THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST

Vol. XXIII No. 4 April 2021

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A Global Community Founder:

Syed Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi (RAH) S. Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi A very important characteristic of Muslims, which should be appreciated in its realistic context is that Muslims consider themselves an international community and their religion Patron: an international religion joining coreligionists beyond the limitations of race, S.M. Rabey Hasani Nadwi language and nationality. They take interest in the common international Islamic problems are influenced by the problems of Muslim nations, and extend sympathy and moral to each other to the possible extent Advisory Board : and within the provisions of the laws of their countries. They do not consider it against their love and faithfulness for their country of Mohd. Hamza Hasani Nadwi residence. They always have sincere love for their motherland and wish to contribute Shah Ebadur Rahman in the best possible way to its prosperity and progress. They consider their attachment for Shamsul Haque Nadwi the other parts of the world as an outcome of their faith in religion, justice, and noble human nature and take it to be a source of benefit and stability for their country as well. The Indian Muslims have always been in the Editor: forefront in this regard. The enthusiasm with which they sided with the Turks in the famous Shariq Alavi Khilafat Movement, the zeal with which they formed Khilafat Committees, the sincerity due to which they won the support of the whole India and most notably that of the greatest leader of India Gandhiji and the Asstt. Editor: way in which the Khilafat leaders—the Ali brothers, Maulana Azad and Maulana Abdul Bari–raised up the whole country on this Obaidur Rahman Nadwi issue are events cf the recent past. This is a distinctive characteristic of the Muslim community and natural result of its educational and historical backgrounds. It is necessary to take into consideration this fact before any decision relating to Muslims is taken. 

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CONTENTS

1- At The Door-Step of The Prophet - S. Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi 7

2- Fasting - S. Sulaiman Nadwi 15

3- The Need For A Most - S.M. Rabey Hasani Nadwi 23

Magnificent Reformer (Prophet)

4- No Propaganda, Sincerity Needed - Saeedur Rahman Azmi Nadwi 25

5- The Concept of Waqf - Tasnuva Jahan 27

6- Maulana Syed Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi - Obaidur Rahman Nadwi 33

and His Movement “The Message

of Humanity

7- Islamic Influence on Indian Society - M. Mujeeb 37

8- Around The World - 39

[ 3 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, April 2021 Wisdom of Qur’an Pearls From the This day I have perfected your religion for you. I Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) have completed My favour upon you and have chosen for you Islam as your religion. It is related by Abu Hurairah that the (al-Ma’idah 5:3) Apostle of God said : "No adulterer commits adultery and remains a Muslim It emerges from studying the Qur’an that two points are crucial to faith. First the spread of faith and during the time he commits the adultery, second measures to protect faith. As regards the and no thief commits theft and remains former, the Qur’an contains clear guidance: It is a Muslim during the time he commits the Allah Who has sent His Messenger [the Prophet theft, and no drinker drinks wine and Muhammad] with guidance and the religion of remains a Muslim during the time he truth, to make it superior over all religions even drinks the wine, and no robber commits though the polytheists hate it. (al-Tawbah 9:33) robbery, in full view of men, and remains Elsewhere too, it is said that Allah will accomplish a Muslim during the time he commits the the above, much to the chagrin of the unbelievers. robbery, and no embezzler commits (al-Tawbah 9:32) embezzlement and remains a Muslim It is clear from the Qur’anic statement given in during the time he commits the Surah al - Ma’idah that Islam will establish its embezzlement. Thus, O ye who believe superiority over all religions. This will occur not ! Save yourselves from these [Faith- only in the political domain, but also in terms of destroying] actss. Save [yourselves]." its impact on the human mind. The Prophet —Bukhari and Muslim Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him) Commentary.—Adultery, theft, wine- was given the glad tidings: When there comes drinking, murder and robbery and the help of Allah to you [O Prophet] and the victory, embezzlement are antithetical to Islam and you see the people enter Allah’s religion in and during the time a person performs crowds, glorify the praise of your Lord, and ask any of these evil acts the light of Faith His forgiveness. He is the One Who always accepts repentance and Who forgives. (al-Nasr deserts him. It does not, however, mean 110:1-3) that he altogether goes out of the fold The divine promise that people would embrace and becomes an Infidel. While Islam in large numbers came true during the commenting on this saying, Imam Bukhari Prophet’s life time. The Qur’an asserts: himself has remarked that "the Allah has promised those among you who believe perpetrator of these sins ceases to be a and do righteous deeds that He will certainly grant full Believer at the time at which he them succession in the land, as He granted it to perpetrates them and the light of Faith those before them, and that He will grant the does not remain in him.” authority to practise their religion which He has To put it differently, if the peculiar inner chosen for them. And He will surely give them in feeling which is known as Faith is alive exchange security after their fear. and the heart is illumined with it, a person (al-Nür 24:55) will never be guilty of these wicked acts. This naturally facilitated the spread of Islam. The Such sins are committed only when the Qur’an also states: flame of Faith has died out in the heart Those who, if We give them power in the land, and the special spiritual consciousness enjoin the establishing of prayer, the payment of which protects a man against evil-doing zakah and exhorting people to do good and forbid has disappeared or grown feeble due to evil. (al-Hajj 22:41)  some reason or the other.

[ 4 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, April 2021 Editor’s Note Pious Months

The last four months of Islamic calendar are marked with much significance. With the advent of ‘Shaban’ doors are open for seeking forgiveness and praying for salvation. The God Almighty becomes liberal in bestowing His favours. The night of the 15th day of ‘Shaban’ is observed as “Shab-e-barat”. The night in which God listens to your prayers, forgives you of your misdeeds and bless you. Devotees keep fast in the day and spend the whole day and night in prayers. Asking favours from the God Almighty. This occasion also provides opportunity to help poors by offering them ‘Sadqa’. It provides sufficient succour to needy persons. There is no limit or fixation in giving “Sadqa”. It depends on the capacity of the donor.

The month of Shaban is followed by the month of Ramzan, the most pious month of Islamic Calendar. Muslims are required to keep fast in the day and in early part of night listen the recitation of the holy Quran in “Taraveeh”. The whole month of Ramzan provides opportunity to come closer to God and follow His dictates. Seek His blessings and request for forgiveness. The patience and perseverence is finally rewarded by the end of the month when ‘Eid-ul-fitra’ is celebrated. Here also those Muslims who can afford offer “fitra” a small amount to the poor so that they too can enjoy the festivities. In the month of Ramzan Muslims are enjoined to part with a certain amount of ‘Zakat’ that is a certain persentage

[ 5 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, April 2021 of money which they have saved througout the year. Apart from ‘Salat’, ‘fasting’, the ‘Zakat’ is one of the basic requirement for a Muslim.

Syed Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi, a great Islamic scholar defining the relation between God and man says:

“We have seen how singular and unexampled the bond is between a Merciful and Benevolent, Rich and Magnanimous Master and a poor and destitute, weak and helpless slave and the infinite Love and kindness and Power and Sublimity of the Compassionate and Beneficent Lord and Protector demands that the slave should surrender himself implicitly to His Will and sacrifice willingly not only his material possessions but all that he has, including the heart and soul, for His sake.”

The month of Eid-ul-fitr is followed by month of “Zil Hij”. In this month those who can afford go to Mecca and perform “Haj” and also offer ‘Qurbani” the sacrifice of animals like goat, camel and other animals whose flesh is permissible to Muslims.

May God Almighty accept the prayers of His devotees and grant them higher status in the life Hereafter.  S.A.

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[ 6 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, April 2021 At The Door - Step of The Prophet - S. Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi Love for the Prophet and yearning fitted to give us pleasure. for Medina were the ruling passions of In the verses we are going to Iqbal’s life. His poems are full of glowing reproduce the poet undertakes an references to them. During the last imaginary journey to Arabia, to the twin phase of his life this tender yet all cities of Mecca and Medina. In eager encompassing devotion had become expectation he presses on. The sand so intense that he was moved to tears under his feet appears to him to be at the very mention of the name of softer than silk ; every particle of it Medina. As things would have it, he seems to have turned into a heart, could not make the pilgrimage to the beating, throbbing and pulsating. To the blessed city with his frail frame but camel-driver he tells to be mindful of spiritually he was there all the time. those tiny hearts and move slowly. Iqbal speaks of the holy Prophet Blessed be the desert whose evenings in a thousand ways in his verses. Over cheerful as the dawn, and over again, he pays to him the tribute Whose nights are short and days of love and while beseeching him draws exalted ; Tread softly, O traveller ! Softly a poignant picture of the Muslim Millet. still, On such occasions his poetic genius attains the finest state of development Each particle here is afflicted like us. and fountains of thought and emotion The song of the Hadi-Khwan spring into life. The truths he had intensifies his restlessness, the wounds discreetly held back begin to unfold of his heart re-open and verses of themselves freely and without breath-taking elegance begin to take constraint. shape spontaneously. In a word could the world of desire be In the same mood of elevation told, but Iqbal betakes himself to the Mowajaha To stay in his presence I prolonged the of the holy Prophet and sends respectful story. Durood (benediction) and Salam (salutation) to him. The tongue of love Some of Iqbal’s most stirring becomes the spokesman of the heart poems have been written on the theme and taking advantage of the precious of love for the Prophet, displaying a rare moments the poet unburdens himself of beauty of diction and richness of his feelings and relieves his mind by illustration. In every line the poet makes speaking of the woes and worries of the us feel that he has something to say Muslims. He complains of the utter which is not only worth saying, but is also helplessness of the Islamic World, its [ 7 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, April 2021 shameful capitulation to the Western the desert but a silken carpet has been Civilization and the utter disregard of his spread for it. message by his own people. At morn I told the camel to take it easy, Iqbal has given the title of For the rider is old and sick; Armughan-I-Hejaz (The Gift of Arabia) But it goes on merrily as if, to the collection of these verses, and, to be sure, it is a most valuable offering The sand under its hooves is silk. for the entire World of Islam, an incense- The caravan presses on with its breathing draft of the morning breeze offerings of Durood and Salam and, in from Hejaz. that entrancing atmosphere, Iqbal Musk-laden is the zephyr today, wishes to perform the genuflection of love on the burning sands that would Beloved’s tresses, haply, are loosened leave a permanent mark on his in wind’s direction. forehead and exhorts his companions Iqbal made this spiritual journey to do the same. when he was more than sixty years old Blessed is the desert in which the and broken down in health. At that age caravans, people, generally,like to retire from active life. But if the poet still embarked Recite the Durood as they press upon the arduous undertaking it was only forward ; in response to the call of love and in Carry out on its hot sands the fulfilment of the high aim of his life. prostration, Despite old age I took the way to yathrib That burns the forehead and leaves its Singing with the ecstasy of love ; mark. Like the bird which in the evening, Iqbal begins to sing verses from Iraqi and jami and it sets the people Spreads its wings eagerly for the nest. wondering in what language the lines He asks if in the evening of life he were which were filling their hearts with decided to go to Medina, which was the agony and making them forget hunger true dwelling-place of the soul and the and thirst even though they did not real abode of the Momin, what was understand their meaning. strange in it ? Just as the birds at sunset Tell,caravan-leader, who the non-Arab fly back to their nests , his spirit, too, is ? was restless to return to the place to which it actually belonged. His song is not of Arabia ; As Iqbal’s camel gathers speed But the tune is refreshing to the heart, he tells it to go slow as the rider is week So that one could live in the desert and infirm but it pays no heed and without water. continues to trot joyously as if it is not Iqbal rejoices in the hardships of

[ 8 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, April 2021 the journey,and exhaustion and loss of low, sleep are a source of comfort to him. And to simpleton a rapturous glimpse The way is not long and tiring for him was granted , and he has no desire to reach his How blessed, indeed, and how destination quickly. On the contrary, he fortunate, begs the camel-driver to take an even longer route so that the period of waiting The sovereign’s door for the beggar was is extended. opened ; Let the traveler’s suffering be more Even in that hour of supreme bliss delightful, Iqbal does not forget the Muslims, specially of India. He relates their pitiful And his lamentation even more frenzied; state with the full force of his eloquence. Take a longer route thou camel-driver, The Muslim, that beggar with the air of And make the fire of separation burn kings, stronger. Smoke of the sigh from his bosom has The poet, thus, completes the fled ; journey and arrives at Medina. To his He weeps,but why ? He does not know, travelling companion he says, “We both are the prisoners of the same ringlet. A glance at him, O Apostle of Allah. The opportunity has, at last, come to us He feels that the tragedy with the to fulfil our heart’s desire and spread our Muslims is that they have fallen from a eyelashes at the feet of the beloved. Let great height and the higher the place us lift restrictions from our eyes and from where one falls the more is one allow the storm that is brewing in them hurt. to have a full play.” Of the afflicted beggar what to tell, Come, O friend, let us weep together, The Muslim of noble descent ; We both are victims of beauty’s God bless the brave, hardy man, aureole; From a high terrace he has fallen ! Give a free rein to what lies buried in The Muslims are disunited and the heart, leaderless. This is the main cause of And rub our eyes at Master’s feet. their misery. They are a collection of Iqbal marvels at his fate that such individuals with no unanimity of action a boon has been conferred upon him or attitude. and a worthless beggar like him The blue sky is still unkind, favoured presence in the magnificent Aimlessly the caravan wends its way; durbar to which kings and savants fail Of their disunity what to speak, to gain admission. You know the Muslims are without a The worth of the wise men was rated leader. [ 9 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, April 2021 The blood of the Muslims has run In his eye neither light nor joy, cold and they have ceased to throw up Nor the heart in his bosom restless; men of outstanding stature which was God help the Millet whose death, once their speciality. Since long their scabbard has been lying empty and the Is from soul devoid of presence. ‘withered garden’ of the Muslim Iqbal compares the present community has lost the capacity to send condition of the Muslims with their forth new blossoms. glorious past and complains His blood that heat possesses no more, reverentially to God that those whom He had brought up on fruit and honey In his garden the tulips have ceased to are now going from door to door and grow ; seeking sustenance in arid lands. His scabbard as empty as his purse, Ask me not his condition, The Book laid on the shelf in his desolate The earth is as mean to him as the sky; home. The bird Thou bast brought up on fruit, Iqbal grieves at the metamorphosis that has come over the For it the quest of grain in the desert is Muslims. The joy of seeking has unbearable. deserted their hearts and they have The poet then speaks of the storm become slothful and ease-loving. Their of atheism that is moving fast towards ears have got accustomed to soft music the World of Islam. As a scholar of and the call of the men of freedom philosophy and economics he knows makes no impression on them. that godlessness is making its way into His heart he made a captive of hue and the Muslim World through materialism, scent, spiritual vacuum and frigidity of the heart. The extravagant ways of living And emptied it of desire and yearning ; are adding fuel to the fire. Iqbal believes The loud cry of the falcon they seldom that the mounting challenge of atheism hear, can be met with love and righteousness. Whose ears get used to mosquito’s If anything can beat back the threat,it is humming sound. the pattern of life Abu Bakr Siddiq had In the eyes of the Muslim there is set. He desires for Muslims the design neither the light of faith nor the of living that is comprehensive of all the intoxication of love. His heart does not aspects of existence. The whole world beat any longer for ‘someone’ , nor is will then be obliged to treat them with his bosom tenanted by ‘anyone’s’ respect. remembrance. He is far removed from Irreligiousness has shaken the world, the state of ‘nearness’ and very much From the attributes of body they deduce away from the ‘desired goal’. about soul;

[ 10 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, April 2021 Out of the Faqr Thou bestowed on sterile and bankrupt. The ewers of Sufi- Siddiq, lodges are empty and the seminaries Produce restlessness for this lover of have become hollow and imitative. They ease. simply are following the beaten track. The real cause of the degradation Poetry and literature show no signs of of Muslims is not poverty but the life. extinction of the flame of love that once Ewers of Sufi-lodges contain no wine, used to burn in their hearts. When these The seminary follows the beaten track ; beggars used to bow before nobody From the assembly of poets I rose except God the collar of the kings was dejected, in their hands, but as the inner fire died Melody from the reed comes out dead. out in them they took refuge in shrines and monasteries. The poet says that he went round the Islamic World but nowhere did he The beggars till they mustered in the find the fearless, undaunted Muslim of mosque, whom death itself was afraid. They tore the collar of the kings ; I flew with the wings you gave me, But when the fire within them died, And burnt myself with the fire of my song; The Muslims sought shelter in the The Muslim that made death tremble shrines. with fear, Iqbal looks carefully into the record I searched in the world but did not find. of the Muslims, and discovers enough in it to fill him with shame. Their conduct Analysing the causes of the has nothing to do with the teachings of frustration and waywardness of the the Prophet and the precepts of Islam. Muslims Iqbal remarks that be it an Such glaring instances of polytheistic individual or a community, if it deportment, worship of non-God and possesses the heart but does not have insincere praise of tyrannical rulers the loved one it, is bound to be devoid meet the eye that no self-respecting of peace; its energies are wasted and man can remain without being its endeavours lack cohesion. overcome with a sense of guilt. One night before God I wailed, Sorrowfully, he admits that with these Down in the world why Muslims are ? limits of debasement the Muslims are Came the reply : “Don’t you know, clearly unworthy of God and have no This community possesses the heart but right to be associated with Him. not the beloved? No one but ourselves I have to blame, All the dreary circumstances We proved not worthy of Thy Grace. notwithstanding Iqbal is not despondent. The World of Islam has grown He has neither lost hope in the Muslims

[ 11 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, April 2021 nor despaired of the mercy of God. On Western Civilisation and rejected it out the other hand, he is severely critical of of hand. He was a real benefactor of the the prophets of doom and of those who growing generations. He was a rebel as rely thoughtlessly upon others and look well as a reformer, a revolutionary as at everything through their eyes. With well as redeemer. profound anguish he observes that, the Like Rumi I gave my Azan in the Harem, custodians of the Harem have become From him I learnt mysteries of the Self ; the keepers of the idol-temple, their faith has lost its vitality and their vision is not He during the mischief of the bygone their own. days was born, Custodian of the Harem is idol-hall’s And I during the mischief of the present architect, times. His faith is dead and eyes not his own ; The poet speaks with pride of his revolt against the modern educational From his look it is plain, system and tells how he managed to He has lost all hope in the possibility of preserve his faith and individuality in the good. midst of trials and temptations. In the fire Though the Muslims are weak and of Western thought he claims to have helpless they are more high minded displayed the supreme indifference of than the kings. If their due place is given Hazrat Ibrahim (Abraham). to them for a time their world-illumining The spell of modern education I broke, charm can turn into all conquering I picked the grain and left the net alone; strength. God knows how in the manner of Though the Muslim is without corps and Ibrahim, battalions, I sat in its fire easy in mind. His soul is the soul of a king ; Iqbal regards his stay in Europe If he gets his rightful place again, to have been, on the whole, barren and His charm is overwhelming. unproductive. Dry books, vain Grieving over the injustice and philosophical disputations, alluring callousness of the times Iqbal says : beauty and pleasing sights were all that Occasionally I go and occasionally rise, there was to remember. If he gained What blood do I shed without a sword ! anything from it it was self-abandonment that nearly deprived him of Self-hood. Cast a loving glance from the terrace, I gave my heart to Frankish idols, I am up in arms against my Age. In the heat of temple-dwellers I melted ; His whole life was spent in struggle against the modern times. He Such a stranger I became in my own exposed the brutish materialism of the eyes, That when I saw myself I could not [ 12 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, April 2021 recognise. pedantic affectation and fondness for Even now when he recalls the dull hackneyed expressions. Their Arabian and dreary time he spent in the West desert possesses neither the spring of he feels sad and frustrated. He Zam Zam nor the House of Ka‘aba while bemoans that the tavern of Europe gave the real worth of the desert of Arabia lies him nothing but headache. He never had in the two Landmarks of Allah. Without a more depressing experience than them,who would care for its blistering what he under-vent in the company of sands and mute hills ? How empty- intellectuals. handed the theologians are who I imbibed wine in the alehouse of the command a large fund of knowledge West, and a fluent tongue but whose eye does not contain a tear of love and heart is And with my life I purchased headache; devoid of a throb and who have I sat in the company of wise men of received only heat and hardness from Europe, the sacred land and not coolness and And never had spent a more moisture ! unprofitable time. The heart of Mulla is innocent of grief, Iqbal, then, humbly addresses His eye is seeing,but not moist ; these words to the Prophet : “I have been I rose from the seminary because, brought up on thy loving glance. The fine arguments and weighty discussions of In his Arabian desert no Zam Zam men of learning make me sick. I am a gushes. petitioner at your door, a beggar of your Iqbal confesses that once he street. Why should I dash my head relied upon the non-God and in against the doorstep of anyone else?” punishment was flung down from his I am a beggar and from you I ask what I place two hundred times. This is the do, state where neither the strength of arm avails nor the resourcefulness of mind. In my wretched body I want a mountain- Only the Divine Will prevails and even a hewing heart ; minor aberration can be one’s undoing. Philosophical discourses give me pain I placed my heart in nobody’s hand, in the head, Myself the knots I unravelled ; For I have been brought up on your Upon other than God I once relied, loving glance. And fell down from my station two The poet turns his attention to hundred times. Muslim theological doctors, the Ulema, who are supposed to be the custodians In these heartless, hypocritical of religious knowledge and expresses times which recognise only the law of disgust at their intellectual sterility, gain and expediency and in which man has become a cog in the wheel what [ 13 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, April 2021 can Iqbal do except eating his heart out But these unknowing men demand, and brooding over the gloomy turn of That I record in verses the dates of the events ? death of this man and that. My eye is indifferent to what I see, Iqbal complains of the indifference The heart is melting in inner fire ; of his people to the knowledge and Me, and the soulless, unfeeling times, message which is the essence of his What an enigma it really is ? Tell me ! poetry. He displayed all of his goods in the market place but there were no Iqbal is oppressed by a feeling of buyers. He wanted to make the offering loneliness. In the wide world he is without of his heart but no one was willing to a friend and sympathiser. He is his own accept it. consoler and comforter. I’ve placed my heart on the palm but In the East and the West I am a stranger, there were no takers, Friendless and forlorn, no confidant have I ; I possess the merchandise but where’s the plunderer ? I relate my sorrow to my own heart, Come and make my bosom your home, How innocently loneliness do I cheat. Because no Muslim is lonelier than me. No one listens to him nor cares to taste the fruits of his knowledge. His In the end, Iqbal speaks to Ibn-i- verses in which he strikes the chords of Saud of Arabia but what he tells him is the unknown fall on deaf ears. They really meant for all the rulers of the regard him to be a reciter of love lyrics Muslim World. He warns King Saud and not a revealer of reality. against placing reliance on the foreigners and advises him not to trust They understand not the secret I reveal, anyone except God and himself. “If the Nor eat the fruit of my tree ; rope is yours,” says he, “you can pitch O leader of nations ! I seek justice from the tent wherever you like. But you will you, have no freedom of movement if it is a They look upon me as a reciter of borrowed one. Try to know yourself. You Ghazal. occupy such a privileged position on the earth that your evening is more lustrous The command of the holy Prophet than the morning of others.” is that he should carry the message of life and eternity to mankind but the Your station in the arid desert is such, unknowing friends want him to That like the moon your evening shines compose chronograms like an ordinary as mirror ; rhymester. Pitch your tent wherever you want, You command me to sing of eternity, To borrow rope from others is And impart to dead the message of life; forbiddden.

[ 14 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, April 2021 Fasting - S. Sulaiman Nadwi Definition: Fasting is one of the him) reported Allah’s Messenger obligatory duties which every Muslim is (PBUH) as saying: If one does not to required to perform in the month of abandon falsehood and other actions Ramadan. The Arabic word sawm like it, God has no need that one should which has been used in the Holy Qur’an abandon one’s food and drink. Fasting and the Ahadith for fasting means “to in Islam is thus an excellent institution abstain”, “to keep silence”. In the for spiritual discipline and self-control. Technical language sawm signifies The exact date of commencement of fasting or abstaining from food and fasting is not known. The famous drink and sexual intercourse etc. from English writer Herbert Spencer in the the end of the Sahri till sunset. Fasting book Principles of Sociology, writes has been ordained as a religious duty basing his argument on conjecture that for the Muslims for subduing their lust the food they did not become popular and keeping their appetites and as an institution because purification of temptations within reasonable limits so the soul is common to all Divine that man may not become their slave religions. The writer of the article on and lose control over himself. But Islamic “Fasting” in the Encyclopaedia fasting trains a person for cheerful and Britannica states that it would be difficult willing renunciation of eating, drinking to name any religious system of any and sexual end of the fast. This shows description in which fasting was wholly that Islam does not look down upon the unrecognized. It was well-established appetites of flesh as something profane among the Jews and the Christians. and ignoble. According to Islam both The record of the Ahadith bears soul and body are sacred and worthy of testimony to the fact that fasting was a respect. common religious practice among the Fasting in Islam not only imposes pre-Islamic Arabs, and they used to check upon eating, drinking, sexual observe fast on the tenth of Muharram intercourse but also exhorts its servants as on this day Allah saved Moses to refrain from other foul acts such as (peace be upon him) from the clutches speaking ill of others, backbiting, of Pharaoh (Fir’awn). The Arabs and slandering, telling lies, using foul other people too were familiar with fast language, discussion of disreputable as an act of penitence of propitiation or matters and wrong behaviour of any a preparatory rite before some act of sort. Abu Huraira (Allah be pleased with sacrament.

[ 15 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, April 2021 However, whatsoever be the conform his behaviour to the moral and reasons of fasting in the polytheistic spiritual discipline embodied in the religion, the date, the significance and Shari’ah. One cannot achieve this end the aims and objects of fasting as finds himself helpless before untamed explained in the Holy Qur’an are: and turbulent desires. The underlying O ye who believe! Fasting is idea behind fasting is to teach prescribed for you even as it was moderation and spiritual so that human prescribed for those before you that you temptations may not become so may ward off evil...... The month of uncontrollable as to flout the commands Ramadan in which was revealed the of Allah. But as we have already said, Qur’an, a guidance for mankind, and Islamic fasting does not aim at complete clear proofs of the guidance, and the renunciation of the lawful appetites and Criterion (of right and wrong). And all those lawful things e.g. eating, whosoever of you is present, let him fast drinking, sexual intercourse etc. become the month, and whosoever of you is sick permissible after the fast. or on journey, (let him fast the same) During the month of fasting the number of other days. Allah desireth for whole atmosphere is permeated with you ease; He desireth not hardship for religious piety and devotion to Allah. you; and He (desireth) that ye should There is one extra prayer, Tarawih, which complete the period, and that you should is performed each night either magnify Allah for having guided you, and individually or in congregation in which that peradventure ye may be thankful. the Qur’an is recited and the Muslim is (2:183-185) reminded that it was in the month of Reality behind Fasting Ramadan that the revelation of the Qur’an commenced. It is, moreover, a One of the aspects of individual sunnah (practice) of the Holy Prophet perfection or moral and spiritual (PBUH) to complete the recitation of the elevation is the subordination of animal entire Qur’an during Ramadan. The last nature to reason and spirit. Nothing is ten days and nights are marked by as efficacious for this purpose as especially intensive devotions including hunger, the heart (mind) and other the night during which the first revelation organs. If one commits sin, penitence of the Qur’an came, known as Lailat-ul- and repentance through fasting, brings Qadr. Sadaqat are also given with solace and purifies his soul, even as it greater zeal. Abu Huraira (Allah be fortifies the will so as not to indulge again pleased with him) as saying: When in sins and vice. To be a true servant of Ramadan begins the gates of Heaven Allah, it is essential that man should are opened, the gates of Hell are locked,

[ 16 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, April 2021 and devils are chained. us conscious that are the true and loyal The purpose of fasting in the servants of Allah. It inculcates the spirit month of Ramadan is two-fold. One has of patience and strengthens our faith. to abstain from food and drink in order However, the fast must be broken to feel in one’s body what the poor and at sunset each day and it is also the hungry feel and thus social recommended to have a sahri (pre- responsibility is hammered into one’s dawn meal) before resuming the fast consciousness and secondly, the next day. While fasting may sound purpose of fasting during Ramadan is difficult to those who are not used to it, self-discipline (as for instance, in the in practice, it is generally tolerable. total prohibition of all intoxicants.) The Basic Rules of Fasting and It is be remembered that one Exceptions should not forget one’s obligatory duty The rules of fasting are quite of prayer and fasting in the midst of simple. First of all, every day of material and mundane occupations. We Ramadan is a day of fasting. And know what there is a great difference in fasting is obligatory on all Muslims past the rising and setting of the sun between puberty, with the following exceptions: normal (equatorial-tropical) countries Sick persons to whom fasting is likely and the regions situated beyond and to be injurious, persons who are extending to the two poles. Al-Barony travelling and up to forty days following had observed that at the poles the sun child-birth, pregnant women and nursing remains set for six months continually, mothers, if fasting is likely to harm the and then rises to shine continuously for mother or infant, the very old and the six months (excepting the two days of insane. The latter two categories are equinox). The jurists-theologians of permanently exempt from fasting, while Islam affirm in general that the hours at the others are exempt only for the 45 parallel remain valid up to 90 parallel duration of their conditions and must i.e., one is to follow the movement of the make up the missed fasts at any time clock and not that of the sun. This applies before the beginning of the next to prayer as well as fasts etc. Ramadan if possible. If one has a During the period of fasting from permanent condition which make dawn to dusk we eat not a grain of food fasting impossible or dangerous to nor drink a drop of water, no matter how health, he or she is permitted instead to delicious the dish or hungry or thirsty we give to a needy person a sum equivalent feel. This process of incessant fasting to one meal for each day he did not fast. for full month and experiencing hunger, If a Muslim is not fasting on any day of thirst and sexual abstinence etc. Make Ramadan for any of the above reasons, [ 17 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, April 2021 he is not to eat or drink in front of others sometimes in between in the various who are fasting, out of courtesy. parts of the world; people living in every The period of fasting begins each clime therefore, experience it during all morning of Ramadan before the first the seasons. Fasting is naturally quite light of dawn becomes visible and lasts easy during short days of winter but it until sunset. A declaration of intention to can be difficult in the heat of tropical fast a silent statement in any words or summer. Under such conditions the language that one intends to fast today fasting Muslim learns that food and for the sake of Allah must be made. It is drinks are indeed precious gifts from sunnah to break the fast immediately his Lord, to be accepted with after the sun has set, and have a meal thankfulness. before (sahri) at which the next day fast Reforms Introduced by Islam in begins. Fasting The keynote to all the observances The measures taken by Islam to of Ramadan is self-discipline and self- create facilities and reduce the rigour control. Although in some Muslim in fasting are given below: countries the work schedule is modified Before the advent of Islam in all the during the month, in many places religions of the world, revealed or Muslims carry on their work and other unrevealed, fasting was obligatory on activities even though they may be some special group of the followers of hungry, thirsty and tired. Fasting is in no the religions, for instance, among the sense an excuse for neglect of work or Hindus, only Brahmans kept the fast. It obligation, idleness, in irritability or was not obligatory for the non outbursts of temper, but, on the contrary, Brahmans. Among the Zoroastrians, should be a total inner state leading to their leaders and guides used to patience and self-control. observe fasts. Among the Greeks only It should be noted that because women kept fast, but fasting, as a Islam uses a lunar month rather than a means of spiritual purification, should solar month, any given date falls twelve have been an obligatory duty for all the days earlier each year than in the followers of the religions. preceding one consequently Ramadan Islam ordains fasting for all the (and all other dates) rotates throughout Muslims without making any distinction the seasons, completing the cycle of between the leader and the follower and twelve months in about thirty three years. man or woman. Hence Ramadan sometimes falls in summer and sometimes in winter and As we have already said Islam uses a lunar month rather than the solar [ 18 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, April 2021 month as a result of which Ramadan white streak of the dawn become rotates throughout the seasons. distinct for you from the blackness of Sometimes it falls in summer, night (2: 187) sometimes in winter, and sometimes in The general impression amongst between them, therefore, experience it the Muslims before the revelation of the during all the seasons i.e. the facility of verse of the Holy Qur’an (2:187) was the short days of winter and the hardship that during the month of fasting sexual of the heat of tropical summer, unlike the intercourse was to be completely fasts under solar system which know no avoided even at night. It was change in the seasons. unbearable hardship for the people, Jain’s (a religious sect of Hindus) especially the young couples, to refrain fast extended to weeks. The Christian from sexual intercourse for full one monks of Arabia kept fast for days month. They, therefore, at time, under together. The Jews fast was for the the serious stress of sexual urge duration of full twenty-four hours while copulated but there always remained a Islam ordained the fast from the dawn ranking in their minds that they had to the evening. done something sinful. The All-Knowing The fast of the Jews that when they Allah told them in clear words that they had taken something once at the time are permitted to copulated during the of breaking the fast, they did not take night in the month of Ramadan and there anything afterward, that is, there next fast is nothing sinful in it. Abu Huraira (Allah began there and then. It was a custom be pleased with him) reported: If anyone with the Arabs that they ate what they for gates that the he is fasting and eats desired before going to sleep; after and drinks, he would complete his fast having a sleep it was forbidden to take for it is only Allah who has fed him and anything. In the beginning this practice given him drink. of fasting was also in vogue in Islam. The fast is not broken by the Once in the month of Ramadan, the wife actions not committed deliberately for of a companion was still preparing the instance, in vomiting or in the state of supper. Her husband kept waiting for Junub because of sexual dream. the meal and then went to sleep. When According to Imam Abu Hanifa in some the meal was ready and she brought it cases of vomiting fast is broken. he could not take it as he had fallen The fasting among the Jews was asleep. He was with fast on the next day a sign of distress and sorrow. Therefore, too. Therefore, he swooned. Thereupon they did not observe it cheerfully and the following verse of the Holy Qur’an looked sad and dejected. ‘Isa (PBUH) was revealed: And eat and drink till the said to them: When you are fasting do [ 19 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, April 2021 not put on sad and ugly looks like Ramadan uninterruptedly and the hypocrites in order to show to the people (in his wake) did this. But he people that you are fasting. In fact, they forbade them to do so. It was said to have been awarded (punished) (for their him: You yourself observe fast hypocrisy). So when you are fasting, interrupted (but you forbid us to do so). apply oil to your hair, wash your face, so Upon this he said: I am not like you: I that you may look as fasting. am fed and supplied drink (by Allah). In Islam applying oil to hair and The commentators are of the view surma (collyrium) to the eyelids, use of that observance of sawm wisal is the fragrance, during fasting is permitted special prerogative of the Holy Prophet and it has been stressed to observe the (PBUH) and other people should not rules of purification, to wash the face, to follow him as he was especially favoured clean the teeth etc., properly. Besides by Allah in this devotion. physical purification, the underlying idea Anas (Allah be pleased with him) in it is that the man who is fasting should reported: Allah’s Messenger (PBUH) as not be involved in the pretension and saying; Take meal a little before dawn hypocrisy of wearing sad and dejected (sahri), for there is a blessing in taking looks and the fasting should not be an meal at that time. unpleasant and distressing act for him but an act of cheerful and willing Sahri has so many blessings in it. submission to the command of Allah like Firstly, it equips the person with enough that of a loyal and obedient servant to strength to undergo cheerfully the rigour his master. of the fast. Secondly, it provides him an opportunity to thank his Lord for the food There were some persons who provided to him. Since it is after taking acted with exaggeration in the matter of sahri that a Muslim commences the fast, fasting and other acts of devotion. They he feels highly obliged to Allah for His observed sawm wisal, the fast which is immense favours to him. Thirdly, if the observed uninterruptedly without meal practice of eating before the daybreak at the daybreak or at the sunset. The is observed as a religious duty in a Holy Prophet (PBUH) disapproved the Muslim society, it would provide observing of such a fast by the Muslims, opportunities to the well-to-do persons since one cannot stand its unbearable to invite their brothers to the dining table. rigour and it undermines the strength Fourthly, this practice of taking sahri is and vitality of a man beyond measure. the distinguishing mark of Islamic Ibn ‘Umar (Allah be pleased with society as the followers of Christianity him) reported that the Messenger of and Judaism do not observe this Allah (PBUH) observed fasts in practice. They unnecessarily put [ 20 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, April 2021 themselves to unbearable hardship. to us His true messengers and guides Abu Huraira reported: Allah’s to put us on the right path and bring us Messenger (PBUH) as saying: Allah, the from the profound darkness of Majestic and the Exalted, said: Every ignorance into the light of knowledge act of the son of Adam is for him except and consciousness of Allah, awakening fasting. It is done for My sake, and I shall in us the sense of realization of our give a reward for it. responsibility we owe to Him and to the humanity at large. He revealed to us, Abu Sa’id al-Khudri (Allah pleased through the Last of His Prophets, the with him) as saying: He who observes Holy Qur’an a complete and perfect fast in the way of Allah, Allah would code of life containing all that we require remove his face from the Hell to the for our guidance in all spheres of our life extent of seventy year’s distance. acting upon which one can reach the Abu Sa’id al-Khudri (Allah be highest apex of humanity and can bring pleased with him) reported that the about a revolutionary change in the lives Messenger of Allah (PBUH) observed of the nations turning bitterness into love i’tikaf (confined himself to devotion and and affection, savageness and prayer) in the first ten (days) of bitterness into tenderness, callousness Ramadan; he then observed i’tikaf in the into softness, ignorance into knowledge middle ten days in order to seek that superstitions and erroneous notions into night (lailat-ul-Qadr). Then (an angel) rational and wise thinking and evil was sent to me and I was told that this thought and fancies into sublime and night (lailat-ul-Qadr) is among the last noble thoughts. Islamic teachings helped ten nights of Ramadan, and he (the Holy to establish peace and security and Prophet) said: That (lailat-ul-Qadr) was gave immense satisfaction to the hearts shown to me on an odd night but I forgot and minds. It taught patience and it. perseverance in hardships. It is in fact an inveritable blessing and reward of He was made to forget it or forgot Allah for the whole mankind. The Holy the exact night when he saw lailat-ul- Qur’an alludes to this fact in the Qadr so that the persons may not following verse: become slack in the acts of devotion and confine it to one single night. And that you glorify Allah for his having guided you (aright) so that you When we are fasting we are not may be grateful (to Him).(12: 185) only following the example of the Prophet (PBUH) but giving thanks to Allah for (Sirat-un-Nabi by S. Sulaiman His grace and mercy that he had sent Nadwi, V-5 Page 107-115)

[ 21 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, April 2021

The sanctity of Makkah and Madinah

- S. Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi Whosoever will seek profanity therein [the Sacred Mosque] wrongfully, We shall make him taste afflictive torment. (al-Haj 22:25) This verse testifies to the miracle of the Sacred House and to Allah’s absolute and perfect knowledge. By the sixth and seventh centuries the civilised world including the Arabian peninsula was aware only of land battles, fought in the open. The Makkans had experienced this first hand as Abrahah’s army, reinforced by elephants, had invaded Makkah in the sixth century. Allah however inflicted a humiliating defeat upon the invading army and repulsed it ignominiously. The Qur’anic Surah al-Fil contains its account. However, the Makkans had by then no inkling, about the conspiracies and dangerous plans which were to be hatched in the future. The All-Knowing, All-Aware Allah Who has sent down the final Scripture forewarned the Makkan believers against this covert form of attack. The Qur’an also spells out the divine punishment meted out to those guilty on this count. Allah speaks of His House in Makkah in such terms which have deep and wide-ranging meaning. So much so that it is rather hard to translate these. What is nonetheless certain is that world peace is contingent on the sanctity maintained at Allah’s House. As long as the Sacred Mosque is safe and secure, man’s spiritual interests are protected. Whoever violates its sanctity and abuses the Ka’bah for political ends will be severely punished by Allah. It is worth recalling that (Abd al-Muttalib, the Quraysh chief and the Prophet Muhammad’s ancestor, had clearly told Abraha that the Ka’bah would be protected by its Master. This truth prevailed then and will be in force until the end of time. Respect for the House of Allah is a living sign of one’s commitment to Islam and faith. It serves as a barometer of the Muslims’ attachment to their religious sanctities. As long as Muslims are loyal to Makkah and Madinah and repulse all moves which betray any disrespect to these two holy places, Muslims’ ties with Islam will remain firm enough to sustain their faith. Muslims must however display solidarity and unity in this important domain. 

[ 22 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, April 2021 The Need For A Most Magnificent Reformer (Prophet) - S.M. Rabey Hasani Nadwi* In accordance with the Divine by means of this very Prophet, the one Wisdom and calculation, the phase that endowed with the last, universal and the world of humanity was now going to perpetuated-till-the-Doomsday Prophecy enter was one of getting the four corners and that his Ummat should promulgate it of the world closer and proximate to each all over the world. Hence, through the Book other and of making as best and given to this Prophet and the injunctions maximum use of scientific practical given by this Prophet and through his own experiments as possible. Hence. Allah practices in life, the world took to that trend Almighty had this last Prophet assigned on the basis of which the knowledge the office of Prophecy with the solution of gained currency in the earthly life and it those problems and plights. The Divine could assume a global order. This global Book that He gave him was made the all- order is not the one given the name of inclusive guide covering all those aspects. global order by the selfish and egoistic He Himself undertook the responsibility of powers for the purpose of keeping this Book preserved and intact so aggrandizement of their hegemony and that the vicious ones of the mankind would control. Instead, this order was Islamic not be able to tamper with it; and like the global order and a Prophetic one. It continuation of the Prophet’s Prophecy till comprises a global system for making the the Doomsday, the truthful guidance by goodness wide spread for making the means of this Book should also continue equal facilities, amenities and means of till the Doomsday. Under the supervision livelihood available to everyone, big and/ of these two great luminous lights. the path or small, rich and/or poor, strong and/or to Guidance. any alteration or amendment weak, powerful and/or helpless, for made into it, should remain illumined bringing each and everyone uniformly before the Muslim Ummah. Thus, within the fold of obedience to only the One whoever would really be desirous of and the Only God. This is the global order getting the guidance to the right path could conferred by the Lord of the worlds on all be guided and whoever would himself like of His servants through His last Prophet to go astray would rally get lost and be which is the exposition of this Quranic dammed. verse: In accordance with the fore- (And We have not sent thee except as a ordained Divine arrangement and His mercy to the worlds.) (Al-Anbiaa: 107) knowledge, for the new era of the world And: that was to come up, too, it was ordained by Allah Almighty that it should get staffed (Verily this community of yours is a single community, and I am your Lord; so * Rector, Nadwatul Ulama, Lucknow. worship me.)

[ 23 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, April 2021 (Cont. from page 38) everywhere promoted urban life and luxury. This was, perhaps, inevitable when religion required the congregation of the faithful in the mosque preferably five times a day but at least once in a week. Muslims have to live together, a mosque has to be the central feature of every Muslim settlement. In India, specially during the first two or three centuries, the Muslims could maintain themselves as a community only in the cities. Their ruling classes had to strike the imagination of the people. And so we have both a multiplication and a rapid development of cities, and of the glamorous products of craft and industry. From this flow the other changes the demand for many and excellent products of all kinds, even to the extent of having a pair of slippers costing Rs. 50,000, the cultivation of elaborate manners, and so on. I have already indicated how the evolution of an elaborate and extravagant city life can be traced back to some features of Islam. Hinduism is not congregational. There were large cities in the Mauryan and Gupta periods : there have, indeed, to be cities, if there is to be any civilisation. But the Hindu ideal—and my own, if it comes to that—is life away from the city, away from noise and dust and worldliness, where one can live in peace and think. I remember reading somewhere that the Vedas should not be studied and recited in cities. There is, therefore, according to Hindu standards, advantage but no religious merit in city life. And now I come to the intriguing question of the use of tailored clothing. There is a Sanskrit word for tailor, but I have not found evidence of tailors having been generally busy at any time previous to the settlement of the Muslims. Men and women draped cloth around themselves, or tied it where just draping could not be depended upon. The tailor may have existed, but he could be dispensed with. The Muslim, on the other hand, cannot say his five daily prayers without the help of the tailor and his craft, and the Muslim woman would lose all rights and status if the tailor did not enable her to clothe herself completely up to the wrists, the neck and the ankles. Rulers set the standard of respectability, and non-Muslim women had to pay the price of respectability by employing tailors and wearing a minimum of tailored clothing. Finally, though it is not my business to discuss the influence of Hinduism on the Muslims, I must say that if I were an eighteenth or early nineteenth century Muslim, I could easily have become that public nuisance called a reformer. I could have said, ‘Islam is buried deep beneath Hindu influences; let us dig it out, clean it and see what it really looks like !‘ 

[ 24 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, April 2021 No Propaganda, Sincerity Needed - Saeedur Rahman Azmi Nadwi* Today,propaganda gained which are circulated through publicity are momentum everywhere.Ordinary to be regarded reliable,praiseworthy articles are easily projected as good and likeable whether how much the other ones through publicity and things are precious,profitable and useful propaganda.In the past this method was in comparison to them. served in commercial activities and The hue of propaganda has materialistic commodities.But in this infiltrated even in genuine religious progressive and developed movements and divine acts.No doubt,it time,propaganda reached its zenith and prevailed entire gamut of human its influence percolated in every walk life.Why they publicly mention their of life.The most striking aspect of certain worship,devotion and human beings viz “secret” is also donation.Why they advertise their affected by it.The menace started charitable deeds and secret penetrating in covertly practiced virtues.What is the reason behind it ? worships and inner virtues.This widely and mushrooming phenomena of Ironically,the works which are publicity drew the attention of the entire aired through propaganda,are deemed world. as remarkable and admirable.If these devices are not used ,they can achieve Acute need of propaganda has no such position and status in been felt in the whole atmosphere of society.That is why every person human beings.In the bygone days desires to present his products and individually a few persons enjoyed it.But manufacturers by adopting the modes now it has its personal companies of publicity.Only doing this, they become which perform every sort of satisfied and thought that they attained propaganda.Now,it is impossible to the desired goals. earn name and fame for any person even in his limited source and scope Even God- fearing persons also sans these companies and its began to choose this menace for their employees. popularity and publicity.They wish to see their popularity everywhere.It seems that Gradually,it has been the second “ Propaganda”has taken the status of nature of the people that the things “Niyat” intention whose sincerity causes acceptance in the eyes of Allah. * Principal, Darul-Uloom,Nadwatul Ulama, Lucknow. Today,all activities,efforts and

[ 25 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, April 2021 endeavors of our life are prone to show avoid ostensibility and publicity in ostensibility and exhibition rather than religious acts and Dawah activities.It is reality.Even quantity of any event and its also imperative for us to give up the size is presented in exaggerating way.It habit of confidence on materialistic is often observed that some people resources in pure religious acts.Only project baseless and concocted things then the spirit of sincerity may come up as real ones.The matter does not end in individual and collective life.In here.They enjoy such confidence and short,Islam lays enormous stress on belief on this reality that perhaps they sincerity.No act of ours is acceptable have such trust on any other truth and without it.We may easily guess the reality. significance of sincerity through the It is not suitable for pious and God- following verse of the Holy Qur’an. fearing persons who are distinguished “It is not their meat nor their prominent from others on account of blood,that reaches Allah:it is your piety their morality,honesty,integrity and piety that reaches Him: He has thus made to adopt such devices of propaganda them subject to you,that he may glorify for their personal endeavors and sincere Allah for His guidance to you: and deeds whose values lie in keeping them proclaim the good news to all who do covert and secret. good.”(S:22,A.37) If propaganda is necessary we will (English rendering by Obaidur have to determine its limit and not cross Rahman Nadwi) it. As long as it is possible we should

“O ye who believe! fasting is prescribed to you as it was prescribed to those before you, that ye may learn self- restraint” (S.2 A.183) “Ramadhan is the month in which was sent down the Quran, as a guide to mankind, also clear signs for guidance and Judgement” (S.2 A.185)

[ 26 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, April 2021 The Concept of Waqf - Tasnuva Jahan The concept of waqf has been vital role to improve the economic growth recognized in the early period of the Islamic in early Muslim societies. It aims to create legal system. The waqf is an important a charitable scheme for improving the instrument in Islamic financial as well as condition of underprivileged sections such social culture. It is a voluntary religious as the poor, needy, insolvent, orphans, endowment. The objective of waqf widows and others (Cizakca, 2002). The contains the religious through distributions waqf institution is a non-profit oriented as of wealth for socioeconomic relief among well as a redistribution institution. Its core the unfortunates and other purposes. objective is to support the private or public concern for the well-being of society At present world, waqf institution (Hasan & Abdullah, 2008). Awqaf help to has limitless potential. It can play a key strengthen business and build role to cut the scarcity and support society. infrastructure. The welfare purpose of Unfortunately, this huge potential of the waqf may be related to the societal, waqf institution has not been realized by spiritual, cultural and economic grounds. many Muslim countries around the world. However, many modern Islamic This paper aims to discuss the historical economists opine that the waqf is a context and development of the waqf significant scheme of the Muslim society’s institution. As a history of a waqf institution, socioeconomic development. Definition of reveals the position of this Islamic financial Waqf: institution to strengthen societal construction. The paper also attempts to The Arabic term ‘Waqf’ literally shed light on the importance of waqf to means cause to stop, detention, contain, eliminate the poverty problem for social- or preserve. Juristically waqf means economic development. detention or dedication of a property for religious or charitable purposes. In Islam, Introduction: waqf is one of the continuous charities. It The waqf is an important instrument means the waqif gets reward either alive in Islamic financial as well as social culture. or after death. According to Syed Ameer It is a voluntary religious, charitable Ali (1976), waqf is the dedication of a endowment. In Islam, there are different certain property to the Almighty. Its types of social instruments and structures devotion for a spiritual or a charitable to fulfill the basic needs of society. From cause to secure the benefit of human ancient times, the institution of waqf has beings. Different Muslim jurists defined the been accepted as one of the most meaning of waqf within their personal commonly known Islamic endowments. considerations. Awqaf (plural form of waqf) has played a The institution of waqf is a revenue- generating asset. Customarily, the profits [ 27 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, April 2021 or revenues are used for well-being Characteristics of Waqf: Contemporary purpose. However, in other Islamic charity, Muslim donations or money received can be spent Jurists agree about the directly. The benefits of a waqf property characteristics of waqf, such as religious can be distributed among the unfortunates, purpose, perpetuity, irrevocability, and hospitals, schools, graveyards, roads, inalienability. According to the Islamic religious establishments, and so on. The teachings, the purpose of waqf must be list of beneficiaries is not limited. It religious and generous. Thus, a waqf is depends on the donor’s decisions, but not valid without any spiritual or charitable must not be contradictory to the Shari’ah. goal. Perpetuity is one of the essential The person creating waqf is called features of wakf. A waqf institution must waqif or donor. At the time of donation, be permanent. It can be created for any waqif must own the property. Waqf founder particular period. Some opined that in must specify the Mawquf ‘alaih or irrevocability nature, a waqif cannot revoke beneficiaries. If beneficiaries are not a waqf property after the declaration. specified, then waqf will be allocated to the Inalienability is another important structure charitable purposes. The donated assets of waqf. As the waqf assets are dedicated may be detained by a charitable trust, to the Almighty, so they belongs to the without any plan of reclaiming the assets. Almighty. As a result, no one would be able It is essential to appoint a mutawalli or a to alienate the waqf property. It cannot be manager of waqf property as legal a matter of sale, gift, inheritance, or any custodianship. The waqf property division. Waqf institution becomes a manager is responsible for maintenance ‘frozen asset’. The main purposes of waqf and management of waqf property. In the are not confined to one’s future Islamic legal system, there is no fixed generations. Waqf aims to serve the formula for waqf institution. It may be benefits to unfortunates and can be spent made in oral or written. In the present on the mosques. It also extends to cover world, only declaration is not sufficient. A schools, libraries, orphanages, marriage, written contract is vital for waqf institutions. repatriation of foreigners to their native Previously, fixed assets as lands and country, building hospitals, digging water buildings were the common forms of waqf. wells, protection of the environment, Currently, cash waqf has become a trend. caring for animals, and other actions Cash waqf can act as a pool of donation. related to social development. It can be utilized to construct different Waqf in the Noble Qur’an: establishments, for instance, schools, hospitals and so on. Cash waqf can The term waqf does not directly ensure more contribution of individual appear in the Noble Qur’an. But many donors (Sadeq 2002, Aziz and others Qur’anic focus on charity and helping 2013). others generously. Waqf is an act of virtue that is extremely encouraged in Islam.

[ 28 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, April 2021 Muslim religion places highest 272, particularly affirms that, ‘…. And emphasis on charities in human life. Thus, whatever you spend of good - it will be fully Surat Al-Imran, verse 92, declares that repaid to you, and you will not be wronged.’ ‘Never will you attain the good [reward] until Islam attaches so much importance to you spend [in the way of Allah] from that awards the righteous deeds of person. which you love. And whatever you spend - The Nobel Qur’an repeatedly states, ‘ But indeed, Allah is Knowing of it.’ According whatever thing you spend [in His cause] - to Surat Adh-Dhariyat, verse19 ‘And from He will compensate it; and He is the best their (rich persons) properties was [given] of providers’ Surat Saba, verse 39. the right of the [needy] petitioner and the One of the Hadiths of the Prophet deprived.’ The above verses clarify the Muhammad (peace be upon him) further distribution of wealth among the complements these Quranic verses. It underprivileged. also traced the origin of waqf. Abu Hurairah According to Surat Al-Baqarah, narrated, the Prophet Muhammad (peace verse 177, ‘Righteousness is not that you be upon him) said: ‘When a man dies all turn your faces toward the east or the his good deeds come to an end except west, but [truel righteousness is [in] one three: Ongoing charity (Sadaqah Jariyah) who believes in Allah, the Last Day, the , beneficial knowledge and a righteous angels, the Book, and the prophets and child who prays for him’ (Narrated by gives wealth, in spite of love for it, to Muslim). relatives, orphans, the needy, the traveler, From the above verses of the Nobel those who ask [for help] , and for freeing Qur’an and the Hadith, it is apparent that slaves; [and who] establishes prayer and charitable purposes such as Awqaf are gives zakah; [those who] fulfill their highly encouraged in the Islamic tradition. promise when they promise; and [those Hence, Islam is a religion that cares about who] are patient in poverty and hardship the benefits of all humankind. and during battle. Those are the ones who have been true, and it is those who are Historical Context of Waqf: the righteous.’ This verse implies that faith In the Islamic history, first waqf was is related to doing good to others. created by the Prophet Muhammad Surat Al-Baqarah, verse 267, also (peace be upon him). He bought a land in ensures that ‘O you who have believed, Madinah and built a mosque. It is known spend from the good things which you as Prophet’s Mosque or Quba Mosque have earned and from that which We have (Ahmed, 2004). At present, the mosque is produced for you from the earth. And do located in the same place with a new, not aim toward the defective therefrom, enlarged structure. Another example of spending [from that] while you would not waqf is donation of the Ruma Well. At that take it [yourself] except with closed eyes. time, Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon And know that Allah is Free of need and him) visited Madinah and noticed that Praiseworthy.’ Surat Al-Baqarah, verse [ 29 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, April 2021 Ruma Well was one of the very few over the period and across different sources of drinking water in the town nations. Waqf institutions played significant (Abdel hady, 2013). Even water price was roles in developing societal welfare so high. Then, he asked his companions throughout Islamic societies. Rich to buy the well and render it for public Muslims, particularly rulers, donated service. Consequently, Othman, one of his properties or even entire villages for waqf companions, purchased the well, made it institution. Awqaf has developed with the free for every person. spread of Islam. However, the developmental trends include significant Omar bin Khattab, the second growth, lack of progress and even periods Caliph, got some valuable land in Khaibar, of downturn (Aun,1975). during the partition of Khaibar. He went to the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon In the healthcare sector, Awqaf has him) to consult about the land. Omar been recognized from the earliest period. asked the Prophet about what he would In Islamic countries, most hospitals were do with the land as he never had it. The financed by the waqf revenues (Abattouy Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) and Al-Hassani, 2013). Many famous replied, ‘If you like you can give the land hospitals, including Al-Mustansiri in as endowment and give its fruits in charity.’ Makkah, hospitals of Madinah also Accordingly, Omar gave it to charity. administered by the waqf. In 1145 AD, Al Additionally, the land should neither be Noori Hospital was established on a waqf sold, nor given to anybody as a gift or land in Damascus. It is an ancient hospital inheritance. But its yield reserved for in the Muslim world. Later, it developed as charity to the poor people, needy kith and a medical school. Many prominent kin, freeing slaves, guests, travelers, and physicians were trained in that medical for Allah ‘s Cause. The administrator or school. It was the first hospital to adopt manager of the endowment is allowed to patients medical record (Ahmed, 2004). reasonably consume its crop. But the Throughout the Islamic culture, every city administrator is not allowed to store it for had a reputation to build at least one waqf the future to become richer (Sahih Al- hospital. In 261 H, Ahmad ibn Tulun, Bukhari) constructed the first hospital in Egypt. Also, he endowed it with several waqfs to bear In historical context, the Prophet expenses (Abattouy and Al-Hassani, Muhammad’s advice to the Ruma Well 2013). Some suggest that early Umayyad and Omar’s property provides solid proof caliph Al-Walid bin Abd Al-Malik [ruled from of waqf. It also encouraged other 705 to 715 (86-96 H)], was first to establish companions to establish different types of a bimaristan and appoint doctors. He also waqf institutions. arranged expenses of doctors and for Developmenl of Waqf: quarantine of the lepers. Previously, an The institution of waqf has developed Islamic hospital was known as bimaristan. The Persian word bimaristan means hospital. Bimar means sick person and [ 30 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, April 2021 place. In the earliest history, hospitals and development process, it will support and medicine sectors were the most well- develop the socioeconomic conditions of known sub-sectors of awqaf Muslims. (Ahmed,2007). Importance of Waqf: In the education sector, the Muslims Today’s world poverty is a complex established different types of awqaf and multidimensional problem. Globally, institutions. It supported scientific research more than 767 million people are living in in religious as well as non-religious fields, extreme poverty conditions. Nearly 385 for example astronomy, physiology, million children are among them. pharmacology and so on (Ahmed, 2007). Extremely poor people are surviving on Al Azhar University, in Cairo, Egypt, Al- less than $1.90 per day (The World Bank Qarawiyyin in Morocco and Al-Zaytura in report, 2016). Tremendously poor people Tunisia were Awqaf institutions (Ahmed, spend the lion’s share of their income to 2004). get staple foods. Many poor are suffering Even business places and shopping from hunger problems at certain times centers have been built by waqf fund. In of the year. The poverty problem is linked Bangladesh, Dhaka Baitul Mukarram with poor economies, poor human shopping complex is a good example for resources, poor guidelines to tackle the waqf financed establishment. The reason challenges and socioeconomic behind waqf financed business center is development. Over the years, poverty to make some revenue for supporting any alleviation has become a global concern target projects. Target projects may be since the United Nations declared the related to education, orphans, health Millennium Development Goals (MDG) in services, and so on. 2000. To remove extreme poverty, the World Bank has also set a new target Surprisingly, the utilization and around the world by 2030. There are many contributions of waqf extend outside the ways to reduce poverty problems. main Islamic finance jurisdictions, namely Sometimes it requires a long-term in Canada, South Africa, United States. commitment to improving the living The National Awqaf Foundation of Canada conditions of people. But poverty (Awqaf Canada) was founded in 2014 to eradication policy measures vary from provide a positive contribution to the one country to another. Our focus is only Muslim students both in Canada and on Islamic teachings and traditions to throughout the world. Awqaf Canada also reduce the poverty problem. As most of dedicated to the communities of the African and Asian Muslim-majority immigrants and minorities in Canada to countries are normally poorer than other develop through the development of social countries on average. These countries enterprises and endowment projects. are not able to spend enough on education Overall, through the waqf and health services due to poverty,

[ 31 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, April 2021 population burden, etc. Even their formal As the needs of society are multifaceted financial sector is small and weak. They and increasing day by day. Societal do not have enough revenue collection. challenges like poverty, unemployment Governments are also fragile in effective problem, and inequality are major governance, let alone initiate any long-term challenges to socioeconomic development plans. development in many countries. In this situation, a waqf institution has myriad A potential way to overcome these potential. It can support the government difficulties in the Islamic finance in numerous state-responsibilities. Islamic framework is through waqf. The waqf theory and approaches can lead to institution’s ancient role highly reducing the poverty problem, inequality recommends that this social institution and so on. Islam has its own established can again play an effective role to promote economic principles. Unfortunately, the sustainable development goals (Khan and significance of Islamic economic systems Jareen, 2015). Historically, the waqf has has not totally been realized by the been widely used by Muslim countries to Muslims and their governments support public objectives, such as better throughout the world. In many countries, health care, clean water, roads, education, the waqf management system is mostly as well as eradication of poverty (Ahmed, unclear. Some consider waqf as a 2004). The waqf provides a suitable tool problematic institution as it requires to fill the gap in societal intercession. Due immovable property for donation. Most of to its permanent nature or perpetuity the Muslim countries have failed to identify character, it can contribute in an effective the gaps existed in waqf institution. The way to the targeted social sectors for better waqf is not an obligatory practice to socioeconomic advancement of society. Muslims. It is executed to seek Allah’s Traditionally, it has been a key source of blessing. Muslims are required to share support for socioeconomic development. their wealth with the destitute to develop Waqf resources are not limited to society’s economy as a whole. Muslim communities and religious Nevertheless, everyone should be very activities. Non-Muslims are able to enjoy careful about the societal and spiritual waqf welfare services. It encompasses a purpose of waqf. But one should never wider scope of activities to strengthen the view the prospects of waqf as a social thing social and economic environments of a because the waqf property belongs to the society (Cajee 2007, Monzer Kahf 1998). Almighty. It is hoped that with proper Finally, the ancient waqf institutions reveal management, waqf institutions can repair their importance to society. the economic systems of society. Islam Conclusion: indeed provides the modern economic policy to ensure equality and justice for Nowadays, waqf can play a human beings.  significant role in the Muslim community.

[ 32 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, April 2021 Maulana Syed Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi and His Movement “The Message of Humanity” - Obaidur Rahman Nadwi In this world persons come and Muslimeen “ is considered as one of the go.But history remembers those who best books of twentieth century Arabic made extraordinary contributions to any literature. He inherited a penchant for study field of life and thereby serve the of history from his father Maulana Hakeem country.Such a person was Syed Abul Syed Abdul Hai Hasani. His father was a Hasan Ali Nadwi aka Ali Miyan. He was a well-known physician as well as a noted highly revered personage, the most Islamic scholar. His book titled Nuzhat-ul- radiant beacon of the contemporary Khawatir an eight- volume literary Islamic scholarship and an intrepid encyclopedia in Arabic containing preacher of human values. Born on biographical notes of some 5,000 December 5, 1913 at Takiya Kalan scholars, theologians and Jurists of India. Raibareli, U.P (India) and passed away on Maulana Syed Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi December 31, 1999 there. Maulana was one of the well-known revivalists and Nadwi’s father Syed Abdul Hai Hasani died thinkers of the twentieth century. He will when he was only nine years old. Ali Miyan always be remembered because of his was brought up by his mother Khairunnisa extraordinary service to Islam. His literary who had memorized the Holy Qur’an and and reformative contribution to the cause elder brother, Dr. Abdul Ali. He pursued his of Islam ranks him high in the galaxy of studies at Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama, Mujaddedin-e-lslam (Revivalists of Islam) Darul Uloom Deoband, Qasimul Uloom especially in the subcontinent of Asia like Lahore and also at University of Lucknow. Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi known as Mujaddid He specialized in three branches- Tafseer Al-fe Sani, Shah Waliullah Dehlawi, Syed of Qur’an, Hadith, Arabic language and Ahmad Shaheed and Syyid Abul A’la literature. Sheikh Haider Hasan Khan Maududi. Tonki, Sheikh Ahmad Lahori, Sheikh Syed “A prominent scholar and former Hussain Ahmed Madani, Sheikh Khalil and judge of the Supreme Court of Syria was Sheikh Taqiuddin Hilali were his teachers. asked in a radio interview, “Which is your He was a great thinker, historian and an most beloved city?” He replied, “My home expert in interpretation of Qur’an and city of Damascus and then Lucknow, the Hadeeth including several other Islamic city of my friend Sheikh Syed Abul Hasan subjects. He had full command over Ali Nadwi”. Similarly, a prominent scholar Arabic language. His proficiency in Arabic of Iraq once remarked to an Indian official, language was like that of a native Arab. “We know India due to Lucknow and we There were occasions when he even know Lucknow due to Sheikh Syed Abul excelled native Arab scholars. His book Hasan Ali Nadwi”. These and similar “Ma Dha khasiar rul Alam ba Inhetatul compliments, which were heard in the

[ 33 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, April 2021 Arab world, speak about the international as a blessing for mankind and as a stature of Sheikh Nadwi.” positive and creative factor in human Syed Habibul Haq Nadwi has rightly history. In a sense Islam was perceived said, “Ali Miyan ‘s pen is espoused with by him as a civilizational force which his heart and follows the heart more than retained its relevance in the modern age his mind. Being at home with the Arabic as a viable counterpoint to the western language, he has written his major works civilization with all its excesses. “(The in it in order to awaken the slumbering Fragrance of East Special Issue on Ali Arabs, the initial pioneers of the Islamic Miyan) mission. His magnum opus is ‘Islam and Mr. M.A. Qureshi, an ICS officer was the World’ originally written in Arabic Indian ambassador in Saudi Arabia. After (Madha Khasira-al-Alam-bi-inhitat al- his tenure was over he called on the king. Muslimin) in 1945 when his age was not As a parting gift he was presented by the more than 32 years. It may be regarded king two pieces of the cover of Kaba with as one of the greatest challenges to the the instruction that one piece be delivered agnostic material culture of the scientific to Sheikh Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi with his West which had hit hard at the roots of all greetings. (An Epoch Making Scholar Ali religions and spiritual civilizations either in (Ali Miyan) P,9) the West or in the East. Many Orientalists Having been impressed with were alarmed by reading the book. diabolical juncture of the country and Professor R.B. Serjeant, the director of the deprivation of human qualities and norms Middle Eastern Centre at the University of late Syed Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi’s restless Cambridge (U.K.), regarded the work as soul felt an urgent need to launch a a potential threat to western culture. He movement in the name of ‘ ‘Payam-e- remarked; “Had there been an approved lnsaniyat (Message of Humanity) to foster custom of banning books in Britain, I would love and amity between different sections have recommended first for banning of of the society. The idea of Payam-e- this book” (The Dyanamics of Islam P ,60- Insaniyat originated at Siwan (Bihar), 61). where Maulana Syed Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi Syed Shahabuddin says, “Maulana had gone to address a large congregation, Syed Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi was subsequent to a holocaust which took indisputably one of the greatest exponents heavy toll of Muslims lives. An abominable of Islam in the second half of the twentieth image of Muslims aggravated by the century and because of his command media had been formed in the minds of over Arabic, through his writings and the majority. Maulana’s speech elicited speeches, he had a wide area of influence following comments from a Hindu senior extending far beyond the sub continent, citizen in the audience: “Maulana,l have particularly in the Arab World. His listened to only two speeches, one by CR exposition of Islam was marked by Das (Deshbandhu) and the other is yours. moderation. He was not a fanatic in any Muslims and non-Muslims alike have a sense of the term but he believed in Islam right over you. I urge you to visit this city [ 34 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, April 2021 once again.” (i) Bribery and illegal gratification; The initiation of this auspicious and (ii) Nepotism and favouritism; noble mission known as Payam-e- (iii) Misconceptions arising out of Insaniyat(The Message of Humanity) was hatred; set in Allahabad in 1974. The reason of (iv) Hoarding, profiteering and black- which in Maulana’s own words: “We have marketing; started this humble work from Allahabad because the city is associated with “Allah” (v) Sectarianism; Maulana Bilal Hasani Nadwi under (vi) Disparity in economic and living the patronship of Maulana S. M. Rabey standards and Hasani ‘Nadwi, Rector Nadwatul Ulama (vii) Full-fledged crusade against sub- and President All India Muslim Personal standard behavioural inclinations Law Board is still closely associated with and obscenity. the movement to steer the message all 4. To eradicate ill-founded rites, rituals and through. cruel conventions. AIMS & OBJECTS 5. To uplift irrespective of caste, creed, 1. To create mutual good-will and an colour and sex the poor, the backward, the atmosphere of affection and kindness neglected, the down-trodden, and the purely on human and national levels agonised people. founded on BROTHERHOOD and 6. To create a sense of sobriety, social WELL-BEING of MANKIND generally; to service, submissiveness, self-respect, put an end to violence, lawlessness, self-restraint, self-confidence, self- anarchy, moral degradation and create vigilance, and to raise cultural and FELLOW-FEELING towards each other; intellectual levels of the STUDENT and to hold Public meetings and Seminars COMMUNITY and the upcoming for promoting and spreading the sense of GENERATION thereby helping them to sharing sorrows and sufferings of human grow into better and useful citizens. beings. 7. To extend all possible help in personal 2. PubIication of useful cultural/moral sphere and on the levels of a locality, literature in various National, Regional and village and town and finally, in the country widely spoken languages; to bring together for creating, FEELINGS OF LOVE, through service and sacrifice, people AFFECTION and BROTHERHOOD. belonging to different classes and Syed Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi (RAH) communities; to restore confidence says, “Sharing others’ suffering is man’s amongst people who have become sick highest virtue. If man loses the ability of of life ; and restore and revive love for life sharing others’ sufferings, he will become in spiritually sick souls and to give them a bankrupt. Even if a nation is blessed with virtuous aim of life. the wealth of America, administration of 3. To weed-out from the society and Russia, and petrol wells of Saudi Arabia, human race: even if rivers of gold and silver flow in it, [ 35 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, April 2021 and even if wealth showers over its land speaking the truth on the face; be it Indira like rain, it will still pauper if its stream of Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi, V.P. Singh, love is dried. The blessings of Allah will Narsimha Rao or Atal Bihari Vajpayee. His not descend on it. It is a matter of sole purpose was to convey what, in his satisfaction that man’s eyes can still shed opinion, was good for all classes and is tears and that his heart can still suffer with good for the country as a whole. the pain of others. The heart which loses Besides, Allamah Nadwi was a true this quality is not a heart. It is just a piece Patriot and had deep love for Indian culture of stone. Such a heart has no value in the and civilisation. His devotion to the country sight of Allah, no matter whether it is the was transparent and beyond doubt. It heart of a Muslim, or a Hindu or a Christian. would not be a misnomer to say that The value of the human heart, in fact, lies Allamah Nadwi was the best in its quality to long, shiver, cry, and love. representative of the Indian culture. His life The human heart should be greener than story is a gospel of luminous works. There the land, broader than the universe, more is no measuring rod with which one can affluent than the waterfall, and more measure and understand the depth of the bountiful than the heavy clouds ready to contribution by him to the nation. stream down. The eye which does not Today, Muslims are passing through become wet is not a human eye: It is the a tough time. India is by law a secular eye of a daffodil. The heart which does democracy where all people from all not feel pain of others is not a human heart, religions have equal rights and religious it is a heart of a lion. The forehead which freedom. Despite this fact Muslims are does not become wet with the perspiration confronted with a variety of issues and of penitence is not a human forehead; it is problems. They are falsely implicated by a piece of rock. The hand which does not the police and concocted and fabricated move forward to serve humanity is virtually stories made by media in various criminal paralysed and lifeless. The claw of a lion cases. Consequently, a large number of is better than that hand of a person which innocent Muslims are languishing in cuts the throat of another human-being.” different jails of the country. It is nothing Former Prime Minister Atal Bihari but a travesty of justice, freedom and Vajpayee condoling the demise of Ali Miyan democracy. had said. “Ali Miyan, as he was respectfully In a democratic country like India known, was also a great humanitarian. In such odds should not take place. The his last message he strongly condemned need of the hour is that late Allamah the hijacking of the Indian Airlines Plane, Nadwi’s Movement The Message of stating, “Nobody, having respect and love Humanity must be revived and rejuvenated for human beings can ever approve of so that misconceptions regarding Islam such action.“ and its followers may be dispelled and an Needless to add that for the fulfilment atmosphere of peace and amity may of his mission, Maulana did not dither from prevail in the country.

[ 36 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, April 2021 Islamic Influence On Indian Society - M. Mujeeb I believe there would be much less divine dispensation. Would this be misunderstanding among the considered an influence of Islam ? We representatives of the different cultures would say yes , if we regarded the idea of the world if we examined more of taking religion to the masses as the closely the nature of what we call essential element, and say no, very influence. Influence is not imposition, or emphatically, if we valued the a free gift of ideas and goods to those democratic tendencies of Islam. Or supposed to need them, or a borrowing again, take the case of the poet saint and lending or imitation of the ways of Kabir. He attacked both Muslims and one people by another. It is something Hindus for making religion exclusive. really indefinable and can take the most We cannot be sure whether he himself devious ways. We look for it in obvious was a Muslim or a Hindu; to what and concrete forms, in architecture, influence, then, can we trace his music, painting, literature, where it is determination to attack and ridicule least genuine and seldom enduring, and exclusiveness ? Islam, as a missionary we generally come to the wrong faith, enjoins the eradication of false conclusions. For instance, would it be belief, and I would say that Kabir’s accounted an influence of Islam, which attitude is an instance of Islamic is rightly taken to be a democratic influence. But, then, Kabir accused the religion, that the caste system should Muslims of holding false beliefs, become more deeply rooted than ever although they professed Islam. A third before among the Hindus ? But that is instance is even more illuminating. I what did happen. The Muslim Sufis in have often heard it said that in north India Iran and Khurasan initiated in the 10th Muslims have been the most century a movement of taking Islam from outstanding masters of vocal and the classes to the masses. Muslim sufis instrumental music. But music is, in India continued this movement. according to Muslim religious law, one Goswami Tulsi Das, through his of the frivolities, and for this reason, Ramayana, made the veneration of addiction to it has been condemned. Rama the religion of the masses in north The only explanation I have been able India, and as an indirect consequence to think of is that the Muslim who took strengthened the faith of the masses in up music would have been one of the the caste system as an unalterable;

[ 37 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, April 2021 damned, both in this world and the next, taken place when they did if Islam had unless he achieved the highest not become one of the religions of India, excellence. That would give him a status Spoken languages benefited in this world, and he would have the because Muslim rulers, while not confidence to expect forgiveness in the exclusive in their patronage, had no next. But would we call this the influence reverence for Sanskrit and no reason of Islam. to venerate the Brahnnans, who were So let us not try to simplify matters generally the only people who learnt and where the reality is complex and, for that could speak it. On the other hand, the reason, all the more fascinating. Let us Muslim Sufis wished to propagate their assume —what was most probably also ideas, and they could do this only in the true—that the Muslims wanted to keep language of the people. They were not Islam and the Muslim way of life to interested in the Hindus but in the themselves, and that the Hindus had no Muslims of the lower classes. The desire whatever to be influenced by the Muslims thus made a wide breach in the Muslims. Then let us see what changes ramparts behind which the linguistic took place. prestige of Sanskrit—and also, let us One I have already mentioned. remember of Arabic and to some extent Religion became the religion of the Persian—was entrenched. As early as people. Then, the spoken languages of the first decades of the 15th century, a the people became literary languages. Muslim sufi was asked why he was so We have the beginnings of Hindi, favourable to Hindi. And about a Bengali, Gujarati, Punjabi and Sindhi hundred years earlier people had seen literature. Further, the city became the that when Persian verses failed to centre of culture, tailored clothing came produce a mood of exaltation in Shaikh into general use, simplicity was Nizamuddin of Delhi, the singers took discarded in favour of a life enriched up some Hindi folk song, and the Shaikh and complicated by a vast increase in was soon in rapture. the articles of daily use, manners Islam is averse to luxury of any became elaborate and were, so to say, kind, and the life of the good Muslim codified in the form of a recognised should perhaps be more simple and etiquette. None of these changes, austere than that of the Hindu. But the except perhaps the first, can be cultural expression of Islam has been regarded as due to the influence of the exact opposite, and Islam has almost Islam, but the changes would not have (Cont. to page 24)

[ 38 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, April 2021 Around the World French Air Strike in Mali Killed19 Civilians in Jan: with the Taliban to withdraw its troops by May 1. UN Trump Starts Website to Reach out to His Fans Bamako: A French air strike killed ad many as 19 Washington: Former US president Donald Trump civilians in Mali in January, a report said, has launched an official website, a platform for prompting a strong denial from France.The his supporters to stay in touch me him and to French air force struck near the remote village of showcase his time in office. The 45office.com Bounti on January 3, in circumstances that website’s home page displays multiple pictures sparked controversy in the war-torn Sahel state. of Trump with various figures,including world Residents of the village said the strike hit a leaders, which were taken at events during his wedding party and killed civilians. time as US president.The website’s”About” Samia Suluhu Hassan Becomes Tanzania’s First section contains a glowing 850-word synopsis Woman President of his time in office,highlighting what he has often Dar es Salaam: Samia Suluhu Hassan, 61, made cited as his achievements,including energy and history on Friday 19 March 2021 when she was border security, stretching NATO and other sworn in as Tanzania’s first female president at international alliances, and his response to the the government offices of State House in Dar es pandemic. It made no mention of the scandals, Salaam.Dressed in a hijab and holding up a corruption investigations, or his impeachments Qur’an with her right hand, Ms Hassan took the trials. oath of office,vowing to uphold the constitution of Earlier this month,a spokesman for Trump’s 2020 the country.She assumed the Presidency of campaign said he will launch his own social Tanzania two days after the death of president media platform in two to three months.Trump was John Magufuli. banned from Twitter, Facebook and other social Taliban Remind U.S. to pull its troops out of media sites after the January attack on the US Afghanistan by May 1 Deadline Capital. Moscow: The Taliban warned the U.S. against Suu Kyi Faces Another Charge keeping troops in Afghanistan beyond their Yangon: Police in Myanmar filed a new charge agreed withdrawal date, and pushed back against against outsed leader Aung San Suu Kyi, her major regional players at a conference in Moscow lawyer said,in a move that may allow her to be who said Afghanistan should not return to begin held indefinitely without trial as part of an an Islamic emirate. intensifying crack down by Authorities who seized At a summit in Moscow,six weeks ahead of a power in a coup. deadline set last year for the withdrawal of US Suu Kyi already faced a charge of illegally troops, the United States, Russia, China and possessing walkietalkie - an apparent a attempt Pakistan called on the warring Afghan sides to to provide a legal venner for her house arrest. agree on an immediate ceasefire. The new charge with for breaking a law that has In a joint statement, they added that they” did not been used to prosecute people who have violated support the restoration of the Islamic emirate”. coronavirus restrictions. But Taliban political spokesman Mohammad Lawyer Khin Maung Zaw told reporets after Naeem, speaking to media in Moscow said that meeting with a judge in a court in the capital, it was up to the Afghan sides to decide their Naypyitaw. system of governance and that it should be an It carries a maximum punishment of three years Islamic system. A member of the Taliban’s political in prison. But because of change to the penal office,Suhail Shaheen,said Washington should code instituted by the junta last week,it could allow not keep troops in the country beyond their agreed her to be detained indefinitely without court withdrawal date.”After that, it will be a violation of permission. the agreement...So in that case....there will be At its first news conference since overthrowing reaction,” he said. Washington agreed last year Suu Kyi’s government,the junta promised that it would hold an election and hand over power. [ 39 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, April 2021

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Dubai : Mohammad Khalid Kanpuri P.O. Box No. 12772 Dubai U.A.E.

Pakistan : Mr. Ataullah Sector A-50, Near SAU Qrs. Karachi 31 (Pakistan)

Qatar : Dr. Aftab Alam Nadwi P.O. Box No. 1513 Doha, Qatar

Saudi Arabia : Mr. Zia Abdullah Nadwi Director Al Waha International School P.B.No. 12491 Jeddah, Pin-21473 (K.S.A.)

South Africa : Mr. M. Yahaya Sallo Nadwi P.O. Box No. 388 Vereninging, (South Africa)

U.S.A. : Dr. A. M. Siddiqui 98-Conklin Ave. Woodmere, New York 11598

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