Long Baseline Neutrino Experiment in The
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Digging for Gold: Long Baseline Neutrino Experiment in the Brian Rebel February 8, 2012 1 Tuesday, February 14, 2012 LBNE Nuggets • LBNE is the next generation of neutrino experiment after NOνA • The processes LBNE will look for are all really rare, like gold nuggets • Need to have a grand scale to even begin: massive detectors, long distances for the neutrinos to travel, intense beams • The knowledge gained will be revolutionary - maybe even answer the question as to why we are here 2 Tuesday, February 14, 2012 Outline • What are neutrinos and why study them • How to detect neutrinos • Long Baseline Neutrino Experiment (LBNE) • Summary 3 Tuesday, February 14, 2012 !"#$"%&'()*%+'"#%'#,-)%&+"'. F<1%#+.#1#"-)%&+"'D F<-&-#('#"-)%&+"'.#*'A-#;&'AD ,-)%&+"'.# 1&-# J&'("7%'<"!. O"#<4:!%54# /G+=#G1"= '"-# ';# %<-# 81.+*# Y8)+6(+"=# 86'*:.Z# ';# %<-# HI2-&39<-&-# +"# %<-# )"+2-&.-# %<-&-# 1&-# JKLL# )"+2-&.-7# # R<-3# 1&-# %35+*1663# (-"'%-(# 83# "-)%&+"'.# 5-&# *)8+*# *-"%+A-%-&# 6-;%# '2-&# ;&'A# %<-# %<-##c&--:#6-%%-&#") BνC7#F+%<#') %!%:<#4:. G+=#G1"= :;"#$% 1"(#'"63#1#<4'D. 7"554#%<-3#*1"# 51..# %<&')=<# =&-1%# 1A')"%.# ';# A1%-&+16# Galaxy NGC 4526 B.)*<# 1.# %<-# -"%+&-# I1&%<C# 9+%<')%# 8-+"=# /0)5-&"'21-#B-O56'(+"=#.%1&.C 1;;-*%-(# 83# +%4# A1:+"=# %<-A (4JJ4:&!<. <). HJPPQ# ';# %<-# -"-&=3# &-6-1.-(# +"# '"-# *61..# ';# (%<%:<7# R<')=<# -6).+2-4# %<-3# 1&- .)5-&"'21-#+.#-A+%%-(#+"#%<-#;'&A#';#"-)%&+"'. "@&'("'< +"#"1%)&-7# Supernova 1994D ,-)%&+"'.#*'A-#+"#,.J!"F)#54#'&+-%+-.7#I1*<#;612'&#+.#&-61%-(#%'#1# *'&&-.5'"(+"=# *<1&=-(# 51&%+*6-7# # ^'&# -O1A56-4# %<-# -6-*%&'">%35-# /0%1&. "-)%&+"'#+.#%<-#51&%"-&#';#%<-#;1A+6+1&#-6-*%&'"7 HM')=<63#NLL#8+66+'"#"-)%&+"'.#5&'()*-(#+"#%<-#*'&-# ';# %<-# 0)"# .%&-1A# %<&')=<# 3')&# ;+"=-&"1+6# -2-&3# .-*'"(4#(13#'&#"+=<% !#<+.%'&3#';#%<-#"-)%&+"' /R<-#!%A'.5<-&- Origin Story HE+=<>I"-&=3# S'.A+*# &13.# ;&'A# .51*-# .%&+:-# /*+,C. $"# 1# 6-%%-&# %'# %<-# 1%%-"(--.# ';# 1# *'";-&-"*-4# 1%'A.# +"# %<-# 1%A'.5<-&-4# 5&'()*+"=# 1# .<'9-&# • The existence of the neutrino was first suggested by Wolfgang Pauli in I)!J$"'$. K"&!4 5&'5'.-(# 1# 6+=<%# -6-*%&+*19301663>"-)%&16# ';#51&%+*6-.4#+"*6)(+"=#"-)%&+"'.7##!55&'O+A1%-63# • Used to explain missing energy when neutrons convert (decay) to protons 51&%+*6-#+"#'&(-&#%'#-O561+"#%<-#A+..+"=#-"-&=and3 electrons#+"#*-&%1+"# NL# 1%A'.5<-&+*# "-)%&+"'.# # 9+66# 51..# %<&')=<# • Pauli proposed the neutrino in a letter &1(+'1*%+2-#(-*13.7#BX1)6+ (+(#"'%#1%%-"(#%<-#to *a conference'"; -as his& -presence"* at- a # 3')&#%<)A8"1+6#-2-&3#.-*'"(7## ball in Zurich was “indispensable” X1)6+ 8-*1).-# <+.# 5&-.-"*-# 91.# Y+"(+.5-".186-Z#•1Enrico%# Fermi1# was8 the1 first66 person# +" to # call them neutrinos /G1"1"1. a)&+*<7C##E-#*166-(#%<+.#51&%+*6-#%<-#"-)%&'"7 H!"#12-&1=-#81"1"1#9+66#-A+%#&')=<63#N#A+66+'"#"-)%&+"'.# 4 / *+,-. $"# 1"# )";'&%)"1%-# <+.%'&+*16# 1**+(-Tuesday," February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b. .)==-.%+'"#;'#6+=<%# 3')# 1&-# UT# :A# BNK# A+6-.C# ;&'A# 1# ")*6-1&# "-)%&16# 51&%+*6-7# # E-# ()88-(# +%# %<-# Y"-)%&+"'Z# B6+%%6-> &-1*%'&7 "-)%&16#'"-C4#%'#(+.%+"=)+.<#+%#;&'A#S<1(9+*:b.#"-)%&'"7 ^-&Ai /!**-6-&1%'&. / *+/0 ,-)%&+"'.# 9-&-# ;+&.%# (-%-*%-(# 83# 1)2"'. 1"(# 3%4'%5 1%# H?'&-#'"#%<+.#61%-& %<-#0121""1<#M+2-&#")*6-1'9-ȱ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`R#-O5-&+A-"%7# 1A')"%# ';# 6+=<%# %<1%# %<-3# 5&'()*-(# +"# 1# .5-*+16# %35-# ';# 561.%+*# B.*+"%+661%'&C7 / -CC- ,'8-6# X&+W-# 191&(-(# %'# 3"D. E"F45. >#G 1"(# 8"5"<)5;4. H)5;4@" ;'&#%<-#(-%-*%+'"#';#.'61"(#1%A'.5<-&+*#"-)%&+"'.7 / ,-)%&+"'# (-%-*%'&.# 1&-# %35+*1663# 6'*1%-(# &'(%#$#)&'(4# %'# ;+6%-&# ')%# %<-# "1%)&1663>'**)&&+"=# *'.A+*>&13.# *'A+"=# ;&'A# .51*-# # B'&# / -CC/ ?$,@0#-O5-&+A-"%#8-=+".#%'#*'66-*%#(1%17 ;&'A#%<-#1%A'.5<-&-DDC7 !"#$%& '()*!+,-*"-.)/012*#)302,-1* $4/,55+0,1What-*% is )a Neutrino?+2/( • Neutrinos make up 1/4 of the "-known* 2)/) elementary-0* ;)+24 *particles0()* 40 39;* 1>* -)302,-14@* 0()* •48Neutrinos+55)40* 1have>* + no55* Bcharge-1A -* )5)8)-0+2;* 7+20,/5)4@* $%&'?&94@-98& #@'!%&',#2495 (/5&;' (+4* <)/18)* 1-)* 1>* 0()* 8140* ,87120+-0* "%&-&'!%&'79-'<&!&0!#-'/='3#09!&4> •01Neutrinos7,/4*,-* 8have19 )very2-* little(,:( mass*)-)2:;*7(;4,/4? • Neutrinos tend to ignore other forms of matter • Can travel 1 light year in lead on average before' interacting()* !"#$ - %5.9*) 67)2,8)-0* ,4* 9)4,:-)9*01* trillion miles 4039;* 0()* 2)/)-05;* 1<4)2=)9* 7()-18)-1-*1>*-)302,-1*14/,55+0,1-4*,-* • Neutrinos are everywhere! They play many roles9 )in0 +the,5? *universe'1*9+0 )so@ *8140*1>*A(+0*A)*B-1A* we want to understand+<130*- how)302 they,-1* 14/,55+0,1-4*/18)4*>218* behave )67)2,8)-04*0(+0*2)5;*1-*34*<),-:*+<5)* 5 01* A12B* 130* (1A* 0()* -)302,-14* A)2)* Tuesday, February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here Do Neutrinos F<-&-#('#"-)%&+"'.#*'A-#;&'AD F<1%#+.#1#"-)%&+"'D F<-&-#('#"-)%&+"'.#*'A-#;&'AD Come From? ,-)%&+"'.# 1&-# J&'("7%'<"!. O"#<4:!%54# Big Bang/ - Gneutrinos+=#G1 from"= the start of time ,-)%&+"'.# 1&-# J&'("7%'<"!. O"#<4:!%54# /G+=#G1"= are everywhere in the universe - about 400 '"-# ';# %<-# 81.+*# Y8)+6(+"=# 86'*:.Z# ';# %<-# in the tip of yourHI 2thumb-&3 right9< now-&-# +"# %<-# )"+2-&.-# %<-&-# 1&-# JKLL# '"-# ';# %<-# 81.+*# Y8)+6(+"=# 86'*:.Z# ';# %<-# HI2)-"&3+29-&<.--&7#-##R<+"-#3#%1<&-##%3)5"+*+21-663&#.(--#"%'<%--(&-# 8#31# &-# JKLL# "-)%&+"'.# 5-&# *)8+*# *-"%+A-%-&# 6-;%# '2-&# ;&'A# %<-# Important to formation of galaxies in early )"+2-&.-7# # R<-3# 1&-# %35+*1663# (-"'%-(# 83# "-)%%<&-+"##'c.&#-5--:#&6#-*%%)-8&#+"*#)*B-ν"C7%#+FA+-%<%-#'&#)6-%;!%%#:'<2#4-:&.# ;&'A# %<-# universe G+=#G1"= %<-##c&--:#6-%%-&#") BνC7#F+%<#') %!%:<#4:. G+=#:G;1""#=$% 1"(#'"63#1#<4'D. 7"554#%<-3#*1"# :;"#$% 1"(#'"63#1#<4'D. 7"554#%<-3#*1"# 51..# %<&')=<# =&-1%# 1A')"%.# ';# A1%-&+16# Galaxy NGC 4526 51..# %<&')=<# =&-1%# 1A')"%.# ';# A1%-&+16# Galaxy NBG.C) 4*5<2#61.# %<-# -"%+&-# I1&%<C# 9+%<')%# 8-+"=# /0)5-&"'21-#B-O56'(+"=#.%1&.C 1;;-*%-(# 83# +%4#/A01):5+"-=&"# %'<2-1A-#(B-4JOJ54:6'&(!<+."<=)#..%1&.C Super Novae - 99% of the energy is HJPPQ# ';# %<-# -"-&=3# &-6-1.-(# +"# '"-# *61..# ';# B.)*<# 1.# %<-# -"%+&-# I1&%<C# 9+%<')%# 8-+"=# in neutrinos (%<%:<7# R<')=<# -6).+2-4# %<-3# 1&- .)5-&"'21-#+.#-A+%%-(#+"#%<-#;'&A#';#"-)%&+"'. 1;;-*%-(# 83# +%4# A1:+"=# %<-A (4JJ4:&!<. <). HJPPQ# ';# %<-# -"-&=3# &-6-1.-(# +"Observing# '"- neutrinos# *61. from.# 'super;# "@&'("'< +"#"1%)&-7# novae would tells us about how (%<%:<7# R<')=<# -6).+2-4# %<-3# 1&- .)5-&"'21-#+.#-A+%%-(#+"#%<-#;'&A#stars'; #die"-)%&+"'. 6 Supernova 1994D "@&'("'< +"#"1%)&-7# ,-)%&+"'.#*'A-#+"#,.J!"F)#54#'&+-%+-.7#I1*<#;612'&#+.Tuesday,#&- February61%- 14, (2012#%'#1# Supe*r'no&v&a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