Map I-868, scale 1:62,500. MANUSCRIPT ACCEPTED 1\L\ Y 7, 19~0 Printed in U.S.A.