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Universidad Catolica Andres Bello Facultad De Humanidades Y Educación Maestria De Historia De Las Americas

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Universidad Catolica Andres Bello Facultad De Humanidades Y Educación Maestria De Historia De Las Americas UNIVERSIDAD CATOLICA ANDRES BELLO FACULTAD DE HUMANIDADES Y EDUCACIÓN MAESTRIA DE HISTORIA DE LAS AMERICAS INMIGRANTES CONFEDERADOS Y EL BRASIL DEL SEGUNDO IMPERIO: MENTALIDADES Y VIDA COTIDIANA (Trabajo de grado presentado para optar al título de Maestría en Historia de las Américas) AUTOR Lic. Ricardo Pérez Gómez C. I. 9.567.004 TUTOR Prof. Alejandro Mendible Caracas, Venezuela, Julio de 2018 1 “Oh, give me a ship with the sail and with wheel, and let me be off to happy Brazil, home of the sunbeam –great kingdom of heat, with Woods evergreen and snake forty feet! Land of the diamond –bright nation of pearls, with monkeys a plenty, and Portuguese girls! Oh give me a ship with sail and with wheel, and let me be off to happy Brazil! I yearn to feel her perpetual spring, and shake by the hand Dom Pedro her king, kneel at his feet –call him, My Royal Boss! And receive in return, Welcome 1 Old Hoss!” 1 Eugene C. Harter, The lost colony of the Confederacy, p. 39. Poema de autor desconocido publicado en el periódico New Orleans Picayune en fecha 18 de marzo de 1866, aludiendo a la emigración de confederados a Brasil. “¡Oh, dame un barco con vela y rueda, y déjame ir al feliz Brasil, hogar del rayo de sol –¡gran reino del calor, con bosques siempre verdes y culebras de cuarenta pies! Tierra del diamante- ¡brillante nación de perlas, con gran cantidad de monos y muchachas portuguesas! ¡Oh, dame un barco con vela y rueda, y déjame ir al feliz Brasil! Añoro sentir su perpetua primavera, y tomado de la mano a su rey Don Pedro, arrodillarme a sus pies y llamarle ¡Mi Real Señor! Y recibir a cambio, ¡Bienvenido Viejo Hoss!” 2 INDICE página Introducción……………………………………………………………………………………… 5 Marco teórico…………………………………………………………………………………….13 Objetivo y diseño del estudio…………………………………………………………………….23 Antecedentes……………………………………………………………………………………..26 Análisis de fuentes……………………………………………………………………………….31 Fuentes primarias sobre la inmigración confederada en Brasil………………………….31 Fuentes primarias de viajeros extranjeros del siglo XIX en Brasil……………………...34 Fuentes secundarias sobre la inmigración confederada en Brasil……………………….38 Fuentes secundarias sobre la vida cotidiana en el Brasil del siglo XIX………………...40 Fuentes sobre la historia, mentalidad y vida cotidiana del Sur confederado……………41 La inmigración confederada en Brasil…………………………………………………………...43 Brasil como destino migratorio para los confederados………………………………….43 Características de los asentamientos confederados en Brasil……………………………58 El fracaso de las colonias confederadas en Brasil……………………………………….77 Miradas sobre la vida cotidiana brasileña………………………………………………………..84 La vida en las ciudades, su urbanismo, sus edificios y calles……………………………84 Los caminos, las vías de comunicación y el transporte………………………………….99 La naturaleza circundante, la flora, la fauna, el clima………………………………….107 La casa, la vivienda, el hogar………………………………………………………… 111 La hacienda, el trabajo………………………………………………………………….126 La esclavitud y los negros………………………………………………………………143 3 Los indios……………………………………………………………………………….162 La familia y la mujer……………………………………………………………………168 La escuela y la educación………………………………………………………………179 La religión………………………………………………………………………………187 La salud y las enfermedades……………………………………………………………202 La alimentación y las comidas………………………………………………………….211 La ropa y el vestirse…………………………………………………………………….223 El entretenimiento y la diversión……………………………………………………….229 El gobierno y los empleados públicos………………………………………………….238 La forma de ser…………………………………………………………………………245 Conclusiones……………………………………………………………………………………260 Limitaciones y recomendaciones……………………………………………………………….278 Referencias……………………………………………………………………………………...282 Fuentes primarias publicadas…………………………………………………………...282 Fuentes secundarias…………………………………………………………………….282 Otras fuentes y referencias……………………………………………………………..286 4 INTRODUCCION La guerra de secesión estadounidense (1861-1865) dejó una total devastación económica en los derrotados estados de la Confederación sureña. Los soldados sudistas que regresaban a sus hogares al terminar la guerra lo más probable es que se consiguieran con sus casas quemadas o saqueadas, sus tierras agrícolas destruidas y familia y amigos desaparecidos o muertos. La economía sureña estaba en bancarrota: 600 dólares confederados se cambiaban por 3 dólares yanquis y el precio de la tierra había caído en el Sur de 50 dólares por acre a tan solo 5 dólares2. El costo promedio mensual de alimentar a una familia había pasado de US$ 6,65 antes de la guerra a US$ 400 a su término. Era frecuente que las mujeres y los hombres que no habían sido reclutados para el ejército buscaran emplearse en varios sitios o efectuar algún tipo de actividad o trabajo fuera de sus casas para conseguir algún ingreso adicional para poder subsistir, algo impensable antes del conflicto bélico3. Por si esto fuera poco, recibían la visita de los recaudadores de impuestos del vencedor gobierno yanqui exigiendo el pago de la contribución para sufragar los gastos de la guerra. No era infrecuente que ante esta situación los sureños tuviesen que recurrir a vender sus propiedades a precios ridículos a inescrupulosos y aprovechados hombres de negocios venidos del norte yanqui quienes procederían a revenderlas con pingües ganancias. Algunas fuentes estiman en 45% la pérdida de valor patrimonial del Sur producto de la derrota en la guerra y de la abolición de la esclavitud4. Incluso aquellos que habían podido salvaguardar su patrimonio vivían obsesionados con la posibilidad cierta de que las nuevas autoridades yanquis les decomisaran sus tierras para repartirlas entre los antiguos esclavos, ahora negros libertos, por lo que el sentimiento de 2 Celio Antonio Alcantara Silva, Capitalismo e escravidao. A imigraçao confederada para o Brasil, p. 24 3 Michael Varhola, Everyday life during the Civil War, p. 37 4 Leticia Aguiar, Imigrantes norteamericanos no Brasil. Mito e realidade, o caso de Santa Barbara, p. 25 5 inseguridad jurídica y personal era casi total. Una nueva clase de pobres aparecía en el Sur entre los hombres que hasta hace poco eran respetables ciudadanos. Había la sensación de que la población civil estaba totalmente desatendida por las nuevas e impuestas autoridades yanquis: “Why should we remain in a country, where we find that there is neither present, nor prospective, security, for life, liberty and property? (…) exorbitant taxes (…) our subjugation (…) butchering our kindred, destroying our cities and towns, our fields and firesides; and insulting our women, as they robbed, and turned them, and our little ones, out into the storm and night?”5 Algunos estiman que durante los años de la postguerra, conocidos como el Periodo de la Reconstrucción, hasta tres millones de sureños dejarían sus pueblos y ciudades para trasladarse a otros lugares, bien fuese dentro del mismo Sur -sobre todo a Texas- o a cualquier otra parte del país, incluyendo a las mismas odiadas y denostadas ciudades yanquis del norte, en búsqueda de mejores condiciones socioeconómicas6. Las represalias contra el presidente confederado Jefferson Davies, el general Robert Lee y otros líderes confederados, así como la declaración automática de culpabilidad contra alrededor de 150 mil ciudadanos del Sur, considerados responsables por la guerra sin juicio previo y desposeídos de su ciudadanía -amén de la exigencia legal de tener que pedir perdón públicamente para poder optar al derecho de recuperarla-, alienaron a muchas familias sudistas del gobierno establecido en Washington y ayudaron a que se extendiera un sentimiento favorable a la emigración: “Recent occurrences in the political world are fast driving us to the conclusion that we cannot look upon this country as ours much longer (…) The South is to become another Poland or Ireland –riled by despotic strangers who can have no sympathy with us (…) The chivalric spirit of the Southerner cannot consent to the rule of such forces; life in this country, without submission, will scarcely be supportable or desirable.”7 5 Ballard S. Dunn, Brazil, the home for the Southerners, p. 5. “¿Por qué debemos permanecer en un país donde encontramos que no hay ni presente ni perspectiva, seguridad para la vida, libertad y propiedad? (…) impuestos exorbitantes (…) nuestra subyugación (…) mascrando nuestra forma de ser, destruyendo nuestras ciudades y pueblos, nuestros campos y hogares, insultando a nuestras mujeres, mientras ellos roban, llevándolas a ellas y a nuestros pequeños afuera, hacia la tormenta y la oscuridad?” 6 Eugene C. Harter, Ob. Cit., p. 11 7 Alfred Hanna y Kathryn Hanna, Confederate exiles in Venezuela p. 14. Circular escrita y distribuida en Carolina del Sur en agosto de 1867. “Los recientes acontecimientos en el mundo politico nos están rápidamente llevando a la conclusion de que ya no podemos mirar más a este país como el nuestro (…) El Sur se va a convertir en otra Polonia o Irlanda –gobernada por dépsotas extranjeros que no nos tienen la menor simpatía (…) El espíritu caballeresco del 6 Esta combinación de calamidad económica, trauma emocional y resentimiento político promovería la emigración hacia el oeste de los EE.UU. y hacia el extranjero, movimiento migratorio que en algunos estados sudistas como Carolina del Sur y Alabama llegó a representar hasta el 10% de su población. Se calcula que aproximadamente 10 mil sureños emigraron fuera de los EE.UU., la mayoría a México, Honduras Británica y Brasil8, aunque también lo hicieron a Canadá, Perú, Venezuela, Cuba, Bahamas y hasta Egipto. Los gobiernos
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