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Chelidonichthys Capensis) and the Lesser Gurnard (C. Queketti

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Chelidonichthys Capensis) and the Lesser Gurnard (C. Queketti Parasite communities associated with the Cape gurnard (Chelidonichthys capensis) and the lesser gurnard (C. queketti) from South Africa Amy Leigh Mackintosh Department of Biological Sciences University of Cape Town Town January 2019 Cape of University Supervisors: Dr. Cecile. C. Reed 1, Dr. Carl. D. van der Lingen2, 3 1 Marine Research Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa 2 Branch: Fisheries Management, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Private Bag X2 Vlaeberg 8012, South Africa 3Marine Research Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3 Rondebosch 7700, South Africa i The copyright of this thesis vests inTown the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes Capeonly. of Published by the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University Plagiarism Declaration I know that plagiarism is wrong. Plagiarism is to use another’s work and to pretend that it is one’s own. I have used the American Psychological Association 6th edition convention for citation and referencing. Each contribution to and quotation in this project from the works of other people has been attributed, and has been cited and referenced. This project is my own work. I have not allowed, and will not allow, anyone to copy my work with the intention of passing it off as his or her own work. I acknowledge that copying someone else’s work, or part of it, is wrong and I declare that this is my own work. Amy Leigh Mackintosh 31 January 2019 ii Table of Contents Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... vi Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................ viii Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 An Overview of Marine Parasitology .............................................................................. 1 1.1.1 The Parasitic Way of Life ......................................................................................... 1 1.1.2 Parasite Diversity ...................................................................................................... 2 1.1.3 Marine Parasite Biogeography .................................................................................. 3 1.2 The Importance of Parasites ............................................................................................. 4 1.2.1 Negative Impacts and Health Implications of Parasites ........................................... 5 1.2.2 Applied Marine Parasitology .................................................................................... 6 1.2.3 The Significance of Parasites in South Africa .......................................................... 7 1.3. The Marine Environment off South Africa ..................................................................... 8 1.3.1 The Benguela Ecosystem .......................................................................................... 9 1.3.2 The Agulhas Bank................................................................................................... 10 1.4 The Genus Chelidonichthys (Kaup, 1873) ..................................................................... 11 1.5 Chelidonichthys capensis (Cuvier, 1829) ...................................................................... 14 1.6 Chelidonichthys queketti (Regan, 1904) ........................................................................ 15 1.7 Economic Importance and Exploitation of Chelidonichthys spp. in South Africa .... 16 1.8 Parasites of Chelidonichthys species ............................................................................. 18 1.8.1 Parasites Infecting Chelidonichthys capensis ......................................................... 18 1.8.2 Parasites Infecting Chelidonichthys queketti .......................................................... 19 1.9 Aims and Objectives ...................................................................................................... 20 Methods.................................................................................................................................... 21 2.1 Sample Collection .......................................................................................................... 21 2.2 Sample Processing ......................................................................................................... 22 iii 2.2.1 Host Dissection ....................................................................................................... 22 2.2.2 Parasite Preservation and Species Identification .................................................... 23 2.3 Statistical Analyses ........................................................................................................ 23 2.3.1 Exploratory Data Analysis ...................................................................................... 23 2.3.2 Host Biological Data ............................................................................................... 24 2.3.3 Parasite Infection Indices ........................................................................................ 26 2.3.4 Parasite-Host Interactions ....................................................................................... 27 Results ...................................................................................................................................... 30 3.1 Chelidonichthys capensis ............................................................................................... 30 3.1.1 Exploratory Data Analysis ...................................................................................... 30 3.1.2 Host Biological Data ............................................................................................... 31 3.1.3 Parasite Assemblage and Infection Indices............................................................. 34 3.1.4 Drivers of Parasite Infestation ................................................................................ 38 3.2 Chelidonichthys queketti ................................................................................................ 43 3.2.1 Exploratory Data Analysis ...................................................................................... 43 3.2.2 Host Biological Data ............................................................................................... 44 3.2.3 Parasite Assemblage and Infection Indices............................................................. 45 3.2.4 Drivers of Parasite Infestation ................................................................................ 50 3.3 Interspecific Comparison of Parasite Community Structure ......................................... 55 Discussion ................................................................................................................................ 56 4.1 Parasitic Composition and Interactions ......................................................................... 56 4.1.1 Monogenea and Digenea......................................................................................... 56 4.1.2 Cestoda .................................................................................................................... 57 4.1.3 Nematoda ................................................................................................................ 58 4.1.4 Acanthocephala ....................................................................................................... 60 4.1.5 Isopoda .................................................................................................................... 61 4.1.6 Copepoda ................................................................................................................ 61 iv 4.1.7 Hirudinae................................................................................................................. 61 4.1.8 Unidentified species ................................................................................................ 62 4.2 Chelidonichthys Parasite Community ............................................................................ 62 4.3 Limitations and Future Research ................................................................................... 66 4.4 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 67 References ................................................................................................................................ 68 v Abstract The Cape gurnard (Chelidonichthys capensis) and the lesser gurnard (Chelidonichthys queketti) are two members of the Triglidae family found off Southern Africa. Chelidonichthys capensis is distributed from depths of 10 m to 390 m in subtropical waters between Namibia and Mozambique, while C. queketti is distributed from 0 m to 150 m in subtropical waters from Namibia to southern Mozambique. Little is known about the biology, ecology and life cycles of these two species. Additionally, the parasite community of these two gurnards has not
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