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1 FATTY ACIDS in PHOTOTROPHIC and MIXOTROPHIC GYRODINIUM GALATHE- ANUM (DINOPHYCEAE) Adolf, J. E.1, Place, A. R.2, Lund, E.2, St

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1 FATTY ACIDS in PHOTOTROPHIC and MIXOTROPHIC GYRODINIUM GALATHE- ANUM (DINOPHYCEAE) Adolf, J. E.1, Place, A. R.2, Lund, E.2, St PSA ABSTRACTS 1 1 Texas south jetty was completed between April 1999 FATTY ACIDS IN PHOTOTROPHIC AND and February, 2000. Species composition, seasonal pe- MIXOTROPHIC GYRODINIUM GALATHE- riodicity, and fluctuations in temperature and salinity ANUM (DINOPHYCEAE) were determined. This is the first comprehensive 1 2 2 study of benthic macroalgae conducted in Corpus Adolf, J. E. , Place, A. R. , Lund, E. , Stoecker, Christi Bay, which is shallow, turbid, and lacks natural 1 1,3 D. K. , & Harding, L. W., Jr hard substrate. Man-made jetties are necessary for 1Horn Point Lab, University of Maryland Center for suitable floral attachment. Macroalgae are affected by Environmental Science, Cambridge, MD 21613 USA; changes in salinity as freshwater inflows are followed 2Center of Marine Biotechnology, Baltimore, MD 21202 by periods of drought, which increase salinity. These USA; 3Maryland Sea Grant, University of Maryland, effects are most notable where freshwater enters at College Park, MD 20742 USA the south end near Oso Bay and at the north end at Nueces Bay. Previous Texas algal collections de- Fatty acids were measured in G. galatheanum grown scribed species of Enteromorpha, Ulva, Gelidium, and either phototrophically, or mixotrophically with Gracilaria as the most dominant plants of the area. Storeatula major (Cryptophyceae) as prey. G. galatheanum, This supports the current study with the additions of like many photosynthetic dinoflagellates, contains Hypnea musciformis and Centroceras clavulatum. Domi- high amounts of n-3 long-chain-polyunsaturated fatty nant plants at the Port Aransas jetty include Ulva fasci- acids (LC-PUFA) such as docosahexaenoic acid ata, Padina gymnospora, and Hypnea musciformis. The (DHA, 22:6n-3) and the hemolytic toxic fatty acid Rhodophyta including Gracilaria, Gelidium, and Centro- 18:5n-3. We hypothesize that a benefit of phagotrophy ceras clavulatum dominate the bay and do so through- in G. galatheanum is the acquisition of precursor lino- out the year. Chlorophytes, although few in species lenic acid (18:3n-3) that fuels LC-PUFA synthesis. richness, are important to benthic coverage and bio- Phototrophs grew at 0.37 dϪ1, while mixotrophs grew mass. Phaeophyta are found predominantly at the at 0.40 dϪ1 with a feeding rate of 0.62 dϪ1. Photosyn- Port Aransas jetty with Sargassum, Dictyota dichotoma, thesis was lower in mixotrophs (3.7 pg C cellϪ1 hϪ1) and Petalonia fascia being most abundant. A transition than phototrophs (4.9 pg C cellϪ1 hϪ1). DHA levels occurs in species composition as the water tempera- were higher in mixotrophs [3.7 (ϩ/Ϫ 0.11) pg cellϪ1] ture changes seasonally. Hincksia, Ectocarpus, and Peta- than phototrophs [3.0 (ϩ/Ϫ 0.16) pg cellϪ1] and lonia fascia are found only during the cooler months. prey [0.4 (ϩ/Ϫ 0.01) pg cellϪ1]. 18:5n–3 levels [1.7 (ϩ/Ϫ 0.03) pg cellϪ1] were similar in phototrophs 3 and mixotrophs. An intermediate in n-3 LC-PUFA NEW AND RARE CHRYSOPHYTES FROM synthesis, 20:4n-3, accumulated in mixotrophs [0.6 WYOMING AND COLORADO LAKES (ϩ/Ϫ 0.27) pg cellϪ1] relative to phototrophs (not Ϫ1 Aguiar, R. & Kugrens, P. detected) and prey [0.03 (ϩ/Ϫ 0.002) pg cell ]. Low Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort ratios of linolenic acid to DHA in phototrophic G. Collins, Colorado 80523 USA galatheanum (0.14) relative to mixotrophic G. galatheanum (0.29) and prey (2.14) are consistent with substrate limitation of LC-PUFA synthesis in phototro- Colorado and Wyoming lakes with high pH values phs. Accumulation of 20:4n-3 suggests incomplete generally ranging from 8 to 10 are dominated by phy- conversion of linolenic acid to DHA, possibly due to toplankton belonging to the chrysophytes, diatoms conditions in batch culture. We conclude that precur- and cryptomonads. Our studies on phytoplankton di- sors for n-3 LC-PUFA biosynthesis in G. galatheanum versity in Dowdy, South Delaney Buttes and Cowdrey may be acquired through ingestion of S. major, and Lakes in Colorado and Diamond and Twin Buttes may partially control feeding/photosynthesis in mix- Lakes in Wyoming have yielded several isolates of rare otrophic populations. or new chrysophytes. These isolates were examined with light microscopy, SEM, TEM, and novel informa- tion regarding their structure is presented. Proposed 2 new species belong to the genera Saccochrysis, Prymne- SPECIES COMPOSITION AND SEASONAL sium and Chrysochromulina. Chrysophytes that were ex- PERIODICITY OF MACROALGAL SPECIES IN amined for the first time include Monochrysis aphanas- CORPUS CHRISTI BAY, TEXAS ter, Uroglenopsis, and a mixotrophic species of Ochromonas, which ingests small diatoms. Probable Agan, J. C. & Lehman, R. L. new species are the following: Saccochrysis sp. nov. dif- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Texas A&M fers in chloroplast structure, cell shape and cell num- University-Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Dr., Corpus ber/colony, and absence of a posterior vacuole; Prym- Christi, TX 78412 USA nesium sp. nov. is the first freshwater form examined with EM and differs in scale morphology; and Chryso- Benthic algal sampling from selected sites along Cor- chromulina sp. nov. is similar to Chrysochromulina parva pus Christi Bay and from one site at the Port Aransas, but lacks scales. The ultrastructure of M. aphanaster is 2 PSA ABSTRACTS unique and appears to be a member of the Chryso- Wilmington, NC 28403 USA; 3Department of Phycol- phyceae. It has two flagella, one of which is emergent, ogy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark while the other is hidden within an invagination of the cytoplasm. Diacronema and Sarcinochrysis spp. from The Phaeothamniophyceae was based upon ultra- these lakes also were isolated and reinvestigated, and structure, pigment analysis and rbcL gene sequences. some unique cellular features will be discussed. Recently we have successfully obtained SSU rDNA se- quences from members of this relatively new class. 4 These sequences corroborate the phylogenetic rela- tionship of the Phaeothamniophyceae as a close rela- ALGAL COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF THE tive of the Phaeophyceae and Xanthophyceae. Addi- EAST AND WEST FLOWER GARDEN BANKS, tionally we show that the “walled” Chrysocapsa NORTHWESTERN GULF OF MEXICO epiphytica is a synonmym of Tetrasporopsis fuscescens and Albert, E. M. & Lehman, R. L. belongs in the Phaeothamniophyceae. Conversely, Center for Coastal Studies, Texas A&M University- “wall-less” taxa such as Chrysocapsa vernalis, Dermatochry- Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, TX sis, and Chrysonebula belong within the Chryso- 78412 USA phyceae. Furthermore, we suggest that the capsoid Tetrachrysis dendroides is a synonym of Stichogloea globosa The algal communities of the Flower Garden Banks and belongs within the Phaeothamniophyceae. We National Marine Sanctuary have not been compre- will also report new findings for other genera (e.g. hensively evaluated and only a few dominant macroal- Phaeobotrys, Phaeothamnion, Phaeoschizochlamys, Stichog- gal species have been reported. This study utilizes loea). It appears that the capsoid habit evolved inde- both destructive and non-destructive sampling tech- pendently in the Phaeothamniophyceae and the niques to characterize and taxonomically identify the Chrysophyceae, thus providing a new example of con- ‘algal mat’ community structure. The East and West vergent evolution for thallus organization. Flower Garden Banks are located on the outer conti- nental shelf approximately 200 km off the Texas-Loui- siana coastline. The average depth of both banks is 6 100 m with the crest approximately 20 m from the sur- face. Harvest and photogrammetric samples were col- RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF RECRUIT- lected during two extended cruises to the Flower Gar- MENT VERSUS REGENERATION IN MAIN- den Banks in October 1998 and March 1999. Forty, TAINING THE POPULATIONS OF SAR- 0.25-m2 quadrats of standing stock material were ran- GASSUM HENSLOWIANUM IN PING CHAU, domly collected along with one hundred sixty-one HONG KONG 0.25 m2 photo-quadrats from an average depth of 27 Ang, P. O. m. Photo-transparencies were projected to an actual Department of Biology, The Chinese University of Hong size grid with 25 random points. Four thousand Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China twenty-five transparency points were evaluated and used to calculate percent composition of algal cover. Populations S. henslowianum dominate the shallow Harvest samples were used to characterize the “algal subtidal waters of Ping Chau Island, Hong Kong. A mat” composition, species richness, abundance, and study was carried out to evaluate the relative impor- biomass. Forty-two species were identified from the tance of recruitment vs regeneration from the hold- samples representing 14 Orders. The “red algal mat” fast in the maintenance of these populations. The was the dominant algal coverage comprising 38.4% of number of recruits on clearings, artificial and natural all photogrammetric samples. This mat was primarily substrata as well as the density of the natural popula- composed of members from the Order Ceramiales. tions were evaluated on a periodic basis from March Centroceras, Ceramium, and Polysiphonia comprised 1998 to March 2000. The results indicated that al- 33.4% of the mat, Anotrichium and Hypoglossum, though up to 85 to 100% of the individuals of this spe- 22.4%. cies may be reproductive during the winter reproduc- tive season (Nov to Feb), only up to a maximum mean 5 density of 17 recruits 0.25 mϪ2 were found in the THE PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF cleared areas or artificial substrata provided. Less THE PHAEOTHAMNIOPHYCEAE, WITH than 10% of these eventually survived the following growth season. In the natural stands, new individuals COMMENTS ON CERTAIN CAPSOID MEM- (recruits) constituted only less than 15% of the mean BERS OF THE CHRYSOPHYCEAE density. The number of new recruits was particularly 1 2 3 Andersen, R. A. , Bailey, J. C. & Daugbjerg, N. low around older individuals. Thus, these populations 1Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, West Boothbay were mainly made up of older individuals regenerat- Harbor, ME 04575 USA; 2Department of Biological ing from their perennating holdfasts.
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    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.15.042127; this version posted April 23, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 5 Lateral gene transfer of anion-conducting channelrhodopsins between green algae and giant viruses Andrey Rozenberg 1,5, Johannes Oppermann 2,5, Jonas Wietek 2,3, Rodrigo Gaston Fernandez Lahore 2, Ruth-Anne Sandaa 4, Gunnar Bratbak 4, Peter Hegemann 2,6, and Oded 10 Béjà 1,6 1Faculty of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel. 2Institute for Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstraße 42, Berlin 10115, Germany. 3Present address: Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann 15 Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel. 4Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway. 5These authors contributed equally: Andrey Rozenberg, Johannes Oppermann. 6These authors jointly supervised this work: Peter Hegemann, Oded Béjà. e-mail: [email protected] ; [email protected] 20 ABSTRACT Channelrhodopsins (ChRs) are algal light-gated ion channels widely used as optogenetic tools for manipulating neuronal activity 1,2. Four ChR families are currently known. Green algal 3–5 and cryptophyte 6 cation-conducting ChRs (CCRs), cryptophyte anion-conducting ChRs (ACRs) 7, and the MerMAID ChRs 8. Here we 25 report the discovery of a new family of phylogenetically distinct ChRs encoded by marine giant viruses and acquired from their unicellular green algal prasinophyte hosts.
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