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Attenuation of Solar Radiation by Water Vapor

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Attenuation of Solar Radiation by Water Vapor UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE SAN LUIS POTOSÍ FACULTADES DE CIENCIAS QUÍMICAS, INGENIERÍA Y MEDICINA PROGRAMAS MULTIDISCIPLINARIOS DE POSGRADO EN CIENCIAS AMBIENTALES AND COLOGNE UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES INSTITUTE FOR TECHNOLOGY AND RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN THE TROPICS AND SUBTROPICS ATTENUATION OF SOLAR RADIATION BY THE PRESENCE OF MOISTURE IN SAN LUIS POTOSÍ, MEXICO. THESIS TO OBTAIN THE DEGREE OF MAESTRÍA EN CIENCIAS AMBIENTALES DEGREE AWARDED BY UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE SAN LUIS POTOSÍ AND MASTER OF SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN THE TROPICS AND SUBTROPICS IN THE SPECIALIZATION: RESOURCES MANAGEMENT DEGREE AWARDED BY COLOGNE UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES PRESENTS: DULCE MARÍA OROZCO CORONA CO-DIRECTOR OF THESIS PMPCA DR. LUIS ARMANDO BERNAL JÁCOME CO-DIRECTOR OF THESIS ITT: DR. INGO STADLER ASSESSOR: DR. JOSÉ NOEL CARBAJAL PÉREZ COLOGNE, GERMANY AUGUST, 2012 SAN LUIS POTOSÍ, MEXICO OR COLOGNE, GERMANY DATE PROYECTO FINANCIADO POR: NO FUNDS REQUIRED PROYECTO REALIZADO EN: ITT/IPICYT INSTITUO FÜR TECHNOLOGIE IN DEN TROPEN UND SUBTROPEN/DIVISIÓN DE GEOCIENCIAS FACHHOSCHULE KOELN/IPICYT CON EL APOYO DE: DEUTSCHER AKADEMISCHER AUSTAUSCH DIENST (DAAD) CONSEJO NACIONAL DE CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA (CONACYT) LA MAESTRÍA EN CIENCIAS AMBIENTALES RECIBE APOYO A TRAVÉS DEL PROGRAMA NACIONAL DE POSGRADOS (PNPC - CONACYT) Erklärung/Declaración Name / Nombre: Dulce María Orozco Corona Matri.-Nr. / N° de matricula: 11090036 (CUAS), 204035 (UASLP) Ich versichere wahrheitsgemäß, dass ich die vorliegende Masterarbeit selbstständig verfasst und keine anderen als die von mir angegebenen Quellen und Hilfsmittel benutzt habe. Alle Stellen, die wörtlich oder sinngemäß aus veröffentlichten und nicht veröffentlichten Schriften entnommen sind, sind als solche kenntlich gemacht. Aseguro que yo redacté la presente tesis de maestría independientemente y no use referencias ni medios auxiliares a parte de los indicados. Todas las partes, que están referidas a escritos o a textos publicados o no publicados son reconocidas como tales. Die Arbeit ist in gleicher oder ähnlicher Form noch nicht als Prüfungsarbeit eingereicht worden. Hasta la fecha, un trabajo como éste o similar no ha sido entregado como trabajo de tesis. San Luis Potosí, den /el ___30.08.2013_____________ Unterschrift / Firma: ______________ Ich erkläre mich mit einer späteren Veröffentlichung meiner Masterarbeit sowohl auszugsweise, als auch Gesamtwerk in der Institutsreihe oder zu Darstellungszwecken im Rahmen der Öffentlichkeitsarbeit des Institutes einverstanden. Estoy de acuerdo con una publicación posterior de mi tesis de maestría en forma completa o parcial por las instituciones con la intención de exponerlos en el contexto del trabajo investigatición de las mismas. Unterschrift / Firma: __________________ Dedicated A Dios A mis padres: José Guadalupe y Dulce María A mis hermanas María Guadalupe y Marina A Juan José A mis abuelitos A mi familia A mis amigos El mejor regalo que me dio la vida son ustedes. Gracias por ser las personas que más amo en la vida, gracias por ser cada día mi mayor fortaleza e inspiración, por ser mi apoyo más grande y la luz de mis días, por todo su amor, gracias por siempre confiar en mí, porque cada día soy una persona dichosa y afortunada por tenerlos a mi lado. LOS AMO. Table of Contents Acknowledgement ........................................................................................................ I List of Tables ............................................................................................................... II List of Figures ............................................................................................................. III List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................. VII Abstract ...................................................................................................................... IX Resumen ..................................................................................................................... X Zusammenfassung ..................................................................................................... XI Introduction .................................................................................................................. 1 Background ................................................................................................................. 5 Objectives .................................................................................................................... 8 1 Theoretical Framework ......................................................................................... 9 1.1 General Concepts........................................................................................... 9 1.1.1 Solar Radiation Definition ........................................................................ 9 1.1.2 Types of Solar Radiation .......................................................................... 9 1.1.3 Energy Balance of the Earth .................................................................. 10 1.1.4 Spectral Irradiance ................................................................................. 12 1.1.5 Atmospheric Transmittance ................................................................... 13 1.1.6 Factors That Affect Atmospheric Transmittance .................................... 14 1.1.7 Atmospheric Components That Attenuate Solar Radiation .................... 15 1.1.8 Additional Factors That Attenuate Solar Radiation ................................ 16 1.1.9 Relative Humidity Definition ................................................................... 16 1.2 Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model ....................................... 17 1.2.1 WRF System Components and Parameterization .................................. 18 1.2.2 Nesting ................................................................................................... 23 2 Current Situation of Renewable Energy in Mexico ............................................. 25 2.1 Electrical Current Status and Renewable Energy Potential in Mexico .......... 26 2.2 Renewable Energy in Mexico ....................................................................... 28 2.2.1 Small, Mini and Micro-Hydroelectric Power Stations. ............................. 28 2.2.2 Geothermal Energy ................................................................................ 29 2.2.3 Ocean Energy ........................................................................................ 31 2.2.4 Wind Energy .......................................................................................... 31 2.2.5 Solar Energy .......................................................................................... 32 2.3 Incentives ..................................................................................................... 35 2.4 Barriers ......................................................................................................... 37 2.4.1 Institutional Barriers ............................................................................... 37 2.4.2 Social Barriers ........................................................................................ 38 2.4.3 Human Resources and Technical Barrriers ........................................... 39 2.4.4 Environmental Problems ........................................................................ 40 2.4.5 Barriers to the Implementation Solar Energy in Mexico ......................... 41 3 Study Area .......................................................................................................... 43 3.1 Geographic Areas of San Luis Potosí........................................................... 44 3.2 Climate ......................................................................................................... 45 3.3 Orography .................................................................................................... 48 3.4 Hidrography .................................................................................................. 50 4 Methodology ....................................................................................................... 53 4.1 First Stage .................................................................................................... 53 4.2 Second Stage ............................................................................................... 55 4.3 Third Stage ................................................................................................... 67 4.4 Fourth Stage ................................................................................................. 68 4.5 Fifth Stage .................................................................................................... 70 4.6 Sixth Stage ................................................................................................... 70 5 Validation of the Calculations ............................................................................. 71 5.1 WRF Model Validation .................................................................................. 72 5.2 Qualitative and Quantitative Validation ......................................................... 73 6 Results: Attenuation of Solar Radiation by Water Vapor .................................... 88 7 Discussion ........................................................................................................ 112 8 Conclusions .....................................................................................................
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