Broadmoor

Broadmoor Hospital is a high-security psychiatric hos- for infanticide, on 27 May 1863. Notes described her as pital at in the Borough of Forest being 'feeble minded'; it has been suggested by an anal- in , England. It is the best known of the three ysis of notes that she was most likely also suffering from high-security psychiatric in England, the other congenital syphilis. The first male patients arrived on 27 two being Ashworth and Rampton. Scotland has a sim- February 1864. The original building plan of five blocks ilar institution at Carstairs, officially known as the State for men and one for women was completed in 1868. A Hospital but often called Carstairs Hospital, which serves further male block was built in 1902. Scotland and Northern Ireland. Due to overcrowding at Broadmoor, a branch asylum was The Broadmoor complex houses about 210 patients, all constructed at and opened in of whom are men since the female service closed with 1912. Rampton was closed as a branch asylum at the end most of the women moving to a new service in Southall of 1919 and reopened as an institution for mental defec- in September 2007, a few moving to the national high tives rather than lunatics. During Broad- secure service for women at Rampton and a few else- moor’s block 1 was also used as a prisoner-of-war camp, where. At any one time there are also approximately 36 called Crowthorne War Hospital, for mentally ill German patients on trial leave at other units. Most of the patients soldiers.[1] there suffer from severe mental illness; many also have After the escape and the murder of a local child in personality disorders. Most have either been convicted 1952 by John Straffen, the hospital set up an alarm sys- of serious crimes, or been found unfit to plead in a trial tem, which is activated to alert people in the vicinity, for such crimes. The average stay for the total popula- including those in the surrounding towns of Sandhurst, tion is about six years, but this figure is skewed by some , Bracknell and Bagshot, when any poten- patients who have stayed for over 30 years; most patients tially dangerous patient escapes. It is based on World War stay for considerably less than six years. II air-raid sirens, and a two-tone alarm sounds across the The catchment area for the hospital underwent some ra- whole area in the event of an escape. It is tested every tionalisation of the London area in the early 21st century, Monday morning at 10 am for two minutes, after which a and now serves all of the NHS Regions: London, Eastern, single tone 'all-clear' is sounded for a further two minutes. South East and South West. All schools in the area must keep procedures designed to ensure that in the event of a Broadmoor escape no child is ever out of the direct supervision of a member of staff. 1 History Sirens are located at Sandhurst School, Wellington Col- lege, council depot and other sites.[2][3] Following the Peter Fallon QC inquiry into Ashworth Special Hospital which reported in 1999, and found se- rious concerns about security and abuses resulting from poor management, it was decided to review the security at all three of the special hospitals in England. Until this time each was responsible for maintaining its own secu- rity policies.[4][5] This review was made the personal re- sponsibility of Sir Alan Langlands, who at the time was Chief Executive of the (Eng- land). The report that came out of the review initiated a new partnership whereby the Department of Health sets out a policy of safety, and security directions, that all [5] The asylum in 1867 three special hospitals must adhere to. This has resulted in upgraded physical security at Broad- The hospital was first known as the Broadmoor Criminal moor from approximately category 'C' to category 'B' Lunatic Asylum. It was built to a design by Sir Joshua prison standards. Higher levels of security than this are Jebb, an Officer of the Corps of , and then placed around certain buildings. New standards have covered 53 acres (210,000 square metres) within its se- also been formulated to increase procedural security and cure perimeter. The first patient was a female admitted

1 2 5 BUILDINGS

safety for the staff and other patients; these include pro- 4.1 Historically cedures and equipment for reducing the amount of con- traband smuggled into the hospital. From its opening, until 1948, Broadmoor was managed by a Council of Supervision, appointed by and report- In 2003 the Victorian buildings at Broadmoor were de- ing to the Secretary of State for the Home Department clared 'unfit for purpose' by the Commission For Health- (Home Secretary). Thereafter, the Criminal Justice Act care Improvement.. of 1948 transferred ownership of the hospital to the De- As well as providing patient care Broadmoor is a centre partment of Health (and the new NHS) and oversight to for training and research. the Board of Control for Lunacy and Mental Deficiency established under the Mental Deficiency Act 1913. It also renamed the hospital Broadmoor Institution. The hospi- tal remained under direct control of the Department of 2 Therapies Health - a situation which reportedly “combined notional central control with actual neglect”[10] until the establish- Broadmoor uses both psychiatric medication and ment of the Special Hospitals Service Authority in 1989, psychotherapy. with Charles Kaye as initial Chief Executive.[9] One of the therapies available is the arts, and patients Alan Franey ran the hospital from 1989 to 1997, hav- are encouraged to participate in the Koestler Awards ing been recommended for the post by his friend Jimmy Scheme.[6] Savile. His leadership was undermined by persistent ru- mours of sexual impropriety on the hospital grounds and One of the longest-detained patients at Broadmoor is he allegedly ignored at least three sexual assaults he was Albert Haines, who set a legal precedent in 2011 when informed about. his mental health tribunal hearing was allowed to be fully public, where he argued that he has never been given the In 1996 the SHSA itself was abolished, being replaced by type of counselling he has always sought; the panel urged individual special health authorities in each of the High the clinicians to work more collaboratively and clearly to- Secure Hospitals. The Authority wards his psychiatric rehabilitation. was itself dissolved on 31 March 2001.[11]

4.2 Currently 3 Misconceptions On 1 April 2001 West London Mental Health (NHS) Trust took over the responsibility for the hospital. The Because of its high walls and other visible security fea- trust reports to the NHS executive through NHS England tures, and the inaccurate news reporting it has received in London. Leeanne McGee is Broadmoor’s executive di- the past, it is occasionally presumed by some members of rector. the general public that Broadmoor Hospital is a prison.[7] Many of its patients are sent to it via the criminal jus- A new head of security was appointed in March 2013 - tice system, and its original design brief incorporated an John Hourihan, formerly of Scotland Yard for 30 years essence of addressing criminality in addition to mental and bodyguard to members of the British Royal Fam- illness; however, the layout inside and the daily routine ily.[12] are designed to assist the therapy practiced there rather Meanwhile the trust allowed ITV to film a two-part doc- than to meet the criteria necessary for it to be run along umentary within Broadmoor, the first time TV cameras [8] the lines of a prison in its daily functions. Nearly all had been allowed inside to broadcast.[13] staff are members of the Prison Officers Association,[9] as opposed to the health service unions like UNISON. Jimmy Noak, Broadmoor’s director of nursing in 2011, 5 Buildings in response to concerns about the amount of resources going into the treatment of those in the facility given the Much of Broadmoor remains Victorian-era buildings, harm some of them had caused to victims or their fami- fronted by a Grade 1 listed gatehouse with a clocktower. lies, commented, “It’s not fair, but what is the alternative? If these people committed crimes because they were suf- A new unit called the Paddock Centre was opened on fering from an acute mental illness then they should be in 12 December 2005 to contain and treat patients cate- hospital.”[2] gorised as having a “dangerous severe personality disor- der” (DSPD).[14] This was a new and much debated cat- egory invented on behalf of the UK government, based on an individual being considered a 'Grave and Imme- 4 Governance diate Danger' to the general public, and meeting some combination of criteria for personality disorders and/or 6.2 Violating patient confidentiality 3

high scores on the Hare Psychopathy Check list – Re- After the ITV1 documentary Exposure: The Other Side of vised. The Paddock Centre was designed to eventually was broadcast in October 2012, allegations house 72 patients, but never opened more than four of its of sexual abuse by Savile at the hospital and elsewhere six 12-bedded wards. The Dept of Health and Ministry were made by former patients and staff.[15][20][21] The of Justice National Strategy pub- civil servant who proposed Savile’s appointment to the lished in October 2011 concluded that the resources in- task force at Broadmoor, Brian McGinnis, who ran the vested in the DSPD programme should instead be used in mental health division of the Department of Health and prison based treatment programmes and the DSPD ser- Social Services in 1987, has since been investigated by vice at Broadmoor was required to close by 31 March police and prevented from working with children.[22] 2012. The patients were transferred either back to prison, The Department of Health announced an investigation on to medium secure units to continue treatment, on to led by former barrister Kate Lampard into Savile’s ac- the residual national DSPD service at the Peaks Unit in tivities at Broadmoor and other hospitals and facilities Rampton, or to elsewhere in Broadmoor in the Person- in England,[23] with Bill Kirkup leading the Broadmoor ality Disorder directorate. The Paddock now, in 2013, aspects. The report, published in 2014, found that Sav- provides general admission wards and high dependency ile had use of a personal set of keys to Broadmoor from wards for both the mental illness and personality disorder 1968 to 2004 (a right not formally revoked until 2009), directorates, and all 72 beds are in use. with full unsupervised access to some wards. 11 allega- Following reports that the old buildings are unfit for pur- tions of sexual abuse were brought to the attention of the pose, whether therapy or safety of patients or staff, plan- investigators, thought to be a substantial under-estimate ning permission was granted in 2012 for a £242 million of the true figures due to how the psychiatric patients in redevelopment, involving a new unit comprising 10 wards particular were put off from coming forward or being be- to adjoin the existing 6 wards of the modern Paddock lieved at the time. In five cases the identity of the alleged Unit, resulting in total bed numbers of 234. Building victim was no longer known and they could not be traced, company Kier reported in 2013 a sum of £115m for the but investigators were able to examine the other six and new unit of 162 beds, ready to accept patients by the start concluded they had all indeed been abused by Savile - of 2017, and £43m for a separate new medium secure unit repeatedly in the case of two patients. for men nearby. The investigation also concluded that “the institutional culture in Broadmoor was previously inappropriately tol- erant of staff–patient sexual relationships”, and that when 6 Misconduct by staff there were female patients they were required to undress and bathe in front of staff, including Savile. A 'shock- ing' failure to ensure a safe or therapeutic environment for 6.1 Historical abuse female patients had already been revealed in a damning 2002 inquiry prior to Broadmoor becoming male-only. From 1968, after phoning Broadmoor’s entertainments officer then gaining the support of the chief executive Pat McGrath who thought it would be good publicity, the TV 6.2 Violating patient confidentiality presenter and disc jockey Jimmy Savile undertook vol- untary work at the hospital, raised some funds for it, and Journalists invading the privacy of patients or reporting [15][16] was allocated his own room there. false information about them have been the subject of In 1987, a minister in the Department of Health and So- dozens of complaints from Broadmoor. Healthcare as- cial Security, Jean Barker, Baroness Trumpington, ap- sistant Robert Neave took payments from for pointed Savile to the management board in charge of several years to provide them with information, includ- Broadmoor. He was now being referred to as “Dr Sav- ing copies of psychiatric reports, which has subsequently ile” by both the Department and Broadmoor, as well as been investigated by Operation Elveden. Mental health in the House of Lords by Alexander Scrymgeour, 12th nurse Kenneth Hall was imprisoned in June 2015 for hav- Earl of Dundee, despite Savile having no medical or re- ing repeatedly sold stories to the tabloids based on stolen search qualifications or training whatsoever, and only an medical notes and fabricated documents. 'honorary degree' (not a real one) in law from Leeds University which was not mentioned. In August 1988, following recommendation by the senior civil servant in 7 Notable patients - past and charge of mental health at the DHSS, Cliff Graham, Sav- ile was appointed by the Department’s health minister present to chair an interim task force overseeing the management of the hospital following the suspension of the board. Currie privately supported Savile’s attempts 8 See also to "blackmail" the Prison Officers Association and pub- lically declared her “full confidence” in him.[17][18][19] • Ashworth high-security 4 10 FURTHER READING

• Forensic psychiatry [17] Jimmy Savile: detailed investigation reveals reign of abuse across NHS June 2014 The Guardian • Rampton high-security psychiatric hospital [18] The Earl of Dundee (7 November 1988). “Mentally Ill • West London Mental Health NHS Trust, which Offenders: Treatment”. Hansard (Lords). HL Deb 7 holds the commission from the Secretary of State November 1988 vol 501 c525. Retrieved 13 October for the Home Department to run this hospital. 2012.

[19] “Edwina Currie - 'nothing to hide' on Savile”. BBC News. 9 References 21 October 2012. Retrieved 21 October 2012. [20] Evans, Martin (11 October 2012). “Sir Jimmy Savile: [1] Berkshire Record Office catalogue of Broadmoor Hospital fourth British TV personality accused in sex allegations”. records, introduction The Telegraph (London). Retrieved 11 October 2012.

[2] BBC - h2g2 - The Broadmoor Siren [21] Addley, Esther; O'Carroll, Lisa (12 October 2012). “Jimmy Savile scandal: government could face civil [3] The Broadmoor siren. WLMHT. Accessed 1 July 2012 claims”. The Guardian (London). Retrieved 13 October 2012. [4] Fallon, Peter; Bluglass, Robert; Edwards, Brian; Daniels, Granville (January 1999) Report of the Committee of In- [22] Donnelly, Laura (27 October 2012). “Jimmy Savile’s rel- quiry into the Personality Disorder Unit, Ashworth Spe- atives speak of their turmoil”. The Telegraph (London). cial Hospital. published by the Stationery Office. Ac- Retrieved 30 October 2012. cessed 12 November 2007 [23] “Jimmy Savile scandal: Kate Lampard to lead NHS inves- [5] Langlands, Alan (22 May 2000). Report of the review tigation”. BBC News (BBC). 17 October 2012. Retrieved of security at the high security hospitals. Department of 17 October 2012. Health. Accessed 12 November 2007 [24] Facts related in non-fictional book Savage Grace by Na- [6] The fine art of starting over The Guardian, 2006 talie Robins and Steven M.L. Aronson [1985, ISBN 978- 0-688-04373-5], and more recently in the Tom Kalin’s [7] Press Complaints Commission (9 Jan 2009) Broadmoor film Savage Grace (2007) Hospital Accessed 1 March 2009 [25] Daily Times of Pakistan, Terrorists planning chemical hit [8] Lemlij, Maia (November 2005) Broadmoor Hospital: on European targets, 19 December 2002 Prison-like hospital or hospital-like prison? A study of a high security mental hospitals within the context of [26] BBC News | England | Devon | Failed bomber’s recruiters generic function. pages 155, 156. Space Syntax Labo- hunted ratory, UK. Accessed 21 February 2009 [27] Daily Times of Pakistan, Euro judges rule that terror sus- [9] Charles Kaye and Alan Franey (1998). Managing High pect wanted in America CAN'T be deported from Britain Security Psychiatric Care. Jessica Kingsley. pp. 31,40. to the U.S. because it would be bad for his mental health ISBN 9781853025815. Retrieved 28 October 2012.

[10] Ashworth Special Hospital: Report of the Committee of Inquiry 10 Further reading [11] National Archives, Office of Public Sector Information. Broadmoor Hospital Authority (Abolition) Order 2001. • Dell, Susanne; Graham Robertson (1988). Sen- ISBN 0-11-029108-5. Accessed 14 June 2007 tenced to hospital: offenders in Broadmoor. Ox- ford; New York: . ISBN [12] Prince William, Kate Middleton 'upset' after bodyguard 0-19-712156-X. OCLC 17546264. Dewey Class quits March 2013, Digital Spy 365/.942294 19. Sum: authors describe the treat- [13] Broadmoor: ITV doc offers first ever look inside highest- ment of some Broadmoor patients and together with security psychiatric hospital Nov 2014, their psychiatric and criminal histories.

[14] “Dangerous & Severe Personality Disorder Programme”. • Partridge, Ralph (1953). Broadmoor: A History of National Personality Disorder Organisation (UK). Criminal Lunacy and its Problems. London: Chato Archived from the original on 24 February 2007. and Windus. OCLC 14663968. Retrieved 15 May 2007. • The Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health [15] Daily Telegraph, “Broadmoor staff said Jimmy Savile was a 'psychopath' with a 'liking for children'", 1 November (2006).First steps to work – a study at Broad- 2012. Accessed 1 November 2012 moor Hospital (119KB). Accessed 2007-06-15

[16] Adam Sweeting (29 October 2011). ""Sir Jimmy Sav- • Stevens, Mark (2011). Broadmoor Revealed: Vic- ile obituary” at guardian.co.uk”. London: The Guardian. torian Crime and the Lunatic Asylum. Broadmoor Retrieved 1 October 2012. Revealed. Accessed 2011-07-15 5

11 External links

• Official website

• Berkshire Record Office’s Broadmoor History pages Accessed 2011-04-18

• Fallon, Peter; Bluglass, Robert; Edwards, Brian; Daniels, Granville (January 1999) Report of the Committee of Inquiry into the Personality Disorder Unit, Ashworth Special Hospital. published by The Stationery Office. Accessed 2007-11-12

• Paddock centre. DSPD service. West London Men- tal Health Trust. Accessed 2007-05-15

• Home Office. National offenders management ser- vice. Dangerous People with Severe Personality Disorder Programme. Accessed 2007-06-07 • All in the mind (Wednesday 3 March 2004, 5.00 pm). BBC – Live chat:The rehabilitation of the mentally ill in Broadmoor and elsewhere. Accessed 2007-05-19 • BBC News background on Broadmoor Hospital

• Landscapes & Gardens (2002) Architectural listing for Broadmoor Hospital. University of York. Ac- cessed 2007-05-19 • BBC News story on scandals and controversy re- garding Broadmoor and other secure hospitals • “NHS in England”. Broadmoor Hospital Site Sum- mary Information. Retrieved 26 March 2006. • Together-UK Independent Patients’ Advocacy Ser- vice, for Broadmoor Hospital. Accessed 2007-06- 15

• Fallon, Peter; Bluglass, Robert; Edwards, Brian; Daniels, Granville (January 1999) - overview of the History of the Hospitals in the context of the Ash- worth Inquiry Accessed June 2008 6 12 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

12 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

12.1 Text

• Broadmoor Hospital Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadmoor_Hospital?oldid=671375913 Contributors: The Anome, Freckle- foot, Skysmith, Jengod, Steinsky, Warofdreams, Donarreiskoffer, Pigsonthewing, Wereon, Tom-, Bobblewik, Utcursch, Garryq, Dvavasour, Plasma east, Bodnotbod, Neutrality, Zaf, D6, Noisy, Rich Farmbrough, MBisanz, Richard Cane, Spinboy, Longhair, Richi, Sherurcij, Car- bon Caryatid, Jackliddle, PeteVerdon, Rwendland, CaseInPoint, Dave.Dunford, Redvers, Mindmatrix, Bellhalla, Robwingfield, Pol098, Commander Keane, Apokrif, Kelisi, Wayward, Mandarax, BD2412, Canderson7, Tim!, Ligulem, Bubba73, MacRusgail, Aspro, Jaraalbe, RattusMaximus, Paddy’s Ego, Danbarnesdavies, Gaius Cornelius, CambridgeBayWeather, Trovatore, RFBailey, GraemeE17, Ydam, Smur- rayinchester, Whobot, Sardanaphalus, SmackBot, PEHowland, Wolfmann~enwiki, Tterrag, Hmains, Chris the speller, Bluebot, Paulleake, Britmax, Greenshed, DMacks, Bob Castle, Smerus, Ligulembot, Ohconfucius, BrownHairedGirl, Hysbys, Bronayur, Waggers, Mani- festation, Skinsmoke, Dl2000, JMK, Nunquam Dormio, Hi There, Penbat, Pit-yacker, Cydebot, MBRZ48, Road Wizard, Rob.desbois, Chris Henniker, Biruitorul, Silverbilly, Verica Atrebatum, Gruffty, Ascara~enwiki, Dalliance, InFlamesJames, Ghmyrtle, Bigjimr, Nthep, RebelRobot, Dave Dinneen, QuizzicalBee, Froid, The Anomebot2, STBot, Keith D, EverSince, Newberygreen1, Nev1, Distillate, My- croft~enwiki, Fred nelson, KylieTastic, HenryLarsen, Snipeandpurple, Ianmurray5, Hugo999, Sam Blacketer, TreasuryTag, Melsaran, S. M. Sullivan, Dirkbb, Plutonium27, Oneblackline, Mehr licht, This, that and the other, Millstream3, Brightland, ClueBot, Greatest hits, Ricky455, Niceguyedc, IJA, DumZiBoT, Addbot, Queenmomcat, Ka Faraq Gatri, MrOllie, The C of E, AnnaFrance, Tassedethe, Tide rolls, Luckas-bot, EchetusXe, Julia W, AnomieBOT, Galoubet, Piano non troppo, Tinkerbell444, Czmanna, FrescoBot, Philman132, SVDTorvaldsSKS, Berksro, Full-date unlinking bot, Cnwilliams, Jethap, Daeld1, RjwilmsiBot, Lestris, Tommy2010, H3llBot, Mezuu64, Donner60, PsychoticInq, Posh-otter, Rocketrod1960, ClueBot NG, Westham666, Comingafteryou, Helpful Pixie Bot, Strutty123, Incon- ceivableThoughts, TheJJJunk, 99801155KC9TV, Cantus83, You Can Act Like A Man, Sighola, Marigold100, Ginsuloft, JoeyVanDyke, Mrlgriffiths, Nurkle, NextPundit, Monkbot, Jordanhewitt, BethNaught, Dr kevin j murray, Alimay90, Mummyh1987, Wishfulness, The Quixotic Potato, Alpine speed and Anonymous: 118

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• File:Asylum_for_Criminal_Lunatics,_Broadmoor.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Asylum_for_ Criminal_Lunatics%2C_Broadmoor.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://wellcomecollection.wordpress.com/2010/11/19/ the-mad-the-bad-and-the-greater-good/ Original artist: Illustrated London News 1867 • File:Berkshire_UK_location_map.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Berkshire_UK_location_map. svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Ordnance Survey OpenData. Original artist: Nilfanion, created using Ordnance Survey data • File:Psi2.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Psi2.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Red_pog.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/0c/Red_pog.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

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