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Master's Theses Graduate College

11-1971

The 46th Street Site and the Occurrence of Allegan Ware in Southwestern Michigan

Margaret B. Rogers

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Recommended Citation Rogers, Margaret B., "The 46th Street Site and the Occurrence of Allegan Ware in Southwestern Michigan" (1971). Master's Theses. 2939. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/2939

This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE 46TH STREET SITE AND THE OCCURRENCE OF ALLEGAN WARE IN SOUTHWESTERN MICHIGAN

by

Margaret B. Rogers

A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the Degree of Master of Arts

Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan December 1971

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. THE 46TH STREET SITE AND THE OCCURRENCE OF ALLEGAN WARE IN SOUTHWESTERN MICHIGAN

Margaret B. Rogers, M.A.

Western Michigan University, 1971

The 46th Street site is located on a steep bank twenty feet

above the Kalamazoo River in the Allegan State Forest in Allegan

County, Michigan. Radiocarbon dates indicate that the site was

occupied about A.D. 1200. The settlem ent p a tte rn and ecological

data for the 46th Street site points to the conclusion that this

was a w inter hunting camp of the Chippewa type. A comparison

of the pottery from the 46th Street site with the pottery from the

Fennville site which is located in Manlius Township, Allegan County

and dates from about A.D. 700, yields some inferences about variation

through time in Allegan Ware. The Allegan Ware from the earlier

Fennville site shows clear stylistic carryovers from the Middle

Woodland time period. Allegan Ware is d iffe re n tia te d from its

companion type Wayne Ware which occurs during the same time period

in southeastern Michigan.

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Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. MASTERS THESIS M-3356

ROGERS, Margaret Bishop THE 46IH STREET SITE AND THE OCCURRENCE OF ALLEGAN WARE IN SOUTHWESTERN MICHIGAN.

Western Michigan University, M.A., 1971 Anthropology

University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan

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Some pages may have

indistinct print.

Filmed as received.

University Microfilms, A Xerox Education Company

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

During the preparation of this thesis I received valuable

criticism and encouragement from my advisor Professor Elizabeth E.

Baldwin. The constructive comments and suggestions of Professors

Robert L. Maher and Ernestine Green were most helpful. I would

like to thank them and in addition express my appreciation to the

many other people who contributed of their time and specialized know­

ledge to further my studies. Finally, I want to express my gratitude

to Jeffrey D. Rogers who displayed considerable good cheer through­

out. The responsibility for the contents of this study is my

own.

Margaret B. Rogers

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE

1 THE 46TH STREET SITE ...... 1

Geography...... 1

H istory and Methods of Excavation...... 2

Radiocarbon D ates...... 5

H isto ric M a te ria l...... 5

2 CERAMICS...... 6

Surface Treatment...... 6

Temper...... 8

Color and Hardness...... 8

Decorated Body Sherds...... 9

Rim Sherds...... 9

Chi Square Tests...... 15

Typology...... 17

Chronology...... 23

Other Clay A rtifacts...... 24

3 LITHICS...... 24

Chipped Stone A rtifacts ...... 25

Debitage ...... 33

Hammerstones...... 35

Ground Stone Tools ...... 37

4 CULTURAL IMPLICATIONS OF DATA...... 39

Possible uses of Stone Tools...... 39

i i

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Features...... *...... 40

Settlement Pattern ...... 43

5 THE FENNVILLE SITE...... 53

Geography...... 53

6 CERAMICS ...... 54

Surface Treatm ent...... 54

Temper...... 58

Color and Hardness...... 59

Rim Sherds ...... 59

Chi Square Tests ...... 65

Typology...... 69

7 SPECULATIONS AND INTERPRETATIONS ...... 78

Kinship and Residence ...... 78

Time Change In Allegan Ware ...... 83

Cultural Relationships ...... 85

APPENDIX...... 88

Descriptions of Identified Pottery Types... 88

PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES...... 91

BIBLIOGRAPHY...... 100

Works C ited ...... 100

Works Consulted ...... 102

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. MAPS

NUMBER PAGE

1. 46th Street Site ...... 4

2. Sites Discussed in Text ...... 20

3. Relationship of Features; 46th Street Site ...... 44

4. Fennville Site ...... 55

5. Distribution of Canton Ware in Illinois ...... 76

FIGURES

1. Classes of Rim Profiles ...... 11

2. Classes of Straight Rim Profiles; Fennville Site ...... 66

3. Classes of Everted Rim Profiles; Fennville Site ...... 67

PLATES

1. Feature 4 and Feature 6; 46th S tre e t S ite ...... 91

2. Allegan Ware; 46th Street Site ...... 92

3. Spring Creek Collared,Sherds,Pipe Fragments;46th Street 93

4. Projectile Points; 46th Street Site ...... 94

5. Knives, Drills, Gravers, Scrapers; 46th Street Site.... 95

6. Scrapers, Ground Stone Tools; 46th Street Site ...... 96

7. Allegan Ware; Fennville Site ...... 97

8. Allegan Ware, Spring Creek Collared, Sherds; Fennville. 98

9. Body Sherds, Canton Ware; Fennville S i t e . . . . 99

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. THE 46TH STREET SITE

Geography

The 46th Street site, designated by the number 20 AE 58 in the

Michigan site registry, is located on the south bank of the Kalamazoo

River in the southeast quadrant of section 30 of Heath Township in

Allegan County. The site is located on a flat area at an elevation

of 600 feet. On the northeast edge of the site, the ground drops

off abruptly to the river 20 feet below. Both up and down river

from the s ite , the 600 foot contour bends away from the riv e r and

the river is bounded by a marshy area.

The land on which the site is situated is presently part of the

Allegan State Forest which was formed, beginning in 1940, as part of

the State Submarginal Land Program. It was estimated at the time the

plans for the state forest were formulated that the area was 90% sub­

marginal for agriculture (Moone 1936:2). Though the previous owners

of the site are unknown, the Department of Natural Resources autho­

rities in Plainwell suggested that it was probably used for lumber­

ing operations (personal communication, 1970). At one time, it was

probably also used for pasturage since the burials of a cow (Bos

sp.) and a sheep (Ovis aj>.) or goat (Capra s p .) were found during

excavation.

The Allegan State Forest is on a sandy outwash or Pine Plain

formation (Veatch 1933:7). The kind of soil and vegetation found

there comprise what Veatch terms Sandy Hill Land which consists of

1

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deep dry yellow sand and, in aboriginal times, Norway Pine, White

Pine and Oak (1933:7). The Allegan Pine Plain is farther south than

other formations of the same kind in Michigan and the length of the

growing season is shorter than in the areas surrounding it because

of high Lake Michigan sand dunes to the west and prevailing westerly

winds (Moone 1935:3). Because of the sandy soil even modern farmers

have been largely unsuccessful in growing crops here. It therefore

becomes clear that the site was not suitable for agriculture in ab­

original times.

History And Methods Of Excavation

Mr. Lawrence Dorothy of the Kalamazoo Valley Chapter of the

Michigan Archaeological Society was led to the 46th Street site by

Mr. Harold Brainerd of Allegan on May 22, 1968. On June 16, 1968

the Kalamazoo Valley Chapter under the direction of Dr. Elizabeth

Baldwin of the Anthropology department at Western Michigan University

tested the site. Eight five by five foot test pits were dug and the

material sifted through \ inch screens. Since this testing indicated

that further work was warranted, Dr. Baldwin decided to excavate the

site with the Western Michigan University summer field school crew

consisting of thirteen students under her supervision. The crew

spent sixteen fu ll days on the s ite in June and Ju ly , 1968. Twelve

more five by five foot test pits were dug in order to discover the

extent of the site. After testing was completed, eight ten by ten

foot units were dug in the region of the greatest concentration of

cu ltu ral m aterial. One of the te s t p its and two levels of one of

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. the ten by ten units were dug by the Kalamazoo Valley Chapter on

Ju ly 14 (Map 1).

It is difficult to delimit the boundaries of the 46th Street

site because all test pits yielded cultural material yet none of the

units farthest away from the main excavation area yielded rim

sherds which could have been used to determine a relationship to the

central occupation area of the site. However, because there was

nothing to suggest that they were not part of the site, the site

will be considered to extend to the limits of the test pits farthest

away from the main excavation. Because none of the test pits was

s te r il e i t was lik e ly th a t the s ite extended somewhat beyond these

limits, but probably not much due to the lesser amounts of cultural

material found there. Given these boundaries, the 46th Street site

occupied an area of about 34,000 square feet.

The units were dug in six inch levels in order to provide an

artificial stratigraphy since no natural strata could be seen. The

floor of each level was routinely trowelled and floor characteristics

were recorded on square sheets. All material was put through a \

inch screen and a fine 1/16 inch screen was used periodically in the

hope of recovering fish bone, shell, seeds and the like. Matrix

samples of soil from storage pits and hearths were obtained for

laboratory analysis. Charcoal samples for radiocarbon dating were

also taken.

Dr. Baldwin and all members of the student crew made notes of

each day's activities. Other field records include a feature note­

book, square sheets, maps and photographs. For field marking and

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co

u.

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for laboratory purposes the 46th Street site was designated site

A-7, the seventh site in Allegan County recorded in the Western

Michigan University survey.

Radiocarbon Dates

Two radiocarbon dates were obtained for the 46th Street site.

One was from charcoal that occurred at a depth of 20 to 26 inches

below the surface in a hearth (Feature 4). The hearth was clearly

aboriginal since there was Indian pottery but no intrusive historic

material associated with it. The date on this feature was 1140+

100 A.D. (M-2232) (P late 1). The corrected date is A.D. 1230+

100 (Stuiver and Seuss 1966:537).

The second date of 1040+ 100 A.D. (M-2233) was obtained from

charred wood that occurred from 41 to 50 inches below the surface

in a conical storage pit (Feature 6). This feature was also clear­

ly aboriginal because it contained two cord-marked sherds, a few

bone fragments, fire-cracked rock, and a hammerstone but no historic

material (Plate 1). This date when corrected is 1180+ 100 A.D..

Historic Material

The 46th S treet s ite was used by h is to ric as well as pre­

historic peoples. The portion of the site where most of the ex­

cavation took place is located in a clearing which is used as a

modern campsite. Garbage in plastic bags, Pepsi Cola cops and

broken beer bottles, as well as twenty-two calibre casings and a

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 6

bullet show that the site has been frequented by present day campers

and hunters. A bottle of Splashware type that was common in the late

19th century (Cole 1967:67) and a musket ball attest to the fact that

the site was used for similar purposes in the last century as well.

As previously noted, cow (Boss sp.) (Feature 5) and sheep (Ovis sp.)

or goat (Capra sp.) (Feature 3) burials indicate that at one time a

farm existed in the vicinity. However, historic artifacts were re­

la tiv e ly few and were found almost e n tire ly in the f i r s t six inches

of s o il.

CERAMICS

Surface Treatment

The ceramic assemblage at the 46th Street site consists of

1954 sherds of which 51 are rims representing 41 vessels. Of the

remaining 1903 sherds, 1594 are sherdlets smaller than the size of

a quarter. All 1954 sherds were first sorted as to the surface

treatment of the vessel. There were three basic kinds of surface

treatment present: cord-marked, roughened, and fabric impressed

(Table 1). The exterior surface was spalled off 837 of the sherds

leaving 1117 which could be classified as to surface treatment.

As can be seen in Table 1, cord-marking, produced by applying

a cord-wrapped paddle against the wet clay, is found on 92% of the

sherds that had identifiable surface treatment. The cord-marked,

smoothed-over cord-marked and smoothed (Plate 2).

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 7

TABLE 1

Percent Of Surface Treatment - 46th Street Site

Treatment Number Percent

Cord-marked 1029 92

unmodified 308 27

smoothed-over 513 46

smoothed 208 19

Roughened 87 7

Fabric Impressed 6 0,

Total 1117 100

The same subdivision was made by James Fitting in his report on

the Riviere Au Vase site in southeastern Michigan and as he points

out in that report the subdivision represents a continuum from the

virtual removal of the cord-marks by smoothing the wet clay with a

tool, to a partial removal of the cord-marks by the same process, to

leaving the cord-marks untouched (1965:35). Table 1 shows that the

unmodified cord-marked represents 27% of the identifiable sherds at

the site, smoothed-over cord-marked represents 46% and smoothed re­

presents l97o. In Fitting’s analysis of the surface treatment of the

body sherds at the Riviere Au Vase site the percentages are roughly

comparable, with 32% unmodified cord-marked, 357. smoothed-over

cord-marked and 13% smoothed (1965:36).

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. The two other groupings on the basis of surface in­

clude roughened and fabric impressed. The roughened category re­

presents 7% of the identifiable pottery as can be seen in Table 1.

Roughened surfaces were noted at the Riviere Au Vase site. Fitting

suggests that roughening results from washing the pot before it is

fired so that the surface includes both protruding pieces of temper

and small pits left by the removal of pieces of temper (1965:35)

(Plate 3). Table 1 shows that the number of fabric impressed sherds

is minimal and represents only .05% of the identifiable pottery at

the 46th Street site (Plate 3).

Temper

All of the pottery at the 46th Street site is grit tempered.

The size of temper was recorded on the basis of Fitting’s scale

(1965:12) designating pieces from 0 to 1 mm. as fine, 1.1 to 2 mm.

as medium, 2.1 mm. and over as coarse-, A su b sta n tia l m ajority of

all sherds, 887., contained coarse temper. Medium temper was found

in 9% of the sherds and fine temper in 3% of the sherds.

Color and Hardness

The color of the pottery ranges from yellowish brown (Munsell

10 YR 8/6) to reddish brown (10 R 6/6). A few sherds have gray

areas which represent fire clouding.

The hardness of the ceramics was tested by means of Moh's

hardness scale. The range of hardness was from 2.0 to 3.0.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Decorated Body Sherds

Two small sherds with incised lines were found: one on an un­

modified cord-marked surface and one on a smoothed-over cord-marked

surface (Plate 3). Both are characterized by a row of parallel

incised lines. It is probable that they were located on or near the

rim of the vessel, but this could not be ascertained from the sherds

Rim Sherds

After all the sherds were sorted according to surface treatment

and temper size, the rim sherds were analyzed in terms of diameter,

profile, exterior surface treatment, lip shape, lip decoration,

interior treatment and rim decoration. Chi square tests were run

on a calculator to test the association of these categories of rim

treatm ent against th e ir chance asso ciatio n . • Because the number of r

sherds is small the information gained from this analysis was not

recorded on keysort cards.

Diameter

The diameters of the vessels at the 46th Street site range from

10 to 34 centimeters (Table 2). This was broken down into two cate­

gories for use in the chi square tests, with narrow being from 10

to 22 centimeters and wide from 23 to 34 centimeters. Of the 23

vessels for which it was possible to ascertain the diameter, Table

2 shows that 13 were narrow and 10 were wide.

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TABLE 2

Diameter Of Vessels - 46th Street Site

Diameter # Of Vessels

Narrow (10-22 cm.) 13

Wide (23-34 cm.) 10

Unmeasureable _17

Total 41

Profile and lip shape

Nearly three-fourths of the rim profiles are straight (Figure

1). The remainder includes eight profiles that are slightly everted

and four that are slightly inverted.

TABLE 3

Lip Shape - 46th Street Site

Lip Shape # Of Vessels

square 34

round 5

pointed _2

Total 41

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FIGURE 1

Classes of Rim Profiles - 46th Street Site

(Interiors to Left) A ttrib u tes Vessels

1. Straight - squared lip

2. S traig h t - rounded lip

3. Straight - thickened lip

4,5 Straight - collared

6. Inverted - squared lip

7. Everted - squared lip

8. Everted - thickened lip

9. Everted - pointed lip

10, 11. Everted - co llared

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 12

Lips are predominantly squared with 34 vessels showing this

characteristic (Table 3). Rounding of the lip occurs on five

vessels and in two cases the lip is brought to a point on an everted

rim. Thickened lips and some collared rims occur (Figure 1). The

collars on 46th Street pottery are not elaborate, but involve merely

a folding over of the clay. For purposes of the chi square tests,

the profile categories included inverted, straight and everted.

Thickened lips and collars were considered to be aspects of rim

decoration for the chi square tests.

Lip treatment

Lip treatment was present on 24 of the vessels at the 46th

Street site. As can be seen in Table 4, treatment with a cord-

wrapped paddle was the predominant method used. It is not sur­

prising that the lip was often treated in this way since application

of the paddle to the lip was simply a continuation of the same tech­

nique used on the body of the vessel. On the eight vessels not

treated with cord-wrapped paddle, alternation with a tool was pro­

bably intended to be decorative. In three cases the edge of the

paddle was used and in one case the decoration was applied with a

cord-wrapped stick impressed into the clay at intervals by impressing

the clay with a tool such as a stick. One of the lips showed thin

incising that might have been produced with a fingernail. Sixteen

of the lips were plain either because they had been smoothed or were

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 13

left unmodified. In one instance the lip was broken off so that it

was not possible to see how it had been treated.

TABLE 4

Lip Treatment - 46th Street Site

Non-decorative # of Vessels

cord-wrapped paddle 18

plain 16

Decorative

cord-wrapped paddle edge 3

cord-wrapped stick

tool impressed

fingernail

Not Observable

Total 4

Rim decoration

Rim decoration is minimal. On about half of the vessels there

is no decoration, with the surface treatment extending all the way to

the lip (Table 5). The most common occurrence of decoration is the

use of collars on thirteen of the vessels (Plate 3). In eight of these

cases there appears to have been a collar which was smoothed over

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TABLE 5

Rim Decoration - 46th Street Site

Decoration # Of Vessels

collared 13

simple, unmodified 5

smoothed 8

punctate 7

punctate 2

roughened 1

h o rizo n tal cord (one row) 2

h o rizo n tal cord (two rows) 1

undecorated 22

Total 41

until it became nearly flush with the body of the vessel. This is

difficult to discern since the only evidence of it is an irregular

line where the edge of the collar meets the exterior of the pot.

Collared rims are often embellished with a single row of circular

punctation below the collar (Plate 3). This occurred on six of the

vessels with a smoothed collar and on one vessel with a simple un­

modified collar. On two vessels a single row of circular punctations

was the only decoration (Plate 2). One rim sherd shows roughening

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. below the lip. In two instances there is one row of horizontal cord

impressions and in one instance there are two rows of horizontal cord

impressions.

In considering the characteristics of the pottery from the 46th

Street site, the most striking thing is uniformity. The predominance

of cord-marked surface treatment and large grit temper plus the

predominance of scraight rim profiles and che lack of a variety of

techniques for producing rim decoration suggest that the 46th Street

site is a single component site.

Chi Square Tests

Upon preparing the tables for the chi square tests, it was dis­

covered that since the sample was so small, some did not meet the

criteria for the test. Thus wheii some of the cross tabulation tables

were se t up there was a t le a s t one unit with a number value of less

than one or 20% of the units in the table had a number value of less

than five. Those attributes which it was impossible to test for

association are listed in Table 6.

For those characteristics which it was possible to test for

association, the association was considered to be chance if the

probability factor was greater than .01. Table 7 includes the

sample size, chi square values, number of degrees of freedom and

probability factors in which the association of attributes was

probably due to chance.

Table 7 includes all characteristics for which it was possible

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TABLE 6

Paired Rim Characteristics Which Did Not Meet C rite ria For X2 Test - 46th Street Site

diameter/rim profile

diameter/surface treatment

diameter/lip treatment

profile/surface treatment

surface treatment/rim decoration

surface treatment/lip treatment

TABLE 7

Paired Rim Characteristics Without Significant Associations - 46th Street Site

Test N X2 df P

profile/presence of lip 37 .0020 1 .95 treatm ent

profile/presence of rim 37 .0980 1 .80 decoration

presence of rim decoration/ 23 2.091 1 .20 diameter

diameter/presence of collars 23 .618 1 .50

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to apply the chi square test. There was no evidence of clustering

of attributes since in no test was the probability factor less than

.01. The presence of lip treatment did not correlate with either

straight or everted rim profiles. Likewise rim decoration was not

more lik e ly to occur on one or the other kind of rim p ro file . In ­

verted rim profiles were not tested since there were only four of

them. The only instance in which there is a p o s s ib ility th at c lu s te r­

ing occurs in a nonrandom fashion is th at of the presence of rim

decoration and size of diameter in which the probability factor is

less than .20 showing a slight tendency for larger vessels to be

decorated. It was thought that this might reflect a situation

similar to that present at Spring Creek where collared vessels

consistently had larger diameters (Fitting 1968:22). However,

when applying the chi square test for size of rim diameter and

the presence of collars, excluding other decoration, this was not found

to be the case. At the 46th Street site, while collared vessels do

tend to be large, noncollared vessels may be large as well. At

Spring Creek only the collared vessels were large.

Typology

Most of the pottery at the 46th Street site appears to fall

within the classification Wayne Ware as defined by James Fitting

(1965:158,159). The characteristics of Vayne Ware exhibited by

the 46th Street pottery include a surface finish of cord-wrapped

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. paddle, smoothed-over cord-marking and some fabric wrapped paddle;

a general lack of decoration; a use of cord-marking up to the lip;

absence of castellations; and the occurrence of thickened lips and

rounded lips.

The p o tte ry a t the 46th S tre e t s ite d iffe rs from the d e fin i­

tion of Wayne Ware in three ways: ( l) the temper size tends to be

larger than that indicated for Wayne Ware; (2) while rounded lips

do occur, squared lips are more often present; (3) lip treatment

is more common. These differences occur also at the Spring Creek

s ite in Muskegon County (F ittin g 1968:26) and a t the Fennville

site in Allegan County which will be discussed later in this report.

The predominance of squared lips is characteristic of the Wayne

Ware at the Valley Sweets site in the Saginaw Valley (Brose 1966:4),

though lip treatment is not so common and temper size is not pre­

dominantly coarse (Map 2).

While these differences from Wayne Ware do not a t f i r s t

appear to be of sufficient magnitude to establish a new type, this

possibility must be weighed in the light of two considerations.

First, Wayne Ware represents pottery that is simple in style and

a consistent deviation in a few aspects becomes more important than

it would for a pottery type of greater stylistic complexity. Se­

cond, the aforementioned differences occur in regions that have a

somewhat different culture history than that of southeastern

Michigan where Wayne Ware was defined. The deviations are consistent

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for three sites in southwestern Michigan and the occurrence of a

difference in one characteristic in the Saginaw Valley site is not

surprising, since this locality too has a somewhat different culture

history from that of the southeastern Michigan region where the

type was defined (Fitting:1970).

If the pottery at the 46th Street site were called Wayne Ware,

the implication would be that the inhabitants of the site were

participants in the Younge tradition of southeastern Michigan,

whereas evidence considered later in this study indicates that

this was not the case. Since consistent ceramic differences can be

seen on a regional basis, the term Allegan Ware will be used to

refer to cord-marked pottery from southwestern Michigan that is

characterized by grit temper normally greater than two millimeters

in diameter, cord-marking up to the lip and normally squared lips

which are often decorated, usually with cord-wrapped paddle (See

Appendix) (Plates 2,7,8). Rim decoration is infrequent, but when

present occurs in the form of a single row of punctuation made

by a circular tool such as the end of a stick or a cord-wrapped

stick; a single or double row of horizontal cord impressions; or

fine line diamond shaped crosshatching. Profiles tend to be straight

or slightly everted. Cord-wrapped stick punctation and diamond

shaped aosshatching do not occur at the 46th Street site, but are

found on Allegan Ware at the Fennville site to be considered later

in this report.

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LOWER MICHIGAN

FEEHELEY, /.V A L L E Y SWEETS BUSS1NGER ► •V'SCHULTZ SPRING CREEK tSCHMIDT

RIVIERE AU VASE FENNVILLE * 46th STREET

MOCCASIN BLUFF

MAP 2 SITES DISCUSSED IN TEXT 4 5 miles

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Wayne Ware in southeastern Michigan will thus be considered

to be a companion ceramic se rie s to Allegan Ware and v irtu a lly

the same variants occur (See Appendix). Those variants present at

the 46th Street site include sixteen vessels of Allegan Cord-marked

which is undecorated and has cord-marking up to the lip; three vessels

of Allegan Smoothed which is undecorated and has cord-marking which

has been smoothed-over up to the lip; two vessels of Allegan Punctate

with a single row of punctations around the rim and three vessels

of Allegan Cord-impressed with one or two rows of horizontal cord

impressions around the rim (Table 8).

The thirteen collared vessels at the 46th Street site are of

the type Spring Creek Collared (Plate 3) and like those from the

Spring Creek site tend to be large (Fitting 1968:23). At Spring

Creek these vessels average 23-9 centimeters in diameter and at the

46th S tre e t s ite they average 25 centimeters in diam eter. However,

as the chi square tests for the 46th Street site showed, uncollared

vessels are just as likely to be large whereas at Spring Creek they

tended to be relatively smaller than the collared vessels.

Eight of the vessels at the 46th Street site have a smoothed-

over collar which has not been noted for the Spring Creek site, but

can be considered a variant of Spring Creek Collared. A single row

of circular punctation occurs on six of the collared vessels with

five of these having a smoothed-over collar.

The roughened pottery from the 46th Street site shares many

c h a ra c te ristic s with Allegan Ware such as straig h t rim p ro file ,

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lack of decoration and temper size (Plate 3). Indeed it can be

distinguished from Allegan Ware only on the basis of surface treat­

ment. While surface is only one criterion, it seems to be sufficient

to exclude it from the classification Allegan Ware because Allegan

Ware is essentially a cord-marked category and to enlarge it on the

basis of surface treatment would eventually have the effect of in­

cluding every undecorated vessel within it, thus making it so all-

inclusive as to be useless.

On the basis of comparative data, the roughened pottery from the

46th Street site does not fit the criteria for existing types. At

Riviere Au Vase (Fitting 1965:155,156) pottery with roughened surface

treatment is found, but the types represented, Vase Tool-impressed

and Vase Corded, are both more highly decorated than the roughened

pottery from the 46th Street site and castellated rims are the norm.

Unfortunately, the roughened sample at the 46th Street site is small

and contains 82 potsherds of which only four are rims representing

four vessels. Clearly this is not enough on which to propose a new

type or even to judge adequately whether it represents an existing

type. Therefore, the roughened pottery from the 46th Street site

must remain unidentified as to type (Table 8).

TABLE 8

Pottery Types Represented at the 46th Street Site

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Type # of Vessels

Allegan Ware 24

Allegan Cord-marked 16

Allegan smoothed 3

Allegan Punctate 2

Allegan Cord-impressed 3

Spring Creek Collared 13

Unidentified Roughened _4

Total 41

Chronology

The corrected dates of A.D. Il8 0 i 100 (M-2233) and 1230lt 100 A.D.

(M-2232) are supported by the p o ttery types present. Wayne Ware,

the companion ceramic series of Allegan Ware, was originally consi­

dered to date from A.D. 600 to 1000 (Fitting 1966:738) though the

Bussinger site has yielded two thirteenth century dates and the

Schultz, Malone and Moccasin Bluff sites have yielded twelfth century

dates (Fitting: personal communication 1970). The presence of Spring

Creek collared vessels at the 46th Street site argues for a date at

the latter end of the Wayne Ware range. Collars seem to occur through­

out the Great Lakes region during the time period of A.D. 800 to 1000

and are considered to be a horizon marker for that time period

(MacPherron 1967:277; Fitting 1968:23). At the Riviere Au Vase site

the pottery type Vase Dentate dated from A.D. 800 to 1000 exhibits

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. collars (Fitting 1965:43,154) and Spring Creek collared from the

Spring Creek site is dated A.D. 950lt 75 (Fitting 1968:11). In

the northern area of Michigan pottery from the Bois Blanc phase at

Juntunen dated about 1000 A.D. also possesses collars (MacPherron 1967

276). In summary, the tw elfth and th irte e n th century dates from

sites where Wayne Ware is found and the presence of collars support

the radiocarbon dates for the 46th Street site.

Other Clay Artifacts

Two clay pipe bowl fragments were found at the 46th Street

site (Plate 3). Both had a plain surface with one being polished

both externally and internally. Each had very fine generally

black temper. Because the fragments are small it could not be dis­

cerned whether decoration was present, although in the case of the

unpolished pipe it probably was not. The lips of both pipes were

.7 centim eters th ick . The unpolished pipe tapered down from the

lip to a bowl thickness of .4 centimeters. The polished pipe had

a thickness just below the lip of .2 centimeters and the lip jutted

out at right angles to the bowl.

LITHICS

The stone tool assemblage at the 46th Street site includes

projectile points, scrapers, knives, drills, gravers, utilized flakes

and ground stone tools. This variety can perhaps offer some clues as

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to the kinds of activities that took place.

Chipped Stone Artifacts

Pro jectile points

There are twenty-one p ro je c tile points including small stemmed,

(Group I) small sided-notched (Group II), medium sided-notched

(Group I I I ) , large side-notched (Group IV), and triangular forms

(Group V) all of which are common in Michigan Late Woodland sites

(Table 9 ). Group I stemmed p ro je c tile points (Plate 4) range from

3 to 4.3 centim eters long and 1.4 to 1.6 centim eters wide and are

narrow with weakly sloping shoulders and a slightly expanding stem.

They resemble points th a t occur a t other Late Woodland s ite s in

Michigan including the Spring Creek site, the Schultz site (Fitting

1968:42), the Hodges s ite (F ittin g and Sasse 1969:69) and the

Juntunen site (MacPherron l967:Plate XXXIII).

The small (Group I I ) and medium (Group I I I ) side-notched points

(Plate 4) are very poorly made. The notches are normally parallel

with one another and often one of the notches is more pronounced

giving the point a lopsided appearance. This sloppy workmanship is

also characteristic of Juntunen Notched points and like these points

those at the 46th Street site are more likely to have a convex rather

than straight base. In addition both groups fall within the metric

range of Juntunen Notched (MacPherron 1967:151,152,153). The Group

I I points are from 2.2 to 2.6 centim eters long and from 1.2 to 2

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centimeters wide. Many of the small side-notched points from the

46th Street site are nearly identical with points found on the

surface south of Allegan County near the town of Three Oaks in

B errien County, Michigan (William Mangold: personal communication

1969).

The large side-notched p ro je c tile point in Group IV (Plate

4) measures 5.2 centimeters long and 2.5 centimeters wide and is

unlike the other points from the 46th Street site because it has

a blade which is long in relation to the base. The base is slightly

concave. This point is similar to projectile points from the Hodges

site (Fitting and Sasse 1969:69), the Spring Creek site (Fitting

1968:42) and the Juntunen site (MacPherron 1967:154).

The tria n g u la r points in Group V from the 46th S tre e t s ite

(P late 4) are longer than they are broad and resemble the Madison

points from the R iviere Au Vase s ite in both length and width'

measurements (Fitting 1965:49). The length ranges from 2.7 to 3.4

centimeters and the width ranges from 1.6 to 2.3 centimeters. Two

of the four triangular points from the 46th Street site have straight

bases and two have concave bases.

Knives

The seven knives from the 46th Street site can be divided into

two groups; hafted and unhafted knives (Plate 5, Table 10). The

hafted knives are large triangular bifaces with one edge excurvate

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ro base 1.3tra s ig h t 1.5 convex 1.3 convex h aft width 1. 1. 1 1. 1. 1 1. 1 1.2traight s 1.1 1.1 1.3 s tra ig h t 1.1 cm. 1.4 1.1 cm. convex 1.2 convex length h aft S ite - 3.2 3.1 46th Street . 6 . 1.9 .5.7 2.4 .6 2.4 . 6 . . 6 6 . cm. 3 cm. . 6 . thickness length max. max. blade TABLE 9 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.7 width max. -- 3.5 3 3.54.3 1.4 4.3 4. 1 4. 1 cm. 1.6 cm. Measurements of Projectile Points* - level, artifact#) length D. 2.3 D. (Excavation Unit, B.2.6 B .2 .1 D.1.2 (base) Group II - small side-notched D.2.2 Provenience D. D. 1.1 D .2 .1 Group I - Stemmed

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. concave convex convex s tra ig h t base 1.2 1.5 cm. 1.6 cm. .9cm. convex .9 stra ig h t -- h aft width base h aft width h aft width base 1.41.5 convex 1 1 cm. length .9 length .7 cm. length haft haft ha ft ha length 1.8 cm. length length blade blade blade .7 2.8 1.2 • 3 3 • cm. 2.2 cm. .4 1.9 .7 .2 1.4 .7 thickness thickness thickness max. max. max. 1.8 cm. 1.2 cm. .4 cm. 1.61.6 .5 .51.3 1.6 1.6 .8 2.5 cm. 7 . cm. 4.5 cm. 7 . cm. 2.2 2 width Max. wid th wid max. max. width max. Provenience length F.2.1 2.6 B.3.1 5.2 cm. Provenience length E.3.1 2.5 T.P.2. 1 3.3 cm. Group I I I - medium side-notched Group IV - large side-notched Group V - triangular C.2.1 G.2.1 2.4 2.2 Provenience length A .2.2 4 A•2*4 2.5 cm•

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. K > VO - .6tra s ight thickness base .6 max. 1.7 1.9 2.3 .2 concave width max. 3 2.7 cm. 1.6 cm. 5 . cm.tra s 3.4 ig h t 3.3 3.3 2. 1 .3 concave the measurement below the blade to the base; and the haft width is the point of greatest constriction between the notches. *The *The blade length is the measurement from the top of the notches to the tip, the haft length Provenience length G. 1.2 G. T .P .15. 1.3 C. C. 1.4 D. 1.3 A. 2.5 A.

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and the other edge somewhat s tra ig h te r. The b ifa c ia l unhafted

knives, which are of relatively uniform thickness, show an increase

in thickness at the edge opposite the cutting edge.

TABLE 10

Metric Attributes of Hafted Knives 46th Street Site

Provenience length width thickness

C.2.2 4.3 cm. 2 cm. . 8 cm.

C.2.3 3.7 1.9 .6

D.2.5 4.8 2.4 1.0

D.2.11 4.9 2.6 .8

Metric Attributes of Unhafted Knives

Provenience length width thickness

B.2.2 3.4 cm. 2 cm. .8 cm.

C. 2.4 3.8 1.3 1.0

D.1.11 3.3 1.4 .7

Gravers

There were two gravers found at the 46th Street site; one bi­

facial and the other retouched on one side of the graving tip

(Plate 5). The measurements of the gravers are closely similar with

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one being 2.1 centimeters long and the other 2.5 centimeters long.

This difference in length is reflected in the length of the point

rather than in the rounded base. The point of the bifacial graver

is .3 centimeters longer than that of the other graver (Table 11).

TABLE n

Metric Attributes Of Gravers 46th Street Site

Provenience base length point total thickness

D. 1.4 1.6 cm. .5 cm. 2.1 cm. .2 cm.

D .2 .10 1.7 .8 2.5 .5

D rills

The five d r il ls from the s it e can be divided into forms with ex­

panding bases and forms without expanding bases (Plate 5). Of the

three that did not have expanding bases, one was very small. Table

12 shows the m etric a ttrib u te s of the d r ills .

Scrapers

The tools that can be classified as scrapers are divided into

categories based on whether they were bifacial or unifacial; end

scrapers, side scrapers or both (Plates 5,6). In most of the categories

the size of the artifacts is rather similar, although in the categories

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TABLE 12

Metric Attributes of Expanding Base Drills 46th Street Site

Provenience length basal width point width thickness

A .1.2 4.5 cm. 1.8 cm. .8 cm. .5 cm.

H.1.1 4.4 2.7 1.2 .5

Netric Attributes Of Non-expanding Base Drills

Provenience length width thickness

T.P.15.2.1 (base) - 1,4 cm. .4 cm.

G.2.4 (base) - 1.2 .4

G.2.6 2.4 cm. .6 .3

of unifacial side scraper and bifacial side scraper there is one

tool in each that is quite a bit larger. There are a total of six

unifacial scrapers and eight bifacial scrapers. One small scraper

looks like a small side-notched projectile point with the tip rounded

and is possibly a reworked point. The measurements of the scrapers

are summarized in Table 13.

TABLE 13

Metric Attributes Of Scrapers 46th Street Site

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unifacial, side

provenience length width thicknes

A .1.5 4.1 cm. 2.1 cm. .9 cm.

F.3.2 2.4 2.3 .3

F .4 .f6 .2 2.5 1.9 . 1

unifacial, end

G.3.1 3.2 1.9 .2

unifacial, end, side

•5 A .2.3 2.7 2 • -J

C.2.7 1.5 1.6 .3

bifacial, side

C. 1.3 3 1.9 .3

E.1.1 3 1.8 .6

F.3.3 4.9 3.5 .6

G.2.2 3 2 .4

Bifacial, end

A .2.1 2.5 1.6 .6

C.1.9 2 1.8 .7

F.2.5 2.5 2.1 .4

bifacial, end, side

B.3.2 3.5 2.5 1.3

Debitage

Seventeen cores, thirteen blanks and 5,878 waste flakes were

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found at the 46th Street site. The debitage was analyzed with a view

toward discovering the kinds of materials used in stone tool making,

the kinds of waste flakes present and which kinds were most likely

to be utilized. Waste flakes considered to be utilized showed nicked

or jagged edges with clear use retouch and with the used edge some­

what dulled.

The chipped stone tools at the 46th Street site were made of

chert. The vast majority of waste flakes were gray (Munsell 10 YR

5/1) to gray brown (10 YR 5/2) in color with some occurence of dark

gray (10 YR 4/1) banding. There were a few unusual waste flakes that

were pale olive green (10 Y 6/2), black with very light gray spots,

reddish yellow (5 YR 7/6), red (2.5 YR 4/6) and light red (2.5

YR 6/6). The lustre of the waste flakes was normally dull, although

in the case of one red flake the lustre was shiny or waxy.

The debitage was divided into categories of primary decortica­

tion flakes, parallel edge flakes, expanding edge flakes, converging

edge flakes, lamellar•flakes, tabular flakes, crest blades, vertical

blades and discoidal, oblong and rectangular blanks (White 1963:5-15).

Tabular flakes struck from unprepared cores occurred about three times

more often than did lamellar flakes struck from prepared cores. White

notes that at the Snyders and Worthy-Merigan sites tabular flakes

normally were of low quality material (1963:13). Since the chert used

at the 46th Street site is not of a noticeably high quality, this may

be the reason for the predominant number of tabular flakes.

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Expanding edge flakes occurred more than twice as often as

parallel and converging edge flakes and were utilized more than four

times as often. It is easy to imagine that the expanding edge flakes

with their broadly curved and usually sharp distal edges were very

handy cutting tools.

Those flakes that could be categorized as blades were few in­

deed. Since they are so few and there was no evidence of prepared

cores that could be used for the manufacture of blades, it is pro­

bable that they were the by-product of the regular chipping techni­

que. As White points out, blade-like flakes are found in almost

any assemblage (1963:8). Table 14 shows the number of waste flakes

present for each category of debitage and how many of those in each

category were utilized.

The debitage exhibited both prominent and nonprominent bulbs

of percussion indicating that both hard and soft hammer techniques

were used. There were also numerous small flakes of bifacial re­

touch present.

Hammerstones

There were six hammerstones at the 46th Street site. Five of

these were flattened stones that were roughly triangular in shape

with evidence of battering of the narrow end. All but one showed

battering on flattened sides as well. One of the stones showed use

wear on both ends and sides. There was one rounded hammerstone that

showed evidence of only s lig h t use at one end. The measurements of

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the hammerstones are presented in Table 15.

TABLE 14

Categories Of Debitage - 46th Street Site

Category of Debitage Present Total Utilized

primary decortication 466 10

p a ra lle l edge 747 12

expanding edge 2855 53

converging edge 1284 14

lam ellar 65 -

tabular 204 -

crest blade 9 -

vertical blade 36

TABLE 15

Measurements Of Hammerstones - 46th Street Site

max. max. max. provenience length width thickness

D.2.2 11.5 cm. 6.9 cm. 3.7 cm.

E.F5.1 6.9 6.5 3.7

F.4.F6 5.7 4.8 4.1

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H. 2.3 7.5 5

H. 2.4 6.3 2.4

T.P. 11.3.1 7.3 6.3 4.4

Ground Stone Tools

There were four ground stone tools at the 46th Street site.

One that could be classified as a rubbing stone was triangular in

cross section and showed wear on the bottom with a bevelling of one

edge (Plate 6). The presence of the bevelled edge suggests that

the stone was used with a rocking motion or was possibly used with a

mortar. This tool was 9.1 centimeters long, 7 centimeters wide and

5 centimeters thick.

A celt-shaped rough igneous stone was found with smoothing on

the sides and bottom and smoothing on one side of what would be the

bit (Plate 6). It is possible that this was discarded in the pro­

cess of making a celt or the smoothing could have come from use.

It is possible also that the stone was originally smooth and the

rough portions were produced by pecking. The celt is 8.6 centimeters

long, 7 centimeters wide and 5.2 centimeters thick.

A well-smoothed, large elongated stone with battering on one

end showed a crack on both sid e s s ta rtin g at the point of impact

on the battered end that may have occurred from use (P la te 6). This

stone could be classified as a large hammerstone or maul and was 11.5

centimeters long, 6.9 centimeters wide and 5 centimeters thick.

There was one smoothed oblong pebble with a flattened side that

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. could have been produced by use as a rubbing stone (Plate 18).

This stone was 8.9 centimeters long, 4.1 centimeters wide and

2.7 centimeters thick.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CULTURAL IMPLICATIONS OF DATA

Possible Uses Of Stone Tools

Since there were more projectile points than any other kind of

stone artifact at the 46th Street site, it seems plausible that hunt­

ing provided an important food source. This is suggested also by

the presence of bifacial scrapers that might have been used in the

preparation of skins, assuming Taggert's (1967:164) interpretation

that the bifacial scrapers associated with a high frequency of pro­

jectile points and deer remains at the Late Archaic Schmidt site

were used for skin working. He points out that at the Feeheley

site in the Saginaw Valley which is a Late Archaic fishing station

there was a proportionately large number of unifacial scrapers that

could have been used in the scaling of fish or more likely were

used in the processing of wood and plants. Thus the preparation of

fish or the processing of wood and plants is a possible use for the

unifacial scrapers at the 46th Street site.

The presence of drills and the celt also suggests working with

wood. The sharp pointed gravers may have been used in the manu­

facture of clothing. The triangular shaped ground stone tool could

have been used in the grinding of plant resources for food. The

large maul possibly was used as a hammerstone in the manufacture of

stone to o ls but i t is large and heavy enough so th at i t seems more

likely to have been used for some sort of heavy work such as pounding

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. stales into the ground. It is difficult to even suggest specific

functions for the waste flakes that show use; as sharp edges imply

cutting tools they could have served a number of purposes. The

cores, hammerstones and large number of waste flakes certainly show

that chipped stone tools were made at the 46th Street site. Even

though hunting was apparently the predominant activity at the site,

the variety of stone tools implies that a number of other activities

were also taking place.

Features

There were seven features at the 46th Street site (Map 3).

Of these four were aboriginal, including two hearths and two

storage pits. The three remaining features were historic and

consisted of a burned out root and two burials of farm animals.

The kinds of features and the nature of artifact concentrations

offer further clues as to the activities that took place at the 46th

Street site. There is considerable evidence for the presence of

cooking fires. One feature (Feature 2) which was located just be­

low the surface in square B and extended to a depth of less than

six inches consisted of an area of fire cracked rock, a few chips,

sherds and some charcoal. Though i t also contained two b o ttle caps

and a bullet, the hearth was probably aboriginal. Because it was

located in the first six inches of square B, it is very possible

that the historic material was intruded long after the feature was

formed. This interpretation seems reasonable in view of the use of

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the area by modern hunters and campers. The f ir e p it from which the

radiocarbon sample was taken (Feature 4) was located in squares E

and G (Plate 1). It contained charcoal, fire cracked rock and three

sherdlets. The top of the hearth was found at a depth of 14 inches

and extended to 36 inches. Small pieces of charcoal and gray sand

could be seen above the feature at four inches below surface. Since

the feature was at considerable depth and there was no historic

material present, it was clearly aboriginal.

Artifact concentrations also attest to the presence of cooking

fires. These include charcoal and fish bone from six to twelve

inches in test pit 15. The close association of charcoal and

the unburned bone of a White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)

in the first six inches of test pit 12 suggests that at least animal

food was prepared and eaten at this location. This concentration

also contained a walnut shell (Juglans nigra) so that there is a

possibility that plant foods were prepared here too, but the nut

looks quite fresh, is not burned and its aboriginal age can be

questioned.. Finally, the concentration of fire cracked rock, pot­

sherds, two projectile points, a scraper, a knife, chips and river

clam shell (Lampsilis sp.) from six to twelve inches below surface

in the central and southern portions of square D indicate that not

only cooking, but other activities took place here.

Two pits that were probably used for storing food were also

found (Features 6 and 7 ). Feature 6 was a symmetrical, conical shaped

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pit that was first detected at a depth of eighteen inches below the

surface and extended to a depth of fifty-four inches in square F

(Plate 1). From eighteen to forty-one inches it was a circular

area of reddish sand which contained two small sherds, a few burned

bone fragments, charcoal, fire cracked rock and a hammerstone. At

the level of 37 inches below surface a curved flake showing use

retouch on two edges and possibly used as a spokeshave was found

along with a bone fragment and charcoal. From 41 to 54 inches the

f i l l became gray and fin a lly very black. Below the level of 41

inches no organic material other than charcoal was observed. The

other storage pit (Feature 7) was very much like the first, al­

though it was smaller. This feature was located in square H and

was first observed at a depth of twenty inches below the surface.

It was a conical shaped pit extending to a depth of thirty-two inches

and containing dark fill with a great deal of charcoal.

There were three features at the site that apparently were of

historic origin. Feature 1 consisted of fire cracked rock and some

charcoal in the north wall of test pit 10. The rock was located

fifteen inches below the surface. There was no cultural material

in association and excavation indicated that this was probably a

burned out root, perhaps of recent date.

The other two historic features contained the remains of do­

mestic animals. Feature 3 occurred at the base of level two about

twelve inches below the surface in square B. It consisted of the

articulated hind quarters and foetal remains of a pregnant sheep or

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goat (Ovis or Capra sp.) and sixteen sherdlets, waste flakes and char­

coal. From twelve to eighteen inches below the surface there was much

snail shell (Anguispira alternata). The presence of the snail shell

suggests that the snails were probably feeding on the animal carcass

(Cleland 1966:203). The burial of a domestic animal in an Indian camp

site produced this spurious association with aboriginal remains.

Feature 5 was the skeleton of a cow (Bos sp.) located at the depth of

eighteen inches in squares E and G. As was the case with Feature 3,

its association with aboriginal artifacts was accidental.

Settlement Pattern

Analysis of settlement pattern was attempted along lines sug­

gested by James Fitting (1969:360). This involved the use of ratios

to discover intensity of occupation, nature of activities and sexual

composition of the population. The kinds of features present were

used to consider stability of occupation and the kinds and number of

animal and plant remains were used to determine seasonality. Since

post molds were routinely sought in excavation, but not found, the

evidence provided by building patterns could not be utilized.

Fitting suggests that a ratio of .05 or fewer vessels per cubic

foot of a component is indicative of "extensive" occupation (1969:363).

At the 46th Street site there were forty-one vessels and an exca­

vated volume of 2557 cubic feet resu ltin g in a ra tio of .02, in d icat­

ing that the site was not densely populated.

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Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 45

In considering the question of stability of occupation, the

presence of two storage pits indicates that the site was occupied

by a fairly small number of people for at least the duration of one

season. The two firepits and other concentrations of charcoal with

aboriginal remains support this interpretation.

In assessing the ratio of men to women at the site, a ratio

of ceramic vessels to stone tools was used since women’s work is

associated with the manufacture of pottery while men’s work is

associated with the manufacture of stone tools. Fitting is of the

opinion that ratios from 2.00 to .20 show a balanced sex ratio

(1969:366). At the 46th Street site the ratio of ceramic vessels

to stone tools was .26 and is thus an indication that the numbers

of men and women at the site were nearly equal.

In considering the kinds of activities- that might have taken

place, Fitting states that a relatively high ratio of unifacial to

bifacial artifacts occurs at fishing sites (1969:365). An example

of this can be seen in Taggert's comparison of the Late Archiac

Feeheley and Schmidt sites (1967:168,169). At the Feeheley site

where fishing appeared to be the major subsistence activity, the

unifacial scrapers represented 31.4% of all stone tools whereas

at the Schmidt site where deer hunting was the major subsistence

activity, unifacial tools were only 15.4% of the total stone tool

assemblage. At the 46th Street site the ratio of unifacial to bi­

facial artifacts was .21. This is not extremely high, and is more

closely similar to the situation at the Schmidt site. However, it

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is probable that some fishing was done, since the site is located on

the banks of the Kalamazoo river and there was one fish bone (sp.)

and six shell fragments of river clam (Lampsilis sp.), indicating

that the resources of the river were used. Both the fish and river

clam were found from six to twelve inches below the surface in test

pits that were undisturbed by modern activity.

The nature of the features and the kinds and concentrations of

artifacts show that cooking food, food storage, hide preparation,

tool making and probably fishing took place at the site. It is

probable that plant foods were gathered and prepared though the

evidence for this is scant. The bevelled edge on one of the tools

classified as a rubbing stone suggests that this tool was used in

the grinding of plant foods. In addition to the walnut in the first

level of test pit 12 there was another walnut (JugIans nigra)in

the first six inches of square E. However, this nut also is un­

burned and looks fresh and in addition is associated with modern

picnic refuse of beer glass and Pepsi Cola tops. It is of course

possible that this association was fortuitous. Though Black Walnut

(JugIans nigra) trees do grow today in the Allegan State Forest, it

was stated in the field notes that none were growing at the 46th

Street site. It is not known whether they were growing there during

the time of aboriginal occupation of the site.

The faunal sample from the 46th Street site included 25 bone

specimens that were identified by Dr. Howard Savage of the Royal

Ontario Museum and Department of Anthropology at the University of

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Toronto (Table 16). Those species that could be positively identi­

fied included at least two White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus),

one muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) and one raccoon (Procyon lotor).

One of the deer, the raccoon and the muskrat were found in adjacent

test pits 2 and 7. Test pit 2 which contained the muskrat and part

of the deer also had a projectile point and burned bone that was so

fragmented as to be unidentifiable. Both test pits were located at

a considerable distance from the main portion of the site and had

historic disburbance throughout. This disturbance included a musket

b a ll th at W 3 S found at a depth oe 12 to 18 inches in test pit 7 and

the sherds of the late 19th century Splashware bottle from 6 to 18

inches. Because of the nature of the historic disturbance it is

difficult to assess the aboriginality of these three animals. The

presence of the muskrat can best be explained in terms of modern

hunting activity since the Department of Natural Resources authorities

in Plainwell indicated that a muskrat hunter has been operating in

the area of the site in recent years (Personal communication, 1970).

The musket ball suggests that at least one of the remaining animals

may have been present as the result of hunting in the nineteenth

century. The association of the Splashware bottle leads to the

additional inference that the nineteenth century hunter may have been

at the site long enough to skin or eat an animal there. Finally,

the projectile point in test pit 2 indicated the probability that

at least one of the animals was at the site due to aboriginal hunting

activity. Dr. Savage noted that there was an unusual absence of the

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large extremity bones of deer at the 46th Street site, whereas some

of the smaller foot bones are present. This implies some sort of

selectivity and since the other deer at the site was no doubt the

result of aboriginal hunting, it seems probable that it was the deer

in test pits 2 and 7 that was present for the same reason. This in­

terpretation is further borne out by the fact that deer were not

found in the Lower Peninsula after 1885 until they were reintro­

duced in Allegan County in 1932 (Jenkins and Bartlett 1959:12) and

this decreased the likelihood th3t the deer at the 46th Street site

was the victim of a nineteenth century hunter.

The second deer was located in test pit 12 which was undisturbed

by historic activity. This bone was associated with charcoal and

aboriginal clay pipe fragment. The sample included part of the

frontal bone with its antler burr and Dr. Savage suggests that this

animal was killed during the fall or winter. He further notes that

on the basis of dentition, the deer located in test pits 2 and 7 was

between eight to nine months and less than one and one-half years

old and was probably k ille d between February and December of the

year after its birth.

The settlement pattern and ecological data for the 46th Street

site points to the conclusion that this was a winter camp of the

Chippewa type- The inland location of the s ite and its apparent

occupation by an approximately equal number of men and women are both

characteristic of the Chippewa winter camp (Fitting and Cleland 1970:7,8).

The small amount of animal remains also indicates a short term

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. occupation, although this may be due to poor preservation. Since

there is no archaeological evidence for agriculture and since the

land is submarginal for agricultural use by present day farmers

possessing knowledge of modern methods, the possibility that ab­

original crops were raised here is very unlikely. The presence of

the White-tailed deer (Odocioleus virginanus) which was killed in

the fall or winter suggests that the site was occupied during these

seasons. The fact that the 46th Street site is on high ground

surrounded by marshy areas strengthens this conclusion since deer

frequent marshy areas during the cold months, particularly when

there is deep snow th at makes movement d if f ic u lt, because the marsh

offers a protected location (Jenkins and Bartlett 1959:8). Thus

from an ecological view the 46th S tre e t s ite provided a good location

for a winter camp.

The mammaliam section of Table 16 constitutes a reproduction

of Dr. Howard Savage's report. Dr. Savage noted two unusual features

about the mammal bones from the 46th Street site. First, many of

them were quite water washed and second, the remains of hoofed mammals

included smaller foot bones, but almost no large extremity bones.

It is difficult to offer an explanation for either of these occur­

rences. The site is located high above the Kalamazoo river where

flooding is not likely to occur and erosion of the bones by water

would not be expected. Perhaps merely the filtering of water through

the sandy soil might cause this effect. Since it appears on the

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TABLE 16

Faunal Remains - 46th S treet S ite

Mammaliam fauna - non-domestic

Species Provenience Specimens

Ococoileus B. 1 Distal phalanx of 3rd or 4th virginianus digits. Dorsal portion of (Whitetail Deer) phalanx missing; loss of surface cortex makes fu rth er id e n tific a ­ tion uncertain. Small specimen. Identification probable.

F .l Right talus.

T.P.2 Right upper third deciduous premolar. Cusps show s lig h t wear only. Present from about one week to one and one-half years of age.

T.P.2 Left upper first deciduous pre­ molar. Cusps show moderate wear. Present in same age period as third deciduous premolar.

T .P .2 .2 Left fourth carpal bone. Small specimen.

T .P .6 .1.2 Right humerus, distal shaft, without epiphysis. Subadult by absence of eiphysis.

T.P.7 Left upper f i r s t molar. Cuspus show a little wear. First molar fully erupted during seventh month of life. Small specimen.

T.P.7 Right fibula, distal portion.

T .P .7 .1 Thoracic vertebra, body. Adult, by epipyseal plate fusion: small specimen.

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Species Provenience Specimens

T.P.12 Right frontal bone portion, with antler burr. Male specimen. Antler development indicates killing between fall and late winter.

T.P.12 Left upper second molar. Cusps show considerable wear, i.e. indicates an old adult.

Odocoileus T.P.12 Left innominate bone portion virginianus including ilium part of ace­ (White-tailed tabulum. Considerable surface deer) 3brasion.

T.P.12 Left innominate bone portion, including ischial part of ace­ tabulum. Considerable surface abrasion.

Ondatra T.P.2 Right femur, proximal 2/3. Zibethicus Adult specimen by fused (Muskrat) epiphysis.

Procyon T.P.7 Left ulna, proximal end. lotor Small adult. (Raccoon)

Mammal, large G.l Extremity bone, end portion. Bone surface considerably eroded and/or abraded.

Mammal, sp. T.P.2 Extremity bone fragment. Con­ siderably water washed.

Artiodactyla T.P.7.2 Articulating right talus and sp. large right calcaneus. Considerably water washed.

Domestic mammals:

Bos taurus Squares Articulated skeleton. (cow) E & G

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Species Provenience Specimens

Capra sp., Square B Hindquarters of pregnant female (Goat) with, foetus. or Ovis sp. (Sheep)

Nonmammalian fauna:

Lampsilis sp. T.P.12 1/2 shell. (River clam)

River clam sp. Squares Fragments. B § D

Fish sp. T.P.15 Vertebra.

Anguispira Square B 25 whole shells plus fragments. altemata (Snail)

domestic cow (Bos taurus) as well as the other animals, it certainly

represents a natural rather than a cultural phenomenon. The presence

of foot bones only defies explanation at this time. The White­

tailed deer (Odocoileus virginanus) in test pit 12 was probably

present as the result of aboriginal activity. The activities of a

present day muskrat hunter account for Ondatra zibethicus in test

pit 2. The raccoon (Procyon lotor) in test pit 7 was possibly the

victim of a nineteenth century hunter and the White-tailed deer in

test pits 2 and 7 was possibly a victim of aboriginal hunters.

The cow (Bos taurus) was identified by Mr. Ronald Cauble while

at Western Michigan University and the goat/sheep (Capra/Ovis) was

identified by Mr. Robert Sundick of Western Michigan University. The

river clam (Lampsilis) was identified by Dr. Joseph Engeman of the

Department of Biology, Western Michigan University. The unknown

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species of river clam consisted of specimens too small to identify.

Lampsilis was located from three to nine inches in test pit 6 along

with charcoal and pottery. There was no historic disturbance in this

pit so the Lampsilis is clearly aboriginal. The river clam in square

B was located in the first six inches and although this square was

disturbed by hunters as evidenced by a 22 shell casing, by hunters

or picnickers^as evidenced by bottle caps, and by the burial of

the domestic goat or sheep (Capra/Ovis), there was much pottery in

the' first six inches also and these specimens are probably aboriginal.

The river clam fragments in square D are also probably aboriginal.

These fragments were located from six to twelve inches in level two

along with a clay pipe fragment, pottery, charred wood and charred bone.

Dr. Charles Cleland of the Anthropology Department at Michigan State

University attempted to identify the fish vertebra from test pit 15,

but was unable to do so. This was an undisturbed pit containing

pottery and charcoal, so the bone can be sonsidered aboriginal.

The snail (Anguispira alternata) was identified by the author and

it was very likely attracted to the site by the carcass of the goat

or sheep (Capra/Ovis) burial in square B.

The only flo ra l remains from the 46th S treet s ite were Black

Walnut shell (JugIans nigra) identified by the author. The walnut

remains consisted of \ sh ell from square E and % sh e ll from te s t p it

12. Both shells have a fresh appearance and the presence of these

walnuts as the result of aboriginal activity can be questioned.

THE FENNVILLE SITE (20 AE 54)

Geography

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The ceramics from the Fennville s ite were analyzed for th is

study with a view toward comparing the ceramics found there with the

ceramics found there with the ceramics from the 46th Street site. The

site is located about three miles north of Fennville in Manlius

Township, Allegan County, on land presently owned by Mr. Lester

Plaggemars of Holland, Michigan. The site occurs in an area that

was undisturbed by modern activity with the exception of lumbering.

The Fennville site occupies an area of about 12,250 square

feet at the edge of a narrow thirty foot deep ravine that has a

spring at the bottom (Map 4). Another spring is located on the

southern end of the Plaggemars farm at a distance of about a

quarter mile from the site. The site lies at an elevation of about

630 feet bordering on a flat sandy plain that is bounded by the 630

foot contour. The soil is of a sandy loam type of medium fertility

which is found on moraines and till plains (Veatch l953:Soil Map

of Michigan).

The Fennville site, like the 46th Street site was excavated

under the direction of Dr. Elizabeth E. Baldwin. This excavation

covered portions of four field seasons from 1967-1970 and was done

by two student crews from Western Michigan University and the Kalamazoo

Valley Chapter of the Michigan Archaeological Society. The site was

reported to Dr. Baldwin by Mrs. Elizabeth Garrett of Allegan, Michigan.

CERAMICS

Surface Treatment

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2 5

CD CO

Ui LJ

CM I------o o X X UJ LJ

~ ~ L

IL. X --L 3

CC

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5485 potsherds were recovered from the Fennville site, 4071

of which could be analyzed as to surface treatment. The remaining 1414

were either too small or were so eroded that surface treatment could

not be determined. Surface treatment on the body of the pot may be

divided into seven categories including cord-marked, roughened,

fabric impressed, incised, plain, cord-wrapped stick and rocker

stamped (Table 17).

TABLE 17

Percent Of Surface Treatment - Fennville S ite

Surface Treatment Number Percent

Cord-marked 3704 937,

unmodified (962) (24)

smoothed-over (1598) (40)

smoothed (1144) (29)

Roughened 256 5

Fabric Impressed 14 .03

Incised 30 .07

P lain 41 - .08

Cord-wrapped Stick 19 .03

Rocker Stamped ___ 6 .01

Total 4071 100.00

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The cord-marked pottery (Plates 7,8) exhibits the same

continuum from smoothed to smoothed-over cord-marked to unmodified

cord-marked that was determined for the 46th Street site. As Table

17 shows, these categories far outnumber other kinds of surface

treatment at the Fennville site, comprises 93% of the total.

There were 962 unmodified cord-marked or 24% of the total sherds at

the site, 1568 or 40% smoothed over cord-marked and 1144 or 29%

smoothed sherds. Some of the smoothed sherds appeared to be parts

of bases as would be expected if the pots were set on the ground or

rested on the hand during the process of manufacture. Thus smoothing

might in some cases be the unintentional by-product of the manu­

facturing process, while in others smoothing may have been produced

by intent. Two sherds, one of them a rim, exhibited cord-marking

on the interior.

The next largest category of surface treatment was roughened

which refers to small pits and protruding pieces of temper pro-

-duced by washing the clay before it was fired (Fitting 1965:36).

Table 17 shows that there were 256 of these sherds representing 5%

of the total sherds at the site (Plate 8).

There were fourteen potsherds that had been impressed with

fabric (Plate 8). These represent .03% of the total sherds at

the site (Table 17).

There were thirty incised sherds at the Fennville site (Plate

9). The incisions were deep and took the form of large diamond

shaped crosshatching. In one case the incised design occurred on

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the interior portion of a cord-marked rim and in three cases it

appeared on the exterior portion of cord-marked rims. As can be

seen in Table 17, the incised sherds consisted of 0.07% of the total

number of potsherds at the Fennville site.

Forty-one or .08% of the potsherds at the Fennville site were

plain (Plate 9). Because they show a very smooth surface, it is

likely that they were finished by rubbing with a stone.

Table 17 points out that there were nineteen sherds at the

Fennville site which were treated with a cord-wrapped stick. This

kind of surface was produced by pressing a stick about the size

of a pencil and wrapped with cord into the wet clay. Cord-wrapped

stick impressed sherds represent .03% of the total sherds at the site.

Six potsherds including one rim had been rocker stamped

(Plate 9). These show a thin line zigzag design that was the

result of "rocking" a thin tool, possibly a piece of shell, across

the surface of the clay. These potsherds are very small and as

Table 17 shows are a very small proportion, .017. of the pottery at

the Fennville site.

Temper

Grit temper is found in all of the pottery at the Fennville

site. The size of the temper was analyzed using a scale of 0 to

1 mm. as fine, 1.1 to 2 mm. as medium and 2.1 and over as coarse

(Fitting 1965:12). Coarse temper is predominant at the site and

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represents 637., of all sherds. Medium temper is found in 227. and

fine temper in 15% of the total number of sherds at the site.

Color and Hardness

The color of the pottery at the Fennville site ranged from red

(Munsell 2.5 YR 5/8) to reddish yellow (5 YR 6/6) to light reddish

brown (5 YR 6/4) to very pale brown (10 YR 7/4). A few sherds were

lig h t gray or gray. The hardness was tested by means of Moh’s

hardness scale and ranged from 2 to 3.

Rim Sherds

The Fennville site yielded 190 rim sherds representing a vessel

count of 169. The analysis of the rims was done on the basis of

vessels rather than on individual rims. The characteristics of the

rims that were recorded included exterior decoration, interior rim

treatment, lip decoration, lip shape, diameter and profile. Chi

square tests were then made by pairing each of the characteristics

with each of the others in order to see if there was any clustering

that could be explained on the basis of cultural norms. At the time

these chi square tests were done, the total vessel count from the site

numbered 141. v

Exterior decoration

In a majority of 114 cases the exterior of Fennville vessels were

undecorated, but where exterior decoration was present it usually

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took the form of collars (Table 18). The 44 collared vessels at the

TABLE 18

Exterior Decoration - Fennville Site

Decoration Number of Vessels

collared 44

simple, unmodified 35

pinched 8

smoothed 1

punctate 5

punctate 6

incised 3

rocker stamped 1

none 114

unobservable 1

Total 169

Fennville site were of three kinds. Commonly a collar consisted of

a folding over the lip, but in some instances the bottom of the

collar appeared as if it had been pinched. Table 18 points out that

there were 35 simple, unmodified collars and 8 pinched collars at the

Fennville site (Plate 8). On one rim a collar was made and then smooth­

ed over so that it was nearly flush with the pot. Four collars were

found with a single row of punctations beneath them and one vessel

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exhibited a row of punctations on the co llar and one below i t

(Plate 8). In six cases punctations were circular, made by im­

printing the wet clay with the end of a stick; in one case they were

wedge-shaped made by impressing the clay with a tool such as the

corner of a paddle; and in three cases the punctations were rect­

angular, made by impressing the clay with a cord-wrapped stick. One

rim had punctations made by a very thin tool, perhaps a finger-nail.

As can be seen in Table 18, there were six collarless vessels that

exhibited a row of punctations. Three rims showed a crosshatched

design over a cord-marked surface just below the lip (Plate 9).

One rim had horizontal rocker stamping just below the lip on a

cord-marked surface.

Interior rim treatment

One vessel from the Fennville site was decorated on the interior

of the rim. In this case the interior showed deep diamond shaped

crosshatched incising (Plate 9).

Lip treatment

Lip treatment at the Fennville site was produced in a variety

of ways. The most common form of lip treatment was accomplished by

striking the lip with a cord-wrapped paddle. This occurred on 65 of

the vessels which is more than one third of the total (Table 19). The

second most frequent form of lip treatment was made by impressing the

lip with a cord-wrapped stick at regular intervals around the vessel.

As can be seen in Table 19 this occurred in 23 cases. Less common

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forms of lip treatm ent included one vessel with tool impressions made

by impressing a rounded tool such as a stick into the clay at inter­

vals around the rim, four vessels where the edge of a cord-wrapped

TABLE 19

Lip Treatment - Fennville Site

Treatment Number

Non-Decorative:

cord-wrapped paddle 65

p lain 67

Decorative:

paddle edge 4

cord-wrapped stick 23

tool impressions 1

finger nail impressions 4

brushed 1

incised 2

fab ric 1

unobservable __ 2

Total 169

paddle had been impressed into the clay, four vessels showing in­

cising probably made by a finger nail at intervals, and one vessel

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with brushing on the lip. One vessel exhibited cross-hatched in­

cising on the lip and one was incised with closely spaced straight

lines across the lip . An unusual form of treatment appeared on one

vessel where the lip had been impressed with fabric. As Table 19

shows, nearly two thirds of the lips were decorated at the Fennville

site and over one third or 67 vessels were plain either as the result

of smoothing or lack of modification.

Lip shape

TABLE 20

Lip Shape - Fennville Site

Shape Number

squared 138

rounded 26

pointed 3

unobservable 2

Total 169

The great majority of the lips at the Fennville site were

squared and flattened (Table 20). This characteristic occurred on 138

or nearly four fifths of the vessels found. Of the remaining vessels

26 showed a rounded lip. In three cases the lip was thinned to a

point.

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Diameter

TABLE 21

Vessel Diameter - Fennville Site

Diameter Number

narrow (8-l8cm.) 25

wide (l9-34cm.) 26

unmeasureable 118

Total 169

The diameters of the 51 vessels that were measureable for this

characteristic ranged from three small pots just over eight centi­

meters to one large pot of thirty-four centimeters. A preponderance

of 42 of the vessels were between sixteen and twenty-six centimeters

in diameter. Two of the very small vessels had a plain surface and

the large one was incised. For purposes of the chi square tests,

small vessels were considered to be from eight through eighteen

centimeters and large vessels were from nineteen through thirty-four

centimeters.

P ro file

Nearly four-fifths of the vessels from the Fennville site had

profiles that were straight (Figure 2). This occurred in 129 of the

instances where rim profile could be observed. Thirty-three of the

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vessels had slightly everted rim profiles. On the three vessels

where the lip was pointed, everting of the rim profile was accomplished

by merely thinning the interior portion of the rim. On the twenty-

nine other vessels with everted profiles the entire rim was actually

curved slightly.

Chi Square Tests

The chi square tests which were run to see if characteristics

of rim sherds occurred together in a nonrandom fashion were done on

the computer at Western Michigan University. In all cases it was

possible to complete the test. In only one instance was a signifi­

cant association noted. In all others, association between rim

c h a ra c te ris tic s appeared to be random although in three of them the

probability factor was quite low. Table 22 includes the sample

siz e , chi square values, number of degrees of freedom and p ro b ab ility

factors for the tests in which the association of rim characteristics

was probably due to chance. Table 23 shows the cross-tabulation for

the one test in which the association was probably due to cultural

factors. Chi squares were considered to be significant at .01 or

less.

The nonrandom association of squared lips with lip treatment is

a logical one in view of the kinds of techniques with which lips were

altered. It would seem easier to apply a cord-wrapped paddle or stick

to a flat surface. Indeed the application of a cord-wrapped paddle

held flat in the hand would have the effect of flattening the lip.

The probability factor of less than .-20 in the test pairing diameter

and collared vessels indicates a slight tendency for the larger

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FIGURE 2

Classes of Straight Rim Profiles - Fennville Site

(Interiors to Left)

A ttributes Vessels

1, 2. Straight - squared lip 67

Straight - rounded lip

Straight - thickened lip

5-7. Straight - collar

8, 9. Straight - pinched collar

169

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FIGURE 3

Classes of Everted Rin Profiles - Fennville Site

(Interiors to Left)

A ttributes

Everted - rounded lip

Everted - squared lip 26

Everted - thickened lip

Everted - collared

Everted - pointed

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TABLE 22

Rim Characteristics Without Significant Associations Fennville Site

Test N X2 df P

lip treatment/presence of exterior decoration 144 2.4961 1 .10

lip treatment/diameter 47 1.6245 1 .20

lip treatment/profile 145 .2247 1 .70

presence of exterior decoration/diameter 50 .9695 1 .80

presence of exterior decoration/profile 149 2.9560 1 . 10

presence of exterior decorat ion/1 ip shape 141 .1105 1 .70

diameter/profile 47 .1038 1 .20

diameter/lip shape 47 .0050 1 .95

diameter/collar 51 2.0008 1 .20

TABLE 23

Significant Association Of Lip Treatment and Lip Shape Fennville Site

Lip Treatment

Presence Absence Total

Square 70 38 117

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Lip Shape Round 7 17 24

Total 86 55 141

X^=i0.7545 significant at .001 level.

vessels to be collared. This is somewhat similar to the situation at

Spring Creek where the collared vessels were the large vessels (Fitting

1968:22). A probability factor of grea'ter than .10 in the test pair­

ing lip treatment with the presence of exterior decoration indicates

a tendency for vessels with exterior decoration to have lips that

have been treated or decorated with a tool rather than left plain.

Table 22 shows a fairly low probability factor of greater than .20

for the pairing of lip treatment and diameter size. Wider vessels

were likely to have lips treated with a tool as opposed to being left

plain, whereas the choice of lip treatment on narrow vessels was

apparently random. Finally, a probability factor of less than .10

in the test pairing the presence of exterior decoration with everted

or straight rim profiles suggests that vessels with everted profiles

were not likely to be decorated.

Typology

The vast majority of the ceramics at the Fennville site have

cord-marking up to the lip and profiles that are straight to slightly

everted. The grit temper is normally greater than two millimeters in

diameter. Lips are predominantly squared and there is a common

occurrence of.lip treatment in the form of cord-wrapped stick, cord-

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wrapped paddle, tool impressions, fingernail impressions and incising.

Lip treatment is significantly associated with squared lips at the

Fennville site. Variations on the rim are produced by smoothing over

the cord-marks, making a single row of punctate impressions around

the rim, making diamond shaped cross-hatching incising just below the

lip and impressing the pottery with fabric.

This pottery is within the classification Allegan Ware with all

but one variant of Allegan Ware being present (Table 24) (Plates 7,8).

These include 95 vessels of Allegan Cord-marked with cord-marked

impression up to the lip; 11 vessels of Allegan Smoothed with smooth­

ing of the cord-marked impressions up to the lip; three vessels of

Allegan punctate with a single row of punctations below the lip;

three vessels of Allegan Corded Punctate with a single row of cord-

wrapped stick punctations below the lip; three vessels of Allegan

Crosshatched with diamond shaped crosshatched incising below the

lip , and one vessel of A llegan Rocker Stamped with rocker stamping

horizontal to the lip. Three of these variants, Allegan Corded

Punctate, Allegan Crosshatched and Allegan Rocker Stamped have

probable chronological implications. None of these variants were •

present in the later 46th Street site and all of them have character­

istics that may represent carry-overs from the earlier Middle Woodland.

In addition to the use of a cord-wrapped stick on the Allegan

Corded Punctate vessels, there are a few body sherds from the Fennville

site that were decorated entirely with cord-wrapped stick impressions.

These represent one vessel and while it is impossible to know if they

are of an established type, the cord-wrapped stick is a tool used for

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f illin g in zones in Havana Ware and to decorate the rim area in the

s lig h tly la te r Weaver Ware in Middle Woodland I llin o is s ite s (Fowler

1955:220). Thus, the use of cord-wrapped stick impressions at the

Fennville site is suggestive of the Middle Woodland time period.

The Allegan Crosshatched pottery from the Fennville site is re-

minicent of the Middle Woodland type Norton Crosshatched as defined

by Quimby (1940:491) in that it exhibits incising in a band around

the rim. This pottery differs from Norton Crosshatched in that there

is no evidence of zoned decoration on body sherds and there is no

evidence of hemiconical punctations below the rim. It would appear

that crosshatched decoration in a band around the rim is a carry

over of a Middle Woodland m otif into a somewhat la te r period.

One crosshatched incised vessel was unusual since the incising

occurred on the interior and the exterior was cord-marked and bore

a slight collar. A Wayne Crosshatched rim from the Fort Wayne

Mound in shows similar interior crosshatching and exterior

cord-marking (Halsey 1968:124). This vessel however, did not have

a collar. The Fennville vessel represents an interesting combination

of m otifs from the Middle Woodland time period and the la te r Spring

Creek collared vessels.

The rocker stamped body sherds from the Fennville s ite are

extremely small and cannot be accurately typed (Plate 9). The sherds

are a very light gray with medium temper and exhibit very fine line

plain rocker stamping. One sherd has a smooth area suggestive of

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zoning although there is no line separating it from the decorated

area. The use of rocker stamping, the fineness of execution and the

suggestion of zoning indicate Middle Woodland pottery. The one

sherd that is cord-marked with a rocker stamp impression horizontal

to the lip was classified as Allegan Rocker Stamped. It is far

more crudely made than the other rocker stamped sherds, but like

them ex h ib its a Middle Woodland m otif and probably represents a

carry over of th is m otif into the Late Woodland.

Forty-one of the collared vessels at the Fennville site are

Spring Creek Collared (Fitting 1968:25) (Plate 8). Like those at the

Spring Creek s it e and the 46th Street s ite they are more likely

to occur on larger vessels. The collars tend to be small with most

of them consisting of a fold of 1.5 centimeters or less. The

collars vary in form from a simple fold to a fold which has a

pinched effect at the bottom of the collar. Sometimes a row of

punctations is found below the collar and in one case a row of

punctation occurred on the collar and one row' appeared below' it.

The eight roughened vessels from the Fennville site, like those

from the 46th Street site are not identifiable as to type (Plate 8).

The roughened rims from the Fennville site share the characteristics

of the 46th Street site rims of a straight profile, minimal decora­

tion and coarse temper. Lips can be square or rounded. Three of

the eight rims showed treatment of the lip with one being brushed,

one impressed with a cord-wrapped paddle and one impressed with a

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cord-wrapped stick. Two of the rims are collared and one had a

broad incised line on the rim. In some cases the body of the vessel

was cord-marked before roughening occurred.

There were two vessels that exhibited a plain polished surface

(Plate 9). These were vessels that were about 8.4 centimeters in

diameter. There is only one other vessel this small from the

Fennville site. Both vessels have straight rim profiles and squared

lips with no decoration on rim or lip. One vessel is fine tempered

and the other is coarse tempered. Plain surfaced pottery is common

in Hopewell Ware, Havana Ware and Weaver Ware in Illinois (Fowler

1955:218,219) and in Hopewellian related pottery type in Michigan

(Quimby 1940:492) and while the Fennville sample is too small to

indicate its inclusion in one of these wares, it is indicative of

some Middle Woodland connections for the pottery at the Fennville

site.

One unusual vessel was found at the Fennville site. The base

is rounded and the surface is cord-marked with the cord-marks being

smoothed on some sherds. The temper is uniformly black and coarse.

Dr. David Kuenzi of the Geology Department of Western Michigan

University indicates that the temper could be hornblende, although

it is difficult to tell using macro-analysis. The pot has a reddish

brown surface which looks almost slip-like over an interior surface

that is usually gray. The lip is decorated with cord-wrapped stick

and has a notched appearance since the stick was pressed deep into

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the clay. The vertical rim is decorated with a collar. The diameter

of the vessel at the rim is twenty-four centimeters.

This vessel fits almost exactly the description by Fowler (1955:

219) of Canton Ware which is found in Mason^ Tazewell, Fulton, Peoria

and Marshall counties in the Central Illinois Valley (Map 5).

Canton Ware has large black angular temper (possibly hornblende),

is usually reddish brown in color, is cord-marked, has a vertical

rim and undecorated vessels are collared. The vessel from the

Fennville site differs from Fowler's description of Canton Ware

in that Canton Ware is surfaced with cord-markings that are large

and loosely twisted and the marks are not distinct, whereas the

cord-marking on the Fennville vessel are medium sized and clear.

Wray (1952:156) in discussing Maple Mills Cord Impressed,

which is another name for Canton Ware, states that this pottery has

fine cord-marking, thus differing from Fowler somewhat and giving

a description which is more closely matched by the Fennville vessel.

Wray goes on to note that lip notching which is present on the

Fennville vessel represents a continuity from the Middle Woodland

Weaver Ware (1952:156). It is impossible to escape the conclusion

that this vessel is Canton Ware that came into Michigan from

Illinois (Plate 9).

Although there are no radiocarbon dates from the Fennville site

as yet, stylistic attributes of the pottery can give clues as to the

probable date of occupation of the site. This dating is based on

the assumption that the site contains a single component. While there

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TABLE 24

Pottery Types Represented at The Fennville S ite

Type # of Vessels

Allegan Ware 116

Allegan Cord-marked (95)

Allegan Smoothed (11)

Allegan Punctate (3)

Allegan Cord Punctate (3)

Allegan Crosshatched (3)

Allegan Rocker Stamped (1)

Spring Creek Coll3red 41

Unidentified roughened 8

Unidentified plain 2

Unidentified crosshatched 1

Unidentified rocker stamped (body sherds) 1

Canton Ware 1

Total ' 170

are a variety of pottery types present, most of them with the ex­

ception of Allegan Ware are represented by only a few sherds that

are not enough to indicate a distinct occupation. Further, those

sherds th at are Middle Woodland in type were found in u n its in a ll

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FENNVILLE SITE

^ * 70mi MAP 5 DISTRIBUTION OF CANTON WARE IN ILLINOIS CANTON WARE AREA 76 77

areas of the site. The fact that no features were found (noteworthy

is the absence of storage pits) suggests that the site was never

occupied for long periods of time, and no stratigraphic overlay of

living floors was discerned. Table 25 shows the percentage of each

kind of surface treatment present in each level of the site and in­

dicates a fairly even distribution of surface treatment throughout.

TABLE 25

Stratigraphic Distribution of Surface Treatment Of Pottery - Fennville Site

Level % Level % Level % Surface One of One Two of Two Three of Three

unmodified cord 317 22% 431 24% 106 18%

smoothed cord 562 39 711 39 259 44

smoothed 433 30 527 29 162 27

roughened 87 .06 103 .06 53 10

incised 9 .01 16 .01 1 .002

p lain 14 .01 22 .01 3 .005

fabric 6 .004 8 .004 0 0

cord-wrapped stic k ___ 2 .001 __ 15 .01 __ 2 .003

Total 1430 1833 591

The presence of Middle Woodland p o ttery m otifs coupled with a

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preponderance of Late Woodland pottery types suggests that the

Fennville site was occupied sometime during the beginning of the Late

Woodland with some carry over in Middle Woodland p o ttery sty le s.

The date can be narrowed down further because of the presence of

Spring Creek collared pottery and the collared Canton Ware vessel.

If it is true as suggested by Fitting (1968:23) and MacPherron

(1967:277) that collars are a horizon marker for the time period from

about A.D. 800 to A.D. 1000, it is probable that the Fennville site

was occupied during the early portion of this time horizon. Collared

vessels are found at the Spring Creek site with a date of A.D. 950*

75 (Fitting 1968:11) and at the 46th Street site with dates of A.D.

1180* 100 (M-2233) and A.D. 1230 * 100 (M-2232) with no evidence of

Middle Woodland pottery styles being present at these sites. Canton

Ware is considered by Fowler (1955:219) to be a Late Woodland con­

tin u atio n of Middle Woodland Weaver Ware in I llin o is and dates from

A.D. 700 to 900. The earlier date of 700 A.D. seems most likely

for the Fennville site because A.D. 800 seems late for rocker

stamping to be present.

SPECULATIONS AND INTERPRETATIONS

Kinship And Residence

It is extremely difficult to interpret the findings of the chi

square tests on pottery in cultural terms, largely because the test

was inapplicable in so many cases from the 46th Street site, due to

the small size of the sample. A noteworthy observation is that many

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of the characteristics subjected to the chi square technique for both

the 46'th Street and Fennville sites showed no clustering at all. This

would suggest the absence of strictly observed norms in pottery mak­

ing such as might be found in a matrilocal-matrilineal kinship system

where there is a high degree of imitation of mothers by daughters

(Deetz: 1965).

The question arises that since this lack of clustering does not

suggest a matrilocal residence pattern, does it represent a viri-

local residence pattern? In the Mackinac phase at the Jutunen site,

MacPherron considers a weak association of attributes to be evidence

of a virilocal residence pattern (Fitting 1968:31). However, the

situation at the 46th Street and Fennville sites is more closely

similar to that at Spring Creek where as Fitting says (1968:31),

"There are simply no decorative attributes to cluster or overlap.

There is only the homogeneity of the collection and a small degree

of functional variation within a single tradition." Fitting goes on

to contrast Spring Creek with more northern Lake Superior sites

which apparently lack this homogeneity and suggests that while both

may have the traditional Algonkian pattern of virilocal residence,

the homogeneity at the Spring Creek site may simply reflect the

greater population density of an agricultural region (1968:31).. This

is possible since in regions of higher concentrations of people there

is more contact and small bands are not so isolated as they would be

in a strictly hunting and gathering situation. However, the lack of

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clustering may simply be due to a lack of artistic importance

placed on p o ttery making by the Late Woodland peoples in the area.

Thus a mother may teach her daughter how to make a vessel functional,

but may put little emphasis on teaching means of decoration. This

coupled with patrilocality might lead to the pattern of very little

clustering of ceramic characteristics.

In a recent issue of American Antiquity an article appeared

discouraging the study of kinship in archaeological analysis (Allen

and Richardson 1971:41-53). Since kinship was one focus of this

study, it seems appropriate to consider it in the light of this

article. Certainly, as Allen and Richardson point out, kinship is a

far more intricate matter than the broad categories which have been

utilized in archaeological studies; and rules of descent and residence

do not always follow from one another (1971:43). Further, since

ethnologists have difficulty determining the kinship structure of a

given society and how it relates to the entire cultural system,

it seems logical to suggest that archaeologists should leave the

subject alone because archaeological data do not lend themselves to

the study of the range of individual choices within a particular

culture as to residence and lineality (Allen and Richardson 1971:50,51).

However, the same argument can be made for other questions which

archaeologists as anthropologists seek to answer. Certainly religion,

political organization, social stratification and trade are also com­

plex and vary in subtle ways from culture to culture. It can be

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argued that archaeological data is just as silent on these sub­

jects as well as kinship and that ethnologists too find some of them

d i f f ic u lt to analyze. The re a l question seems to be chat given the

difficulties of studying kinship, is it worthwhile to spend time in

its study and will it provide significant clues as to the nature of

the cultural system?

The question as to whether kinship studies are worthwhile for

archaeologists to pursue hinges upon what questions archaeologists

seek to answer. If one is seeking to study a particular culture

from an emic view and to understand the choices of members of what

culture with regard to kinship, then to say that the kinship

stru c tu re is psitrilocal or m atrilo cal is indeed rid icu lo u s. However,

if one takes the etic viewpoint and seeks to look at kinship as

part of an overall cultural system such terms are not totally use­

less. In such a case where the ultimate purpose is to seek cross-

cultural regularities, peqhaps the study of kinship by archaeologists

in even a gross way is justified. Anthropologists know for example,

that kinship is related to the economic system. Thus in hunting

and gathering so cieties one is more 'lik e ly to find p a tr ilo c a lity

since this allows the hunters to work better as a team and to thor-

oughly know their hunting territory. In this example it is not the

variation in particular cultures that is involved, but a cross-

cultural generalization. Thus an archaeologist analyzing a particular

site is justified in doing "kinship analysis if he has the broader

view in mind.

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While kinship analysis utilizing the ceramics of the 46th

Street and Fennville sites probably did not add a great deal to our

understanding of the culture of the people occupying these sites, it

did accomplish something. At the 46th Street site where cultural

material other than ceramics was also studied, the conclusion that

its occupants were patrilocal fits with other conclusions about

the site, namely that it was a seasonal hunting camp of the Chippewa

pattern. It is logical to assume that this pattern was facilitated

by patrilocality, since the ecologial pattern involves seasonal

hunting. As to the Fennville site, the conclusion that the in­

habitants were patrilocal may be relevant when the site as a whole

is analyzed. Further, the conclusion of patrilocality for both

sites may be useful in doing cross site studies.

It is certainly true that the analysis rests on assumptions that

are open to question, as for example, the precise nature of the

sexual division of labor. It is equally true that there may be other

explanations for a lack of clustering of ceramic attributes. This

may be due to such situations as an influx of new peoples, contact

through trade or local innovation (Allen and Richardson 1971:50).

In any case however, in doing archaeological analysis some assump­

tions and some attempt to construct a cultural system must be made if

archaeologists are to function as anthropologists. It is without

question that both the resulting assumptions and constructions can

and should be challenged.

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Time Change In Allegan Ware

Allegan Ware is a category of pottery that covers a very long

span of time. Since the presence of Middle Woodland pottery m otifs

at the Fennville site suggests a date some few hundreds of years

e a rlie r than the 46th S tre e t s ite dates of 1180^ 100 A.D. and 1230^

100 A.D., an attempt was made to analyze the differences in the

Allegan Ware between the two sites in the hope that changes through

time could be discerned. With this in mind, differences in diameter,

lip shape, profile, exterior rim decoration and lip decoration were

studied because these involve decorative attributes that would be

more su b ject to change. Temper size was discarded as a c rite rio n

because it was considered less useful for this purpose as it was con­

sistently large in both sites and is probably a function of avail­

able material. After this initial choice of elements to study,

diameter, lip shape and profile were also eliminated because both

sites show a closely similar pattern of diameters in both range and

distribution and both sites show a predominance of squared lips

and s tra ig h t p ro file s .

Some differences were found in exterior decoration between the

two sites. The pottery from the Fennville site shows a wider

variety of punctate forms; in addition to circular punctations,

such as are found at the 46th Street site, wedge shaped punctations

and cord-wrapped stick punctations are also found. The use of cord-

wrapped stick punctations is particularly relevant as a time criterion

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because it may represent a continued use of Middle Woodland manner of

decoration. The same is true for those vessels from the Fennville

site exhibiting diamond-shaped crosshatching around the rim and the

one vessel with horizontal rocker stamping. Neither of these forms

of decoration were present at the 46th Street site.

The only criterion that was appropriate for chi square analysis

was lip decoration. A chi square test was run on the computer at

Western Michigan University for the presence of cord-wrapped stick

impressions at both sites. Cross tabulation Table 26 shows the re­

sults of the test. Although the test was not statistically signi­

ficant at the .01 level, a probability factor of greater than .20

does suggest a trend toward less use of this kind of lip decoration

at the 46th Street site.

TABLE 26

Presence Of Cord-wrapped Stick Decoration On The Lip

Cord-wrapped Stick

Present Absent Total

Fennville 18 114 132

46th Street 2 40 42

Total 20 154 174

X2 = 1.6714 greater than .20; not significant.

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Changes through time in Allegan Ware pottery are apparent in

the greater variety of punctation technique and lip decoration, and

in a use of Middle Woodland notifs in rim decoration on the earlier

pottery from Fennville. In contrast the pottery from the 46th Street

site shows only one kind of punctation, (i.e. circular) and no cross-

hatching or rocker stamping of the rim. It is interesting to note

that change through time includes changes in lip decoration, since

lip treatment was one of the differences noted between Allegan Ware

and the Wayne Ware of southeastern Michigan. Once again, perhaps

this is due to preference for a flattened lip in southwestern

Michigan which in turn facilitates lip decoration. Overall however,

it seems evident that Allegan Ware is an essentially conservative

pottery style.

Cultural Relationships

The cultural relationships between the occupants of the Fenn­

ville site and the 46th Street site and other areas outside south­

west Michigan must be viewed in the context of what was happening

in the upper Great Lakes region during the Middle Woodland and early

Late Woodland periods. It is known that southwestern Michigan was

subjected to Hopewellian influence from Illinois via the Kankakee

and western Michigan river valleys during the Middle Woodland (Griffin,

Flanders and Titterington: 1970:188). Southeastern Michigan on the

other hand, was more closely related to Ohio during the Middle

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Woodland and to this and other eastern areas during the Late Woodland

(Fitting 1965:131,151).

According to Struever (1964:85-106) Hopewell was essentially

an' interaction sphere consisting of concepts of ideology and style

plus raw materials which spread and were adopted by peoples of vary­

ing cultural traditions who exploited the plant resources of a

riverine environment. If this is the case, the Hopewellian mani­

festation in southwest Michigan, part of Quimby's Goodall Focus,

involved not a migration of peoples so much as the addition of re­

ligious and ceremonial traits to an already existing cultural

tradition.

After the decline of Hopewell in Illinois, there was distinctly

less contact with outside groups (Wray 1952:155). Griffin, Flanders

and Titterington consider the groups living in Illinois during the

post-Hopewellian period to represent local manifestations of the

Late Woodland (1970:9). Thus during the early Late Woodland from

about A.D. 600 to 1200 ties between southwestern Michigan and

Illinois were probably considerably reduced. Given a decrease in

interaction with Illinois, relationships with southeastern Michigan

seem to have become more manifest.

The date from the Fennville site and the 46th Street site seem

to fit this interpretation. The presence at Fennville of the Canton

Ware vessel from Illinois shows that at about A.D. 700 influence from

this region was still being felt.

The pottery at the later 46th Street site, which is exclusively

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Allegan Ware and Spring Creek Collared, both Michigan types, shows

no direct connections with Illinois. The exact nature of the rela­

tionship between southeastern Michigan and southwestern Michigan at

this time period is not clear. Certainly though both sides of the

state were subject to influence from different sources during Middle

Woodland times contact between east and west was probably continuous,

since the distance is not far and there are no geographical barriers.

A fter the Middle Woodland there does seem to be an increased cera­

mic sim ilarity as seen in Allegan Ware and Wayne Ware and perhaps

the effect of contact between the regions was more strongly felt.

However, the differences in these wares are geographically consistent

and suggest that regional variation persists after A.D. 700 despite

the reduction of other outside influences.

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APPENDIX

Descriptions Of Identified Pottery Types Present At The Fennville And 46th Street Sites

Allegan Ware

Vessel Sample: Total 240: 46th S treet 24; Fennville 116.

Temper: Grit. Particles generally over 2.1 cm. in diameter.

Texture: Coarse and crumbly. Exterior or interior surface often spalls off.

Hardness: 2.0 to 3.0

'Color: Yellowish-brown to reddish-brown.

Surface Finish: Surface is impressed with cord-wrapped paddle. Often cord-marks have been smoothed over.

Decoration: Most examples are undecorated, with cord-marking up to the lip. Where decoration occurs it consists usually of oblique or horizontal impressions or crosshatched incising; horizontal rocker stamping occurs on one vessel. Commonly there is only one row of decoration just below the lip. Lip de­ coration is frequent and is normally produced by the flat side of a cord-wrapped paddle. Other forms of lip decoration are produced with cord-wrapped paddle edge, cord-wrapped stick, tool impressions and fin g ern ail impressions.

Variants: Allegan Cord-marked: This undecorated form has cord- marking up to the lip.

Allegan Smoothed: This form is also undecorated, but the cord-marking at the rim as well as the body of the vessel has been smoothed over.

Allegan Punctate: This variant is decorated with a single row of circular punctations below the lip.

Allegan Corded Punctate: Punctations produced by a c ord-wrapped stick impression occur in a single row the lip .

Allegan Crosshatched: Diamond shaped crosshatch in­ cising below the lip characterizes this variant.

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Allegan Rocker Stamped: This form exhibits fine line rocker stamping horizontal to the lip.

Allegan Cord-impressed: A single or double row of hori­ zontal cord-impressions occur below the lip.

Form: Rim. No castellations or collars occur. Rims are nor­ mally straight, but sometimes are slightly everted and rarely are slightly inverted.

Lip. Normally square with occasional thickening of the lip. Rounded lips are infrequent.

Base. Probably rounded.

Geographic range: Southwestern Michigan with probable occur- rances as far north as the Muskegon Valley.

Chronological range: Begins early Late Woodland, about A.D. 600 and extends to 1200. Some variants are clear Middle Woodland derivatives.

Relationships: This pottery can be considered a companion ceramic series to Wayne Ware in southeastern Michigan [Fitting 1965:158, 159).

Spring Creek Collared

Vessel Sample: Total 54; 46th Street 15; Fennville 41.

Temper: Grit. Particles generally over 2.1 cm. in diameter.

Texture: Coarse and crumbly. Exterior and interior surface often spalls off.

Hardness: 2.0 to 3.0.

Color: Yellowish-brown to reddish-brown.

Surface Finish: Surface is impressed with cord-wrapped paddle.

Decoration: Collars consist of a folding over the lip. Some­ times the collars have been pinched and sometimes they are smoothed over. Punctations occur usually i n the form of a single row below the collar. Punctations normally are circular or made with a cord-wrapped stick.

Form: Rim. No castellations occur. Rims are mormally straight.

Lip. Normally square and flattened. Decoration of the lip

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is common and is usually produced-with a cord-wrapped paddle. This is a deviation from the occurrence at the Spring Creek site where lips tend not to be decorated (Fitting 1968:23).

Base. Probably rounded.

Geographical range: Southwest Michigan

Chronological range: Fitting, who proposed the type, suggests that it is part of a collared horizon of cord-marked pottery in the early Late Woodland (1968:23).

Canton Ware

Canton Ware: (Fowler 1955:219).

Vessel Sample: Total 1; Fennville.

Temper: Grit. Black, possibly hornblende.

Hardness: 2.5 to 3.0.

Color: Reddish-brown.

Surface Finish: Cord-marked. Cords large, loosely twisted, not distinct. Cords on Fennville example medium and d is tin c t.

Decoration: Geometric designs between lip and neck usually pendant and p a ra lle l lin e s. Sometimes animal forms. Undecorated vessels are collared. The Fennville vessel is an undecorated form.

Form: Rim. S traig h t.

Lip. Fennville vessel has squared lip decorated with deep notched cord-wrapped stick impressions.

Base. Rounded.

Geographical Range: Central Illinois River Valley. Fennville example brought into southwest Michigan from th is area.

Chronological Range: 700-900 A.D..

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Plate 1. 46th Street Site. A. Feature 4. B. Feature 6.

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Plate 2. 46th Street Site. A-F. Allegan Cord-marked. G-J. Allegan Punctate. K-M. Allegan Cord-marked (smoothed over cord-marks). N-0. Allegan Smoothed. P-Q. Smoothed body sherds.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 93

e— «w«gaMMMaE>nFaaa»»:ls. p aS S a ^ ^ S Siew ^r, .-

f:;V,

Plate 3. 46th Street Site. A-F. Spring Creek Collared. G-H. Incised body sherds. I. Roughened rim sherd. J-M. Roughened body sherds. N-P. Fabric impressed body sherds. Q-R. Clay pipe fragments.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 94

W m M M W

1'-'''

Plate 4. 46th Street Site. A-E. Small stemmed projectile points. F-K. Small side-notched projectile points. L-M. Medium side- notched projectile points. N. Large side-notched projectile point. 0-R. Triangular projectile points.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 95

Plate 5. 46th Street Site. A-G. Knives. H-N. Drills. 0-P. Gravers. R-W. Scrapers.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 96

Plate 6. 46th Street Site. A-F. Scrapers. G. Rubbing stone with bevelled edge. H. Maul. I. Rubbing stone. J. Celt.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 97

Plate 7. Fennville Site. A-D. Allegan Cord-marked. E-G. Allegan Cord-marked.(smoothed over).

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wm m v

•« . ;’ ^ • . V/,'.',^.,» 7 i:-'.>'.- _ •••".,.. '• . - ;'• v7'Vv'' . ■* •■’.

INCHES » » I

Plate 8. Fennville Site. A-B. Allegan Cord-marked Csmoothed over). C. Allegan Smoothed. D-E. Smoothed body sherds. F. Allegan Punctate. G-M. Spring Creek Collared. N-0. Fabric impressed body sherds. P-R. Roughened body sherds.

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m

I 2 3 INCHES i , I CM 1— '— r" ^ — 1— ^— 1 ^ 2 4 6

Plate 9. Fennville Site. A-D. Incised body sherds. E-H. Rocker stamped body sherds. I-K. Plain body sherds. L. Plain rim sherd. M-R. Canton Ware.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Works Cited

A llen, W illiam L & James B. Richardson I I I 1971. "The Reconstruction of Kinship From Archaeological Data" in American Antiquity. Volume 36, no. 1, pp. 41-53.

Brose, David 1966. "The Valley Sweets S ite , 20 SA 24, Saginaw County Michigan" in Michigan Archaeologists. Vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 1-21.

Cleland, Charles -E. 1966. The Prehistoric Animal Ecology and Ethnozoology of the Upper Great Lakes Region. Anthropological Papers, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, no. 29, Ann Arbor.

Cole, Ann 1967. The Golden Guide to American Antiques. Golden Press, New York.

Deetz, James 1965. The Dynamics of S ty lis tic Change in Arikara Ceramics. Studies in Anthropology, no. 4, Illinois.

F ittin g , James E. 1970. The Archaeology of Michigan. A Guide to the Prehistory of the Great Lakes Region. Natural History Press, New York.

1965. Late Woodland Cultures of Southeastern Michigan. Anthropological Papers, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, no. 24, Ann Arbor.

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