DOCSLIB.ORG

Doing Business in India 2009 and Other Subnational and Regional Doing Business Studies Can Be Downloaded at No Charge At

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Doing Business in India 2009 and Other Subnational and Regional Doing Business Studies Can Be Downloaded at No Charge At COMPARING REGULATION IN 17 CITIES AND 181 ECONOMIES COMPARING REGULATION IN 17 CITIES AND 181 ECONOMIES A publication of the World Bank and the International Finance Corporation Bank and the International Finance World A publication of the ©2009 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington, D.C. 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org E-mail: [email protected] All rights reserved 1 2 3 4 5 09 08 07 06 A copublication of the World Bank and the International Finance Corporation This volume is a product of the staff of the World Bank Group. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank Group does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The World Bank Group encourages dissemination of its work and will normally promptly grant permission to reproduce portions of the work. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Co- pyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone: 978-750-8400; fax: 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright.com. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2422; e-mail: [email protected]. Copies of Doing Business 2009, Doing Business 2008, Doing Business 2007: How to Reform, Doing Business in 2006: Creating Jobs, Doing Business in 2005: Removing Obstacles to Growth, and Doing Business in 2004: Understanding Regulation may be obtained at www.doingbusiness.org. Doing Business in India 2009 and other subnational and regional Doing Business studies can be downloaded at no charge at http://subnational.doingbusiness.org. Contents Doing Business in India 2009 is the first taxes, trading across borders, enforcing About Doing Business and country-specific subnational report of contracts, and closing a business. These subnational Doing Business in India 1 the Doing Business series that measures indicators have been selected because they Overview 7 business regulations and their enforce- cover areas of local jurisdiction and prac- Starting a business 14 ment across India. It builds on ben- tice. Data in Doing Business in India 2009 Dealing with construction permits 19 chmarks previously published in the are current as of February 2009. regional Doing Business in South Asia The indicators are used to analyze Registering property 24 2005–7 series. Doing Business in India economic outcomes and identify what re- Paying taxes 28 2009 covers 10 out of the 12 previously forms have worked, where, and why. Other Trading across borders 31 measured cities, and documents their areas that significantly affect business— Enforcing contracts 35 progress. It adds 7 new locations, expan- such as a country’s proximity to mar- Closing a business 40 ding the study to 17 locations. kets, the quality of infrastructure services The Indian cities and states covered (other than services related to the trad- Data notes 42 in Doing Business in India 2009 were se- ing across borders indicator), the security lected together with the Indian Ministry of property from theft and looting, the City tables 51 of Commerce and Industry. They are: transparency of gov ernment procurement, Doing Business indicators 57 Ahmedabad (Gujarat), Bengaluru (Kar- macroeconomic conditions, or the un- List of procedures 63 nataka), Bhubaneshwar (Orissa), Chennai derlying strength of institutions—are not Starting a business (Tamil Nadu), Guwahati (Assam), Gurgaon directly studied by Doing Business. Dealing with construction permits (Haryana), Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh), This report was requested by the Gov- Registering property Indore (Madhya Pradesh), Jaipur (Rajast- ernment of India. It was prepared by the Acknowledgments 134 han), Kochi (Kerala), Kolkata (West Bengal), World Bank Group with the support of Ludhiana (Punjab), Mumbai (Maharashtra), the Department of Industrial Policy and New Delhi (Delhi), Noida (Uttar Pradesh), Promotion of the Indian Ministry of Com- Patna (Bihar), and Ranchi (Jharkhand). merce and Industry. Comparisons with the rest of the world are based on the indicators in Doing Business 2009. The indicators inDoing Business in India 2009 are also comparable with the data in other subnational and regional Doing Business reports. Doing Business investigates the regu- lations that enhance business activity and those that constrain it. Doing Business in India 2009 presents quantitative indica- tors to mea sure the regulations affecting 7 stages in the life of a business: start- ing a business, dealing with construc- tion permits, registering property, paying 1 About Doing was no one group of indicators available subnational studies in Mexico, in Brazil, internationally to monitor these micro- China, Colombia, India, Nigeria, Phil- Business and economic factors and analyze their im- ippines, Pakistan, the Russian Federa- portance. The first efforts to compile such tion, and others. Doing Business has also Doing Business a group of indicators date from the 1980s, begun a program on small islands that and were based primarily on opinion are independent states. in India surveys in academic or business circles. The Doing Business in India is an ex- These surveys are useful indicators of tension of the Doing Business project be- economic and political conditions, but yond Mumbai. By adopting the method- the fact that they are based on percep- ology of the Doing Business report, Doing tions, and that they provide only partial Business in India allows for comparisons information on poorer countries, limits of specific Indian cities’ performances their usefulness as an analytical tool. in terms of business regulations and en- The Doing Business project began forcement, and between these and 181 seven years ago, and aspires to go further economies around the world. National than these initial surveys. The project and international comparisons encour- In 1664, William Petty, advisor to King focuses on small- and mid-sized busi- age competition between cities and align Charles II of England, compiled the nesses in each economy, and analyzes the incentives of public servants toward first national accounts in history. These the regulations that govern each cycle of the reform and implementation of best consisted of only four entries. Expenses that economy’s existence. Doing Business national and international practices. were listed as “food, lodging, clothes, and the standard cost model, developed Doing Business in India 2009 is the and other necessaries,” calculated at 40 and applied initially by Netherlands, are first subnational report on this country million pounds. National revenues were today the only standardized tools that but a number of Indian cities have been divided into three sources: 8 million analyze the full range of jurisdictions to previously covered by regional Doing Busi- pounds from land, 7 million pounds quantify the impact of government legis- ness in South Asia 2005-7 series. In 2005 from other personal estates, and 25 mil- lation on business activity. and 2006, quantitative indicators were lion pounds from labor income. The firstDoing Business report, pub- compiled regarding regulations on busi- In subsequent centuries, estimates lished in 2003, covered five groups of ness activity and their enforcement in 9 on national income, spending, and the indicators in 133 economies. Doing Busi- Indian cities and states. The third report, inflow and outflow of capital became ness 2009 covers 10 groups of indicators Doing Business in South Asia 2007, ex- more abundant, although a system- in 181 economies. The project has ben- tended the coverage to 12 Indian cities and atic framework for measuring national efited from feedback from governments, states. Doing Business in India 2009 covers accounts was not developed until the academics, practicing professional ex- 10 out of 12 previously measured cities1 1940s, under the direction of British perts, and qualified reviewers. The initial and documents their progress. It adds 7 economist John Maynard Keynes. As this goal remains: to provide an objective new locations and measures the impact of methodology became an international basis for understanding and improving recent reforms on the indicators. standard, it became possible to compare the regulatory environment and a guide the economic positions of different coun- for improving performance in the sphere ASPECTS COVERED BY tries. Today, macroeconomic indicators of business. DOING BUSINESS IN INDIA of national accounts are standardized in In the Doing Business report, each all countries. economy is represented by its largest Doing Business in India provides a quan- Governments committed to the eco- business city—Mumbai, for India, for ex- titative measure of the national, state and nomic welfare of their countries and to ample, or Mexico City, for Mexico. Busi- municipal regulations involved in start- providing opportunities to their citizens ness regulation and their enforcement, ing up a business, dealing with construc- today do not limit themselves
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Accountability, 3, 59–61, 322, 334–335, 410, 412–419, 437, 475
    Index Accountability, 3, 59–61, 322, Agriculturally based economies, 334–335, 410, 412–419, 437, 312 475 Agrupacion´ Nacional de Empleados bureaucratic politics in Mexico, Fiscales (ANEF), 102 194–198 Alianza Democratica´ M-19 Chile’s institutions of, 103–108 (AD M-19), 115 in Colombia, 127–132 American Congresses, 294–298 congressional oversight, 103–104 American legislators, 297 control bodies, 104–105 Andean Counterdrug Initiative (ACI), in Costa Rica, 162–170 134 financial and economic, 128–129 Antipoverty programs, governance in, formal instruments, 128–130 389–394 horizontal, 103–105, 162–169 Apps, 366–369 informal instruments, 130–132 Argentina, 23–27 media, 130–131 Argentine state and successive in Paraguay, 220–221 reform processes, 39–41 performance, 129–130 bureaucracy, 35–38 political, 128 characteristics of public public, 131–132 employment, 28–35 Uribe effect, 132 characteristics of selected structures, in Uruguay, 247–249 49–50 vertical, 105–107, 169–170 civil and no civil personnel by Accounting Tribunal (TCR), 230–231, hierarchies, 47–48 233 congress, 25–26 Acto Legislativo 02 of 2004, 118 federalism, 24 Administrative bureaucracy, 37 national public policy, 27 Administrative decentralization, party system, 26–27 471–472 political parties, 35–37 Administrative Department of Public politics of Argentine bureaucracy, Service, 120 37–38 “Administrative modernization”,11 PPM in, 278–280 Administrative reforms, 13–14, presidential rule, 25 298–299 selected organs according to type of processes characteristics, 15–16 link, 51 Administrative Statute, 89–90 structure of government and Administrative style, 299 political institutions, 24–27 Administrative Tribunal (TCA), Argentina-Compra, 358 230–231, 233 Argentina.
    [Show full text]
  • Turnover of Political Appointments in Brazil, 1999 to 2012 – Key Indicators 109
    Turnover of Political Appointments in Brazil, 1999 to 2012 – Key Indicators 109 Turnover of Political Appointments in Brazil, 1999 to 2012 – Key Indicators Felix LOPEZ ＊ Mauricio BUGARIN ＊＊ Karina BUGARIN ＊＊＊ 1. Introduction Political economist and sociologist Max Weber presents a characterization of the ideal bureaucracy where he suggests that civil servant’s selection and advancement in the career should be primarily based on expertise and qualification: “purely functional points of consideration and qualities will determine his [public servant] selection and career”1. Although more recent studies suggests that “obtaining a proper balance between both types of personnel systems [politically appointed agency executives and merit-selected subordinates] across the supervisory and subordinate levels of an organization will best foster bureaucratic competence”2, the importance of consolidating a merit-based selection system for bureaucrats can hardly be understated3. Since the promulgation of the new “Citizen Constitution” in 1988, Brazil has advanced a great deal towards Weber’s ideal characteristic. In present-day Brazil almost all positions in the civil service are filled by means of very open, competitive The authors are grateful to Acir Almeida and Tomás Bugarin for helpful comments and insightful discus- sions. The financial support of CNPq and IPEA is gratefully acknowledged. Mauricio Bugarin was a visiting researcher at the Graduate School of International Cooperation Studies of Kobe University, GSICS, during the fall semester of 2013. The institutional support of GSICS is gratefully acknowledged. The authors re- main sole responsible for errors or opinions expressed here. ＊ Researcher, IPEA-Institute of Applied Economic Research, e-mail: [email protected]. ＊＊ Professor of Economics, Economics Department, University of Brasilia and Economics and Politics Research Group e-mail: [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • 23865754004.Pdf
    Revista de Sociologia e Política ISSN: 0104-4478 ISSN: 1678-9873 Universidade Federal do Paraná Filgueiras, Fernando; Koga, Natália; Viana, Rafael State Capacities and Policy Work in Brazilian Civil Service Revista de Sociologia e Política, vol. 28, no. 74, 2020, October-December Universidade Federal do Paraná DOI: 10.1590/1678-987319277404 Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=23865754004 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System Redalyc More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America and the Caribbean, Spain and Journal's webpage in redalyc.org Portugal Project academic non-profit, developed under the open access initiative Original Article State Capacities and Policy Work in Brazilian Civil Service DOI 10.1590/1678-987319277404 Fernando FilgueirasI,II , Natália KogaIII and Rafael VianaIV IFundação Getúlio Vargas, Escola de Políticas Públicas e Governo, FGV, Brasília, DF, Brasil. IIUniversidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Ciência Política, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil. IIIInstituto de Pesquisa Econômica e Aplicada, IPEA, Brasília, DF, Brasil. IVUniversidade de Brasília, UnB, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Política, Brasília, DF, Brasil ABSTRACT Introduction: This article analyzes the issue of Capacities for the implementation of public policies. The article examines the concepts of state capacity, policy capacities and policy work to analyze the role of bureaucratic roles in the implementation pro- cess. The article criticizes the concept of state capacities and advocates a perspective that the analysis of capacities should be focused on the performance of agents for the fulfillment of public policy functions. Materials and methods: Based on a survey analysis with agents of civil service bureaucracy, the article lists the central capacities for the performance of functions necessary for the implemen- tation of public policies.
    [Show full text]
  • Chinese and Brazilian Cooperation with African Agriculture: the Case of Mozambique
    CBAA Working Paper Working Chinese and Brazilian Cooperation with African Agriculture: The Case of Mozambique Sérgio Chichava, Jimena Duran, Lídia Cabral, Alex Shankland, Lila Buckley, Tang Lixia and Zhang Yue This paper was produced as part of the China and Brazil in African Agriculture (CBAA) Project work stream Working Paper 049 www.future-agricultures.org China and Brazil in African Agriculture (CBAA) project Working Paper series The ESRC (UK Economic and Social Research Council - ES/J018317/) funded CBAA project is exploring the new development cooperation engagements in agriculture across four African countries. The project is examining the politics of aid and investment policy in China and Brazil, exploring how understandings of agricultural development are translated in aid and investment projects. The project is being carried out as part of the Future Agricultures Consortium, connecting researchers from institutions in the UK and Africa with colleagues from China and Brazil. The research involves a mapping phase that is generating a geo-referenced database of Chinese and Brazilian agricultural development cooperation projects in Ethiopia, Ghana, Mozambique and Zimbabwe. In addition, in-depth case studies of a sample of these projects, are examining the ways in which experience and expertise from China and Brazil engage with the realities of African agriculture and the perspectives of African scientists and farmers. Comparative analysis across projects, countries and types of intervention are addressing the question of whether a “new paradigm” of development cooperation is emerging, and assessing the implications for the future of agricultural aid and investment policy. The CBAA Working Paper series publishes work in progress by CBAA team members.
    [Show full text]
  • Itamaraty on the Move: Institutional and Political Change in Brazilian Foreign Service Under Lula Da Silva’S Presidency (2003–2010)
    Bulletin of Latin American Research, Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 468–482, 2013 Itamaraty on the Move: Institutional and Political Change in Brazilian Foreign Service under Lula da Silva’s Presidency (2003–2010) CARLOS AURELIO´ PIMENTA DE FARIA Pontifícia Universidade Catolica´ de Minas Gerais, Brazil DAWISSON BELEM´ LOPES Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil GUILHERME CASAROES˜ Faculdades Rio Branco and Fundac¸ao˜ Getulio Vargas, Brazil This article aims to provide answers to two questions prompted by the latest reforms of Brazilian foreign service during Lula da Silva’s presidency: How exactly might these institutional changes generate any impact over the Brazilian diplomatic corporation cohesion at large? How could bureaucratic insulation be undermined as an unexpected outcome of this process? To accomplish their objectives, the authors will briefly review the process of institution-building in Brazil, with an emphasis on the diplomatic corporation and the transformations it has undergone over the last three decades. Keywords: Brazil, democracy, foreign policy, institutional politics, Itamaraty, reforms. The harder one attempts to demonstrate that popular participation on Brazilian foreign policy-making has grown stronger, the more it becomes clear things have not changed much over time. A great deal of the literature points out that the Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Ministerio´ das Relac¸oes˜ Exteriores) (MRE) remains strongly associated with a tradition of elitism, bureaucratic insulation and corporatism, and such tradition would forge among professional diplomats a sense of monopoly over what is understood as the national interest, which involves foreign policy formulation and implementation (Castro, 1983; Cheibub, 1985; Barros, 1986; Lima, 2000; Pinheiro, 2003; Faria, 2008).
    [Show full text]
  • The Clash Between Formalism and Reality in the Brazilian Civil Service
    THE CLASH BETWEEN FORMALISM AND REALITY IN THE BRAZILIAN CIVIL SERVICE By LAWRENCE SHERMAN GRAHAM A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE COUNCIL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA December, 1965 tmiyjifififP 0F FLORIDA 3 1262 08666 481 9 For Jane ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank the following people for assistance in the preparation of this dissertation: Professors Harry Kantor (chairman) , Gladys M. Kammerer, and Harry W. Hutchinson, of the University of Florida, who served as my reading com- mittee; Professors Manning J. Dauer, Frederick H. Hartmann, and Alfred Hower, also of the University of Florida; Pro- fessor Diogo Lordello de Mello, director of the research center at the Fundacao Getulio Vargas, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Professors Edward J. Jones, Jr. (chief of party) and David Mars, members of the University of Southern Calif ornia/AID is I mission in public administration at the Fundacao Getulio Var- gas; Peter D. Bell, of the Ford Foundation, Rio de Janeiro; the secretaries in the offices occupied by the University of Southern California mission at the Fundacao Getulio Vargas — especially Dona Irene — without whose many favors and as- sistance in the scheduling of interviews much of the material gathered here could not have been collected; Arminda de Campos and Gil Vicente Soares, students in the Brazilian School of Public Administration (EBAP) who, as research assistants, de- voted many long hours of work to the compiling of newspaper materials; Mrs. Clarence Singletary, of Daytona Beach, Florida, and my wife, Jane Merrell Graham, for preliminary typing; and Mrs.
    [Show full text]
  • THE CHALLENGES of the CONTEMPORARY ADMINISTRATIVE STATE: Brazil and the United States in Comparative Perspective
    WORKSHOP REPORT THE CHALLENGES OF THE CONTEMPORARY ADMINISTRATIVE STATE: Brazil and the United States in Comparative Perspective May 23, 2018 Washington, DC Presentations and Panels l A Acknowledgements The May 23, 2018 knowledge-building workshop and this report are the result of an internation- al cooperation project between Brazil’s National School of Public Administration (ENAP), which is part of the Brazilian Ministry of Planning, Development, and Management, and the United Na- tions Development Programme (UNPD) to strengthen state capacities and public policy creation in support of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. In keeping with this mission, ENAP approached the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars to design and organize a workshop dedicated to the exchange of ideas and lessons for fostering sound public admin- istration practices, the foundation upon which sustainable development polices can be built, through a comparative analysis of Brazil and the United States. Special thanks go to Francisco Gaetani, President of ENAP, for spearheading the partnership between ENAP, UNDP, and the Wilson Center; to Paulo Sotero, Director of the Brazil Institute at the Wilson Center, for his efforts making the workshop possible; and to the Brazil Office of the UNDP for their support and encouragement. Our sincere thanks go also to the esteemed panel- ists, whose substantive contributions during the workshop form the foundation of this project. This report was prepared under the leadership of the Wilson Center, with the support of UNDP and ENAP, so that the experiences and findings of the workshop can be disseminated beyond the select group of participants on May 23, 2018.
    [Show full text]
  • INTERNATIONAL MEETING on SERVICES VALUE-ADDED in EXPORTS Services and Trade Policies for Diversification and Upgrading Brasilia, Brazil, 22-23 October 2019
    INTERNATIONAL MEETING ON SERVICES VALUE-ADDED IN EXPORTS Services and trade policies for diversification and upgrading Brasilia, Brazil, 22-23 October 2019 INFORMATION ON MODERATORS AND SPEAKERS Day 1, 22 October 2019, Tuesday, 09:00 – 09:45 OPENING SESSION Ambassador Norberto Moretti holds a degree in History from the Federal University of Amb. Norberto Moretti Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ). In 1990 he joined the foreign service. During his career he has excelled in the areas of multilateral diplomacy and foreign trade. In Brazil, prior to taking office as Secretary for Commercial and Economic Foreign Policy (2019), he served as deputy head of the Trade Defense and Safeguards Division (2002), head of the International Peace and Security Division (2011), advisor to the Foreign Min- ister’s office (2013), and director of the departments of Financial Affairs and Services (2015) and Northern and Eastern South America (2018). His foreign postings include the embassies of Brazil in Washington (1995-1999), Bue- nos Aires (1999-2004), Ottawa (2004-20078) and the Permanent Mission of Brazil to the UN (2007-2011). He was a member of the UN Secretary General Peacebuilding Fund Advisory Group (2012-2013). Among the highlights of the awards received are the Aeronautical Merit (2019); Defense Merit (2011), Army Merit (2013), Medal of Ta- Secretary for Commercial and Economic Foreign mandaré Merit (2013), the Order of the Rio Branco Officer Medal (2014) and the French Policy, Foreign Affairs Ministry, Brazil Republic National Order of Merit in 2014. Amb. Ignacio Ybáñez Ambassador Ignacio Ybáñez is Head of the Delegation of the European Union in Brazil.
    [Show full text]
  • The State and Its Bureaucracy in Right-Wing Populist Brazil
    Once Upon a Time, a Human Rights Ally: The State and its Bureaucracy in Right-Wing Populist Brazil Michelle Morais de Sá e Silva Human Rights Quarterly, Volume 42, Number 3, August 2020, pp. 646-666 (Article) Published by Johns Hopkins University Press DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/hrq.2020.0036 For additional information about this article https://muse.jhu.edu/article/761352 [ Access provided at 28 Sep 2020 18:46 GMT from UNB-Universidade de BrasÃÂlia ] HUMAN RIGHTS QUARTERLY Once Upon a Time, a Human Rights Ally: The State and its Bureaucracy in Right-Wing Populist Brazil Michelle Morais de Sá e Silva ABSTRACT Based on the case of Brazil, this article looks deep into the state appara- tus and analyzes the organic relationship between state commitments to human rights and the work of bureaucrats who are motivated by human rights values and ideas. Brazil had a consolidated history of engagement with the international human rights regime until Jair Bolsonaro was elected President. That history was marked by a foreign policy that was active in international human rights norm-making, as well as by domestic institutions and policies that sought to promote rights at home. An engaged state made room for the work of human rights bureaucrats in the federal government, including diplomats, officials at the Ministry of Human Rights, and beyond. Since the election of Bolsonaro, however, the Brazilian state has reversed and revised its foreign and domestic policies. As a result, bureaucrats who were dedicated to human rights work are now faced with persecution, having to oblige to the new foreign policy in the case of diplomats, or having to find somewhere else to work or something else to do, in the case of non-diplomats.
    [Show full text]
  • China Lion Chinese Acrobats
    About this Guide This guide is designed to prepare you to deploy to culturally complex environments and achieve mission objectives. The fundamental information contained within will help you understand the cultural dimension of your assigned location and gain skills necessary for success (Photo: The Golden China Lion Chinese Acrobats perform). China The guide consists of two parts: Part 1 “Culture C General” provides the ul foundational knowledge you need to operate effectively in any C global environment with a focus on East Asia. t ul u Part 2 “Culture Specific” describes unique cultural features of re Chinese society. It applies culture-general concepts to help t u increase your knowledge of your assigned deployment re location. This section is Guid meant to complement other pre-deployment training (Photo: A Guid Chinese dancer). e For more information, visit the Air Force e Culture and Language Center (AFCLC) website at https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/AFCLC/ or contact the AFCLC Region Team at [email protected]. Disclaimer: All text is the property of the AFCLC and may not be modified by a change in title, content, or labeling. It may be reproduced in its current format with the express permission of the AFCLC. All photography is provided as a courtesy of the US government, Wikimedia, and other sources as indicated. GENERAL CULTURE PART 1 – CULTURE GENERAL What is Culture? Fundamental to all aspects of human existence, culture shapes the way humans view life and functions as a tool we use to adapt to our social and physical environments. A culture is the sum of all of the beliefs, values, behaviors, and symbols that have meaning for a society.
    [Show full text]
  • What Drove the Spread of Mass Education in the Early 20Th Century China
    European Historical Economics Society ! EHES!WORKING!PAPERS!IN!ECONOMIC!HISTORY!!|!!!NO.!89! Risen from Chaos: What drove the spread of Mass Education in the early 20th century China Pei Gao London School of Economics NOVEMBER!2015! ! EHES!Working!Paper!|!No.!89!|!November!2015! Risen from Chaos: What drove the spread of Mass Education in the early 20th century China Pei Gao London School of Economics Abstract ! This paper uses the Chinese historical path to mass education in the early 20th century to tackles one hotly debated question – what factors explain the rise of mass schooling? Given China's political turmoil and economic backwardness through the early 20th century, the expansion of mass education that was mainly driven by increasing public efforts seems puzzling. Based on a newly assembled dataset, we find that economic factors had little explanatory power in the rise of mass schooling. In contrast, both regional political stability and informal governance imposed by gentry (one important elite group in Chinese history) presented their critical importance. In particular, first we find that counties where previously had more traditional gentry (degree holders via the civil service exam system) provided significantly more public primary schools under the new education system, therefore had higher primary enrolment ratios. This finding is robust to various checks, including adopting an IV strategy. Secondly, the positive effect of local gentry on mass education development were larger in regions where suffered higher level of administrative instability. The explanation this paper proposes is that the near collapse of formal institution through this political chaotic historical period allowed gentry members, as traditional elites in local communities, seized administrative responsibilities, and deliberately supported the mass education development due to their private interests in modern schooling as a potential way to preserve their elites statues.
    [Show full text]
  • Making Laws, Breaking Silence: Case Studies from the Field
    Making Laws, Breaking Silence: Case Studies from the Field Making Laws, Breaking Silence: Case Studies from the Field grows out of a high level roundtable convened by Penn Law, UN Women, UNESCO, UN SDG Fund, and IDLO in March 2017. The convening brought together over 30 legislators, judges, and policy experts from more than 15 countries to examine new developments and challenges in gender equality lawmaking under Goal 5 of the Sustainable Development Goals. The following case studies and essays expand on those deliberations and The Sustainable Development Goals seek interactions and highlight some tensions to change the history of the 21st century, in evolving law reform efforts around the addressing key challenges such as world. Closing the enforcement gap in poverty, inequality, and violence against gender equality laws is often called the st women and girls. The inalienable rights of “unfinished business of the 21 century.” gender equality and empowerment of These reflections offer fresh insights women and girls addressed in Goal 5 are and policy guidelines for UN agencies, a pre-condition for this. Despite decades multilaterals, government entities and of struggle by women’s movements and civil society organizations charged with reformist agendas, much still needs to gender-based law reform. be done to address de facto and de jure discrimination against women. At a time of enormous change for women, these essays from around the world are a critical analysis of the role of law in regulating and shaping women’s lives and calls for a reexamination of these laws in light of international women’s human rights guarantees.
    [Show full text]