Diversidade Das Assembléias De Drosofilídeos (Insecta, Diptera) No Cerrado

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Diversidade Das Assembléias De Drosofilídeos (Insecta, Diptera) No Cerrado Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia Instituto de Biologia Universidade de Brasília Renata Alves da Mata Diversidade das assembléias de Drosofilídeos (Insecta, Diptera) no Cerrado Tese submetida ao Programa de Pós - Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia da Universidade de Brasília, como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Ecologia. Orientadora: Prof a. Dra. Rosana Tidon Brasília, abril de 2007 O presente trabalho foi realizado com bolsa do CNPq, no Laboratório de Biologia Evolutiva da Universidade de Brasília, dirigido pela Profa. Dra. Rosana Tidon, e com bolsa sanduíche da CAPES, no laboratório Spatial, Physiological and Conservation Ecology, no departamento de Conservação Ecológica (Departament of Conservation Ecology) da Universidade de Stellenbosch, África do Sul, dirigido pela Profa. Dra. Melodie McGeoch. iii Para o meu pai, Adval Alves da Mata (in memoriam). iv AGRADECIMENTOS À minha família, que é a minha base. À minha mãe e ao João, que estiveram comigo em todas as horas, me dando todo apoio que precisei. À minha madrinha “Tia Joaninha” por ser sempre presente de maneira fundamental durante toda a minha formação. Aos meus avós, Dona Maria e Senhor Geraldo, pelo carinho, torcida e incentivo. Ao Eric pelo amor, amizade, compreensão, respeito, e que apesar da distância, foi companheiro e cúmplice, dando apoio a todas as minhas decisões. À minha orientadora, À Profª. Drª. Rosana Tidon, por acreditar em mim, e por tantas oportunidades oferecidas. Pela disponibilidade de discutir, sugerir, e dar importantes orientações sempre que necessário. Pelo exemplo de trabalho com responsabilidade, respeito e colaboração mútua. À Profª. Drª. Melodie McGeoch, por me apresentar um universo novo de possibilidades, pela generosidade e paciência com que me recebeu, pelo grande exemplo de inteligência, competência e humanidade. Por me mostrar como é possível usar tudo isso para contribuir para o desenvolvimento de uma sociedade mais justa. À Profª. Drª. Nilda Diniz, pela amizade, idéias e “toques” fundamentais em todos estes anos trabalhando juntas. A todos os meus companheiros de laboratório, pela amizade e ajuda nos momentos finais da tese, em especial, Francisco, Henrique, Juliana e Luciana, que fazem do local de trabalho um ambiente de colaboração e respeito mútuos. À Mieko e Roberta pela ajuda no trabalho de campo, em especial, ao Senhor Antônio, grande amigo e companheiro, sem o qual não teria conseguido realizar as coletas de dados. Aos meus amigos Sul Africanos, Cang, Cori, Carmem, Jesse, Georgina, Lizel, Mawethu, Melodie, Ndivhuwo, Pete, Sonja e Zipho, pela maravilhosa hospitalidade e cordialidade com me trataram, tornando os meus dias como estrangeira possíveis e felizes. Aos meus colegas de campo no Paranã, especialmente, Daniel e Carlos, os meus anjos da guarda. A presença deles em um momento crítico permitiu com que eu terminasse essa tese. Ao Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia, representado pelos Professores Dra. Helena Castanheira e Dr. John Hay. Muito obrigada a vocês, pois sempre que precisei obtive apoio e amparo. À Profª. Drª. Carolyn Elinore Barnes Proença, pelo auxílio na confecção do abstract. Ao Prof. Dr. Paulo de Marco Jr e ao Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas (IPÊ) pela qualidade do curso de Ecologia Quantitativa, o qual contribuiu para as análises de dados da tese. Aos órgãos financiadores dessa pesquisa: Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) e Ministério do Meio Ambiente (MMA/PROBIO) que financiou e forneceu o apoio logístico para as expedições no Vale do Paranã. v ÍNDICE CONSIDERAÇÕES INICIAIS .........................................................................................1 1. Perturbação antrópica afeta a composição e invasibilidade das assembléias de drosofilídeos do Cerrado ...................................................................................................3 INTRODUÇÃO ........................................................................................................................... 3 METODOLOGIA........................................................................................................................ 6 Área de estudo, amostragem e identificação das espécies..................................................................... 6 Análise de Dados ................................................................................................................................... 8 RESULTADOS...........................................................................................................................10 DISCUSSÃO...............................................................................................................................12 Implicações para a Conservação..........................................................................................................17 REFERÊNCIAS..........................................................................................................................21 2. Assembléias de drosofilídeos (Insecta, Diptera) como um sistema bioindicador de distúrbio humano no bioma Cerrado .............................................................................34 INTRODUÇÃO ..........................................................................................................................34 METODOLOGIA.......................................................................................................................38 Área de estudo, amostragem e identificação das espécies....................................................................38 Análise de dados ...................................................................................................................................40 Assembléias de drosofilídeos como indicadoras..................................................................................40 Espécies como indicadoras.................................................................................................................41 Espécies características..................................................................................................................42 Espécies detectoras........................................................................................................................43 Validação em dois estágios ................................................................................................................45 RESULTADOS...........................................................................................................................46 Assembléias de drosofilídeos como indicadoras...................................................................................46 Espécies como indicadores ...................................................................................................................47 Espécies características......................................................................................................................47 Espécies detectoras ............................................................................................................................49 Validação em dois estágios ...................................................................................................................49 DISCUSSÃO...............................................................................................................................50 Assembléias como Indicadores.............................................................................................................50 Espécies como Indicadores...................................................................................................................51 IndVal e validação em dois estágios .....................................................................................................54 Drosofilídeos como indicadores de distúrbio humano e de mudanças nos hábitats do Cerrado ........57 REFERÊNCIAS..........................................................................................................................61 3. Caracterização das assembléias de Drosophilidae (Insecta, Diptera) em três áreas potenciais para conservação em uma região ameaçada do bioma Cerrado ..................77 INTRODUÇÃO ..........................................................................................................................77 MÉTODOS .................................................................................................................................80 Área de estudo, amostragem e identificação das espécies....................................................................80 Análise dos dados .................................................................................................................................81 RESULTADOS...........................................................................................................................82 DISCUSSÃO...............................................................................................................................84 REFERÊNCIAS..........................................................................................................................90 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS ........................................................................................102 vi RESUMO Este trabalho investigou os padrões de diversidade de drosofilídeos em diferentes hábitats e áreas do Cerrado. Os objetivos do estudo foram contribuir para
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