Index

Accountability, 3, 59–61, 322, Agriculturally based economies, 334–335, 410, 412–419, 437, 312 475 Agrupacion´ Nacional de Empleados bureaucratic politics in Mexico, Fiscales (ANEF), 102 194–198 Alianza Democratica´ M-19 Chile’s institutions of, 103–108 (AD M-19), 115 in Colombia, 127–132 American Congresses, 294–298 congressional oversight, 103–104 American legislators, 297 control bodies, 104–105 Andean Counterdrug Initiative (ACI), in Costa Rica, 162–170 134 financial and economic, 128–129 Antipoverty programs, governance in, formal instruments, 128–130 389–394 horizontal, 103–105, 162–169 Apps, 366–369 informal instruments, 130–132 Argentina, 23–27 media, 130–131 Argentine state and successive in Paraguay, 220–221 reform processes, 39–41 performance, 129–130 , 35–38 political, 128 characteristics of public public, 131–132 employment, 28–35 Uribe effect, 132 characteristics of selected structures, in Uruguay, 247–249 49–50 vertical, 105–107, 169–170 civil and no civil personnel by Accounting Tribunal (TCR), 230–231, hierarchies, 47–48 233 congress, 25–26 Acto Legislativo 02 of 2004, 118 federalism, 24 Administrative bureaucracy, 37 national , 27 Administrative decentralization, party system, 26–27 471–472 political parties, 35–37 Administrative Department of Public politics of Argentine bureaucracy, Service, 120 37–38 “Administrative modernization”,11 PPM in, 278–280 Administrative reforms, 13–14, presidential rule, 25 298–299 selected organs according to type of processes characteristics, 15–16 link, 51 Administrative Statute, 89–90 structure of government and Administrative style, 299 political institutions, 24–27 Administrative Tribunal (TCA), Argentina-Compra, 358 230–231, 233 Argentina. gob. ar, 358, 361–362 “Agencification”, 14, 135–136 Argentine national bureaucracy, 24 490 Index

Aristocratic culture, 306 Bureaucratic/bureaucracy politics, Articulation in Semi-arid (ASA), 99–103 388–389 of accountability, 194–198 Assembly’s technical capacity, 303 in Colombia, 124–127 Auditor´ıa Superior de la Federacion´ in Costa Rica, 160–161 (ASF), 195 in Latin America, 290 Autonomous institutions, 151 in Mexico, 190–194 in Paraguay, 216–220 Bilaterals, 332 in Uruguay, 245–246 Black Box, 397–399 Bureaucratic–Weberian Bolsa Fam´ılia,74 administrations, 13–14 Brazil Business Management System, 88–89 Brazilian , 61–67 organizational structure, 55–57 Cardoso governments, 70–73 political institutions, 57–61 Career , 335 political stability, 298–299 Career-based model. See Traditional political system and administrative civil service (TCS) structures as institutional Casa Civil, 330 environments, 55–61 Caudillismo, 311 politics of “Caudillos”,10 in democratic brazil, Center of Government (CoG), 5, 320 68–76 and coordination, 473–474 PPM in, 269–272 functional and structural public administration in, 55 approaches, 320–321 Brazilian “coalition presidentialism”, increasing relevance, 324–326 271 institutional structure, 322–324 Brazilian bureaucratic building in Latin America, 326–336 process, 299 political and technical functions, Brazilian Civil Service, 55, 61–67 321–322 social security policy changes in political economy of strengthening, , 67 335–336 weight of political appointees, Centro Latinoamericano de Admin- 63–67 istracion´ para el Desarrollo Brazilian Pluriannual Plan, 464 (CLAD), 13–14, 72–73 Brazilian public administration, 53 Centro para la Promocion´ de las Broadband diffusion, 347–349 Exportaciones e Inversiones Budget (CENPRO), 171–172 budget-oriented systems, 447–450 Chile units, 323 accountability, 103–108 Budgetary resources, 321 bureaucratic politics, 99–103 Bureaucracy, 279–280 characteristics of Chilean public Bureaucratic Functional Capacity sector, 83–89 Index (BCI), 127 political stability, 298–299 Bureaucratic Merit Index, 127 PPM in, 267–269 Index 491

public sector personnel, 89–99 presidency in “check”, 133 reform and change, 108–112 public administration, 120–121 Chile Compra, 111, 359 public personnel, 121–124 Chilean public sector characteristics reform and change, 132–138 , 83 state modernization, 133 government institutions, 83–89 transversal reforms with a fiscal judiciary, 84–85 focus, 134–135 legislature, 84 Colombian public administration, 115 public administration, 86–89 Colorado party, 204, 232 subnational government, 85–86 Comision´ Nacional del Servicio Civ´ıl Chilean state, 81–82 (CNSC), 121, 274–275 Christian Democratic Party (PDC), 82 Commission for Protection of Rights Citizen participation, 107 of People, 104 forums, 161 Committee system, 296 Civil career system, 182–186 Communications, 322, 334–335 in Mexico, 182–186 units, 323 Civil servants, 158–160 Community Aqueducts. See Civil service Community Organizations laws, 89–93 for Water and Sewerage systems in Latin America, 2 Services (OCSAS) Civil Service Development Index Community management of water, (CSDI), 265, 301 388–389 Client-focused service, 252 Community Organizations for Water Clientelistic parties, 308–310, 312 and Sewerage Services Closed model. See Career-based model (OCSAS), 388 Code drafting process, 421 Competitive hiring processes, 92 Collective bargaining, 275 Comprehensive analysis, 1 Colombia, 116 Concentric circles, 323 accountability, 127–132 Concertacion´ coalition, 82, 86–88, 99 agencification, formalization, peace, ‘Conditional Cash Transfers’ Programs 135–136 (CCTP), 134 basic structural features, 117–121 Conditioned Transfer Programs bureaucracy politics in, 124–127 (PTCs), 389, 394 economic performance, 116 Congress, 25–26 executive branch, 117–118 Congress capacity index, 301, 303 fiscal adjustment, 133–134 Consejo de la Alta Direccion´ Publica´ , government institutions, 117–120 268 judicial branch, 119 Consejo Nacional de Produccion´ legislative branch, 118–119 (CNP). See National Coun- links with civil society, 126 cil for Production links with political parties, 125 Constitution (1988), 54–57, 59, 69 local government, 120 Constitutional Court, 104–105 other government institutions, 120 Consultative Committee, 93 politics of bureaucracy, 124–127 Consultative Council, 276–277 492 Index

“Continental European model”, 232 ‘Democratic accountability in Contract employees, 90 context of PPME systems’ Contraction–retraction dynamics, 40 trends and challenges, “Contrata”, 267 459–464 “Contratado a honorario”, 267 emphasis on evaluation, 461–462 Coordinating Committee of Deputy new developments and trends, Ministers (CCV), 329–330 460–462 Coping with turbulence, 474 opening spaces to negotiating with Core state careers, 71 sector-specific authorities, Corruption, 127, 409, 429–430, 475 461 reduction, 409 political orientation integrating Costa Rica, 4 budget considerations, bureaucracy and political parties, 460–461 160 PPME systems to citizens bureaucracy politics in, 160–161 and parliaments, 462 PPM in, 272–273 recurrent and new challenges, relation with civil society, 160–161 462–464 Costa Rican Electricity Institute (ICE), Democratic backsliding, 474 153 Democratic opening, 180 Costa Rican public administration, Democratic political theory, 17 147 Democratic Security Program (PDS), accountability, 162–170 134 Costa Rican public institutions Democratic stability, 231 characteristics, 148–156 Democratization, 35 government system, 148–151 Departamento Administrativo de la philosophy and culture of Funcion´ Publica´ (DAFP). governance, 155–156 See Administrative politics of bureaucracy, 160–161 Department of Public public administration, 151–154 Service public personnel system, 157–160 Depoliticization, 470–471 reform and change, 170–174 Differentiated Procurement Regime Council for Internal Government (RDC), 76 Audits, 104 Digital agenda, 475 Credible commitment, 477–478 Digital governance, 475 Crowdsourcing, 363 in LA, 5–6 “Cuoteo”, 269 Digital government (DG), 344 AgendaSetting and policy design Decentering governing, 477 from regional perspective, Decentralization, 136–137, 471–472, 350–353 477 comparative data and participation Decentralized administration, 27 performance, 353–357 Defense of Free Competition Court, 85 comparative overview in Latin Delegative democracy, 292 America, 349–357 Democracy, 25 E-government to, 137–138 Index 493

Digital Public Administration. See also Electronic Delivery Latin American public Portals, 360–362 administration Employment, 267 comparative overview of digital Employment Contracts Act, 29 government in Latin Enactment coalition, 191 America, 349–357 Ethics Committees, 421 e-government implementation in Ethics training, 421 Latin American Countries, “European continental model”,10–11 357–369 European debates on governance, LatAm countries and information 376–384 society, 345–349 Evidence-based policy, 252 National Agendas, 357–360 Executive Branch Commissioned Digital social media, 364 Positions (FCPE), 65 Digitalization, 359 Executive’s role in institutions, DIPRES, 446 291–294 Direccion´ General de Servicio Civil searching for external coercion, (Civil Service General 294 Directorate), 272–273 Explicitly mixed systems, 452–453 Direction and Advisory Positions Export expansion prosperity, 309–310 (DAS), 63, 271 Export-based prosperity, 308–309 External coercion, searching for, 294 E-consultation, 355 E-decision-making, 355 “Fast Track” system, 275 E-government to digital government, Federal Transparency Act on Access to 137–138 Information. See Ley E-information, 355 Federal de Transparencia E-Participation, 355–357 de Acceso a la Informacion´ Economic (LFTAIPG) accountability, 128–129 Federalism, 24 boom, 4 Financial accountability, 128–129 decentralization, 136–137 “First-Generation Reforms”, 170 liberalization, 180 Fiscal Adjustment, 133–134 variables, 12–13 Fiscal relations, 471 Educational funding, 74 Fiscal Responsibility Law, 63 eLAC, 351 Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Electoral Court, 85 Regional (FNDR), 86–88 Electronic Government Formalism, 2 (E-Government). See also Formalization, 135–136 Digital government (DG), Framework Law Regulating National 344, 350 Public Employment, 29 implementation in Latin American Functional capacity index, 301 Countries, 357–369 in LatAm countries, 345 Game theory, 295 494 Index

General System of Participations Human Resource and Professional (GSP), 136–137 Service Unit, 185 Global Initiative for Fiscal Human Resources Management Transparency (GIFT), 416 System, 158 Gobernaciones,90 Human Rights National Commission Gobierno en L´ınea (GEL), 359–360 (CNDH), 190–191 Good governance, 376, 407–408 Hyper-presidential setting, 292 FOIA in Latin America, 413–415 in LAC, 408 Ibero-American Charter for Electronic Press Freedom in Latin America Government (ICEG), 350 and Caribbean, 416 Ibero-American Interoperability theoretical framework, 408–411 Framework, 351 Governance, 375 IDB. See Inter-American Development in antipoverty programs, 389–394 Bank (IADB) Black Box, 397–399 Impacts, 423–428 conceptualizations on interactive Imperfect neo-Weberianism, 275 governance and Income and services transfers, 390–391 meta-governance, Incorporation, 306–307 384–385 Indirect administration, 56 European debates on, 376–384 Industrial organization of US ideal type, 378–380 Congress, 296 impacts, differences, and Informal sources of accountability, institutional legacies, 107–108 394–395 Information and Claims Office (OIRS), in Latin America, 376, 385–394 111 model of welfare state, 383 Information and Communication principal conflicts, 381–382 Technologies (ICTs), 344 reflections on state reform, 395–397 Information System for Financial theory, 409–410 Management (SIGFE), 111 “Governance without government”, Innovation Labs, 366–369 377 Institutional Revolutionary Party Government effectiveness, 36–37 (PRI), 275–276 Gross domestic product (GDP), 355 Institutional strengthening, 13 Institutionalization of PPME systems “Habsburg model” of royal in region, 453–454 government, 305 Institutionalized favoritism, 306–307 Heterogeneity of NGOs, 393 Institutions, 291–298 “Honorary” contract employees, 90 American vs. Latin American Horizontal accountability. See also Congresses, 294–298 Vertical accountability, executive’s role, 291–294 103–105 Instituto Nacional de Aprendizaje congressional oversight, 103–104 (National Apprenticeship control bodies, 104–105 Institute), 272 Index 495

Integrated poverty–reduction Labor-intensive agriculture, 311 programs, 390–391 Latin America Integrated State, 263–264 bureaucracy and politics in, Integrated System of Financial 289–290 Information (SIIF), 129 bureaucracy politics in, 290 Integrity, 419–423 civil service systems in, 2 “Intelligent public governance”,17 CoG in, 326–336 Intelligent state, 477 comparative historical analysis, Intendencias,90 307–312 Intendentes, 83, 85–86 cultural explanation, 305–307 Inter-American Development Bank effects on bureaucratic (IADB), 127, 300, 350, 385 performance, 300–305 Inter-institutional Network for experienced economic growth, 1 Transparency, 168 FOIA in, 413–415 Inter-temporal constitutional governance in, 376, 385–394 convention, 295–296 institutions, 291–298 Interactive governance, political stability, 298–299 conceptualizations on, PPM in, 265–280 384–385 public administration in, 2, 6 Interministerial Coordination Division Latin America and Caribbean (LAC), (DCI), 329 407–408 Internal Control units, 130 good governance in, 408 International Centre for Settlement of Press Freedom in, 416 Investment Disputes Latin American Center for Developing (ICSID), 387 Administration (CLAD), International Conference on National 350 Evaluation Capacities Latin American Congresses, 294–298 (NEC), 439 Latin American countries (LatAm International cooperation, 469 countries), 344 International Organization of Supreme E-Government in, 345, 357–369 Audit Institutions and information society, 345–349 (INTOSAI), 419 Latin American public administration, Interoperability, 345, 351 10 initiatives, 362–363 administrative reform processes Inversion´ Sectorial de characteristics, 15–16 AsignacioRegional´ (ISAR), first configurations of public 86–88 administration model, 11–12 Judiciary as policymaker, 58–59 historical construction of model, Judiciary Investigation Organism, 150 11–15 Justicialist Party (PJ), 26–27 latest trends in reform of public administrations, 16–17 Labor Contract Law, 29, 33 Public Management Reforms of Labor Populism, 312 1980s, 12–15 496 Index

Latin American Transparency Index Mexico’s public administration. See Budget (ILTP), 416 also Latin American public Law on Participation, 107 administration, 177–178 Legal counsel units, 323 bureaucratic politics of Legalism, 2 accountability, 194–198 Legislative Assembly, 272 civil career system, 182–186 Legislative Power, 148 current profile of public Legislatures, 295 administration, 180–182 Legitimacy, 437 democratic transition and change in Ley de Nuevo Trato, 267–268 Mexico’s government and Ley del Nuevo Trato Laboral (LNTL), public administration, 91, 98, 100 178–182 Ley del Servicio Profesional de Carrera governmental institutions, 178–180 (LSPC), 182–183 politics of bureaucracy, 190–194 Ley Federal de Transparencia de public employees, 186–190 Acceso a la Informacion´ public personnel, 182–190 (LFTAIPG), 197 reform and change, 198–200 Local decentralization, 386 Middle Ages’ capital markets, 294–295 Mining Committee, 296 Macroeconomic stabilization process, Ministerial coordination mechanisms, 72 39 Management commitments, 15 Ministry of Administration and State Management for results (MfR), Reform (MARE), 70–71 441–442 Ministry of National Planning and Management Improvement Programs, Economic Policy 102, 108–109 (MIDEPLAN), 328 Market governance, dilemmas Ministry of Social Development and tensions around, and Inclusion (MIDIS), 387–388 329–330 Merit systems, 470–471 Modelo de Acessibilidade de Governo Meritocratic Eletronico´ (e-MAG), bureaucracy, 37 358–359 practices, 34 Modern civil service (MCS), 261, principles, 10 264–265 Meta-governance, conceptualizations Modern professional civil service on, 384–385 (MPCS), 5 Mexican MCS, 276–277 Monitoring and evaluation (M&E), Mexican SED, 452 438–439 Mexico Monitoring inflation, 331 bureaucracy politics in, 190–194 “MOP-Gate” corruption scandal, links with actors and political 267–268 parties, 191–193 More Autonomous Public Bodies links with civil society, 193–194 (MAPB), 238 PPM in, 275–278 Nacional party, 232 Index 497

National Anti-Corruption System, 195 New National System of Civil National Civil Service Directorate, 91 Servants, 29 National Civil Service Office (ONSC), New Public Administration models, 233 12 National Commission of Civil Service. New Public Management (NPM), 2, 4, See Comision´ Nacional del 11–14, 16, 89, 261, 264, 376 Servicio Civ´ıl (CNSC) model, 470 National Council for Production, 153 paradigm, 31 National Development Plan (NDP), Non-state public entity, 153 445 Nonclientelistic popular articulation, National Electoral Institute (INE), 309–310 190–191 Nonstate Public Bodies (NEPB), 238 National Institute for Access to Normalization process of contracted Information (INAI), workers, 29 190–191 North American Free Trade National Insurance Institute (INS), 153 Agreement (NAFTA), National Office of Civil Service, 180 274–275 Nuclear Regulatory Agency, 32 National Performance Monitoring and Evaluation Systems in Latin Office of Planning and Budget (OPP), America, nature and logic 328 of, 443–444 Online Government Strategy, 138 National Planning Department (DNP), Open, useful, reusable government 327–328 data index (OUR National Procurement Agency, 129 government data index), National Program of Accountability, 138 Transparency and Fight Open Budget Index, 416 Against Corruption Open data, 364–366 (PNTCDA), 195 Open government, 364–366, 419 National public policy, 27 Open government data (OGD), 138 National Results-Based Management Open Government Declaration, 365 and Evaluation System Open Government Partnership (OGP), (SINERGIA), 129–130, 332 365–366, 440 National School of Public Adminis- Open model. See Position-based model tration, 269–270 Organismo de Investigacion´ Judicial National System of Administrative (OIJ). See Judiciary Profession (SINAPA), 40 Investigation Organism Neo-weberianism/Post-NPM, 476 Organization of American States Neoliberal reforms, 3–4 (OAS), 350 Networks, 377 Ouvidorias,60 New Constitution of 1991 (NC91), Overcentralization, 470 116, 117, 119, 121, 125, 132 New Deal Law (Ley del Nuevo Trato), Pacto por Mexico´ , 191 299 498 Index

Padrões de Interoperabilidade em “Planta”, 267 Governo Eletronico´ Policy (e-PING), 358–359, 363 advice units, 323 Paraguay, 4, 203–204 coordination, 321–323, 329–331 accountability, 220–221 councils, 60 bureaucracy politics in, 216–220 entrepreneurs, 54 government institutions, 205–207 networks, 377 links with political parties, 216–217 Pol´ıtica de Gobierno Digital, 359–360 links with society, 218–219 Political accountability, 128, 221 politics of bureaucracy in, 216–220 Political appointees, 208 public administration, 208–210 Political Committee, 333–334 public sector personnel, 211–216 Political decentralization, 471 reform and change, 222–223 Political dimension, 396 Paraguayan MCE-SIPP, 452 Political economy of strengthening Parallel bureaucracy, 38 CoG, 335–336 Parliamentary power, 26 Political institutions in Brazil, 57–61 Parliamentary Republic, 81–82 accountability, 59–61 Participation, 471–472 congress, political parties, and Participatory government, 363 governing coalitions, 57–58 Partido dos Trabalhadores, 271–272 judiciary as policymaker, 58–59 Partido Revolucionario Institucional Political management, 322, 333–334 (PRI), 182, 275–276 Political parties, 35–37 Party for Democracy (PPD), 82 Political responsiveness, 335 Party professionals, 476 Political science research, 320 Party system, 26–27 Political stability, 298–299 Patronage bureaucracy, 33–34, 38 Political systems, 452 Performance, 32 Political trap, 429–430 accountability, 129–130 Political-managers, 279–280 indicators, 110 Political–administrative environment, management, 472 55 performance-based management, Politicization, 2, 476 252 “Politicized incompetence”, 219 performance-related management, Politics of Argentine bureaucracy, 271 37–38 Performance monitoring and Politics of bureaucracy, 3 improvement units, 322, Politics of public administration in 331–333 democratic Brazil, 68–76 Permanent staff, 90 Ascendance of Center Left, 73–75 Personal computing, 347 Cardoso governments, 70–73 Plan Nacional de Gobierno Electronico´ continuity and change, 75–76 (PNGE), 358 turbulent years, 69–70 Planning-oriented systems, Populism, 312 447–450 Portal Pagos del Estado, 111 Plano Plurianual (PPA), 73 Portal Tramites del Estado, 111 Index 499

Position-based model. See Traditional model, 17 civil service (TCS) in Paraguay, 208–210 Poverty governance, tensions and research, 320 dilemmas in, 392–394 unconsolidated model of public Poverty-Reduction Strategy (PRSP), management reform, 389 469–470 President’s direct support units, 323 in Uruguay, 232–239 Presidential Delivery Unit, 331–332 Public bureaucracy, 1 Presidential rule, 25 Public conferences, 60 Privatization(s), 12–13 Public Contracts Court, 85 of public services, 386 Public employees, 93–99 Professional bureaucracy, 299 in Mexico, 186–190 Professional Career Service, 182–183 Public employment, 217 Professional Career Service Act. See characteristics in Argentina, Ley del Servicio Profesional 28–35 de Carrera (LSPC) subnational public employment, Professional Career Service Law, 276 34–35 Professional Career System (SPC), 184 Public Employment Framework Law, Professionalization, 271 29 Professionalized “Weberian” Public Expenditure and Financial bureaucracy, 300 Accountability initiative Program evaluations, 110 (PEFA initiative), 416 Program for Public Administration Public hearings, 60, 161 Renewal, 134 Public integrity, 419–420 Programa de Aceleração do Public management. See also Strategic Crescimento (PAC), 74 management Programa de Renovacion´ de la in Brazil, 61 Administracion´ Publica´ policy community, 72–73 (PRAP). See Program for unconsolidated model of public Public Administration management reform, Renewal 469–470 Programas de Mejoramiento de Gestion´ Public Management Reforms, (PMGs). See Management 12–15, 72 Improvement Programs after 2010, 75–76 Provincial Economic and Social Public Performance Monitoring Council (CESPRO), 86 and Evaluation system Public accountability, 438 (PPME system), 6, 437, Public administration, 1, 86–89 440 in Argentina, 39 absence of key stakeholders in in Colombia, 120–121 conversation, 457–459 current issues, 470–475 budget-oriented vs. planning- future, 476–478 oriented systems, 447–450 generalizations, 467–468 classifying distinct approaches, in Latin America, 2, 9–11 447 500 Index

democratic accountability in Renovacion´ Nacional (RN), 82 context of PPME systems’ Reorganization Act (1939), 324–325 trends and challenges, Responsive bureaucracy, 264 459–464 Responsive competence, 335 diverse functions, tools, and stake- Results-based budgeting, 111 holders, 444–447 Results-based management, 16 five to twelve systems, 450–453 “Rule of Law”, 424–428 institutionalization of PPME systems in region, 453–454 School of Governance, 376 lack of credibility of information, Secretar´ıa de la Funcion´ Publica´ (SFP), 454–455 183–184 low coherence and high Secretar´ıas, 209–210, 210 fragmentation, 455–457 Secretariat of Finance and Public results-oriented, 441–447 Credit, 195 Public personnel Secretariat of Public Administration. civil servants, 158–160 See Secretar´ıa de la Funcion´ in Colombia, 121–124 Publica´ (SFP) institutional framework of, 157–158 Secretary of Civil Service, 211 public employees, 121–124 Secretary of Federal Administration rewards of office, 124 (SAF), 69–70 system in Costa Rica, 157–160 Sectoral Cabinets, 330 Public personnel management (PPM), SEDAP-PR (National Secretary of 261 Public Administration), 69 historical background, 262–265 Semi-autonomous institutions, 151 Latin America, 265–280 Senior Public Management Council, 92 Public Prosecutions Office Organic Senior Public Management System, 92, Law, 166–167 103 Public sector personnel, 3 SEPLAN-PR (National Secretary of in Chile, 89–99 Planning), 69 civil service laws, 89–93 Service comptroller’soffices, in Paraguay, 211–216 168–169 public employees, 93–99 Servicio Nacional de Electricidad in Uruguay, 239–243 (SNE), 172 Public service development index, 303 Servicio Profesional Electoral Public Service Secretariat (SFP), 276 (Professional Electoral Public–private partnership law, 75–76 Service), 278 Pure transfers programs, 390–391 SHCP. See Secretariat of Finance and Public Credit Radical Civic Union (UCR), 26–27 SINEP, 33 Radical mass parties, 308–310 Sinergia territorial, 445 Radical Party (PR), 82 Sistema Administrador de Empresas redGEalc, 353 (SEP), 88–89 Regional Ministerial Secretariats Sistema de Alta Direccion´ Publica´ , (SEREMI), 85–86 267–268 Index 501

Sistema de Informacion´ y Gestion´ del Sustainable Development Goals Empleo Publico´ (SIGEP), (SDGs), 439 123 System for Administrative Sistema Nacional de Profesion´ Development (SISTEDA), Administrativa (SINAPA), 120–121 278 System of Programming and Smart Cities, 366–369 Management by Objectives Smart governance, 366–369 and Results (SIGOB), Social actors, 1 129–130 Social media, 363–364 Social mobilization, 170 Tackling corruption, 423 Social Organizations, 56 Targeted poverty-reduction policies, Social Organizations of Public Interest, 386 56 Temporary personnel (contratados), Social security policy changes in public 215–216 sector, 67 Timing of industrialization, 309 Social trap, 429–430 Traditional civil service (TCS), 261 Socialist Party (PS), 82 Transparency, 411–412 Spanish feudalism, 305 Transparency Council, 106 , 262 Transparency International, 423–424 State capacity, 472–473 Transparency Law, 75, 105–106 State modernization, 133 Transparency pacts, 130 State reform, 375 Transversal careers, 75 processes, 10 Tri-Ministerial Council, 93 reflections on, 395–397 Tribunal de Servicio Civil (Civil Service State-owned companies, 153 Court), 272 state-owned company-private Tribunal Electoral Supremo (Supreme entity, 153 Electoral Tribunal), 272 state-owned company-public entity, Turbulence, 2 153 State-owned enterprises (SOEs), 54, 56, “Un millon´ de cisternas rurales” 209–210, 237 program, 388–389 Strategic management, 327–328 “Unified national public service of government, 321 system”, 243 Strategy units, 322–323 Union Democrata´ Independiente (UDI), Strength of committee system, 301–303 82, 101 Subnational public employment, 34–35 United Nations Development Program Superintendencia General de Enti- (UNDP), 385 dades Financiera (SUGEF), United Nations e-Government 171 Development Index Superintendencias,88 (EGDI), 353–354 Superior Tribunal of Electoral Justice United Nations Economic (TSJE) Commission for Latin Supreme Audit Institutions (SAIs), 419 America (CEPAL), 350 502 Index

United Nations’ Millennium citizen participation, 107 Development Goals informal sources of accountability, (MDGs), 386 107–108 United States Congress, 295 transparency and access to Uruguay, 230 information, 105–106 accountability, 247–249 “Voice and Accountability” Index, bureaucracy politics in, 245–246 416–418 government institutions, 230–232 Voucher system, 74 links with civil society, 245 links with political parties, Water Co-ops. See Community 243–245 Organizations for Water politics of bureaucracy, 243–246 and Sewerage Services PPM in, 273–275 (OCSAS) public administration, 232–239 Water Committees. See Community public sector organization, Organizations for Water 234–236 and Sewerage Services public sector personnel, 239–243 (OCSAS) reform and change, 249–254 Water governance, 386–389 Uruguayan democracy, 5 Weberian façade, 306 Weberian models, 10, 14 Veedur´ıas Ciudadanas, 128 World Bank (WB), 385 Vertical accountability. See also Worldwide Governance Indicators Horizontal accountability, (WGI), 36–37 105–107