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Master's Theses Graduate College
11-1971
The 46th Street Site and the Occurrence of Allegan Ware in Southwestern Michigan
Margaret B. Rogers
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Recommended Citation Rogers, Margaret B., "The 46th Street Site and the Occurrence of Allegan Ware in Southwestern Michigan" (1971). Master's Theses. 2939. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/2939
This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE 46TH STREET SITE AND THE OCCURRENCE OF ALLEGAN WARE IN SOUTHWESTERN MICHIGAN
by
Margaret B. Rogers
A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the Degree of Master of Arts
Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan December 1971
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. THE 46TH STREET SITE AND THE OCCURRENCE OF ALLEGAN WARE IN SOUTHWESTERN MICHIGAN
Margaret B. Rogers, M.A.
Western Michigan University, 1971
The 46th Street site is located on a steep bank twenty feet
above the Kalamazoo River in the Allegan State Forest in Allegan
County, Michigan. Radiocarbon dates indicate that the site was
occupied about A.D. 1200. The settlem ent p a tte rn and ecological
data for the 46th Street site points to the conclusion that this
was a w inter hunting camp of the Chippewa type. A comparison
of the pottery from the 46th Street site with the pottery from the
Fennville site which is located in Manlius Township, Allegan County
and dates from about A.D. 700, yields some inferences about variation
through time in Allegan Ware. The Allegan Ware from the earlier
Fennville site shows clear stylistic carryovers from the Middle
Woodland time period. Allegan Ware is d iffe re n tia te d from its
companion type Wayne Ware which occurs during the same time period
in southeastern Michigan.
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University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor. Michigan 48106 A Xerox Education Company
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. MASTERS THESIS M-3356
ROGERS, Margaret Bishop THE 46IH STREET SITE AND THE OCCURRENCE OF ALLEGAN WARE IN SOUTHWESTERN MICHIGAN.
Western Michigan University, M.A., 1971 Anthropology
University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Some pages may have
indistinct print.
Filmed as received.
University Microfilms, A Xerox Education Company
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
During the preparation of this thesis I received valuable
criticism and encouragement from my advisor Professor Elizabeth E.
Baldwin. The constructive comments and suggestions of Professors
Robert L. Maher and Ernestine Green were most helpful. I would
like to thank them and in addition express my appreciation to the
many other people who contributed of their time and specialized know
ledge to further my studies. Finally, I want to express my gratitude
to Jeffrey D. Rogers who displayed considerable good cheer through
out. The responsibility for the contents of this study is my
own.
Margaret B. Rogers
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
1 THE 46TH STREET SITE ...... 1
Geography...... 1
H istory and Methods of Excavation...... 2
Radiocarbon D ates...... 5
H isto ric M a te ria l...... 5
2 CERAMICS...... 6
Surface Treatment...... 6
Temper...... 8
Color and Hardness...... 8
Decorated Body Sherds...... 9
Rim Sherds...... 9
Chi Square Tests...... 15
Typology...... 17
Chronology...... 23
Other Clay A rtifacts...... 24
3 LITHICS...... 24
Chipped Stone A rtifacts ...... 25
Debitage ...... 33
Hammerstones...... 35
Ground Stone Tools ...... 37
4 CULTURAL IMPLICATIONS OF DATA...... 39
Possible uses of Stone Tools...... 39
i i
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Features...... *...... 40
Settlement Pattern ...... 43
5 THE FENNVILLE SITE...... 53
Geography...... 53
6 CERAMICS ...... 54
Surface Treatm ent...... 54
Temper...... 58
Color and Hardness...... 59
Rim Sherds ...... 59
Chi Square Tests ...... 65
Typology...... 69
7 SPECULATIONS AND INTERPRETATIONS ...... 78
Kinship and Residence ...... 78
Time Change In Allegan Ware ...... 83
Cultural Relationships ...... 85
APPENDIX...... 88
Descriptions of Identified Pottery Types... 88
PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES...... 91
BIBLIOGRAPHY...... 100
Works C ited ...... 100
Works Consulted ...... 102
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. MAPS
NUMBER PAGE
1. 46th Street Site ...... 4
2. Sites Discussed in Text ...... 20
3. Relationship of Features; 46th Street Site ...... 44
4. Fennville Site ...... 55
5. Distribution of Canton Ware in Illinois ...... 76
FIGURES
1. Classes of Rim Profiles ...... 11
2. Classes of Straight Rim Profiles; Fennville Site ...... 66
3. Classes of Everted Rim Profiles; Fennville Site ...... 67
PLATES
1. Feature 4 and Feature 6; 46th S tre e t S ite ...... 91
2. Allegan Ware; 46th Street Site ...... 92
3. Spring Creek Collared,Sherds,Pipe Fragments;46th Street 93
4. Projectile Points; 46th Street Site ...... 94
5. Knives, Drills, Gravers, Scrapers; 46th Street Site.... 95
6. Scrapers, Ground Stone Tools; 46th Street Site ...... 96
7. Allegan Ware; Fennville Site ...... 97
8. Allegan Ware, Spring Creek Collared, Sherds; Fennville. 98
9. Body Sherds, Canton Ware; Fennville S i t e . . . . 99
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. THE 46TH STREET SITE
Geography
The 46th Street site, designated by the number 20 AE 58 in the
Michigan site registry, is located on the south bank of the Kalamazoo
River in the southeast quadrant of section 30 of Heath Township in
Allegan County. The site is located on a flat area at an elevation
of 600 feet. On the northeast edge of the site, the ground drops
off abruptly to the river 20 feet below. Both up and down river
from the s ite , the 600 foot contour bends away from the riv e r and
the river is bounded by a marshy area.
The land on which the site is situated is presently part of the
Allegan State Forest which was formed, beginning in 1940, as part of
the State Submarginal Land Program. It was estimated at the time the
plans for the state forest were formulated that the area was 90% sub
marginal for agriculture (Moone 1936:2). Though the previous owners
of the site are unknown, the Department of Natural Resources autho
rities in Plainwell suggested that it was probably used for lumber
ing operations (personal communication, 1970). At one time, it was
probably also used for pasturage since the burials of a cow (Bos
sp.) and a sheep (Ovis aj>.) or goat (Capra s p .) were found during
excavation.
The Allegan State Forest is on a sandy outwash or Pine Plain
formation (Veatch 1933:7). The kind of soil and vegetation found
there comprise what Veatch terms Sandy Hill Land which consists of
1
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deep dry yellow sand and, in aboriginal times, Norway Pine, White
Pine and Oak (1933:7). The Allegan Pine Plain is farther south than
other formations of the same kind in Michigan and the length of the
growing season is shorter than in the areas surrounding it because
of high Lake Michigan sand dunes to the west and prevailing westerly
winds (Moone 1935:3). Because of the sandy soil even modern farmers
have been largely unsuccessful in growing crops here. It therefore
becomes clear that the site was not suitable for agriculture in ab
original times.
History And Methods Of Excavation
Mr. Lawrence Dorothy of the Kalamazoo Valley Chapter of the
Michigan Archaeological Society was led to the 46th Street site by
Mr. Harold Brainerd of Allegan on May 22, 1968. On June 16, 1968
the Kalamazoo Valley Chapter under the direction of Dr. Elizabeth
Baldwin of the Anthropology department at Western Michigan University
tested the site. Eight five by five foot test pits were dug and the
material sifted through \ inch screens. Since this testing indicated
that further work was warranted, Dr. Baldwin decided to excavate the
site with the Western Michigan University summer field school crew
consisting of thirteen students under her supervision. The crew
spent sixteen fu ll days on the s ite in June and Ju ly , 1968. Twelve
more five by five foot test pits were dug in order to discover the
extent of the site. After testing was completed, eight ten by ten
foot units were dug in the region of the greatest concentration of
cu ltu ral m aterial. One of the te s t p its and two levels of one of
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. the ten by ten units were dug by the Kalamazoo Valley Chapter on
Ju ly 14 (Map 1).
It is difficult to delimit the boundaries of the 46th Street
site because all test pits yielded cultural material yet none of the
units farthest away from the main excavation area yielded rim
sherds which could have been used to determine a relationship to the
central occupation area of the site. However, because there was
nothing to suggest that they were not part of the site, the site
will be considered to extend to the limits of the test pits farthest
away from the main excavation. Because none of the test pits was
s te r il e i t was lik e ly th a t the s ite extended somewhat beyond these
limits, but probably not much due to the lesser amounts of cultural
material found there. Given these boundaries, the 46th Street site
occupied an area of about 34,000 square feet.
The units were dug in six inch levels in order to provide an
artificial stratigraphy since no natural strata could be seen. The
floor of each level was routinely trowelled and floor characteristics
were recorded on square sheets. All material was put through a \
inch screen and a fine 1/16 inch screen was used periodically in the
hope of recovering fish bone, shell, seeds and the like. Matrix
samples of soil from storage pits and hearths were obtained for
laboratory analysis. Charcoal samples for radiocarbon dating were
also taken.
Dr. Baldwin and all members of the student crew made notes of
each day's activities. Other field records include a feature note
book, square sheets, maps and photographs. For field marking and
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co
u.
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for laboratory purposes the 46th Street site was designated site
A-7, the seventh site in Allegan County recorded in the Western
Michigan University survey.
Radiocarbon Dates
Two radiocarbon dates were obtained for the 46th Street site.
One was from charcoal that occurred at a depth of 20 to 26 inches
below the surface in a hearth (Feature 4). The hearth was clearly
aboriginal since there was Indian pottery but no intrusive historic
material associated with it. The date on this feature was 1140+
100 A.D. (M-2232) (P late 1). The corrected date is A.D. 1230+
100 (Stuiver and Seuss 1966:537).
The second date of 1040+ 100 A.D. (M-2233) was obtained from
charred wood that occurred from 41 to 50 inches below the surface
in a conical storage pit (Feature 6). This feature was also clear
ly aboriginal because it contained two cord-marked sherds, a few
bone fragments, fire-cracked rock, and a hammerstone but no historic
material (Plate 1). This date when corrected is 1180+ 100 A.D..
Historic Material
The 46th S treet s ite was used by h is to ric as well as pre
historic peoples. The portion of the site where most of the ex
cavation took place is located in a clearing which is used as a
modern campsite. Garbage in plastic bags, Pepsi Cola cops and
broken beer bottles, as well as twenty-two calibre casings and a
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 6
bullet show that the site has been frequented by present day campers
and hunters. A bottle of Splashware type that was common in the late
19th century (Cole 1967:67) and a musket ball attest to the fact that
the site was used for similar purposes in the last century as well.
As previously noted, cow (Boss sp.) (Feature 5) and sheep (Ovis sp.)
or goat (Capra sp.) (Feature 3) burials indicate that at one time a
farm existed in the vicinity. However, historic artifacts were re
la tiv e ly few and were found almost e n tire ly in the f i r s t six inches
of s o il.
CERAMICS
Surface Treatment
The ceramic assemblage at the 46th Street site consists of
1954 sherds of which 51 are rims representing 41 vessels. Of the
remaining 1903 sherds, 1594 are sherdlets smaller than the size of
a quarter. All 1954 sherds were first sorted as to the surface
treatment of the vessel. There were three basic kinds of surface
treatment present: cord-marked, roughened, and fabric impressed
(Table 1). The exterior surface was spalled off 837 of the sherds
leaving 1117 which could be classified as to surface treatment.
As can be seen in Table 1, cord-marking, produced by applying
a cord-wrapped paddle against the wet clay, is found on 92% of the
sherds that had identifiable surface treatment. The cord-marked,
smoothed-over cord-marked and smoothed (Plate 2).
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 7
TABLE 1
Percent Of Surface Treatment - 46th Street Site
Treatment Number Percent
Cord-marked 1029 92
unmodified 308 27
smoothed-over 513 46
smoothed 208 19
Roughened 87 7
Fabric Impressed 6 0,
Total 1117 100
The same subdivision was made by James Fitting in his report on
the Riviere Au Vase site in southeastern Michigan and as he points
out in that report the subdivision represents a continuum from the
virtual removal of the cord-marks by smoothing the wet clay with a
tool, to a partial removal of the cord-marks by the same process, to
leaving the cord-marks untouched (1965:35). Table 1 shows that the
unmodified cord-marked represents 27% of the identifiable sherds at
the site, smoothed-over cord-marked represents 46% and smoothed re
presents l97o. In Fitting’s analysis of the surface treatment of the
body sherds at the Riviere Au Vase site the percentages are roughly
comparable, with 32% unmodified cord-marked, 357. smoothed-over
cord-marked and 13% smoothed (1965:36).
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. The two other groupings on the basis of surface in
clude roughened and fabric impressed. The roughened category re
presents 7% of the identifiable pottery as can be seen in Table 1.
Roughened surfaces were noted at the Riviere Au Vase site. Fitting
suggests that roughening results from washing the pot before it is
fired so that the surface includes both protruding pieces of temper
and small pits left by the removal of pieces of temper (1965:35)
(Plate 3). Table 1 shows that the number of fabric impressed sherds
is minimal and represents only .05% of the identifiable pottery at
the 46th Street site (Plate 3).
Temper
All of the pottery at the 46th Street site is grit tempered.
The size of temper was recorded on the basis of Fitting’s scale
(1965:12) designating pieces from 0 to 1 mm. as fine, 1.1 to 2 mm.
as medium, 2.1 mm. and over as coarse-, A su b sta n tia l m ajority of
all sherds, 887., contained coarse temper. Medium temper was found
in 9% of the sherds and fine temper in 3% of the sherds.
Color and Hardness
The color of the pottery ranges from yellowish brown (Munsell
10 YR 8/6) to reddish brown (10 R 6/6). A few sherds have gray
areas which represent fire clouding.
The hardness of the ceramics was tested by means of Moh's
hardness scale. The range of hardness was from 2.0 to 3.0.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Decorated Body Sherds
Two small sherds with incised lines were found: one on an un
modified cord-marked surface and one on a smoothed-over cord-marked
surface (Plate 3). Both are characterized by a row of parallel
incised lines. It is probable that they were located on or near the
rim of the vessel, but this could not be ascertained from the sherds
Rim Sherds
After all the sherds were sorted according to surface treatment
and temper size, the rim sherds were analyzed in terms of diameter,
profile, exterior surface treatment, lip shape, lip decoration,
interior treatment and rim decoration. Chi square tests were run
on a calculator to test the association of these categories of rim
treatm ent against th e ir chance asso ciatio n . • Because the number of r
sherds is small the information gained from this analysis was not
recorded on keysort cards.
Diameter
The diameters of the vessels at the 46th Street site range from
10 to 34 centimeters (Table 2). This was broken down into two cate
gories for use in the chi square tests, with narrow being from 10
to 22 centimeters and wide from 23 to 34 centimeters. Of the 23
vessels for which it was possible to ascertain the diameter, Table
2 shows that 13 were narrow and 10 were wide.
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TABLE 2
Diameter Of Vessels - 46th Street Site
Diameter # Of Vessels
Narrow (10-22 cm.) 13
Wide (23-34 cm.) 10
Unmeasureable _17
Total 41
Profile and lip shape
Nearly three-fourths of the rim profiles are straight (Figure
1). The remainder includes eight profiles that are slightly everted
and four that are slightly inverted.
TABLE 3
Lip Shape - 46th Street Site
Lip Shape # Of Vessels
square 34
round 5
pointed _2
Total 41
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FIGURE 1
Classes of Rim Profiles - 46th Street Site
(Interiors to Left) A ttrib u tes Vessels
1. Straight - squared lip
2. S traig h t - rounded lip
3. Straight - thickened lip
4,5 Straight - collared
6. Inverted - squared lip
7. Everted - squared lip
8. Everted - thickened lip
9. Everted - pointed lip
10, 11. Everted - co llared
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 12
Lips are predominantly squared with 34 vessels showing this
characteristic (Table 3). Rounding of the lip occurs on five
vessels and in two cases the lip is brought to a point on an everted
rim. Thickened lips and some collared rims occur (Figure 1). The
collars on 46th Street pottery are not elaborate, but involve merely
a folding over of the clay. For purposes of the chi square tests,
the profile categories included inverted, straight and everted.
Thickened lips and collars were considered to be aspects of rim
decoration for the chi square tests.
Lip treatment
Lip treatment was present on 24 of the vessels at the 46th
Street site. As can be seen in Table 4, treatment with a cord-
wrapped paddle was the predominant method used. It is not sur
prising that the lip was often treated in this way since application
of the paddle to the lip was simply a continuation of the same tech
nique used on the body of the vessel. On the eight vessels not
treated with cord-wrapped paddle, alternation with a tool was pro
bably intended to be decorative. In three cases the edge of the
paddle was used and in one case the decoration was applied with a
cord-wrapped stick impressed into the clay at intervals by impressing
the clay with a tool such as a stick. One of the lips showed thin
incising that might have been produced with a fingernail. Sixteen
of the lips were plain either because they had been smoothed or were
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left unmodified. In one instance the lip was broken off so that it
was not possible to see how it had been treated.
TABLE 4
Lip Treatment - 46th Street Site
Non-decorative # of Vessels
cord-wrapped paddle 18
plain 16
Decorative
cord-wrapped paddle edge 3
cord-wrapped stick
tool impressed
fingernail
Not Observable
Total 4
Rim decoration
Rim decoration is minimal. On about half of the vessels there
is no decoration, with the surface treatment extending all the way to
the lip (Table 5). The most common occurrence of decoration is the
use of collars on thirteen of the vessels (Plate 3). In eight of these
cases there appears to have been a collar which was smoothed over
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TABLE 5
Rim Decoration - 46th Street Site
Decoration # Of Vessels
collared 13
simple, unmodified 5
smoothed 8
punctate 7
punctate 2
roughened 1
h o rizo n tal cord (one row) 2
h o rizo n tal cord (two rows) 1
undecorated 22
Total 41
until it became nearly flush with the body of the vessel. This is
difficult to discern since the only evidence of it is an irregular
line where the edge of the collar meets the exterior of the pot.
Collared rims are often embellished with a single row of circular
punctation below the collar (Plate 3). This occurred on six of the
vessels with a smoothed collar and on one vessel with a simple un
modified collar. On two vessels a single row of circular punctations
was the only decoration (Plate 2). One rim sherd shows roughening
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. below the lip. In two instances there is one row of horizontal cord
impressions and in one instance there are two rows of horizontal cord
impressions.
In considering the characteristics of the pottery from the 46th
Street site, the most striking thing is uniformity. The predominance
of cord-marked surface treatment and large grit temper plus the
predominance of scraight rim profiles and che lack of a variety of
techniques for producing rim decoration suggest that the 46th Street
site is a single component site.
Chi Square Tests
Upon preparing the tables for the chi square tests, it was dis
covered that since the sample was so small, some did not meet the
criteria for the test. Thus wheii some of the cross tabulation tables
were se t up there was a t le a s t one unit with a number value of less
than one or 20% of the units in the table had a number value of less
than five. Those attributes which it was impossible to test for
association are listed in Table 6.
For those characteristics which it was possible to test for
association, the association was considered to be chance if the
probability factor was greater than .01. Table 7 includes the
sample size, chi square values, number of degrees of freedom and
probability factors in which the association of attributes was
probably due to chance.
Table 7 includes all characteristics for which it was possible
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TABLE 6
Paired Rim Characteristics Which Did Not Meet C rite ria For X2 Test - 46th Street Site
diameter/rim profile
diameter/surface treatment
diameter/lip treatment
profile/surface treatment
surface treatment/rim decoration
surface treatment/lip treatment
TABLE 7
Paired Rim Characteristics Without Significant Associations - 46th Street Site
Test N X2 df P
profile/presence of lip 37 .0020 1 .95 treatm ent
profile/presence of rim 37 .0980 1 .80 decoration
presence of rim decoration/ 23 2.091 1 .20 diameter
diameter/presence of collars 23 .618 1 .50
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 17
to apply the chi square test. There was no evidence of clustering
of attributes since in no test was the probability factor less than
.01. The presence of lip treatment did not correlate with either
straight or everted rim profiles. Likewise rim decoration was not
more lik e ly to occur on one or the other kind of rim p ro file . In
verted rim profiles were not tested since there were only four of
them. The only instance in which there is a p o s s ib ility th at c lu s te r
ing occurs in a nonrandom fashion is th at of the presence of rim
decoration and size of diameter in which the probability factor is
less than .20 showing a slight tendency for larger vessels to be
decorated. It was thought that this might reflect a situation
similar to that present at Spring Creek where collared vessels
consistently had larger diameters (Fitting 1968:22). However,
when applying the chi square test for size of rim diameter and
the presence of collars, excluding other decoration, this was not found
to be the case. At the 46th Street site, while collared vessels do
tend to be large, noncollared vessels may be large as well. At
Spring Creek only the collared vessels were large.
Typology
Most of the pottery at the 46th Street site appears to fall
within the classification Wayne Ware as defined by James Fitting
(1965:158,159). The characteristics of Vayne Ware exhibited by
the 46th Street pottery include a surface finish of cord-wrapped
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. paddle, smoothed-over cord-marking and some fabric wrapped paddle;
a general lack of decoration; a use of cord-marking up to the lip;
absence of castellations; and the occurrence of thickened lips and
rounded lips.
The p o tte ry a t the 46th S tre e t s ite d iffe rs from the d e fin i
tion of Wayne Ware in three ways: ( l) the temper size tends to be
larger than that indicated for Wayne Ware; (2) while rounded lips
do occur, squared lips are more often present; (3) lip treatment
is more common. These differences occur also at the Spring Creek
s ite in Muskegon County (F ittin g 1968:26) and a t the Fennville
site in Allegan County which will be discussed later in this report.
The predominance of squared lips is characteristic of the Wayne
Ware at the Valley Sweets site in the Saginaw Valley (Brose 1966:4),
though lip treatment is not so common and temper size is not pre
dominantly coarse (Map 2).
While these differences from Wayne Ware do not a t f i r s t
appear to be of sufficient magnitude to establish a new type, this
possibility must be weighed in the light of two considerations.
First, Wayne Ware represents pottery that is simple in style and
a consistent deviation in a few aspects becomes more important than
it would for a pottery type of greater stylistic complexity. Se
cond, the aforementioned differences occur in regions that have a
somewhat different culture history than that of southeastern
Michigan where Wayne Ware was defined. The deviations are consistent
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for three sites in southwestern Michigan and the occurrence of a
difference in one characteristic in the Saginaw Valley site is not
surprising, since this locality too has a somewhat different culture
history from that of the southeastern Michigan region where the
type was defined (Fitting:1970).
If the pottery at the 46th Street site were called Wayne Ware,
the implication would be that the inhabitants of the site were
participants in the Younge tradition of southeastern Michigan,
whereas evidence considered later in this study indicates that
this was not the case. Since consistent ceramic differences can be
seen on a regional basis, the term Allegan Ware will be used to
refer to cord-marked pottery from southwestern Michigan that is
characterized by grit temper normally greater than two millimeters
in diameter, cord-marking up to the lip and normally squared lips
which are often decorated, usually with cord-wrapped paddle (See
Appendix) (Plates 2,7,8). Rim decoration is infrequent, but when
present occurs in the form of a single row of punctuation made
by a circular tool such as the end of a stick or a cord-wrapped
stick; a single or double row of horizontal cord impressions; or
fine line diamond shaped crosshatching. Profiles tend to be straight
or slightly everted. Cord-wrapped stick punctation and diamond
shaped aosshatching do not occur at the 46th Street site, but are
found on Allegan Ware at the Fennville site to be considered later
in this report.
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LOWER MICHIGAN
FEEHELEY, /.V A L L E Y SWEETS BUSS1NGER ► •V'SCHULTZ SPRING CREEK tSCHMIDT
RIVIERE AU VASE FENNVILLE * 46th STREET
MOCCASIN BLUFF
MAP 2 SITES DISCUSSED IN TEXT 4 5 miles
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 21
Wayne Ware in southeastern Michigan will thus be considered
to be a companion ceramic se rie s to Allegan Ware and v irtu a lly
the same variants occur (See Appendix). Those variants present at
the 46th Street site include sixteen vessels of Allegan Cord-marked
which is undecorated and has cord-marking up to the lip; three vessels
of Allegan Smoothed which is undecorated and has cord-marking which
has been smoothed-over up to the lip; two vessels of Allegan Punctate
with a single row of punctations around the rim and three vessels
of Allegan Cord-impressed with one or two rows of horizontal cord
impressions around the rim (Table 8).
The thirteen collared vessels at the 46th Street site are of
the type Spring Creek Collared (Plate 3) and like those from the
Spring Creek site tend to be large (Fitting 1968:23). At Spring
Creek these vessels average 23-9 centimeters in diameter and at the
46th S tre e t s ite they average 25 centimeters in diam eter. However,
as the chi square tests for the 46th Street site showed, uncollared
vessels are just as likely to be large whereas at Spring Creek they
tended to be relatively smaller than the collared vessels.
Eight of the vessels at the 46th Street site have a smoothed-
over collar which has not been noted for the Spring Creek site, but
can be considered a variant of Spring Creek Collared. A single row
of circular punctation occurs on six of the collared vessels with
five of these having a smoothed-over collar.
The roughened pottery from the 46th Street site shares many
c h a ra c te ristic s with Allegan Ware such as straig h t rim p ro file ,
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lack of decoration and temper size (Plate 3). Indeed it can be
distinguished from Allegan Ware only on the basis of surface treat
ment. While surface is only one criterion, it seems to be sufficient
to exclude it from the classification Allegan Ware because Allegan
Ware is essentially a cord-marked category and to enlarge it on the
basis of surface treatment would eventually have the effect of in
cluding every undecorated vessel within it, thus making it so all-
inclusive as to be useless.
On the basis of comparative data, the roughened pottery from the
46th Street site does not fit the criteria for existing types. At
Riviere Au Vase (Fitting 1965:155,156) pottery with roughened surface
treatment is found, but the types represented, Vase Tool-impressed
and Vase Corded, are both more highly decorated than the roughened
pottery from the 46th Street site and castellated rims are the norm.
Unfortunately, the roughened sample at the 46th Street site is small
and contains 82 potsherds of which only four are rims representing
four vessels. Clearly this is not enough on which to propose a new
type or even to judge adequately whether it represents an existing
type. Therefore, the roughened pottery from the 46th Street site
must remain unidentified as to type (Table 8).
TABLE 8
Pottery Types Represented at the 46th Street Site
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Type # of Vessels
Allegan Ware 24
Allegan Cord-marked 16
Allegan smoothed 3
Allegan Punctate 2
Allegan Cord-impressed 3
Spring Creek Collared 13
Unidentified Roughened _4
Total 41
Chronology
The corrected dates of A.D. Il8 0 i 100 (M-2233) and 1230lt 100 A.D.
(M-2232) are supported by the p o ttery types present. Wayne Ware,
the companion ceramic series of Allegan Ware, was originally consi
dered to date from A.D. 600 to 1000 (Fitting 1966:738) though the
Bussinger site has yielded two thirteenth century dates and the
Schultz, Malone and Moccasin Bluff sites have yielded twelfth century
dates (Fitting: personal communication 1970). The presence of Spring
Creek collared vessels at the 46th Street site argues for a date at
the latter end of the Wayne Ware range. Collars seem to occur through
out the Great Lakes region during the time period of A.D. 800 to 1000
and are considered to be a horizon marker for that time period
(MacPherron 1967:277; Fitting 1968:23). At the Riviere Au Vase site
the pottery type Vase Dentate dated from A.D. 800 to 1000 exhibits
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. collars (Fitting 1965:43,154) and Spring Creek collared from the
Spring Creek site is dated A.D. 950lt 75 (Fitting 1968:11). In
the northern area of Michigan pottery from the Bois Blanc phase at
Juntunen dated about 1000 A.D. also possesses collars (MacPherron 1967
276). In summary, the tw elfth and th irte e n th century dates from
sites where Wayne Ware is found and the presence of collars support
the radiocarbon dates for the 46th Street site.
Other Clay Artifacts
Two clay pipe bowl fragments were found at the 46th Street
site (Plate 3). Both had a plain surface with one being polished
both externally and internally. Each had very fine generally
black temper. Because the fragments are small it could not be dis
cerned whether decoration was present, although in the case of the
unpolished pipe it probably was not. The lips of both pipes were
.7 centim eters th ick . The unpolished pipe tapered down from the
lip to a bowl thickness of .4 centimeters. The polished pipe had
a thickness just below the lip of .2 centimeters and the lip jutted
out at right angles to the bowl.
LITHICS
The stone tool assemblage at the 46th Street site includes
projectile points, scrapers, knives, drills, gravers, utilized flakes
and ground stone tools. This variety can perhaps offer some clues as
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to the kinds of activities that took place.
Chipped Stone Artifacts
Pro jectile points
There are twenty-one p ro je c tile points including small stemmed,
(Group I) small sided-notched (Group II), medium sided-notched
(Group I I I ) , large side-notched (Group IV), and triangular forms
(Group V) all of which are common in Michigan Late Woodland sites
(Table 9 ). Group I stemmed p ro je c tile points (Plate 4) range from
3 to 4.3 centim eters long and 1.4 to 1.6 centim eters wide and are
narrow with weakly sloping shoulders and a slightly expanding stem.
They resemble points th a t occur a t other Late Woodland s ite s in
Michigan including the Spring Creek site, the Schultz site (Fitting
1968:42), the Hodges s ite (F ittin g and Sasse 1969:69) and the
Juntunen site (MacPherron l967:Plate XXXIII).
The small (Group I I ) and medium (Group I I I ) side-notched points
(Plate 4) are very poorly made. The notches are normally parallel
with one another and often one of the notches is more pronounced
giving the point a lopsided appearance. This sloppy workmanship is
also characteristic of Juntunen Notched points and like these points
those at the 46th Street site are more likely to have a convex rather
than straight base. In addition both groups fall within the metric
range of Juntunen Notched (MacPherron 1967:151,152,153). The Group
I I points are from 2.2 to 2.6 centim eters long and from 1.2 to 2
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centimeters wide. Many of the small side-notched points from the
46th Street site are nearly identical with points found on the
surface south of Allegan County near the town of Three Oaks in
B errien County, Michigan (William Mangold: personal communication
1969).
The large side-notched p ro je c tile point in Group IV (Plate
4) measures 5.2 centimeters long and 2.5 centimeters wide and is
unlike the other points from the 46th Street site because it has
a blade which is long in relation to the base. The base is slightly
concave. This point is similar to projectile points from the Hodges
site (Fitting and Sasse 1969:69), the Spring Creek site (Fitting
1968:42) and the Juntunen site (MacPherron 1967:154).
The tria n g u la r points in Group V from the 46th S tre e t s ite
(P late 4) are longer than they are broad and resemble the Madison
points from the R iviere Au Vase s ite in both length and width'
measurements (Fitting 1965:49). The length ranges from 2.7 to 3.4
centimeters and the width ranges from 1.6 to 2.3 centimeters. Two
of the four triangular points from the 46th Street site have straight
bases and two have concave bases.
Knives
The seven knives from the 46th Street site can be divided into
two groups; hafted and unhafted knives (Plate 5, Table 10). The
hafted knives are large triangular bifaces with one edge excurvate
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ro base 1.3tra s ig h t 1.5 convex 1.3 convex h aft width 1. 1. 1 1. 1. 1 1. 1 1.2traight s 1.1 1.1 1.3 s tra ig h t 1.1 cm. 1.4 1.1 cm. convex 1.2 convex length h aft S ite - 3.2 3.1 46th Street . 6 . 1.9 .5.7 2.4 .6 2.4 . 6 . . 6 6 . cm. 3 cm. . 6 . thickness length max. max. blade TABLE 9 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.7 width max. -- 3.5 3 3.54.3 1.4 4.3 4. 1 4. 1 cm. 1.6 cm. Measurements of Projectile Points* - level, artifact#) length D. 2.3 D. (Excavation Unit, B.2.6 B .2 .1 D.1.2 (base) Group II - small side-notched D.2.2 Provenience D. D. 1.1 D .2 .1 Group I - Stemmed
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. concave convex convex s tra ig h t base 1.2 1.5 cm. 1.6 cm. .9cm. convex .9 stra ig h t -- h aft width base h aft width h aft width base 1.41.5 convex 1 1 cm. length .9 length .7 cm. length haft haft ha ft ha length 1.8 cm. length length blade blade blade .7 2.8 1.2 • 3 3 • cm. 2.2 cm. .4 1.9 .7 .2 1.4 .7 thickness thickness thickness max. max. max. 1.8 cm. 1.2 cm. .4 cm. 1.61.6 .5 .51.3 1.6 1.6 .8 2.5 cm. 7 . cm. 4.5 cm. 7 . cm. 2.2 2 width Max. wid th wid max. max. width max. Provenience length F.2.1 2.6 B.3.1 5.2 cm. Provenience length E.3.1 2.5 T.P.2. 1 3.3 cm. Group I I I - medium side-notched Group IV - large side-notched Group V - triangular C.2.1 G.2.1 2.4 2.2 Provenience length A .2.2 4 A•2*4 2.5 cm•
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. K > VO - .6tra s ight thickness base .6 max. 1.7 1.9 2.3 .2 concave width max. 3 2.7 cm. 1.6 cm. 5 . cm.tra s 3.4 ig h t 3.3 3.3 2. 1 .3 concave the measurement below the blade to the base; and the haft width is the point of greatest constriction between the notches. *The *The blade length is the measurement from the top of the notches to the tip, the haft length Provenience length G. 1.2 G. T .P .15. 1.3 C. C. 1.4 D. 1.3 A. 2.5 A.
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and the other edge somewhat s tra ig h te r. The b ifa c ia l unhafted
knives, which are of relatively uniform thickness, show an increase
in thickness at the edge opposite the cutting edge.
TABLE 10
Metric Attributes of Hafted Knives 46th Street Site
Provenience length width thickness
C.2.2 4.3 cm. 2 cm. . 8 cm.
C.2.3 3.7 1.9 .6
D.2.5 4.8 2.4 1.0
D.2.11 4.9 2.6 .8
Metric Attributes of Unhafted Knives
Provenience length width thickness
B.2.2 3.4 cm. 2 cm. .8 cm.
C. 2.4 3.8 1.3 1.0
D.1.11 3.3 1.4 .7
Gravers
There were two gravers found at the 46th Street site; one bi
facial and the other retouched on one side of the graving tip
(Plate 5). The measurements of the gravers are closely similar with
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one being 2.1 centimeters long and the other 2.5 centimeters long.
This difference in length is reflected in the length of the point
rather than in the rounded base. The point of the bifacial graver
is .3 centimeters longer than that of the other graver (Table 11).
TABLE n
Metric Attributes Of Gravers 46th Street Site
Provenience base length point total thickness
D. 1.4 1.6 cm. .5 cm. 2.1 cm. .2 cm.
D .2 .10 1.7 .8 2.5 .5
D rills
The five d r il ls from the s it e can be divided into forms with ex
panding bases and forms without expanding bases (Plate 5). Of the
three that did not have expanding bases, one was very small. Table
12 shows the m etric a ttrib u te s of the d r ills .
Scrapers
The tools that can be classified as scrapers are divided into
categories based on whether they were bifacial or unifacial; end
scrapers, side scrapers or both (Plates 5,6). In most of the categories
the size of the artifacts is rather similar, although in the categories
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TABLE 12
Metric Attributes of Expanding Base Drills 46th Street Site
Provenience length basal width point width thickness
A .1.2 4.5 cm. 1.8 cm. .8 cm. .5 cm.
H.1.1 4.4 2.7 1.2 .5
Netric Attributes Of Non-expanding Base Drills
Provenience length width thickness
T.P.15.2.1 (base) - 1,4 cm. .4 cm.
G.2.4 (base) - 1.2 .4
G.2.6 2.4 cm. .6 .3
of unifacial side scraper and bifacial side scraper there is one
tool in each that is quite a bit larger. There are a total of six
unifacial scrapers and eight bifacial scrapers. One small scraper
looks like a small side-notched projectile point with the tip rounded
and is possibly a reworked point. The measurements of the scrapers
are summarized in Table 13.
TABLE 13
Metric Attributes Of Scrapers 46th Street Site
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unifacial, side
provenience length width thicknes
A .1.5 4.1 cm. 2.1 cm. .9 cm.
F.3.2 2.4 2.3 .3
F .4 .f6 .2 2.5 1.9 . 1
unifacial, end
G.3.1 3.2 1.9 .2
unifacial, end, side
•5 A .2.3 2.7 2 • -J
C.2.7 1.5 1.6 .3
bifacial, side
C. 1.3 3 1.9 .3
E.1.1 3 1.8 .6
F.3.3 4.9 3.5 .6
G.2.2 3 2 .4
Bifacial, end
A .2.1 2.5 1.6 .6
C.1.9 2 1.8 .7
F.2.5 2.5 2.1 .4
bifacial, end, side
B.3.2 3.5 2.5 1.3
Debitage
Seventeen cores, thirteen blanks and 5,878 waste flakes were
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found at the 46th Street site. The debitage was analyzed with a view
toward discovering the kinds of materials used in stone tool making,
the kinds of waste flakes present and which kinds were most likely
to be utilized. Waste flakes considered to be utilized showed nicked
or jagged edges with clear use retouch and with the used edge some
what dulled.
The chipped stone tools at the 46th Street site were made of
chert. The vast majority of waste flakes were gray (Munsell 10 YR
5/1) to gray brown (10 YR 5/2) in color with some occurence of dark
gray (10 YR 4/1) banding. There were a few unusual waste flakes that
were pale olive green (10 Y 6/2), black with very light gray spots,
reddish yellow (5 YR 7/6), red (2.5 YR 4/6) and light red (2.5
YR 6/6). The lustre of the waste flakes was normally dull, although
in the case of one red flake the lustre was shiny or waxy.
The debitage was divided into categories of primary decortica
tion flakes, parallel edge flakes, expanding edge flakes, converging
edge flakes, lamellar•flakes, tabular flakes, crest blades, vertical
blades and discoidal, oblong and rectangular blanks (White 1963:5-15).
Tabular flakes struck from unprepared cores occurred about three times
more often than did lamellar flakes struck from prepared cores. White
notes that at the Snyders and Worthy-Merigan sites tabular flakes
normally were of low quality material (1963:13). Since the chert used
at the 46th Street site is not of a noticeably high quality, this may
be the reason for the predominant number of tabular flakes.
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Expanding edge flakes occurred more than twice as often as
parallel and converging edge flakes and were utilized more than four
times as often. It is easy to imagine that the expanding edge flakes
with their broadly curved and usually sharp distal edges were very
handy cutting tools.
Those flakes that could be categorized as blades were few in
deed. Since they are so few and there was no evidence of prepared
cores that could be used for the manufacture of blades, it is pro
bable that they were the by-product of the regular chipping techni
que. As White points out, blade-like flakes are found in almost
any assemblage (1963:8). Table 14 shows the number of waste flakes
present for each category of debitage and how many of those in each
category were utilized.
The debitage exhibited both prominent and nonprominent bulbs
of percussion indicating that both hard and soft hammer techniques
were used. There were also numerous small flakes of bifacial re
touch present.
Hammerstones
There were six hammerstones at the 46th Street site. Five of
these were flattened stones that were roughly triangular in shape
with evidence of battering of the narrow end. All but one showed
battering on flattened sides as well. One of the stones showed use
wear on both ends and sides. There was one rounded hammerstone that
showed evidence of only s lig h t use at one end. The measurements of
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the hammerstones are presented in Table 15.
TABLE 14
Categories Of Debitage - 46th Street Site
Category of Debitage Present Total Utilized
primary decortication 466 10
p a ra lle l edge 747 12
expanding edge 2855 53
converging edge 1284 14
lam ellar 65 -
tabular 204 -
crest blade 9 -
vertical blade 36
TABLE 15
Measurements Of Hammerstones - 46th Street Site
max. max. max. provenience length width thickness
D.2.2 11.5 cm. 6.9 cm. 3.7 cm.
E.F5.1 6.9 6.5 3.7
F.4.F6 5.7 4.8 4.1
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H. 2.3 7.5 5
H. 2.4 6.3 2.4
T.P. 11.3.1 7.3 6.3 4.4
Ground Stone Tools
There were four ground stone tools at the 46th Street site.
One that could be classified as a rubbing stone was triangular in
cross section and showed wear on the bottom with a bevelling of one
edge (Plate 6). The presence of the bevelled edge suggests that
the stone was used with a rocking motion or was possibly used with a
mortar. This tool was 9.1 centimeters long, 7 centimeters wide and
5 centimeters thick.
A celt-shaped rough igneous stone was found with smoothing on
the sides and bottom and smoothing on one side of what would be the
bit (Plate 6). It is possible that this was discarded in the pro
cess of making a celt or the smoothing could have come from use.
It is possible also that the stone was originally smooth and the
rough portions were produced by pecking. The celt is 8.6 centimeters
long, 7 centimeters wide and 5.2 centimeters thick.
A well-smoothed, large elongated stone with battering on one
end showed a crack on both sid e s s ta rtin g at the point of impact
on the battered end that may have occurred from use (P la te 6). This
stone could be classified as a large hammerstone or maul and was 11.5
centimeters long, 6.9 centimeters wide and 5 centimeters thick.
There was one smoothed oblong pebble with a flattened side that
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. could have been produced by use as a rubbing stone (Plate 18).
This stone was 8.9 centimeters long, 4.1 centimeters wide and
2.7 centimeters thick.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CULTURAL IMPLICATIONS OF DATA
Possible Uses Of Stone Tools
Since there were more projectile points than any other kind of
stone artifact at the 46th Street site, it seems plausible that hunt
ing provided an important food source. This is suggested also by
the presence of bifacial scrapers that might have been used in the
preparation of skins, assuming Taggert's (1967:164) interpretation
that the bifacial scrapers associated with a high frequency of pro
jectile points and deer remains at the Late Archaic Schmidt site
were used for skin working. He points out that at the Feeheley
site in the Saginaw Valley which is a Late Archaic fishing station
there was a proportionately large number of unifacial scrapers that
could have been used in the scaling of fish or more likely were
used in the processing of wood and plants. Thus the preparation of
fish or the processing of wood and plants is a possible use for the
unifacial scrapers at the 46th Street site.
The presence of drills and the celt also suggests working with
wood. The sharp pointed gravers may have been used in the manu
facture of clothing. The triangular shaped ground stone tool could
have been used in the grinding of plant resources for food. The
large maul possibly was used as a hammerstone in the manufacture of
stone to o ls but i t is large and heavy enough so th at i t seems more
likely to have been used for some sort of heavy work such as pounding
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. stales into the ground. It is difficult to even suggest specific
functions for the waste flakes that show use; as sharp edges imply
cutting tools they could have served a number of purposes. The
cores, hammerstones and large number of waste flakes certainly show
that chipped stone tools were made at the 46th Street site. Even
though hunting was apparently the predominant activity at the site,
the variety of stone tools implies that a number of other activities
were also taking place.
Features
There were seven features at the 46th Street site (Map 3).
Of these four were aboriginal, including two hearths and two
storage pits. The three remaining features were historic and
consisted of a burned out root and two burials of farm animals.
The kinds of features and the nature of artifact concentrations
offer further clues as to the activities that took place at the 46th
Street site. There is considerable evidence for the presence of
cooking fires. One feature (Feature 2) which was located just be
low the surface in square B and extended to a depth of less than
six inches consisted of an area of fire cracked rock, a few chips,
sherds and some charcoal. Though i t also contained two b o ttle caps
and a bullet, the hearth was probably aboriginal. Because it was
located in the first six inches of square B, it is very possible
that the historic material was intruded long after the feature was
formed. This interpretation seems reasonable in view of the use of
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the area by modern hunters and campers. The f ir e p it from which the
radiocarbon sample was taken (Feature 4) was located in squares E
and G (Plate 1). It contained charcoal, fire cracked rock and three
sherdlets. The top of the hearth was found at a depth of 14 inches
and extended to 36 inches. Small pieces of charcoal and gray sand
could be seen above the feature at four inches below surface. Since
the feature was at considerable depth and there was no historic
material present, it was clearly aboriginal.
Artifact concentrations also attest to the presence of cooking
fires. These include charcoal and fish bone from six to twelve
inches in test pit 15. The close association of charcoal and
the unburned bone of a White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)
in the first six inches of test pit 12 suggests that at least animal
food was prepared and eaten at this location. This concentration
also contained a walnut shell (Juglans nigra) so that there is a
possibility that plant foods were prepared here too, but the nut
looks quite fresh, is not burned and its aboriginal age can be
questioned.. Finally, the concentration of fire cracked rock, pot
sherds, two projectile points, a scraper, a knife, chips and river
clam shell (Lampsilis sp.) from six to twelve inches below surface
in the central and southern portions of square D indicate that not
only cooking, but other activities took place here.
Two pits that were probably used for storing food were also
found (Features 6 and 7 ). Feature 6 was a symmetrical, conical shaped
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pit that was first detected at a depth of eighteen inches below the
surface and extended to a depth of fifty-four inches in square F
(Plate 1). From eighteen to forty-one inches it was a circular
area of reddish sand which contained two small sherds, a few burned
bone fragments, charcoal, fire cracked rock and a hammerstone. At
the level of 37 inches below surface a curved flake showing use
retouch on two edges and possibly used as a spokeshave was found
along with a bone fragment and charcoal. From 41 to 54 inches the
f i l l became gray and fin a lly very black. Below the level of 41
inches no organic material other than charcoal was observed. The
other storage pit (Feature 7) was very much like the first, al
though it was smaller. This feature was located in square H and
was first observed at a depth of twenty inches below the surface.
It was a conical shaped pit extending to a depth of thirty-two inches
and containing dark fill with a great deal of charcoal.
There were three features at the site that apparently were of
historic origin. Feature 1 consisted of fire cracked rock and some
charcoal in the north wall of test pit 10. The rock was located
fifteen inches below the surface. There was no cultural material
in association and excavation indicated that this was probably a
burned out root, perhaps of recent date.
The other two historic features contained the remains of do
mestic animals. Feature 3 occurred at the base of level two about
twelve inches below the surface in square B. It consisted of the
articulated hind quarters and foetal remains of a pregnant sheep or
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goat (Ovis or Capra sp.) and sixteen sherdlets, waste flakes and char
coal. From twelve to eighteen inches below the surface there was much
snail shell (Anguispira alternata). The presence of the snail shell
suggests that the snails were probably feeding on the animal carcass
(Cleland 1966:203). The burial of a domestic animal in an Indian camp
site produced this spurious association with aboriginal remains.
Feature 5 was the skeleton of a cow (Bos sp.) located at the depth of
eighteen inches in squares E and G. As was the case with Feature 3,
its association with aboriginal artifacts was accidental.
Settlement Pattern
Analysis of settlement pattern was attempted along lines sug
gested by James Fitting (1969:360). This involved the use of ratios
to discover intensity of occupation, nature of activities and sexual
composition of the population. The kinds of features present were
used to consider stability of occupation and the kinds and number of
animal and plant remains were used to determine seasonality. Since
post molds were routinely sought in excavation, but not found, the
evidence provided by building patterns could not be utilized.
Fitting suggests that a ratio of .05 or fewer vessels per cubic
foot of a component is indicative of "extensive" occupation (1969:363).
At the 46th Street site there were forty-one vessels and an exca
vated volume of 2557 cubic feet resu ltin g in a ra tio of .02, in d icat
ing that the site was not densely populated.
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Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 45
In considering the question of stability of occupation, the
presence of two storage pits indicates that the site was occupied
by a fairly small number of people for at least the duration of one
season. The two firepits and other concentrations of charcoal with
aboriginal remains support this interpretation.
In assessing the ratio of men to women at the site, a ratio
of ceramic vessels to stone tools was used since women’s work is
associated with the manufacture of pottery while men’s work is
associated with the manufacture of stone tools. Fitting is of the
opinion that ratios from 2.00 to .20 show a balanced sex ratio
(1969:366). At the 46th Street site the ratio of ceramic vessels
to stone tools was .26 and is thus an indication that the numbers
of men and women at the site were nearly equal.
In considering the kinds of activities- that might have taken
place, Fitting states that a relatively high ratio of unifacial to
bifacial artifacts occurs at fishing sites (1969:365). An example
of this can be seen in Taggert's comparison of the Late Archiac
Feeheley and Schmidt sites (1967:168,169). At the Feeheley site
where fishing appeared to be the major subsistence activity, the
unifacial scrapers represented 31.4% of all stone tools whereas
at the Schmidt site where deer hunting was the major subsistence
activity, unifacial tools were only 15.4% of the total stone tool
assemblage. At the 46th Street site the ratio of unifacial to bi
facial artifacts was .21. This is not extremely high, and is more
closely similar to the situation at the Schmidt site. However, it
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is probable that some fishing was done, since the site is located on
the banks of the Kalamazoo river and there was one fish bone (sp.)
and six shell fragments of river clam (Lampsilis sp.), indicating
that the resources of the river were used. Both the fish and river
clam were found from six to twelve inches below the surface in test
pits that were undisturbed by modern activity.
The nature of the features and the kinds and concentrations of
artifacts show that cooking food, food storage, hide preparation,
tool making and probably fishing took place at the site. It is
probable that plant foods were gathered and prepared though the
evidence for this is scant. The bevelled edge on one of the tools
classified as a rubbing stone suggests that this tool was used in
the grinding of plant foods. In addition to the walnut in the first
level of test pit 12 there was another walnut (JugIans nigra)in
the first six inches of square E. However, this nut also is un
burned and looks fresh and in addition is associated with modern
picnic refuse of beer glass and Pepsi Cola tops. It is of course
possible that this association was fortuitous. Though Black Walnut
(JugIans nigra) trees do grow today in the Allegan State Forest, it
was stated in the field notes that none were growing at the 46th
Street site. It is not known whether they were growing there during
the time of aboriginal occupation of the site.
The faunal sample from the 46th Street site included 25 bone
specimens that were identified by Dr. Howard Savage of the Royal
Ontario Museum and Department of Anthropology at the University of
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Toronto (Table 16). Those species that could be positively identi
fied included at least two White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus),
one muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) and one raccoon (Procyon lotor).
One of the deer, the raccoon and the muskrat were found in adjacent
test pits 2 and 7. Test pit 2 which contained the muskrat and part
of the deer also had a projectile point and burned bone that was so
fragmented as to be unidentifiable. Both test pits were located at
a considerable distance from the main portion of the site and had
historic disburbance throughout. This disturbance included a musket
b a ll th at W 3 S found at a depth oe 12 to 18 inches in test pit 7 and
the sherds of the late 19th century Splashware bottle from 6 to 18
inches. Because of the nature of the historic disturbance it is
difficult to assess the aboriginality of these three animals. The
presence of the muskrat can best be explained in terms of modern
hunting activity since the Department of Natural Resources authorities
in Plainwell indicated that a muskrat hunter has been operating in
the area of the site in recent years (Personal communication, 1970).
The musket ball suggests that at least one of the remaining animals
may have been present as the result of hunting in the nineteenth
century. The association of the Splashware bottle leads to the
additional inference that the nineteenth century hunter may have been
at the site long enough to skin or eat an animal there. Finally,
the projectile point in test pit 2 indicated the probability that
at least one of the animals was at the site due to aboriginal hunting
activity. Dr. Savage noted that there was an unusual absence of the
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large extremity bones of deer at the 46th Street site, whereas some
of the smaller foot bones are present. This implies some sort of
selectivity and since the other deer at the site was no doubt the
result of aboriginal hunting, it seems probable that it was the deer
in test pits 2 and 7 that was present for the same reason. This in
terpretation is further borne out by the fact that deer were not
found in the Lower Peninsula after 1885 until they were reintro
duced in Allegan County in 1932 (Jenkins and Bartlett 1959:12) and
this decreased the likelihood th3t the deer at the 46th Street site
was the victim of a nineteenth century hunter.
The second deer was located in test pit 12 which was undisturbed
by historic activity. This bone was associated with charcoal and
aboriginal clay pipe fragment. The sample included part of the
frontal bone with its antler burr and Dr. Savage suggests that this
animal was killed during the fall or winter. He further notes that
on the basis of dentition, the deer located in test pits 2 and 7 was
between eight to nine months and less than one and one-half years
old and was probably k ille d between February and December of the
year after its birth.
The settlement pattern and ecological data for the 46th Street
site points to the conclusion that this was a winter camp of the
Chippewa type- The inland location of the s ite and its apparent
occupation by an approximately equal number of men and women are both
characteristic of the Chippewa winter camp (Fitting and Cleland 1970:7,8).
The small amount of animal remains also indicates a short term
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. occupation, although this may be due to poor preservation. Since
there is no archaeological evidence for agriculture and since the
land is submarginal for agricultural use by present day farmers
possessing knowledge of modern methods, the possibility that ab
original crops were raised here is very unlikely. The presence of
the White-tailed deer (Odocioleus virginanus) which was killed in
the fall or winter suggests that the site was occupied during these
seasons. The fact that the 46th Street site is on high ground
surrounded by marshy areas strengthens this conclusion since deer
frequent marshy areas during the cold months, particularly when
there is deep snow th at makes movement d if f ic u lt, because the marsh
offers a protected location (Jenkins and Bartlett 1959:8). Thus
from an ecological view the 46th S tre e t s ite provided a good location
for a winter camp.
The mammaliam section of Table 16 constitutes a reproduction
of Dr. Howard Savage's report. Dr. Savage noted two unusual features
about the mammal bones from the 46th Street site. First, many of
them were quite water washed and second, the remains of hoofed mammals
included smaller foot bones, but almost no large extremity bones.
It is difficult to offer an explanation for either of these occur
rences. The site is located high above the Kalamazoo river where
flooding is not likely to occur and erosion of the bones by water
would not be expected. Perhaps merely the filtering of water through
the sandy soil might cause this effect. Since it appears on the
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TABLE 16
Faunal Remains - 46th S treet S ite
Mammaliam fauna - non-domestic
Species Provenience Specimens
Ococoileus B. 1 Distal phalanx of 3rd or 4th virginianus digits. Dorsal portion of (Whitetail Deer) phalanx missing; loss of surface cortex makes fu rth er id e n tific a tion uncertain. Small specimen. Identification probable.
F .l Right talus.
T.P.2 Right upper third deciduous premolar. Cusps show s lig h t wear only. Present from about one week to one and one-half years of age.
T.P.2 Left upper first deciduous pre molar. Cusps show moderate wear. Present in same age period as third deciduous premolar.
T .P .2 .2 Left fourth carpal bone. Small specimen.
T .P .6 .1.2 Right humerus, distal shaft, without epiphysis. Subadult by absence of eiphysis.
T.P.7 Left upper f i r s t molar. Cuspus show a little wear. First molar fully erupted during seventh month of life. Small specimen.
T.P.7 Right fibula, distal portion.
T .P .7 .1 Thoracic vertebra, body. Adult, by epipyseal plate fusion: small specimen.
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Species Provenience Specimens
T.P.12 Right frontal bone portion, with antler burr. Male specimen. Antler development indicates killing between fall and late winter.
T.P.12 Left upper second molar. Cusps show considerable wear, i.e. indicates an old adult.
Odocoileus T.P.12 Left innominate bone portion virginianus including ilium part of ace (White-tailed tabulum. Considerable surface deer) 3brasion.
T.P.12 Left innominate bone portion, including ischial part of ace tabulum. Considerable surface abrasion.
Ondatra T.P.2 Right femur, proximal 2/3. Zibethicus Adult specimen by fused (Muskrat) epiphysis.
Procyon T.P.7 Left ulna, proximal end. lotor Small adult. (Raccoon)
Mammal, large G.l Extremity bone, end portion. Bone surface considerably eroded and/or abraded.
Mammal, sp. T.P.2 Extremity bone fragment. Con siderably water washed.
Artiodactyla T.P.7.2 Articulating right talus and sp. large right calcaneus. Considerably water washed.
Domestic mammals:
Bos taurus Squares Articulated skeleton. (cow) E & G
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Species Provenience Specimens
Capra sp., Square B Hindquarters of pregnant female (Goat) with, foetus. or Ovis sp. (Sheep)
Nonmammalian fauna:
Lampsilis sp. T.P.12 1/2 shell. (River clam)
River clam sp. Squares Fragments. B § D
Fish sp. T.P.15 Vertebra.
Anguispira Square B 25 whole shells plus fragments. altemata (Snail)
domestic cow (Bos taurus) as well as the other animals, it certainly
represents a natural rather than a cultural phenomenon. The presence
of foot bones only defies explanation at this time. The White
tailed deer (Odocoileus virginanus) in test pit 12 was probably
present as the result of aboriginal activity. The activities of a
present day muskrat hunter account for Ondatra zibethicus in test
pit 2. The raccoon (Procyon lotor) in test pit 7 was possibly the
victim of a nineteenth century hunter and the White-tailed deer in
test pits 2 and 7 was possibly a victim of aboriginal hunters.
The cow (Bos taurus) was identified by Mr. Ronald Cauble while
at Western Michigan University and the goat/sheep (Capra/Ovis) was
identified by Mr. Robert Sundick of Western Michigan University. The
river clam (Lampsilis) was identified by Dr. Joseph Engeman of the
Department of Biology, Western Michigan University. The unknown
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species of river clam consisted of specimens too small to identify.
Lampsilis was located from three to nine inches in test pit 6 along
with charcoal and pottery. There was no historic disturbance in this
pit so the Lampsilis is clearly aboriginal. The river clam in square
B was located in the first six inches and although this square was
disturbed by hunters as evidenced by a 22 shell casing, by hunters
or picnickers^as evidenced by bottle caps, and by the burial of
the domestic goat or sheep (Capra/Ovis), there was much pottery in
the' first six inches also and these specimens are probably aboriginal.
The river clam fragments in square D are also probably aboriginal.
These fragments were located from six to twelve inches in level two
along with a clay pipe fragment, pottery, charred wood and charred bone.
Dr. Charles Cleland of the Anthropology Department at Michigan State
University attempted to identify the fish vertebra from test pit 15,
but was unable to do so. This was an undisturbed pit containing
pottery and charcoal, so the bone can be sonsidered aboriginal.
The snail (Anguispira alternata) was identified by the author and
it was very likely attracted to the site by the carcass of the goat
or sheep (Capra/Ovis) burial in square B.
The only flo ra l remains from the 46th S treet s ite were Black
Walnut shell (JugIans nigra) identified by the author. The walnut
remains consisted of \ sh ell from square E and % sh e ll from te s t p it
12. Both shells have a fresh appearance and the presence of these
walnuts as the result of aboriginal activity can be questioned.
THE FENNVILLE SITE (20 AE 54)
Geography
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The ceramics from the Fennville s ite were analyzed for th is
study with a view toward comparing the ceramics found there with the
ceramics found there with the ceramics from the 46th Street site. The
site is located about three miles north of Fennville in Manlius
Township, Allegan County, on land presently owned by Mr. Lester
Plaggemars of Holland, Michigan. The site occurs in an area that
was undisturbed by modern activity with the exception of lumbering.
The Fennville site occupies an area of about 12,250 square
feet at the edge of a narrow thirty foot deep ravine that has a
spring at the bottom (Map 4). Another spring is located on the
southern end of the Plaggemars farm at a distance of about a
quarter mile from the site. The site lies at an elevation of about
630 feet bordering on a flat sandy plain that is bounded by the 630
foot contour. The soil is of a sandy loam type of medium fertility
which is found on moraines and till plains (Veatch l953:Soil Map
of Michigan).
The Fennville site, like the 46th Street site was excavated
under the direction of Dr. Elizabeth E. Baldwin. This excavation
covered portions of four field seasons from 1967-1970 and was done
by two student crews from Western Michigan University and the Kalamazoo
Valley Chapter of the Michigan Archaeological Society. The site was
reported to Dr. Baldwin by Mrs. Elizabeth Garrett of Allegan, Michigan.
CERAMICS
Surface Treatment
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2 5
CD CO
Ui LJ
CM I------o o X X UJ LJ
~ ~ L
IL. X --L 3
CC
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5485 potsherds were recovered from the Fennville site, 4071
of which could be analyzed as to surface treatment. The remaining 1414
were either too small or were so eroded that surface treatment could
not be determined. Surface treatment on the body of the pot may be
divided into seven categories including cord-marked, roughened,
fabric impressed, incised, plain, cord-wrapped stick and rocker
stamped (Table 17).
TABLE 17
Percent Of Surface Treatment - Fennville S ite
Surface Treatment Number Percent
Cord-marked 3704 937,
unmodified (962) (24)
smoothed-over (1598) (40)
smoothed (1144) (29)
Roughened 256 5
Fabric Impressed 14 .03
Incised 30 .07
P lain 41 - .08
Cord-wrapped Stick 19 .03
Rocker Stamped ___ 6 .01
Total 4071 100.00
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The cord-marked pottery (Plates 7,8) exhibits the same
continuum from smoothed to smoothed-over cord-marked to unmodified
cord-marked that was determined for the 46th Street site. As Table
17 shows, these categories far outnumber other kinds of surface
treatment at the Fennville site, comprises 93% of the total.
There were 962 unmodified cord-marked or 24% of the total sherds at
the site, 1568 or 40% smoothed over cord-marked and 1144 or 29%
smoothed sherds. Some of the smoothed sherds appeared to be parts
of bases as would be expected if the pots were set on the ground or
rested on the hand during the process of manufacture. Thus smoothing
might in some cases be the unintentional by-product of the manu
facturing process, while in others smoothing may have been produced
by intent. Two sherds, one of them a rim, exhibited cord-marking
on the interior.
The next largest category of surface treatment was roughened
which refers to small pits and protruding pieces of temper pro-
-duced by washing the clay before it was fired (Fitting 1965:36).
Table 17 shows that there were 256 of these sherds representing 5%
of the total sherds at the site (Plate 8).
There were fourteen potsherds that had been impressed with
fabric (Plate 8). These represent .03% of the total sherds at
the site (Table 17).
There were thirty incised sherds at the Fennville site (Plate
9). The incisions were deep and took the form of large diamond
shaped crosshatching. In one case the incised design occurred on
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the interior portion of a cord-marked rim and in three cases it
appeared on the exterior portion of cord-marked rims. As can be
seen in Table 17, the incised sherds consisted of 0.07% of the total
number of potsherds at the Fennville site.
Forty-one or .08% of the potsherds at the Fennville site were
plain (Plate 9). Because they show a very smooth surface, it is
likely that they were finished by rubbing with a stone.
Table 17 points out that there were nineteen sherds at the
Fennville site which were treated with a cord-wrapped stick. This
kind of surface was produced by pressing a stick about the size
of a pencil and wrapped with cord into the wet clay. Cord-wrapped
stick impressed sherds represent .03% of the total sherds at the site.
Six potsherds including one rim had been rocker stamped
(Plate 9). These show a thin line zigzag design that was the
result of "rocking" a thin tool, possibly a piece of shell, across
the surface of the clay. These potsherds are very small and as
Table 17 shows are a very small proportion, .017. of the pottery at
the Fennville site.
Temper
Grit temper is found in all of the pottery at the Fennville
site. The size of the temper was analyzed using a scale of 0 to
1 mm. as fine, 1.1 to 2 mm. as medium and 2.1 and over as coarse
(Fitting 1965:12). Coarse temper is predominant at the site and
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represents 637., of all sherds. Medium temper is found in 227. and
fine temper in 15% of the total number of sherds at the site.
Color and Hardness
The color of the pottery at the Fennville site ranged from red
(Munsell 2.5 YR 5/8) to reddish yellow (5 YR 6/6) to light reddish
brown (5 YR 6/4) to very pale brown (10 YR 7/4). A few sherds were
lig h t gray or gray. The hardness was tested by means of Moh’s
hardness scale and ranged from 2 to 3.
Rim Sherds
The Fennville site yielded 190 rim sherds representing a vessel
count of 169. The analysis of the rims was done on the basis of
vessels rather than on individual rims. The characteristics of the
rims that were recorded included exterior decoration, interior rim
treatment, lip decoration, lip shape, diameter and profile. Chi
square tests were then made by pairing each of the characteristics
with each of the others in order to see if there was any clustering
that could be explained on the basis of cultural norms. At the time
these chi square tests were done, the total vessel count from the site
numbered 141. v
Exterior decoration
In a majority of 114 cases the exterior of Fennville vessels were
undecorated, but where exterior decoration was present it usually
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took the form of collars (Table 18). The 44 collared vessels at the
TABLE 18
Exterior Decoration - Fennville Site
Decoration Number of Vessels
collared 44
simple, unmodified 35
pinched 8
smoothed 1
punctate 5
punctate 6
incised 3
rocker stamped 1
none 114
unobservable 1
Total 169
Fennville site were of three kinds. Commonly a collar consisted of
a folding over the lip, but in some instances the bottom of the
collar appeared as if it had been pinched. Table 18 points out that
there were 35 simple, unmodified collars and 8 pinched collars at the
Fennville site (Plate 8). On one rim a collar was made and then smooth
ed over so that it was nearly flush with the pot. Four collars were
found with a single row of punctations beneath them and one vessel
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exhibited a row of punctations on the co llar and one below i t
(Plate 8). In six cases punctations were circular, made by im
printing the wet clay with the end of a stick; in one case they were
wedge-shaped made by impressing the clay with a tool such as the
corner of a paddle; and in three cases the punctations were rect
angular, made by impressing the clay with a cord-wrapped stick. One
rim had punctations made by a very thin tool, perhaps a finger-nail.
As can be seen in Table 18, there were six collarless vessels that
exhibited a row of punctations. Three rims showed a crosshatched
design over a cord-marked surface just below the lip (Plate 9).
One rim had horizontal rocker stamping just below the lip on a
cord-marked surface.
Interior rim treatment
One vessel from the Fennville site was decorated on the interior
of the rim. In this case the interior showed deep diamond shaped
crosshatched incising (Plate 9).
Lip treatment
Lip treatment at the Fennville site was produced in a variety
of ways. The most common form of lip treatment was accomplished by
striking the lip with a cord-wrapped paddle. This occurred on 65 of
the vessels which is more than one third of the total (Table 19). The
second most frequent form of lip treatment was made by impressing the
lip with a cord-wrapped stick at regular intervals around the vessel.
As can be seen in Table 19 this occurred in 23 cases. Less common
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forms of lip treatm ent included one vessel with tool impressions made
by impressing a rounded tool such as a stick into the clay at inter
vals around the rim, four vessels where the edge of a cord-wrapped
TABLE 19
Lip Treatment - Fennville Site
Treatment Number
Non-Decorative:
cord-wrapped paddle 65
p lain 67
Decorative:
paddle edge 4
cord-wrapped stick 23
tool impressions 1
finger nail impressions 4
brushed 1
incised 2
fab ric 1
unobservable __ 2
Total 169
paddle had been impressed into the clay, four vessels showing in
cising probably made by a finger nail at intervals, and one vessel
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with brushing on the lip. One vessel exhibited cross-hatched in
cising on the lip and one was incised with closely spaced straight
lines across the lip . An unusual form of treatment appeared on one
vessel where the lip had been impressed with fabric. As Table 19
shows, nearly two thirds of the lips were decorated at the Fennville
site and over one third or 67 vessels were plain either as the result
of smoothing or lack of modification.
Lip shape
TABLE 20
Lip Shape - Fennville Site
Shape Number
squared 138
rounded 26
pointed 3
unobservable 2
Total 169
The great majority of the lips at the Fennville site were
squared and flattened (Table 20). This characteristic occurred on 138
or nearly four fifths of the vessels found. Of the remaining vessels
26 showed a rounded lip. In three cases the lip was thinned to a
point.
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Diameter
TABLE 21
Vessel Diameter - Fennville Site
Diameter Number
narrow (8-l8cm.) 25
wide (l9-34cm.) 26
unmeasureable 118
Total 169
The diameters of the 51 vessels that were measureable for this
characteristic ranged from three small pots just over eight centi
meters to one large pot of thirty-four centimeters. A preponderance
of 42 of the vessels were between sixteen and twenty-six centimeters
in diameter. Two of the very small vessels had a plain surface and
the large one was incised. For purposes of the chi square tests,
small vessels were considered to be from eight through eighteen
centimeters and large vessels were from nineteen through thirty-four
centimeters.
P ro file
Nearly four-fifths of the vessels from the Fennville site had
profiles that were straight (Figure 2). This occurred in 129 of the
instances where rim profile could be observed. Thirty-three of the
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vessels had slightly everted rim profiles. On the three vessels
where the lip was pointed, everting of the rim profile was accomplished
by merely thinning the interior portion of the rim. On the twenty-
nine other vessels with everted profiles the entire rim was actually
curved slightly.
Chi Square Tests
The chi square tests which were run to see if characteristics
of rim sherds occurred together in a nonrandom fashion were done on
the computer at Western Michigan University. In all cases it was
possible to complete the test. In only one instance was a signifi
cant association noted. In all others, association between rim
c h a ra c te ris tic s appeared to be random although in three of them the
probability factor was quite low. Table 22 includes the sample
siz e , chi square values, number of degrees of freedom and p ro b ab ility
factors for the tests in which the association of rim characteristics
was probably due to chance. Table 23 shows the cross-tabulation for
the one test in which the association was probably due to cultural
factors. Chi squares were considered to be significant at .01 or
less.
The nonrandom association of squared lips with lip treatment is
a logical one in view of the kinds of techniques with which lips were
altered. It would seem easier to apply a cord-wrapped paddle or stick
to a flat surface. Indeed the application of a cord-wrapped paddle
held flat in the hand would have the effect of flattening the lip.
The probability factor of less than .-20 in the test pairing diameter
and collared vessels indicates a slight tendency for the larger
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FIGURE 2
Classes of Straight Rim Profiles - Fennville Site
(Interiors to Left)
A ttributes Vessels
1, 2. Straight - squared lip 67
Straight - rounded lip
Straight - thickened lip
5-7. Straight - collar
8, 9. Straight - pinched collar
169
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FIGURE 3
Classes of Everted Rin Profiles - Fennville Site
(Interiors to Left)
A ttributes
Everted - rounded lip
Everted - squared lip 26
Everted - thickened lip
Everted - collared
Everted - pointed
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TABLE 22
Rim Characteristics Without Significant Associations Fennville Site
Test N X2 df P
lip treatment/presence of exterior decoration 144 2.4961 1 .10
lip treatment/diameter 47 1.6245 1 .20
lip treatment/profile 145 .2247 1 .70
presence of exterior decoration/diameter 50 .9695 1 .80
presence of exterior decoration/profile 149 2.9560 1 . 10
presence of exterior decorat ion/1 ip shape 141 .1105 1 .70
diameter/profile 47 .1038 1 .20
diameter/lip shape 47 .0050 1 .95
diameter/collar 51 2.0008 1 .20
TABLE 23
Significant Association Of Lip Treatment and Lip Shape Fennville Site
Lip Treatment
Presence Absence Total
Square 70 38 117
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Lip Shape Round 7 17 24
Total 86 55 141
X^=i0.7545 significant at .001 level.
vessels to be collared. This is somewhat similar to the situation at
Spring Creek where the collared vessels were the large vessels (Fitting
1968:22). A probability factor of grea'ter than .10 in the test pair
ing lip treatment with the presence of exterior decoration indicates
a tendency for vessels with exterior decoration to have lips that
have been treated or decorated with a tool rather than left plain.
Table 22 shows a fairly low probability factor of greater than .20
for the pairing of lip treatment and diameter size. Wider vessels
were likely to have lips treated with a tool as opposed to being left
plain, whereas the choice of lip treatment on narrow vessels was
apparently random. Finally, a probability factor of less than .10
in the test pairing the presence of exterior decoration with everted
or straight rim profiles suggests that vessels with everted profiles
were not likely to be decorated.
Typology
The vast majority of the ceramics at the Fennville site have
cord-marking up to the lip and profiles that are straight to slightly
everted. The grit temper is normally greater than two millimeters in
diameter. Lips are predominantly squared and there is a common
occurrence of.lip treatment in the form of cord-wrapped stick, cord-
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wrapped paddle, tool impressions, fingernail impressions and incising.
Lip treatment is significantly associated with squared lips at the
Fennville site. Variations on the rim are produced by smoothing over
the cord-marks, making a single row of punctate impressions around
the rim, making diamond shaped cross-hatching incising just below the
lip and impressing the pottery with fabric.
This pottery is within the classification Allegan Ware with all
but one variant of Allegan Ware being present (Table 24) (Plates 7,8).
These include 95 vessels of Allegan Cord-marked with cord-marked
impression up to the lip; 11 vessels of Allegan Smoothed with smooth
ing of the cord-marked impressions up to the lip; three vessels of
Allegan punctate with a single row of punctations below the lip;
three vessels of Allegan Corded Punctate with a single row of cord-
wrapped stick punctations below the lip; three vessels of Allegan
Crosshatched with diamond shaped crosshatched incising below the
lip , and one vessel of A llegan Rocker Stamped with rocker stamping
horizontal to the lip. Three of these variants, Allegan Corded
Punctate, Allegan Crosshatched and Allegan Rocker Stamped have
probable chronological implications. None of these variants were •
present in the later 46th Street site and all of them have character
istics that may represent carry-overs from the earlier Middle Woodland.
In addition to the use of a cord-wrapped stick on the Allegan
Corded Punctate vessels, there are a few body sherds from the Fennville
site that were decorated entirely with cord-wrapped stick impressions.
These represent one vessel and while it is impossible to know if they
are of an established type, the cord-wrapped stick is a tool used for
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f illin g in zones in Havana Ware and to decorate the rim area in the
s lig h tly la te r Weaver Ware in Middle Woodland I llin o is s ite s (Fowler
1955:220). Thus, the use of cord-wrapped stick impressions at the
Fennville site is suggestive of the Middle Woodland time period.
The Allegan Crosshatched pottery from the Fennville site is re-
minicent of the Middle Woodland type Norton Crosshatched as defined
by Quimby (1940:491) in that it exhibits incising in a band around
the rim. This pottery differs from Norton Crosshatched in that there
is no evidence of zoned decoration on body sherds and there is no
evidence of hemiconical punctations below the rim. It would appear
that crosshatched decoration in a band around the rim is a carry
over of a Middle Woodland m otif into a somewhat la te r period.
One crosshatched incised vessel was unusual since the incising
occurred on the interior and the exterior was cord-marked and bore
a slight collar. A Wayne Crosshatched rim from the Fort Wayne
Mound in Detroit shows similar interior crosshatching and exterior
cord-marking (Halsey 1968:124). This vessel however, did not have
a collar. The Fennville vessel represents an interesting combination
of m otifs from the Middle Woodland time period and the la te r Spring
Creek collared vessels.
The rocker stamped body sherds from the Fennville s ite are
extremely small and cannot be accurately typed (Plate 9). The sherds
are a very light gray with medium temper and exhibit very fine line
plain rocker stamping. One sherd has a smooth area suggestive of
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zoning although there is no line separating it from the decorated
area. The use of rocker stamping, the fineness of execution and the
suggestion of zoning indicate Middle Woodland pottery. The one
sherd that is cord-marked with a rocker stamp impression horizontal
to the lip was classified as Allegan Rocker Stamped. It is far
more crudely made than the other rocker stamped sherds, but like
them ex h ib its a Middle Woodland m otif and probably represents a
carry over of th is m otif into the Late Woodland.
Forty-one of the collared vessels at the Fennville site are
Spring Creek Collared (Fitting 1968:25) (Plate 8). Like those at the
Spring Creek s it e and the 46th Street s ite they are more likely
to occur on larger vessels. The collars tend to be small with most
of them consisting of a fold of 1.5 centimeters or less. The
collars vary in form from a simple fold to a fold which has a
pinched effect at the bottom of the collar. Sometimes a row of
punctations is found below the collar and in one case a row of
punctation occurred on the collar and one row' appeared below' it.
The eight roughened vessels from the Fennville site, like those
from the 46th Street site are not identifiable as to type (Plate 8).
The roughened rims from the Fennville site share the characteristics
of the 46th Street site rims of a straight profile, minimal decora
tion and coarse temper. Lips can be square or rounded. Three of
the eight rims showed treatment of the lip with one being brushed,
one impressed with a cord-wrapped paddle and one impressed with a
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cord-wrapped stick. Two of the rims are collared and one had a
broad incised line on the rim. In some cases the body of the vessel
was cord-marked before roughening occurred.
There were two vessels that exhibited a plain polished surface
(Plate 9). These were vessels that were about 8.4 centimeters in
diameter. There is only one other vessel this small from the
Fennville site. Both vessels have straight rim profiles and squared
lips with no decoration on rim or lip. One vessel is fine tempered
and the other is coarse tempered. Plain surfaced pottery is common
in Hopewell Ware, Havana Ware and Weaver Ware in Illinois (Fowler
1955:218,219) and in Hopewellian related pottery type in Michigan
(Quimby 1940:492) and while the Fennville sample is too small to
indicate its inclusion in one of these wares, it is indicative of
some Middle Woodland connections for the pottery at the Fennville
site.
One unusual vessel was found at the Fennville site. The base
is rounded and the surface is cord-marked with the cord-marks being
smoothed on some sherds. The temper is uniformly black and coarse.
Dr. David Kuenzi of the Geology Department of Western Michigan
University indicates that the temper could be hornblende, although
it is difficult to tell using macro-analysis. The pot has a reddish
brown surface which looks almost slip-like over an interior surface
that is usually gray. The lip is decorated with cord-wrapped stick
and has a notched appearance since the stick was pressed deep into
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the clay. The vertical rim is decorated with a collar. The diameter
of the vessel at the rim is twenty-four centimeters.
This vessel fits almost exactly the description by Fowler (1955:
219) of Canton Ware which is found in Mason^ Tazewell, Fulton, Peoria
and Marshall counties in the Central Illinois Valley (Map 5).
Canton Ware has large black angular temper (possibly hornblende),
is usually reddish brown in color, is cord-marked, has a vertical
rim and undecorated vessels are collared. The vessel from the
Fennville site differs from Fowler's description of Canton Ware
in that Canton Ware is surfaced with cord-markings that are large
and loosely twisted and the marks are not distinct, whereas the
cord-marking on the Fennville vessel are medium sized and clear.
Wray (1952:156) in discussing Maple Mills Cord Impressed,
which is another name for Canton Ware, states that this pottery has
fine cord-marking, thus differing from Fowler somewhat and giving
a description which is more closely matched by the Fennville vessel.
Wray goes on to note that lip notching which is present on the
Fennville vessel represents a continuity from the Middle Woodland
Weaver Ware (1952:156). It is impossible to escape the conclusion
that this vessel is Canton Ware that came into Michigan from
Illinois (Plate 9).
Although there are no radiocarbon dates from the Fennville site
as yet, stylistic attributes of the pottery can give clues as to the
probable date of occupation of the site. This dating is based on
the assumption that the site contains a single component. While there
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TABLE 24
Pottery Types Represented at The Fennville S ite
Type # of Vessels
Allegan Ware 116
Allegan Cord-marked (95)
Allegan Smoothed (11)
Allegan Punctate (3)
Allegan Cord Punctate (3)
Allegan Crosshatched (3)
Allegan Rocker Stamped (1)
Spring Creek Coll3red 41
Unidentified roughened 8
Unidentified plain 2
Unidentified crosshatched 1
Unidentified rocker stamped (body sherds) 1
Canton Ware 1
Total ' 170
are a variety of pottery types present, most of them with the ex
ception of Allegan Ware are represented by only a few sherds that
are not enough to indicate a distinct occupation. Further, those
sherds th at are Middle Woodland in type were found in u n its in a ll
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FENNVILLE SITE
^ * 70mi MAP 5 DISTRIBUTION OF CANTON WARE IN ILLINOIS CANTON WARE AREA 76 77
areas of the site. The fact that no features were found (noteworthy
is the absence of storage pits) suggests that the site was never
occupied for long periods of time, and no stratigraphic overlay of
living floors was discerned. Table 25 shows the percentage of each
kind of surface treatment present in each level of the site and in
dicates a fairly even distribution of surface treatment throughout.
TABLE 25
Stratigraphic Distribution of Surface Treatment Of Pottery - Fennville Site
Level % Level % Level % Surface One of One Two of Two Three of Three
unmodified cord 317 22% 431 24% 106 18%
smoothed cord 562 39 711 39 259 44
smoothed 433 30 527 29 162 27
roughened 87 .06 103 .06 53 10
incised 9 .01 16 .01 1 .002
p lain 14 .01 22 .01 3 .005
fabric 6 .004 8 .004 0 0
cord-wrapped stic k ___ 2 .001 __ 15 .01 __ 2 .003
Total 1430 1833 591
The presence of Middle Woodland p o ttery m otifs coupled with a
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preponderance of Late Woodland pottery types suggests that the
Fennville site was occupied sometime during the beginning of the Late
Woodland with some carry over in Middle Woodland p o ttery sty le s.
The date can be narrowed down further because of the presence of
Spring Creek collared pottery and the collared Canton Ware vessel.
If it is true as suggested by Fitting (1968:23) and MacPherron
(1967:277) that collars are a horizon marker for the time period from
about A.D. 800 to A.D. 1000, it is probable that the Fennville site
was occupied during the early portion of this time horizon. Collared
vessels are found at the Spring Creek site with a date of A.D. 950*
75 (Fitting 1968:11) and at the 46th Street site with dates of A.D.
1180* 100 (M-2233) and A.D. 1230 * 100 (M-2232) with no evidence of
Middle Woodland pottery styles being present at these sites. Canton
Ware is considered by Fowler (1955:219) to be a Late Woodland con
tin u atio n of Middle Woodland Weaver Ware in I llin o is and dates from
A.D. 700 to 900. The earlier date of 700 A.D. seems most likely
for the Fennville site because A.D. 800 seems late for rocker
stamping to be present.
SPECULATIONS AND INTERPRETATIONS
Kinship And Residence
It is extremely difficult to interpret the findings of the chi
square tests on pottery in cultural terms, largely because the test
was inapplicable in so many cases from the 46th Street site, due to
the small size of the sample. A noteworthy observation is that many
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of the characteristics subjected to the chi square technique for both
the 46'th Street and Fennville sites showed no clustering at all. This
would suggest the absence of strictly observed norms in pottery mak
ing such as might be found in a matrilocal-matrilineal kinship system
where there is a high degree of imitation of mothers by daughters
(Deetz: 1965).
The question arises that since this lack of clustering does not
suggest a matrilocal residence pattern, does it represent a viri-
local residence pattern? In the Mackinac phase at the Jutunen site,
MacPherron considers a weak association of attributes to be evidence
of a virilocal residence pattern (Fitting 1968:31). However, the
situation at the 46th Street and Fennville sites is more closely
similar to that at Spring Creek where as Fitting says (1968:31),
"There are simply no decorative attributes to cluster or overlap.
There is only the homogeneity of the collection and a small degree
of functional variation within a single tradition." Fitting goes on
to contrast Spring Creek with more northern Lake Superior sites
which apparently lack this homogeneity and suggests that while both
may have the traditional Algonkian pattern of virilocal residence,
the homogeneity at the Spring Creek site may simply reflect the
greater population density of an agricultural region (1968:31).. This
is possible since in regions of higher concentrations of people there
is more contact and small bands are not so isolated as they would be
in a strictly hunting and gathering situation. However, the lack of
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clustering may simply be due to a lack of artistic importance
placed on p o ttery making by the Late Woodland peoples in the area.
Thus a mother may teach her daughter how to make a vessel functional,
but may put little emphasis on teaching means of decoration. This
coupled with patrilocality might lead to the pattern of very little
clustering of ceramic characteristics.
In a recent issue of American Antiquity an article appeared
discouraging the study of kinship in archaeological analysis (Allen
and Richardson 1971:41-53). Since kinship was one focus of this
study, it seems appropriate to consider it in the light of this
article. Certainly, as Allen and Richardson point out, kinship is a
far more intricate matter than the broad categories which have been
utilized in archaeological studies; and rules of descent and residence
do not always follow from one another (1971:43). Further, since
ethnologists have difficulty determining the kinship structure of a
given society and how it relates to the entire cultural system,
it seems logical to suggest that archaeologists should leave the
subject alone because archaeological data do not lend themselves to
the study of the range of individual choices within a particular
culture as to residence and lineality (Allen and Richardson 1971:50,51).
However, the same argument can be made for other questions which
archaeologists as anthropologists seek to answer. Certainly religion,
political organization, social stratification and trade are also com
plex and vary in subtle ways from culture to culture. It can be
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argued that archaeological data is just as silent on these sub
jects as well as kinship and that ethnologists too find some of them
d i f f ic u lt to analyze. The re a l question seems to be chat given the
difficulties of studying kinship, is it worthwhile to spend time in
its study and will it provide significant clues as to the nature of
the cultural system?
The question as to whether kinship studies are worthwhile for
archaeologists to pursue hinges upon what questions archaeologists
seek to answer. If one is seeking to study a particular culture
from an emic view and to understand the choices of members of what
culture with regard to kinship, then to say that the kinship
stru c tu re is psitrilocal or m atrilo cal is indeed rid icu lo u s. However,
if one takes the etic viewpoint and seeks to look at kinship as
part of an overall cultural system such terms are not totally use
less. In such a case where the ultimate purpose is to seek cross-
cultural regularities, peqhaps the study of kinship by archaeologists
in even a gross way is justified. Anthropologists know for example,
that kinship is related to the economic system. Thus in hunting
and gathering so cieties one is more 'lik e ly to find p a tr ilo c a lity
since this allows the hunters to work better as a team and to thor-
oughly know their hunting territory. In this example it is not the
variation in particular cultures that is involved, but a cross-
cultural generalization. Thus an archaeologist analyzing a particular
site is justified in doing "kinship analysis if he has the broader
view in mind.
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While kinship analysis utilizing the ceramics of the 46th
Street and Fennville sites probably did not add a great deal to our
understanding of the culture of the people occupying these sites, it
did accomplish something. At the 46th Street site where cultural
material other than ceramics was also studied, the conclusion that
its occupants were patrilocal fits with other conclusions about
the site, namely that it was a seasonal hunting camp of the Chippewa
pattern. It is logical to assume that this pattern was facilitated
by patrilocality, since the ecologial pattern involves seasonal
hunting. As to the Fennville site, the conclusion that the in
habitants were patrilocal may be relevant when the site as a whole
is analyzed. Further, the conclusion of patrilocality for both
sites may be useful in doing cross site studies.
It is certainly true that the analysis rests on assumptions that
are open to question, as for example, the precise nature of the
sexual division of labor. It is equally true that there may be other
explanations for a lack of clustering of ceramic attributes. This
may be due to such situations as an influx of new peoples, contact
through trade or local innovation (Allen and Richardson 1971:50).
In any case however, in doing archaeological analysis some assump
tions and some attempt to construct a cultural system must be made if
archaeologists are to function as anthropologists. It is without
question that both the resulting assumptions and constructions can
and should be challenged.
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Time Change In Allegan Ware
Allegan Ware is a category of pottery that covers a very long
span of time. Since the presence of Middle Woodland pottery m otifs
at the Fennville site suggests a date some few hundreds of years
e a rlie r than the 46th S tre e t s ite dates of 1180^ 100 A.D. and 1230^
100 A.D., an attempt was made to analyze the differences in the
Allegan Ware between the two sites in the hope that changes through
time could be discerned. With this in mind, differences in diameter,
lip shape, profile, exterior rim decoration and lip decoration were
studied because these involve decorative attributes that would be
more su b ject to change. Temper size was discarded as a c rite rio n
because it was considered less useful for this purpose as it was con
sistently large in both sites and is probably a function of avail
able material. After this initial choice of elements to study,
diameter, lip shape and profile were also eliminated because both
sites show a closely similar pattern of diameters in both range and
distribution and both sites show a predominance of squared lips
and s tra ig h t p ro file s .
Some differences were found in exterior decoration between the
two sites. The pottery from the Fennville site shows a wider
variety of punctate forms; in addition to circular punctations,
such as are found at the 46th Street site, wedge shaped punctations
and cord-wrapped stick punctations are also found. The use of cord-
wrapped stick punctations is particularly relevant as a time criterion
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because it may represent a continued use of Middle Woodland manner of
decoration. The same is true for those vessels from the Fennville
site exhibiting diamond-shaped crosshatching around the rim and the
one vessel with horizontal rocker stamping. Neither of these forms
of decoration were present at the 46th Street site.
The only criterion that was appropriate for chi square analysis
was lip decoration. A chi square test was run on the computer at
Western Michigan University for the presence of cord-wrapped stick
impressions at both sites. Cross tabulation Table 26 shows the re
sults of the test. Although the test was not statistically signi
ficant at the .01 level, a probability factor of greater than .20
does suggest a trend toward less use of this kind of lip decoration
at the 46th Street site.
TABLE 26
Presence Of Cord-wrapped Stick Decoration On The Lip
Cord-wrapped Stick
Present Absent Total
Fennville 18 114 132
46th Street 2 40 42
Total 20 154 174
X2 = 1.6714 greater than .20; not significant.
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Changes through time in Allegan Ware pottery are apparent in
the greater variety of punctation technique and lip decoration, and
in a use of Middle Woodland notifs in rim decoration on the earlier
pottery from Fennville. In contrast the pottery from the 46th Street
site shows only one kind of punctation, (i.e. circular) and no cross-
hatching or rocker stamping of the rim. It is interesting to note
that change through time includes changes in lip decoration, since
lip treatment was one of the differences noted between Allegan Ware
and the Wayne Ware of southeastern Michigan. Once again, perhaps
this is due to preference for a flattened lip in southwestern
Michigan which in turn facilitates lip decoration. Overall however,
it seems evident that Allegan Ware is an essentially conservative
pottery style.
Cultural Relationships
The cultural relationships between the occupants of the Fenn
ville site and the 46th Street site and other areas outside south
west Michigan must be viewed in the context of what was happening
in the upper Great Lakes region during the Middle Woodland and early
Late Woodland periods. It is known that southwestern Michigan was
subjected to Hopewellian influence from Illinois via the Kankakee
and western Michigan river valleys during the Middle Woodland (Griffin,
Flanders and Titterington: 1970:188). Southeastern Michigan on the
other hand, was more closely related to Ohio during the Middle
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Woodland and to this and other eastern areas during the Late Woodland
(Fitting 1965:131,151).
According to Struever (1964:85-106) Hopewell was essentially
an' interaction sphere consisting of concepts of ideology and style
plus raw materials which spread and were adopted by peoples of vary
ing cultural traditions who exploited the plant resources of a
riverine environment. If this is the case, the Hopewellian mani
festation in southwest Michigan, part of Quimby's Goodall Focus,
involved not a migration of peoples so much as the addition of re
ligious and ceremonial traits to an already existing cultural
tradition.
After the decline of Hopewell in Illinois, there was distinctly
less contact with outside groups (Wray 1952:155). Griffin, Flanders
and Titterington consider the groups living in Illinois during the
post-Hopewellian period to represent local manifestations of the
Late Woodland (1970:9). Thus during the early Late Woodland from
about A.D. 600 to 1200 ties between southwestern Michigan and
Illinois were probably considerably reduced. Given a decrease in
interaction with Illinois, relationships with southeastern Michigan
seem to have become more manifest.
The date from the Fennville site and the 46th Street site seem
to fit this interpretation. The presence at Fennville of the Canton
Ware vessel from Illinois shows that at about A.D. 700 influence from
this region was still being felt.
The pottery at the later 46th Street site, which is exclusively
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Allegan Ware and Spring Creek Collared, both Michigan types, shows
no direct connections with Illinois. The exact nature of the rela
tionship between southeastern Michigan and southwestern Michigan at
this time period is not clear. Certainly though both sides of the
state were subject to influence from different sources during Middle
Woodland times contact between east and west was probably continuous,
since the distance is not far and there are no geographical barriers.
A fter the Middle Woodland there does seem to be an increased cera
mic sim ilarity as seen in Allegan Ware and Wayne Ware and perhaps
the effect of contact between the regions was more strongly felt.
However, the differences in these wares are geographically consistent
and suggest that regional variation persists after A.D. 700 despite
the reduction of other outside influences.
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APPENDIX
Descriptions Of Identified Pottery Types Present At The Fennville And 46th Street Sites
Allegan Ware
Vessel Sample: Total 240: 46th S treet 24; Fennville 116.
Temper: Grit. Particles generally over 2.1 cm. in diameter.
Texture: Coarse and crumbly. Exterior or interior surface often spalls off.
Hardness: 2.0 to 3.0
'Color: Yellowish-brown to reddish-brown.
Surface Finish: Surface is impressed with cord-wrapped paddle. Often cord-marks have been smoothed over.
Decoration: Most examples are undecorated, with cord-marking up to the lip. Where decoration occurs it consists usually of oblique or horizontal impressions or crosshatched incising; horizontal rocker stamping occurs on one vessel. Commonly there is only one row of decoration just below the lip. Lip de coration is frequent and is normally produced by the flat side of a cord-wrapped paddle. Other forms of lip decoration are produced with cord-wrapped paddle edge, cord-wrapped stick, tool impressions and fin g ern ail impressions.
Variants: Allegan Cord-marked: This undecorated form has cord- marking up to the lip.
Allegan Smoothed: This form is also undecorated, but the cord-marking at the rim as well as the body of the vessel has been smoothed over.
Allegan Punctate: This variant is decorated with a single row of circular punctations below the lip.
Allegan Corded Punctate: Punctations produced by a c ord-wrapped stick impression occur in a single row the lip .
Allegan Crosshatched: Diamond shaped crosshatch in cising below the lip characterizes this variant.
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Allegan Rocker Stamped: This form exhibits fine line rocker stamping horizontal to the lip.
Allegan Cord-impressed: A single or double row of hori zontal cord-impressions occur below the lip.
Form: Rim. No castellations or collars occur. Rims are nor mally straight, but sometimes are slightly everted and rarely are slightly inverted.
Lip. Normally square with occasional thickening of the lip. Rounded lips are infrequent.
Base. Probably rounded.
Geographic range: Southwestern Michigan with probable occur- rances as far north as the Muskegon Valley.
Chronological range: Begins early Late Woodland, about A.D. 600 and extends to 1200. Some variants are clear Middle Woodland derivatives.
Relationships: This pottery can be considered a companion ceramic series to Wayne Ware in southeastern Michigan [Fitting 1965:158, 159).
Spring Creek Collared
Vessel Sample: Total 54; 46th Street 15; Fennville 41.
Temper: Grit. Particles generally over 2.1 cm. in diameter.
Texture: Coarse and crumbly. Exterior and interior surface often spalls off.
Hardness: 2.0 to 3.0.
Color: Yellowish-brown to reddish-brown.
Surface Finish: Surface is impressed with cord-wrapped paddle.
Decoration: Collars consist of a folding over the lip. Some times the collars have been pinched and sometimes they are smoothed over. Punctations occur usually i n the form of a single row below the collar. Punctations normally are circular or made with a cord-wrapped stick.
Form: Rim. No castellations occur. Rims are mormally straight.
Lip. Normally square and flattened. Decoration of the lip
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is common and is usually produced-with a cord-wrapped paddle. This is a deviation from the occurrence at the Spring Creek site where lips tend not to be decorated (Fitting 1968:23).
Base. Probably rounded.
Geographical range: Southwest Michigan
Chronological range: Fitting, who proposed the type, suggests that it is part of a collared horizon of cord-marked pottery in the early Late Woodland (1968:23).
Canton Ware
Canton Ware: (Fowler 1955:219).
Vessel Sample: Total 1; Fennville.
Temper: Grit. Black, possibly hornblende.
Hardness: 2.5 to 3.0.
Color: Reddish-brown.
Surface Finish: Cord-marked. Cords large, loosely twisted, not distinct. Cords on Fennville example medium and d is tin c t.
Decoration: Geometric designs between lip and neck usually pendant and p a ra lle l lin e s. Sometimes animal forms. Undecorated vessels are collared. The Fennville vessel is an undecorated form.
Form: Rim. S traig h t.
Lip. Fennville vessel has squared lip decorated with deep notched cord-wrapped stick impressions.
Base. Rounded.
Geographical Range: Central Illinois River Valley. Fennville example brought into southwest Michigan from th is area.
Chronological Range: 700-900 A.D..
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Plate 1. 46th Street Site. A. Feature 4. B. Feature 6.
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Plate 2. 46th Street Site. A-F. Allegan Cord-marked. G-J. Allegan Punctate. K-M. Allegan Cord-marked (smoothed over cord-marks). N-0. Allegan Smoothed. P-Q. Smoothed body sherds.
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e— «w«gaMMMaE>nFaaa»»:ls. p aS S a ^ ^ S Siew ^r, .-
f:;V,
Plate 3. 46th Street Site. A-F. Spring Creek Collared. G-H. Incised body sherds. I. Roughened rim sherd. J-M. Roughened body sherds. N-P. Fabric impressed body sherds. Q-R. Clay pipe fragments.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 94
W m M M W
1'-'''
Plate 4. 46th Street Site. A-E. Small stemmed projectile points. F-K. Small side-notched projectile points. L-M. Medium side- notched projectile points. N. Large side-notched projectile point. 0-R. Triangular projectile points.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 95
Plate 5. 46th Street Site. A-G. Knives. H-N. Drills. 0-P. Gravers. R-W. Scrapers.
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Plate 6. 46th Street Site. A-F. Scrapers. G. Rubbing stone with bevelled edge. H. Maul. I. Rubbing stone. J. Celt.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 97
Plate 7. Fennville Site. A-D. Allegan Cord-marked. E-G. Allegan Cord-marked.(smoothed over).
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wm m v
•« . ;’ ^ • . V/,'.',^.,» 7 i:-'.>'.- _ •••".,.. '• . - ;'• v7'Vv'' . ■* •■’.
INCHES » » I
Plate 8. Fennville Site. A-B. Allegan Cord-marked Csmoothed over). C. Allegan Smoothed. D-E. Smoothed body sherds. F. Allegan Punctate. G-M. Spring Creek Collared. N-0. Fabric impressed body sherds. P-R. Roughened body sherds.
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m
I 2 3 INCHES i , I CM 1— '— r" ^ — 1— ^— 1 ^ 2 4 6
Plate 9. Fennville Site. A-D. Incised body sherds. E-H. Rocker stamped body sherds. I-K. Plain body sherds. L. Plain rim sherd. M-R. Canton Ware.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Works Cited
A llen, W illiam L & James B. Richardson I I I 1971. "The Reconstruction of Kinship From Archaeological Data" in American Antiquity. Volume 36, no. 1, pp. 41-53.
Brose, David 1966. "The Valley Sweets S ite , 20 SA 24, Saginaw County Michigan" in Michigan Archaeologists. Vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 1-21.
Cleland, Charles -E. 1966. The Prehistoric Animal Ecology and Ethnozoology of the Upper Great Lakes Region. Anthropological Papers, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, no. 29, Ann Arbor.
Cole, Ann 1967. The Golden Guide to American Antiques. Golden Press, New York.
Deetz, James 1965. The Dynamics of S ty lis tic Change in Arikara Ceramics. Studies in Anthropology, no. 4, Illinois.
F ittin g , James E. 1970. The Archaeology of Michigan. A Guide to the Prehistory of the Great Lakes Region. Natural History Press, New York.
1965. Late Woodland Cultures of Southeastern Michigan. Anthropological Papers, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, no. 24, Ann Arbor.
1966. "Radiocarbon Dating the Younge Tradition" in American Antiquity. Vol. 31, no. 5, part 1, p. 738.
1969. "Settlement Analysis in the Great Lakes Region" in Southwest Journal of Anthropology. Vol 25, no. 4, pp. 360-376.
Fitting, James E. & Charles E. Cleland 1970. "Late Prehistoric Settlement Patterns in the Upper Great Lakes" Unpublished manuscript.
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