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Decane 124-18-5

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Decane 124-18-5 Decane 124-18-5 SUMMARY OF DATA FOR CHEMICAL SELECTION Decane 124-18-5 BASIS OF NOMINATION TO THE NTP Decane is brought to the attention of the Chemical Selection Working Group as an environmental pollutant with widespread human exposure but limited toxicological information. Decane was selected from a group of hydrocarbons found in fuels, but it is also a ubiquitous pollutant in indoor and outdoor air and in water. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) estimated that approximately 1,667 workers are exposed to decane based on a survey done in the 1980s. However, its main uses as a solvent, as a component of paints, and in the rubber and paper industries do not appear to be reflected in the NIOSH survey. No adequate 2-year carcinogenicity study of decane was found in the available literature. Chronic toxicity studies described decane as a cocarcinogen and tumor promoter in skin cancer. In in vitro studies, decane was comutagenic, but not mutagenic. The human toxicological impact of decane may be considerable, since it occurs with proven carcinogenic hydrocarbons in many mixtures of environmental concern such as fuel combustion products, cigarette smoke, and certain petroleum distillates. INPUT FROM GOVERNMENT AGENCIES/INDUSTRY According to the NTP reviewers of the summary sheets on decane and undecane, a draft report (TR-519) of a 2-year carcinogenicity study of Stoddard solvent is tentatively scheduled for peer review in May 2003. Male Fischer 344 rats inhaled Stoddard solvent at doses of 0, 188, 550, or 3 1100 mg/m and female Fischer 344 rats and male and female B6C3F1 mice were exposed at 0, 550, 1100, or 2200 mg/m3. Stoddard solvent is a widely used chemical mixture, with production in 1990 exceeding 38 million pounds. Stoddard solvent contains hydrocarbons ranging from C7 to C12, with the majority in the C9 to C11 range. The hydrocarbons are 30-50% alkanes, 30- 1 ______________________________________________________________________________ Prepared for NCI by Technical Resources International, Inc. to support chemical nomination under contract no. N02-CB-07007 (11/02; 3/03) Decane 124-18-5 40% cycloalkanes, and 10-20% aromatics. Both decane and undecane are present in Stoddard Solvent. Although Stoddard solvent was negative in the micronucleus assay, pathologic studies on the mice have been completed. These studies indicate treatment-related effects in the liver in both sexes of mice. The pathologic results in the rats were not available for the CSWG’s evaluation. SELECTION STATUS: Selected ACTION BY CSWG: 12/17/02 Studies Requested: Carcinogenicity Priority: High Rationale/Remarks: • Consider nomination with undecane and select one of these chemicals for testing. • Consider also testing in an initiation/promotion protocol. • Test pure compound rather than a complex mixture of alkanes. • Ubiquitous air pollutant with widespread human exposure. • Some evidence that this class of chemicals act as tumor promoters. • HPV chemical; industry is sponsoring a mixture of alkanes 2 ______________________________________________________________________________ Prepared for NCI by Technical Resources International, Inc. to support chemical nomination under contract no. N02-CB-07007 (11/02; 3/03) Decane 124-18-5 CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION CAS Registry No.: 124-18-5 Synonyms: Decyl hydride, n-decane, alkane C10 (ChemID, 2002; Lewis, 2002; Sigma-Aldrich, 2002) Structure, Molecular Formula, and Molecular Weight: C10H22 Mol. wt.: 142.29 Structural Class: Aliphatic alkane Chemical and Physical Properties: Description: Clear, colorless liquid; gasoline odor (Matheson Tri-Gas, 2001; NTP, 2001) Melting Point: -32 & -29 EC (Matheson Tri-Gas, 2001) Boiling Point: 171-174 EC (Matheson Tri-Gas, 2001) Flash Point: 44 EC (Lewis, 2002) Solubility: Soluble in ethanol, ether, acetone, organic solvents; slightly sol. in carbon tetrachloride, dimethyl sulfoxide; insol. in water (Matheson Tri-Gas, 2001; NTP, 2001; Lide, 2001) Density/Specific Gravity: 0.7266 g/cm3 (25 EC) (Lide, 2001) Log PO/W: 6.25 (Lide, 2001) Reactivity: Stable at normal temperatures and pressure; combustible (Lewis, 2002; Matheson Tri-Gas, 2001) Technical Products and Impurities: Decane ($99.8%, 99+%, or $98.0%) is available from Sigma-Aldrich (Sigma-Aldrich, 2002). 3 ______________________________________________________________________________ Prepared for NCI by Technical Resources International, Inc. to support chemical nomination under contract no. N02-CB-07007 (11/02; 3/03) Decane 124-18-5 EXPOSURE INFORMATION Production and Producers: Manufacturing process: Most decane is prepared from petroleum refining. Other sources of decane include coal liquefaction through the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and the hydrogenation of 1-decene (Griesbaum et al., 1989; HSDB, 2002a). Production/import level: Decane is listed in the US Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA’s) Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Inventory (ChemID, 2002). Decane is a high production volume (HPV) chemical with production exceeding 1 million pounds annually in the US. It has no sponsor in the HPV Challenge Program (EPA, 2002). The Port Import/Export Reporting Service (PIERS) reported decane imports with a cargo weight of 392,416 lbs over the 14-month period from August 2001 to October 2002. Exporting countries were Belgium and the United Kingdom. For the 21-month period between January, 2001 and September, 2002, PIERS reported decane exports with a cargo weight of 7,966 lbs (Dialog Information Service, 2002). Producers and Importers: Thirty-five US suppliers of decane are listed by Chem Sources USA (Chemical Sources International, 2002). According to recent issues of chemical directories, decane is manufactured and/or distributed by Alfa Aesar/Johnson Matthey; Chevron Phillips Chemical Co. LP; Dow Chemical Co.; J.T. Baker; Mallinckrot Laboratory Chemicals; Phillips Chemical Co.; Roper Thermals; Spectrum Chemical Mfg. Corp.; TCI America; The Humphrey Chemical Co. Inc. (Chemcyclopedia Online, 2002; Hunter, 2001; Tilton, 2001). Use Pattern: Decane is a component of engine fuels (Cavender, 1994). Other uses include (Lewis, 2002; Verscheuren, 2001; Wolkoff et al., 1998): $ s a solvent 4 ______________________________________________________________________________ Prepared for NCI by Technical Resources International, Inc. to support chemical nomination under contract no. N02-CB-07007 (11/02; 3/03) Decane 124-18-5 $ in organic synthesis $ as a hydrocarbon standard $ in jet fuel research $ in the manufacturing of paraffin products $ in the rubber industry $ in the paper-processing industry $ in cleaning agents Decane is also found in several widely used petroleum distillates, such as Stoddard solvent and jet fuel. According to two studies, decane represents 7.6-11% of white spirits, a mixture of saturated aliphatic and alicyclic, and alkyl aromatic C7-C12 hydrocarbons. Stoddard solvent, a form of white spirit, contains 30-50% of linear and branched alkanes (ATSDR, 1995a; World Health Organization, 1996). The source used to prepare the jet fuel JP-4 apparently affects the amount of decane present. Decane was found at percentages of 11.25 or 2.24 in JP-4 fuel when the source was shale or petroleum, respectively (Irwin, 1997). In 1985, the US consumption of aliphatic hydrocarbon-based solvents in the paint industry was 433,000 tons. The annual sale of white spirits in the US was 717,000 tons in 1985 (World Health Organization, 1996). Human Exposure: Occupational Exposure: The National Occupational Exposure Survey (NOES), which was conducted by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) between 1981 and 1983, estimated that 1,667 workers in 3 industries, including 43 female workers, were potentially exposed to decane in the workplace. The NOES database does not contain information on the frequency, level, or duration of exposure to workers of any chemical listed therein (RTECS, 2000a). Apparently the NOES survey does not address the presence of decane in other solvents since NOES estimates, for example, that 1,922,235 employees in 142,653 facilities are exposed to Stoddard 5 ______________________________________________________________________________ Prepared for NCI by Technical Resources International, Inc. to support chemical nomination under contract no. N02-CB-07007 (11/02; 3/03) Decane 124-18-5 solvent (RTECS, 2000b). Measurements of airborne decane have been taken in several industries. In a shoe sole factory, the atmospheric concentration of decane was 1-370 Fg/m3 in the vulcanization area. In a tire retreading plant, decane concentrations were 0-20 Fg/m3 in the vulcanization area and 0-2 Fg/m3 in the extrusion area. In an electrical insulation manufacturing plant, decane levels were 0-20 Fg/m3 in the extrusion area (HSDB, 2002a). A 1983/1984 petroleum industry study involving 247 measurements reported that outside journeyman operators at oil refineries, transport drivers, gaugers, and service station attendants were exposed to decane from gasoline vapors. For the journeyman operators, decane was detected in 24 of 56 samples at an average airborne concentration of 144 Fg/m3. Decane was present in 44 of 49 samples taken in truck cabs; the average concentration was 75 Fg/m3. Decane had an average concentration of 73 Fg/m3 in 28 of 49 samples from service station attendants. he highest concentrations of total hydrocarbons were observed among dock and deck personnel from marine operations. In these two settings, decane was present in 13 samples at 448 and 136 Fg/m3,
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