Desk Based Assessment Pentraeth Proposed Housing Development

Home , Pentraeth, Plas Gwyn

Archaeoleg Brython Archaeology Pentraeth Proposed Housing Development Document Number B1906.DBA.01.1 Desk Based AssessmentDesk Archaeoleg Brython Archaeology Pentraeth Proposed Housing Prepared for AlynHousingLtd. Clwyd Desk Based AssessmentDesk Development by G.Parry Iwan B1906.DBA.01.1 January 2020 January Contents Crynodeb ...... 2 Summary ...... 2 1 Introduction ...... 3 Figure 1: Location Plan and Identified Assets ...... 4 2 Methodology ...... 5 2.1 Desk Based Research ...... 5 2.2 Walkover Survey ...... 5 2.3 Geophysical Survey ...... 5 2.4 Assessment of Value and Impact ...... 5 Table 1: Criteria for assessing the value of heritage assets ...... 6 Table 2: Criteria for the assessment of magnitude of impact ...... 7 Table 3: Significance of Effect Matrix ...... 7 2.5 Recommended Mitigation ...... 7 3 Background ...... 8 3.1 Project Background...... 8 3.2 Topographic Description ...... 8 3.3 Geology ...... 8 3.4 Historical and Archaeological ...... 8 4 Results ...... 12 4.1 Map Regression ...... 12 Table 4: Pentraeth Tithe Schedule ...... 12 4.2 LiDAR ...... 12 Figure 2: Ordnance Survey 1st Edition Map, 1888 ...... 13 Figure 3: LiDAR DSM 1m ...... 14 4.3 Walkover Survey ...... 15 Plate 1: General shot of proposed development area, view from north west ...... 15 4.4 Geophysical Survey ...... 15 Figure 4: Geophysics, Magnetic Interpretation ...... 16 4.5 High Value Designated Assets ...... 17 4.6 Other Identified Assets ...... 18 Table 5: Undesignated assets within 500m of the proposed development ...... 19 5 Conclusion ...... 20 6 Sources Consulted ...... 21 6.1 Archival Sources ...... 21 6.2 Unpublished Sources ...... 21 6.3 Published Sources ...... 21 6.4 Websites ...... 21 Appendix I: Geophysics Report

Crynodeb Gofynnwyd i Archaeoleg Brython gan Clwyd Alyn Housing Ltd. i gwblhau asesiad ben-desk archaeolegol i gyfarwyddo cais gynllunio ar gyfer cynllun i adeiladu 23 o dai ym Mhentraeth, Ynys Môn. Mae’r asesiad yn canolbwyntio ar glustogfa o 1km o ffin y datblygiad arfaethedig, hefyd canhwyllydd arolwg geoffisegol o’r safle i adnabod unrhyw nodweddion tanddaearol. Mae’r asesiad yn nodi dau ased o werth uchel yn y glustogfa. Mae Plas Gwyn yn adeilad rhestredig Gradd II* ac mae Gerddi Plas Gwyn yn ardd restredig, ni fu’r datblygiad yn cael unrhyw effaith arnynt. Mae dau Adeilad Rhestredig Gradd II o fewn 500m i’r datblygiad arfaethedig, ni fu effaith ar unrhyw un ohonynt. Mae map degwm Pentraeth yn dangos bod y cae presennol wedi bod yn ddau gae ym 1845. Mae ymchwil o fapiau Arolwg Ordnans cynnar yn dangos nad yw’r safle wedi newid yn sylweddol yn ers diwedd yr 19eg ganrif. Mae’r arolwg geoffiseg wedi dangos bod nodweddion tanddaearol yn y safle. Mae edrychiad y nodweddion yn awgrymu mai ffosydd sy’n perthyn i system o gaeau cynnar ydynt. Awgrymir bod gwerthusiad maes (ffosydd gwerthuso) yn cael ei gynnal er mwyn deall y nodweddion tanddaearol.

Summary Brython Archaeology were asked by Clwyd Alyn Housing Ltd. to undertake an archaeological desk- based assessment to inform a planning application for 23 dwellings at Pentraeth, Anglesey. The assessment is focused on a 1km buffer of the proposed development boundary, a geophysical survey was also undertaken of the site to identify any buried features. The assessment identified two high value assets in the study area. Plad Gwyn is a Grade II* Listed Building and Plas Gwyn Gardens are a registered park and garden, neither would be impacted by the proposed development. Two Grade II Listed Buildings were also noted within 500m of the development, neither would be impacted by the proposed development. The Pentraeth Tithe map shows that the current field was two fields in 1845. Assessment of early Ordnance Survey maps shows that there has been little change to the proposed development area since the late 19th century. The geophysical survey identified buried features which are consistent with an early field system. It is recommended that field evaluation (evaluation trenching) is undertaken to gain a better understanding of the buried features.

2 1 Introduction Archaeoleg Brython Archaeology CYF. (ABA) have been commissioned by Clwyd Alyn Housing Ltd. to undertake an archaeological assessment of land proposed for a new housing development at Pentraeth, Anglesey (NGR SH52307905, Figure 1). The assessment comprises a cultural heritage Desk Based Assessment (DBA), walkover survey and geophysical magnetometer survey. The assessment has been prepared to meet the relevant standards of the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists and all stages have been monitored by Gwynedd Archaeological Planning Service (GAPS), the archaeological curators for Isle of Anglesey County Council (IACC).

3 250,500 251,000 251,500 252,000 252,500 253,000 253,500 254,000

380,000 380,000

Figure 1 Location plan showing proposed development area, 1km and 500m 379,500 buﬀer zones and Identiﬁed379 ,500 Assets. 33,385 Grid: 200m

ID 5561 Key

Proposed Development Boundary 7,315 500m Buﬀer Zone

1km Buﬀer Zone 379,000 379,000 2,059 7,834 HER Sites (PRN Numbers) Grade II Listed Building 24,723 Grade II* Listed Building 5,576 17,119 7,836 Registered Park & Garden

378,500 36,168 378,500 ID 80831

© Archaeoleg Brython Archaeology CYF. Ordnance Survey Licence Number 100048957 © Crown copyright and database right 2019 PGW (Gd) 47 (ANG) Drawn By: IGP Date: ID 5450 15/01/2020 Location: SH52387906 Project: 378,000 AB1906 378,000 250,500 251,000 251,500 252,000 252,500 253,000 253,500 254,000 Archaeoleg

Archaeology 4 Brython 2 Methodology

2.1 Desk Based Research The purpose of this DBA is to trace the development of the area and determine the potential for unknown archaeology by assessing available sources. The repositories consulted for this assessment were:

• Gwynedd Historical Environment Record, Craig Beuno, Ffordd Garth, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2RT • Anglesey Archives, Ystad Diwydiannol Bryncefni, Llangefni, Ynys Môn, LL77 7JA • Coflein.gov.uk – Online database of the National Monuments Record of Wales (NMRW) • Lle.gov.wales – Geo-portal for government data including Natural Resources Wales LiDAR data • National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth

After an initial search of the recorded archaeology within 3km of the proposed development area it was decided that research should focus on three buffer zones:

• A walkover survey was undertaken assess the condition of any recorded assets and to check for unrecorded assets within the proposed development area, all assets were assessed for potential impact and proposed mitigation measures suggested. • All recorded assets within a 500m buffer of the proposed development area were assessed for potential impact. Where necessary mitigation measures are suggested. • High value designated assets within a 1km buffer of the proposed development boundary were assessed for potential impact. These include Scheduled Ancient Monuments, Listed Buildings at Grade I or II* and Registered Parks and Gardens. Where necessary mitigation measures are suggested.

2.2 Walkover Survey The site was visited to determine whether any evidence of assets identified during the desk based research were present and to identify any previously unrecorded assets which may have been present. Photographs were taken as a record of the site and of individual features of interest. 2.3 Geophysical Survey The site was subject to geophysical magnetometer survey, the results of the survey are summarised in Para. 4.4 and the full report is presented in Appendix I.

2.4 Assessment of Value and Impact The value and importance of each identified heritage asset has been determined by assessing against the criteria in Table 1.

5 Table 1: Criteria for assessing the value of heritage assets

Value Definition Very High (International) • World Heritage Sites (including nominated sites) • Assets acknowledged of having international importance • Assets that can contribute significantly to acknowledged international research objectives

High (National) • Scheduled Ancient Monuments (SAM) (including proposed sites) • Grade I and Grade II* Listed Buildings (including proposed sites) • Unscheduled sites which are of schedulable importance or quality • Unlisted buildings and some Grade II Listed Buildings which are of a standard or importance to warrant listing at Grade I or Grade II* • Historic Landscapes of outstanding interest (including designated and undesignated)

Medium (Regional) • Grade II Listed Buildings (including proposed sites) • Archaeological sites which are not schedulable but are of regional importance • Buildings which fulfil the criteria for listing at Grade II • Designated special historic landscapes or those worthy of designation

Low (Local) • Components of the historic environment which help define local distinctiveness and character (including features such as walls, gateposts, tracks etc.) • ‘Locally Listed’ buildings • Historic (unlisted) buildings of modest quality or historic association • Historic landscapes of local interest

Negligible • Sites of minor importance • Sites which have been so badly damaged that not enough remains to justify their inclusion in a higher category • Buildings of no architectural or historical note or buildings of an intrusive character • Landscapes with little or no significant historic interest

Unknown • Sites or features whose character, importance or location is undetermined • Includes unevaluated buried archaeology • Sites in this category will be allocated a value category from Very High to Negligible following evaluation

The likely impact of the proposed development on each identified heritage asset has been estimated using the assessment criteria for magnitude of impacts stated in Table 2.

6 Table 2: Criteria for the assessment of magnitude of impact

Magnitude Definition Major • Change to most or all of the key archaeological materials or historical building elements such as the resource is totally altered • Comprehensive changes to setting

Moderate • Changes to many key archaeological materials or historic building elements, such as the resource is clearly modified • Considerable changes to the setting that affect the character of the asset

Minor • Changes to key archaeological materials or historic building elements, such as the asset is slightly altered • Slight changes to setting

Negligible • Minor changes to archaeological materials, historic building elements or setting

No Change • No change

The significance of effect is determined by considering the archaeological and historical importance of the asset and the magnitude of the impact upon it, this is done using the matrix in Table 3. Table 3: Significance of Effect Matrix Cultural Asset Value Magnitude of Negligible Low Medium High Very High Impact (Local) (Regional) (National) (International) Major Slight Slight/ Moderate/ Large/ Very Very Large Change Moderate Large Large Moderate Neutral/ Slight Moderate Moderate/ Large/ Very Change Slight Large Large Minor Neutral/ Neutral/ Slight Moderate/ Moderate/ Change Slight Slight Slight Large Negligible Neutral Neutral/ Neutral/ Slight Slight Change Slight Slight No Change Neutral Neutral Neutral Neutral Neutral

2.5 Recommended Mitigation The most appropriate methods of mitigation for each identified asset will be determined to minimise adverse impact, where direct impact is unavoidable the mitigation will aim to gather the maximum amount of information. The offsetting of negative impacts with compensatory measures may also be considered suitable options in some circumstances.

7 3 Background 3.1 Project Background It is proposed that a development of 23 dwellings along with the creation of new access is located at the north western corner of the area investigated. The assessment of the site has been undertaken pre-application to inform the planning decision. 3.2 Topographic Description The proposed development area is located approximately 500m north of the historic centre of Pentraeth and 900m south west of Traeth Coch (Red Wharf Bay). The site is located on a relatively flat, elevated plateau overlooking Afon Nodwydd to the south and east which runs in a valley from Pentraeth to Traeth Coch. 3.3 Geology The British Geological Survey’s Geology of Britain Viewer shows that the superficial deposits consist of Devensian – Diamicton Till which formed 2 million years ago in Ice Age conditions during the Quaternary Period. The underlying bedrock consists of sedimentary limestone of the Cefn Mawr Limestone Formation which formed in shallow carbonate seas approximately 329 to 337 million years ago during the Carboniferous Period. 3.4 Historical and Archaeological The information presented below has been compiled and summarised from the information gained during the desk-based research and walkover. 3.4.1 Palaeolithic (500,000BC – 10,000BC) No sites of Palaeolithic date are recorded in the vicinity of the scheme, the nearest sites dating from this period are found on the Great Orme in Llandudno approximately 24km to the East. 3.4.2 Mesolithic (10,000BC – 4,000BC) No sites of Mesolithic date are recorded in the vicinity of the scheme but a scattering of sites from this period have been recorded in a number of locations, mostly coastal, around Anglesey. Evidence of activity from this period is often in the form of flint scatters which are identified in areas of coastal erosion, the nearest examples are from Llanfaes (PRN 24148) approximately 9km to the east, others have been found at Newborough 18km to the south west (PRN 7065, PRN 7066, PRN 3080). Pits containing charcoal (PRN 59788) found during an archaeological evaluation in Penrhosgarnedd, Bangor were also found to date from this period demonstrates the presence of activity in areas further inland. Although sites of this period haven’t been recorded in the immediate vicinity of the proposed development it is likely that groups of hunter gatherers would have been active in the area during this period. 3.4.3 Neolithic (4,000BC – 2,300BC) It is during the Neolithic that humans first build features that can still be seen in the landscape today, Anglesey is home to some of the best known Neolithic monuments in Wales. Within the 500m study area evidence of Neolithic activity is represented by the findspot of a stone axe from Red Wharf Bay (PRN 2059), although the exact location of the discovery is not known. Two further polished axes of Graig Lwyd stone (PRN 5582) were said to have been found approximately ¼ mile south east of Pentraeth Church. There is no recorded funerary activity within the 1km buffer but a number of burial chambers are scattered in the surrounding

8 landscape. Approximately 2.6km to the south east a now destroyed burial chamber is recorded at Trefor (PRN 3747). Hendrefor burial chambers (AN 025), which are a pair of chambered tombs, are located approximately 3.2km to the south east. To the north, approximately 3.5km from the development area, is Pant y Saer burial chamber which was in use during the end of the Neolithic into the Early Bronze Age. There is little to suggest that Neolithic archaeology would be present within the proposed development area but it is clear that there is extensive activity in the wider area during this period. 3.4.4 Bronze Age (2,300BC – 700BC) Two sites dating to the Bronze Age lie within 500m of the proposed development, both being funerary sites. PRN 7315, approximately 120m north west of the development area, is recorded as the location of a limestone cairn which covered a crouched inhumation accompanied by a beaker. Further burials were also added to the cairn, all of which dated to the Early Bronze Age. The site was also used during the early medieval period when an extended inhumation was placed in the cairn (Longley & Richards 2000). Approximately 200m to the south west at Ty’n Coed the site of a barrow (PRN 5576) which was destroyed during the construction of the railway is recorded. The barrow contained a number of artefacts including a beaker, bronze dagger, v-perforated button and a secondary urn with bone dagger pommel (Hughes 1908). Within the 1km buffer the remains of a barrow are recorded at Rhos y Gad (PRN 5587), approximately 850m north west of the development area. The barrow is largely destroyed by the road and flattened by ploughing but can still be seen as a low mound. Burnt mounds are a common feature during the Bronze Age and a number are recorded in the wider area, the closest to the proposed development being PRN3828 and PRN 3829 approximately 1.6km to the east at Mynydd Llwydiarth. These features, which consist of a mound of heat fractured stones which is usually accompanied by a trough for water, are probably the most common Bronze Age features encountered in north-west Wales yet their use is poorly understood and frequently debated. What can be said with certainty about the features is that they were used to boil water (and possibly other liquids) by repeatedly placing stones which were heated in a hearth into a container with the liquid to be heated, the process results in the stones fracturing and becoming unusable at which point they are discarded and over time form the mound. They are usually found close to water sources or in generally wet areas. Although the presence of other monuments from this period demonstrate that communities were present in the area during the Bronze Age evidence of domestic sites is less visible. It is possible that some of the hut groups attributed to the Iron Age and Romano-British periods may have their origins in the Bronze Age but due to the limited amount of recent excavations this cannot be said with certainty.

9 3.4.5 Iron Age (700BC – 43AD) None of the assets recorded within the 1km study area are attributed to the Iron Age. Bryn Eryr (PRN 401, AN 100) is a defended enclosure which appears to be established in the Early Iron Age and continued to be occupied to the 3rd or 4th centuries AD. It comprises of a rectangular enclosure within which a single timber roundhouse was originally constructed, during the development of the site additional houses and buildings were added although it appears that no more than two roundhouses were occupied at any time. A number of hut groups (PRN 3830, PRN 3832, PRN 3833, PRN 3838) are recorded at Mynydd Llwydiarth approximately 1.6km to the east. Although these have not been excavated as they were identified from aerial photographs taken prior to the establishment of forestry plantation some are likely to date to the Iron Age and Romano-British period. 3.4.6 Roman and Romano-British (43AD – 450AD) One site, the findspot of a bronze ring (PRN 5521), is attributed to the Roman period and is located within the 1km buffer of the development. The ring was found approximately 600m west of the proposed development but was not associated with any visible features. Some Iron Age settlements are likely to have continued to be in use during the Romano-British period but as all of the possible settlement sites within the study area cannot be firmly dated it can only be speculated that some were in use at this time. Although not confirmed by excavation the promontory fort at Mynydd Llwydiarth (PRN 404) is attributed to the Roman period. Two Roman invasions of Anglesey are recorded by the historian Tacitus, the first in 60AD by Suetonius Paulinus and the second in 77AD by Agricola. The first invasion is interrupted by the Boudican revolt which led to withdrawal as the Roman army marched to London, the second was successful in conquering the island. It is likely that temporary marching camps would have been constructed by the Roman army during the campaign, no such sites have been identified to date but it is possible that such features may exist. 3.4.7 Early Medieval & Medieval (450AD – 1547AD) The findspot of an early medieval penannular brooch (PRN 24723) is recorded 140m south west of the development boundary. A second penannular brooch is also recorded from Bryniau Mawr (PRN 24113). Both are likely to date from the 6th century AD. As previously mentioned an early medieval extended inhumation was placed within the Bronze Age cairn (PRN 7315). Approximately 2.2km to the north of the development at Llanbedrgoch a number of significant Viking era artefacts have been identified in association with an enclosed settlement (PRN 5348). Evidence of Viking activity is unusual in north west Wales but the discoveries made clearly demonstrate a Viking presence in the area from the mid-9th century. Pandy Pentraeth (PRN 36168), 475m south of the development, is recorded as being a medieval fulling mill. The church of St. Mary in Pentraeth (PRN 5373) dates to the medieval period although much of the current building dates to the late 19th century when it was partially re-built, it is a Grade II Listed Building (ID 5557). Approximately 1km west of the development area is Rhos y Gad which was the site of a battle in 1170 where Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd and his six foster brothers were killed by his half-brother Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd (PRN 60939). 3.4.8 Post-Medieval and Modern (1547 AD – Present) Four post-medieval sites are recorded within 500m of the development, mostly relating to religious buildings and associated features. Capel Moriah (PRN 7834) is located approximately 20m

10 from the south western corner of the development area, it is a Baptist chapel built in 1902. Capel Nazareth (PRN 7836) is located approximately 225m south of the development area and is a Methodist chapel built in 1826 and re-built in 1860. PRN 62761 is the Hearse House at St. Mary’s Church, it is located approximately 450m south of the development and is also a Grade II Listed Building (ID 80831). A Grade II Listed Building is also located 360m north east of the development at Fron Goch. The building is a tower (PRN 11621, ID 5561) which dates to the early 19th century, it features battlements and a weather vane. The proposed development area lies in the parish of Pentraeth, the Tithe map for which shows that the field was once divided in two. The Tithe map for the area is dated 1845 and the schedule states that both fields, 604 to the west and 596 to the east, were known as Caeau Lon Llwyd and were arable. The fields were owned by the Right Honourable Lord Vivian of Plas Gwyn and occupied by John Brereton of Glanrafon. The fields were combined to the current layout by the time the 1st edition Ordnance Survey map was surveyed in 1888. Plas Gwyn (PRN 11160, ID 5450) is the only Grade II* Listed building within the 1km buffer. It is a mid-18th century county house and has a number of associated features including stables, gardens and park. Due to topography it is not visible from the development area. The map regression shows significant recent development to the north and south of the development but does not suggest that any significant post-medieval features will be encountered within the development boundary.

11 4 Results 4.1 Map Regression The proposed development area is included on the Pentraeth Tithe map or 1845. At the time the field is divided in two centrally by a boundary running north-north east to south-south west, the western field is numbered 604 and the eastern 596. Table 4 provides the information recorded in the Tithe Schedule. Table 4: Pentraeth Tithe Schedule Landowner Occupant Numbers Name & State of Referring to Plan Description Cultivation Vivian the Rt Hon John Brereton 604 Caeau Lon Llwyd Arable Lord “ “ 596 “ “

John Brereton was the occupier of Glanrafon and Lord Vivian was the owner and occupant of Plas Gwyn. By the time the 1st Edition Ordnance Survey map is surveyed in 1888 (Figure 2) the fields have been combined into the single field seen today. The following editions of the Ordnance Survey Anglesey XIV.SW 6 inch maps were consulted to assess the development of the site from the late 19th century:

• 1st Edition, Surveyed 1888, Published 1888 • 2nd Edition, Surveyed 1899, Published 1901 • 3rd Edition, Surveyed 1914-15, Published 1926 • 4th Edition, Surveyed 1949, Published 1953 There is no change within the proposed development boundary between each edition but Capel Moriah first appears on the 3rd Edition and the adjacent plot to the north appears on the 4th Edition.

4.2 LiDAR Both the 1m Digital Surface Model (DSM) and 1m Digital Terrain Model (DTM) were analysed to identify possible features within the proposed development area and in the surrounding area (Figure 3). The data was analysed in ASCII format, geographically registered in GIS software and manipulated to effectively alter the elevation and direction of the light source to highlight undulations in the terrain which may indicate the location of buried archaeology. Analysis of DTM data also allows possible features to be identified in wooded areas and undergrowth. No features were identified on LiDAR within the proposed development area but general linear trends can be seen running both north-south and east-west, there are likely the result of ploughing. The LiDAR data was also utilised to assess intervisibility between the proposed development area and Grade II* Listed Building Plas Gwyn in the 1km buffer.

12 Figure 2 Proposed Development Area on 1st Edition Ordnance Survey Map, 6” XIV.SW 1888

Key

Proposed Development Boundary

Archaeoleg

Archaeology 13 Brython Figure 3 Proposed Development Area on 1m DSM LiDAR data. Sun: NW, Angle: 15°

Key

Proposed Development Boundary

© Archaeoleg Brython Archaeology CYF. Contains Natural Resources Wales information © Natural Resources Wales and Database Right. All rights Reserved. Drawn By: IGP Date: 15/01/2020 Location: SH52387906 Project: AB1906

Archaeoleg

Archaeology 14 Brython 4.3 Walkover Survey The site was visited in slightly overcast conditions with good medium range visibility (Plate 1). No features were identified during the walkover survey. The site was photographed and the probable intervisibility with surrounding sites assessed.

Plate 1: General shot of proposed development area, view from north west

4.4 Geophysical Survey The geophysical survey was undertaken by Magnitude Surveys Ltd. using Bartington Instruments Grad 13 Digital Three-Axis Gradiometers mounted on a custom made cart system. The survey was accurately located with an RTK GPS system. The full results of the survey are presented in Appendix I. Possible archaeological features which appear to be associated with a relict field system which predates both the Tithe map and Ordnance Survey were identified in the south east corner of the development area, extending toward the north west (Figure 4). Weaker linear anomalies which generally run east-west across the area are likely to be associated with post-medieval and modern drainage and are consistent with orientation of features seen on the LiDAR data. A modern drain which has been highlighted by the client was also identified running north-south in the western quarter of the area. A linear orientated north-south in the centre of the study area may show the location of a ditch associated with the former boundary identified on the Tithe map.

15 Figure 4 Reproduction of Figure 5: Magnetic Interpretation from geophysics report

Archaeoleg

Archaeology 16 Brython 4.5 High Value Designated Assets All high value designated assets within a 1km buffer of the proposed development boundary were identified and assessed 4.5.1 Scheduled Ancient Monuments There are no Scheduled Ancient Monuments within 1km of the proposed development area. 4.5.2 Listed Buildings at Grade I & II* PRN 11160 ID 5450 NGR SH5285478182 Site Name Plas Gwyn Grade II* Description Plas Gwyn is located approximately 900m south east of the proposed development boundary. The Cadw Listed Building record states the following: Mid C18 Georgian mansion built for William Jones and completed in 1754. The house replaced the original ‘Plas Gwyn', home of the Jones family which may have been built in late C16: there is a datestone in the house which bears the date and initials: 1578 / I R / I U G (information from estate manager). Sadly William died in the year following the completion of the house and in 1756 his heiress, Jane, married Paul Panton of Bagillt. The estate passed down to their 2nd son, Jones Panton, after the death of his older brother Paul. Jones Panton had a large family, but the line failed in the next generation and went to the granddaughter, who married Captain Thomas Webb. By the time of the Tithe Apportionment of the parish, 1841, the estate was owned by the Right Honourable Lord Vivian and has passed down through the family to the late husband of the present owner. The house is mainly unaltered, but has some C19 modifications, including a glazed conservatory over the central courtyard to W and a small lean-to addition in the yard to rear. Mid C18 brick built mansion of 3 storeys and cellar. Shallow hipped slate roof has tall slender rendered rectangular stacks with capping. The entrance front faces N, a symmetrical 7-window range, the central 3 bays are advanced and pedimented, with a moulded cornice which continues across N and E elevations. The central entrance has engaged Doric columns supporting an entablature with triglyph frieze and pediment. Original door with decorated lower panels and panelled jambs. Windows to ground and 1st floors are 12-pane hornless sashes, 2nd floor windows have 6 panes; all have flat brick heads and stone sills. The L (E) elevation is also a 7-window range with moulded eaves cornice, the 3 central bays advanced as a full height canted bay. Windows are similar to entrance front except for the ground floor which has tall 3 and 6-pane casements. The R (W) side has rendered elevations with ashlar scoring and comprises 2 parallel wings arranged around a central courtyard which is now occupied by a ground floor glazed conservatory. The recessed W wall has a 1st floor Venetian window lighting the staircase, the 2nd floor has a 6-pane hornless sash and there is a tall 6-pane light between the 2 floors to the R. The rear (S) wall is also rendered, with 5 windows across the range, the 2nd window from L blank, detailed as for the front; a wider 8-pane ground floor window to R of the lean-to addition is a later widening of the original window. To R of the range are boarded doors and a small paned light to the cellars. To L is a C19 lean-to addition which has 2 large 6-pane lights along S wall, rooflights in alignment above and entry by a boarded door in the E wall. Listed at Grade II* as an exceptionally fine Georgian brick mansion, a unique example of this type on Anglesey. The house retains its original character and many original features both internally and externally.

17 LiDAR data confirms that there will be no intervisibilty between Plas Gwyn and the proposed development area due to topography, current tree cover also decreases the likelihood of visual intrusion when in the grounds and gardens surrounding the house.

4.5.3 Registered Parks and Gardens PRN 4424 ID PGW (Gd) 47 (ANG) NGR SH52807830 Site Name Plas Gwyn Gardens Description The HER entry for the garden states: The garden consists mostly of woodland and shrubbery; there is a strip of woodland to the north of the house, alongside a former drive, with a woodland walk which is at its best in winter, having a carpet of snowdrops and winter aconites. This wood also contains an ice-house. Close to the house are lawns surrounded by evergreen shrubberies with trees. The kitchen garden is brick-walled and now run as a nursery, which has involved some changes in its layout but means it is well maintained. A small walled area to the north is now in use as a kitchen garden. LiDAR data confirms that there will be no intervisibility between the gardens and the proposed development due to topography. 4.6 Other Identified Assets All historic assets within 500m of the proposed development were identified and assessed for potential impact. 4.6.1 Grade II Listed Buildings PRN 11621 ID 5561 NGR SH5270579367 Site Name Tower, Fron Goch Description The tower is located approximately 360m north east of the development area. The Cadw Listed Building record states the following: Early C19 tower. Thought by the owner to have been built by Captain Morgan, owner of Fron Goch, as a folly and lookout tower. The Captain was said to be a trader who owned a number of coastal vessels and trading ships and could watch for his ships as they arrived at the quay in Red Wharf Bay. Two-stage rectangular tower of roughly coursed masonry with some small packing and large stones as quoins. The entrance is in the NW wall, windows to each of the other elevations; all openings have square heads and stone lintels. Battlemented parapet with weather vane in SE corner. Listed as a well preserved and unaltered C19 folly and lookout tower. The proposed development would have no impact on the asset.

PRN 62761 ID 80831 NGR SH5240578495 Site Name Hearse house at the Church of St Mary Description

18 The hearse house is located approximately 450m south of the development area. The Cadw Listed Building record states the following: C18 or early C19 hearse house. Built of rubble masonry with large stones as quoins; slate roof. Doorway is in the SE gable with a ventilation slit in the gable apex over; 2 similar slits along the lateral walls. Included as a small hearse house of strong vernacular character. Forms a coherent group with the adjacent church of St Mary, for which it was built. The proposed development would have no impact on the asset. 4.6.2 Undesignated Assets Table 4 provides the details of previously recorded undesignated heritage assets within 500m of the proposed development, there would be no impact to any of the sites listed. Table 5: Undesignated assets within 500m of the proposed development

PRN Site Name Period Site Type NGR Barrow, Site of, Ty'n Coed, 5576 Pentraeth Bronze Age BARROW SH521788 7315 Burials, Pentraeth MULTIPERIOD BURIAL SH52107920 POST 7834 Capel Moriah, Pentraeth MEDIEVAL CHAPEL SH52227898 POST 7836 Capel Nazareth, Pentraeth MEDIEVAL CHAPEL SH52227873 36168 Pandy Pentraeth, Pentraeth Medieval MILL SH5221178483 Penannular Brooch, Findspot, 24723 Pentraeth Early Medieval FINDSPOT SH52117889 Plas Gwyn/pentraeth Character 17119 Area, Pentraeth MULTI-PERIOD LANDSCAPE SH52777879 Stone Axe, Findspot, Red Wharf 2059 Bay Prehistoric FINDSPOT SH52007900 33385 Workshop, Mor Awelon Modern WORKSHOP SH5183179442

19 5 Conclusion The proposed development would not have any impact on the previously recorded assets which have been identified during this assessment. Assessment of the previously recorded assets in the vicinity of the proposed development area demonstrates human activity in the area from the Neolithic period onwards suggesting that similar features could remain buried within the development area. The geophysical survey has identified buried features at the site which may have archaeological significance. It is recommended that a series of archaeological evaluation trenches should be excavated at the site to determine the character, extent and significance of buried features within the proposed development area. The results of the evaluation trenching will be presented in an updated version of this document which, if required, will also suggest appropriate mitigation in advance of or during construction.

20 6 Sources Consulted 6.1 Archival Sources 6.1.1 National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth Tithe Map, Pentraeth, 1845 (Digital Scan) 6.2 Unpublished Sources 6.2.1 Images and Data Gwynedd Historic Environment Record, Craig Beuno, Garth Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2RT Natural Resources Wales: LiDAR Data, DTM 1m Natural Resources Wales: LiDAR Data, DSM 1m 6.2.2 Unpublished Reports Longley, D. & Richards, A., 2000. Early Medieval Burial in Gwynedd. Gwynedd Archaeological Report No. 350 6.3 Published Sources Ordnance Survey:

• 1st Edition 6” County Series 1888 • 2nd Edition 6” County Series 1901 • 3rd Edition 6” County Series 1926 • 4th Edition 6” County Series 1953 Cadw, 2107. Heritage Impact Assessment in Wales. Cadw, Cardiff Cadw, 2017. Setting of Historic Assets in Wales. Cadw, Cardiff Carr, A. D., 1982. Medieval Anglesey. Anglesey Antiquarian Society Chartered Institute for Archaeologists, 2014. Standard and guidance for historic environment desk- based assessment. Lynch, F., 1991. Prehistoric Anglesey. Anglesey Antiquarian Society 6.4 Websites British Geological Survey: Geology of Britain viewer www.bgs.ac.uk/discoveringGeology/geologyOfBritain/viewer.html Cof Cymru – National Historic Assets of Wales www.cadw.gov.wales/advice-support/cof-cymru Coflein www.coflein.gov.uk Lle Geo-Portal www.lle.gov.wales

21 Appendix I Geophysics Report

Geophysical Survey Report of Pentraeth Proposed Housing Development, Anglesey, Gwynedd

For Brython Archaeology

On Behalf Of Clwyd Alyn Housing

Magnitude Surveys Ref: MSSH600

January 2020 Pentraeth Proposed Housing Development MSSH600 - Geophysical Survey Report DRAFT

Unit 17, Commerce Court

Challenge Way

Bradford

BD4 8NW

01274 926020

[email protected]

Report By:

Megan Clements BA (Hons) Robert Legg BSc (Hons) MSc Report Approved By: Dr. Chrys Harris MCIfA Issue Date: 20 January 2020

Abstract Magnitude Surveys was commissioned to assess the subsurface archaeological potential of a c. 3.31ha area of land at Pentraeth, Anglesey. A fluxgate gradiometer survey was successfully completed across the site. Archaeological activity has been identified in the form of a possible former field system. Anomalies related to the agricultural use of the site have been detected and interpreted as drains. Natural variations resulting from sand and gravel deposits have also been identified. Modern interference is restricted to the survey perimeter, a manhole cover and a pyre identified within the survey area.

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Pentraeth Proposed Housing Development MSSH600 - Geophysical Survey Report DRAFT Contents Abstract ...... 2 List of Figures ...... 4 1. Introduction ...... 5 2. Quality Assurance ...... 5 3. Objectives...... 5 4. Geographic Background ...... 6 5. Archaeological Background ...... 6 6. Methodology ...... 7 Data Collection ...... 7 Data Processing ...... 7 Data Visualisation and Interpretation ...... 8 7. Results ...... 9 Qualification ...... 9 Discussion ...... 9 Interpretation...... 10 General Statements ...... 10 Magnetic Results - Specific Anomalies ...... 10 8. Conclusions ...... 11 9. Archiving ...... 12 10. Copyright ...... 12 11. References ...... 12 12. Project Metadata ...... 13 13. Document History ...... 13

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Pentraeth Proposed Housing Development MSSH600 - Geophysical Survey Report DRAFT List of Figures Figure 1: Site Location 1:25,000 @ A4

Figure 2: Location of Survey Area 1:5,000 @ A3

Figure 3: Total Field (Lower Sensor) 1:1,000 @ A3

Figure 4: Magnetic Gradient 1:1,000 @ A3

Figure 5: Magnetic Interpretation 1:1,000 @ A3

Figure 6: Magnetic Interpretation Over Historic Maps and Satellite Imagery 1:2,000 @ A3

Figure 7: XY Trace Plot 1:1,000 @ A3

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Pentraeth Proposed Housing Development MSSH600 - Geophysical Survey Report DRAFT 1. Introduction Magnitude Surveys Ltd (MS) was commissioned by Brython Archaeology on behalf of Clwyd Alyn Housing to undertake a geophysical survey on a c.3.31ha area of pasture at Pentraeth, Anglesey, Gwynedd (SH 522 790).

The geophysical survey comprised hand-pulled cart-mounted GNSS-positioned fluxgate gradiometer survey.

The survey was conducted in line with the current best practice guidelines produced by Historic England (David et al., 2008), the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (CIfA, 2014) and the European Archaeological Council (Schmidt et al., 2015).

It was conducted in line with a Written Scheme of Investigation produced by MS (Magnitude Surveys, 2019).

The survey commenced on 08/01/2020 and took one day to complete.

2. Quality Assurance Magnitude Surveys is a Registered Organisation of the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (CIfA), the chartered UK body for archaeologists, and a corporate member of ISAP (International Society of Archaeological Prospection).

Director Dr. Chrys Harris is a Member of CIfA, has a PhD in archaeological geophysics from the University of Bradford and is the Vice-Chair of ISAP. Director Finnegan Pope-Carter is a Fellow of the London Geological Society, the chartered UK body for geophysicists and geologists, as well as a member of GeoSIG, the CIfA Geophysics Special Interest Group. Reporting Analyst Dr. Kayt Armstrong has a PhD in archaeological geophysics from Bournemouth University, is the Vice Conference Secretary and Editor of ISAP News for ISAP, and is the UK Management Committee representative for the COST Action SAGA.

All MS managers have relevant degree qualifications to archaeology or geophysics. All MS field and office staff have relevant archaeology or geophysics degrees and/or field experience.

3. Objectives The objective of this geophysical survey is to assess the subsurface archaeological potential of the survey area

Magnitude Surveys Ltd 5 | P a g e Pentraeth Proposed Housing Development MSSH600 - Geophysical Survey Report DRAFT 4. Geographic Background The site is located c.630m north from Pentraeth town centre, Anglesey (Figure 1). Survey was undertaken across one field of pastoral agricultural use. The site is bounded by housing along Lon Lwyd and a field of undifferentiated grassland to the north, another field of undifferentiated grassland to the east, industrial units to the south, housing towards the southwest, and Pentraeth Road (A5025) to the west (Figure 2).

Survey considerations:

Survey Ground Conditions Further Notes Area 1 Pasture field, sloped downhill Bounded to the northwest by wire fencing from west to east. turning into a hedgerow towards the east, and a hedgerow and trees along the east, south and west perimeters. A manhole cover and a wood pyre were present towards the southwest perimeter of the survey area.

The underlying geology comprises limestone of the Cefn Mawr limestone formation. Superficial deposits are primarily composed of diamicton of Devensian till, with sand and gravel of Devensian glaciofluvial deposits encroaching on the southeast corner of the survey area (British Geological Survey, 2020).

The soils consist of slightly acid loamy and clayey soils with impeded drainage (Soilscapes, 2020).

5. Archaeological Background The following is a summary of an historical and archaeological background report produced and provided by Brython Archaeology (2020).

Approximately 120m northwest of the site, a limestone cairn was recorded as covering a crouched inhumation believed to be of early Bronze Age date (PRN7315). A beaker was also recorded as being associated with the inhumation. Further early Bronze Age burials were later added to the cairn, with a further addition in the early medieval period. Two Bronze Age barrows have been recorded, one 200m southwest of the site, with associated artefacts (PRN5521), and the second 850m northwest of the site (PRN5587).

A bronze Roman ring was recorded 600m west of the site (PRN5521).

An early medieval penannular brooch was recorded 140m south of the site. It is likely to date to the 6th century AD. A mid-9th century Viking settlement and associated artefacts have been recorded 2.2km north of the site (PRN5348).

A Tithe map of the site, dated to 1845, show that it was once divided into two. By the time of the 1st Ordnance Survey (OS) in 1889, these fields had been joined to produce the layout seen today.

Magnitude Surveys Ltd 6 | P a g e Pentraeth Proposed Housing Development MSSH600 - Geophysical Survey Report DRAFT 6. Methodology Data Collection Geophysical prospection comprised the magnetic method as described in the following table.

Table of survey strategies:

Method Instrument Traverse Interval Sample Interval Bartington 200Hz reprojected Magnetic Instruments Grad-13 Digital 1m to 0.125m Three-Axis Gradiometer The magnetic data were collected using MS’ bespoke hand-pulled cart system.

6.1.3.1. MS’ cart system was comprised of Bartington Instruments Grad 13 Digital Three-Axis Gradiometers. Positional referencing was through a multi-channel, multi- constellation GNSS Smart Antenna RTK GPS outputting in NMEA mode to ensure high positional accuracy of collected measurements. The RTK GPS is accurate to 0.008m + 1ppm in the horizontal and 0.015m + 1ppm in the vertical.

6.1.3.2. Magnetic and GPS data were stored on an SD card within MS’ bespoke datalogger. The datalogger was continuously synced, via an in-field Wi-Fi unit, to servers within MS’ offices. This allowed for data collection, processing and visualisation to be monitored in real-time as fieldwork was ongoing.

6.1.3.3. A navigation system was integrated with the RTK GPS, which was used to guide the surveyor. Data were collected by traversing the survey area along the longest possible lines, ensuring efficient collection and processing. Data Processing Magnetic data were processed in bespoke in-house software produced by MS. Processing steps conform to Historic England’s standards for “raw or minimally processed data” (see sect 4.2 in David et al., 2008: 11).

Sensor Calibration – The sensors were calibrated using a bespoke in-house algorithm, which conforms to Olsen et al. (2003).

Zero Median Traverse – The median of each sensor traverse is calculated within a specified range and subtracted from the collected data. This removes striping effects caused by small variations in sensor electronics.

Projection to a Regular Grid – Data collected using RTK GPS positioning requires a uniform grid projection to visualise data. Data are rotated to best fit an orthogonal grid projection and are resampled onto the grid using an inverse distance-weighting algorithm.

Interpolation to Square Pixels – Data are interpolated using a bicubic algorithm to increase the pixel density between sensor traverses. This produces images with square pixels for ease of visualisation.

Magnitude Surveys Ltd 7 | P a g e Pentraeth Proposed Housing Development MSSH600 - Geophysical Survey Report DRAFT Data Visualisation and Interpretation This report presents the gradient of the sensors’ total field data as greyscale images, as well as the total field data from the lower sensors. The gradient of the sensors minimises external interferences and reduces the blown-out responses from ferrous and other high contrast material. However, the contrast of weak or ephemeral anomalies can be reduced through the process of calculating the gradient. Consequently, some features can be clearer in the respective gradient or total field datasets. Multiple greyscale images at different plotting ranges have been used for data interpretation. Greyscale images should be viewed alongside the XY trace plot (Figure 7). XY trace plots visualise the magnitude and form of the geophysical response, aiding in anomaly interpretation.

Geophysical results have been interpreted using greyscale images and XY traces in a layered environment, overlaid against open street maps, satellite imagery, historic maps, LiDAR data, and soil and geology maps. Google Earth (2020) was consulted as well, to compare the results with recent land usages.

Geodetic position of results - All vector and raster data have been projected into OSGB36 (ESPG27700) and can be provided upon request in ESRI Shapefile (.SHP) and Geotiff (.TIF) respectively. Figures are provided with raster and vector data projected against OS Open Data.

Magnitude Surveys Ltd 8 | P a g e Pentraeth Proposed Housing Development MSSH600 - Geophysical Survey Report DRAFT 7. Results Qualification Geophysical results are not a map of the ground and are instead a direct measurement of subsurface properties. Detecting and mapping features requires that said features have properties that can be measured by the chosen technique(s) and that these properties have sufficient contrast with the background to be identifiable. The interpretation of any identified anomalies is inherently subjective. While the scrutiny of the results is undertaken by qualified, experienced individuals and rigorously checked for quality and consistency, it is often not possible to classify all anomaly sources. Where possible an anomaly source will be identified along with the certainty of the interpretation. The only way to improve the interpretation of results is through a process of comparing excavated results with the geophysical reports. MS actively seek feedback on their reports as well as reports of further work in order to constantly improve our knowledge and service.

Discussion The geophysical results are presented in consideration with satellite imagery and historic maps (Figure 6).

The fluxgate gradiometer survey has responded well to the survey areas environment, with anomalies of possible archaeological and agricultural origins being identified. The background was magnetically enhanced, making the identification of anomalies more challenging. In order to better visualise the anomalies within the ‘noisy’ background, the Total Field (Figure 3) and Gradient (Figure 4) data are displayed with a wide plotting range. Modern interference is primarily limited to the perimeter of the survey area relating to the road (A5025), the surrounding housing and industrial units, and a manhole cover (see Section 4.2 Survey Considerations). Broad bands of natural deposits have been identified as anomalies, relating to glaciofluvial deposits encroaching from the southeast corner (See Section 4. Geographic Background).

The layout of a former field system has been identified in the eastern half of the survey area (Figure 5). Whilst its orientation is coherent with some of the field boundaries in modern satellite imagery and historic maps, it appears to predate historic OS maps (1889), indicative of an earlier origin (Figure 6). Hence, a possible archaeological origin has been considered.

Two parallel linear agricultural features have been detected in the northeast section of the site (Figure 5).

Two distinct types of drains have been identified. Fired drainage features have been detected in the northwest and southwest possibly relating to a modern drainage system with a manhole cover, as well as, weaker drains which run east-west across the area corresponding with topographic changes. Nearby wetland areas close to the site may indicate the necessity for widespread drainage.

Magnitude Surveys Ltd 9 | P a g e Pentraeth Proposed Housing Development MSSH600 - Geophysical Survey Report DRAFT

Interpretation General Statements 7.3.1.1. Geophysical anomalies will be discussed broadly as classification types across the survey area. Only anomalies that are distinctive or unusual will be discussed individually.

7.3.1.2. Magnetic Disturbance – The strong anomalies produced by extant metallic structures along the edges of the field have been classified as ‘Magnetic Disturbance’. These magnetic ‘haloes’ will obscure the response of any weaker underlying features, should they be present, often over a greater footprint than the structure they are being caused by.

7.3.1.3. Ferrous (Spike) – Discrete ferrous-like, dipolar anomalies are likely to be the result of isolated modern metallic debris on or near the ground surface.

7.3.1.4. Ferrous/Debris (Spread) – A ferrous/debris spread refers to a concentrated deposition of discrete, dipolar ferrous anomalies and other highly magnetic material.

7.3.1.5. Undetermined – Anomalies are classified as Undetermined when the anomaly origin is ambiguous through the geophysical results and there is no supporting or correlative evidence to warrant a more certain classification. These anomalies are likely to be the result of geological, pedological or agricultural processes, although an archaeological origin cannot be entirely ruled out. Undetermined anomalies are generally not ferrous in nature. Magnetic Results - Specific Anomalies 7.3.2.1. Possible Archaeology – Multiple linear and curvilinear anomalies occur in the eastern half of the survey area (Figure 5) [1a], [1b] and [1c]. These all exhibit weak magnetic enhancement, most explicit in the XY trace plot (Figure 7), characteristic of infilled ditches. Their layout is typical of land divisions. The southern linear anomaly [1a] runs northwest – southeast, measuring c.150m in length; its south-eastern end is obscured by the modern field boundary seen in satellite and historic maps (Figure 6), suggesting it might extend beyond the survey area. Anomaly [1b] extends perpendicularly c.60m northeast from anomaly [1a]. Although [1b] appears to extend towards the northeast of the area surveyed, other nearby and possible archaeological anomalies do not share such a clear relationship with the modern-day mapped boundaries. Anomaly [1c] follows the same orientation as [1a]. The interconnected relationship between these features demarks a possible field system, which is mostly distinct from the layout of the field boundaries in modern satellite imagery and historic maps (Figure 6).

7.3.2.2. Agricultural (Weak) – Two linear anomalies have been detected in the northeast corner of the survey area [1d]. These run parallel in a north - south orientation (Figure 5). Their weakly enhanced magnetic signal and orientation are different to the

Magnitude Surveys Ltd 10 | P a g e Pentraeth Proposed Housing Development MSSH600 - Geophysical Survey Report DRAFT anomalies of possible archaeology detected to the south, therefore appear agricultural in nature.

7.3.2.3. Drains – Numerous linear anomalies have been identified across the site [1f]. These are likely related to drainage features, but the different types of magnetic signal suggest different materials of constructions. While the western and central exhibit a dipolar response suggestive of clay pipes, the eastern anomaly is recorded as a weak positive magnetic anomaly, indicative of agricultural drains. The manhole cover identified during the survey [1e], connects to the central drain and other clay pipes identified in the data. Drains orientated across the area also have weak positive signatures, suggesting further agricultural drainage [1f].

7.3.2.4. Magnetic Disturbance – In the southeast corner of the survey area, a strong negative response [1g] can be seen. This response may be related to the presence of a wood pyre which was unable to be surveyed (see 4.2 Survey Considerations).

8. Conclusions A fluxgate gradiometer survey has successfully been undertaken across the site. The geophysical survey has detected a range of different anomalies of possible archaeological and agricultural origin. Natural variations in the survey data resulting from sand and gravel deposits have been identified. Modern interference is limited to the surrounding area of the site and a manhole cover and pyre identified within the survey area.

Possible archaeological activity has been identified as a former field system that appears to predate historic OS maps.

Agricultural activity is identified in the form of drainage features of different construction materials.

Magnitude Surveys Ltd 11 | P a g e Pentraeth Proposed Housing Development MSSH600 - Geophysical Survey Report DRAFT 9. Archiving MS maintains an in-house digital archive, which is based on Schmidt and Ernenwein (2013). This stores the collected measurements, minimally processed data, georeferenced and un- georeferenced images, XY traces and a copy of the final report.

MS contributes reports to the ADS Grey Literature Library upon permission from the client, subject to the any dictated time embargoes.

10. Copyright Copyright and the intellectual property pertaining to all reports, figures, and datasets produced by Magnitude Services Ltd. is retained by MS. The client is given full licence to use such material for their own purposes. Permission must be sought by any third party wishing to use or reproduce any IP owned by MS.

11. References British Geological Survey, 2020. Geology of Britain. Pentraeth, Isle of Anglesey. [http://mapapps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyofbritain/home.html/]. Accessed 13/01/2020. Brython Archaeology, 2020. Historical and Archaeological Background Report. Chartered Institute for Archaeologists, 2014. Standards and guidance for archaeological geophysical survey. CIfA. David, A., Linford, N., Linford, P. and Martin, L., 2008. Geophysical survey in archaeological field evaluation: research and professional services guidelines (2nd edition). Historic England. Google Earth, 2020. Google Earth Pro V 7.1.7.2606.

Magnitude Surveys, 2019. Written Scheme of Investigation For a Geophysical Survey of Pentraeth, Anglesey, Wales. Magnitude Surveys

Olsen, N., Toffner-Clausen, L., Sabaka, T.J., Brauer, P., Merayo, J.M.G., Jorgensen, J.L., Leger, J.M., Nielsen, O.V., Primdahl, F., and Risbo, T., 2003. Calibration of the Orsted vector magnetometer. Earth Planets Space 55: 11-18.

Schmidt, A. and Ernenwein, E., 2013. Guide to good practice: geophysical data in archaeology. 2nd ed., Oxbow Books, Oxford.

Schmidt, A., Linford, P., Linford, N., David, A., Gaffney, C., Sarris, A. and Fassbinder, J., 2015. Guidelines for the use of geophysics in archaeology: questions to ask and points to consider. EAC Guidelines 2. European Archaeological Council: Belgium.

Soilscapes, 2020. Pentraeth, Isle of Anglesey. Cranfield University, National Soil Resources Institute [http://landis.org.uk]. 13/01/2020.

Magnitude Surveys Ltd 12 | P a g e Pentraeth Proposed Housing Development MSSH600 - Geophysical Survey Report DRAFT 12. Project Metadata MS Job Code MSSH600 Project Name Pentraeth Proposed Housing Development Client Brython Archaeology Grid Reference SH 5228 7905 Survey Techniques Magnetometry Survey Size (ha) 3.31ha Survey Dates 08/01/2020 Project Manager Dr. Chrys Harris MCIfA Project Officer Frederick Salmon BSc FGS HER Event No N/A OASIS No N/A S42 Licence No N/A Report Version 0.3

13. Document History Version Comments Author Checked By Date 0.1 First draft MC, RL 15 January FS 2020 0.2 Corrections from Project MC CH 16 January Officer 2020 0.3 Corrections from Project BF, MF FS 20 January Manager 2020

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