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Familial Congenital Facial Synkinesis

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Familial Congenital Facial Synkinesis Familial Congenital Facial Synkinesis Due to 12q Duplication: A Case Report and Literature Review Kenneth Alexis Myers, MD, PhD, a, b Allan Micheil Innes, MD, c Jean Kit-Wah Mah, MDb Inverse Marcus Gunn phenomenon is a rare form of congenital facial abstract synkinesis in which jaw movement temporarily elicits ptosis, either unilateral or bilateral. This phenomenon is presumed to result from dysinnervation of facial muscles during development of the nervous system. We describe 2 brothers, both with inverse Marcus Gunn phenomenon in the context of multiple other congenital anomalies, all presumed secondary to a chromosomal abnormality involving 12q duplication and 1p36 deletion. Although a handful of familial cases of congenital facial synkinesis have been previously described, this is the first in which a genetic abnormality has been identified. Of the 4 genetic abnormalities previously described a Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Research Centre, in association with congenital facial synkinesis (based on isolated case Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, reports), 1 also involved duplication at the long arm of chromosome 12. We Australia; and Departments of bPediatrics, Section of ≥ Neurology, and cMedical Genetics, Cumming School of conclude that duplication of 1 of the roughly 44 protein-coding genes in the Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada ∼6.3-Mb overlap region between the previously published case and our 2 patients is a likely genetic cause of congenital facial synkinesis. Dr Myers collected the data, prepared fi gures and tables, and drafted the initial manuscript; Dr Innes assisted with interpretation and description of the genomic abnormalities and reviewed and edited Congenital facial synkinesis is a rare of age with focal seizures, some of the manuscript; Dr Mah confi rmed the clinical data and reviewed and edited the manuscript; entity resulting from aberrant facial which had secondary generalization. and all authors approved the fi nal manuscript as muscle innervation. Jaw movement During his neurologic examination, submitted. that improves congenital ptosis is the rhythmic right eyelid winking and DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-1724 classic form, known as Marcus Gunn more static ptosis of the left eye were Accepted for publication Jul 26, 2016 jaw-winking phenomenon. 1 Most noted, both observed only when instances are unilateral, although the boy sucked on his bottle ( Fig 1; Address correspondence to Kenneth Alexis Myers, MD, PhD, Austin Health, 245 Burgundy St, Heidelberg, bilateral cases have also been video in Supplemental Information). VIC, Australia 3084. E-mail: [email protected] reported.2 Rarely, jaw movement These abnormalities were not elicited PEDIATRICS (ISSN Numbers: Print, 0031-4005; Online, provokes or worsens ptosis, an entity by jaw opening or other specific 1098-4275). known as inverse Marcus Gunn or facial movements, and his parents Copyright © 2016 by the American Academy of 3 Marin–Amat syndrome. Here, we confirmed that the noted features had Pediatrics present the first case of familial been present since birth. Based on the FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE: The authors have congenital facial synkinesis with an apparent inhibition of Müller’s muscle indicated they have no fi nancial relationships identified genetic abnormality and or levator palpebrae co-occurring relevant to this article to disclose. provide evidence that chromosome with oromotor activity, a diagnosis FUNDING: No external funding. 12q24.1–q24.2 duplication is of congenital facial synkinesis, POTENTIAL CONFLICT OF INTEREST: The authors associated with this dysinnervation specifically inverse Marcus Gunn have indicated they have no potential confl icts of syndrome. phenomenon, was made. interest to disclose. The boy was born after an CASE PRESENTATION uncomplicated pregnancy via To cite: Myers KA, Innes AM, Mah JK. Familial induced vaginal delivery at 42 weeks’ Congenital Facial Synkinesis Due to 12q Dupli- The proband presented to the gestation. He had multiple congenital cation: A Case Report and Literature Review. Pedi- atrics. 2016;138(6):e20161724 neurology service at 19 months anomalies including absent patellae, Downloaded from www.aappublications.org/news by guest on September 25, 2021 PEDIATRICS Volume 138 , number 6 , December 2016 :e 20161724 CASE REPORT presumed secondary to maldevelopment of cranial nerve pathways leading to dysinnervation of facial muscles. One or both of the levator palpebrae and Müller’s muscle are presumably influenced by the trigeminal nerve in our proband and his brother. In such young children, electrophysiological techniques are invasive and impractical, so we were unable to more precisely elucidate the complex dysinnervation patterns, FIGURE 2 but the presentations are consistent Brain MRI. Midline sagittal T1 view demonstrates with bilateral inverse Marcus Gunn FIGURE 1 corpus callosum dysgenesis with thinning of the body and relative sparing of the genu phenomenon. Bilateral inverse Marcus Gunn phenomenon. and splenium. The remainder of the midline A, At baseline, the patient had no ptosis, even Genetic causes are often suspected structures have normal appearance. with jaw opening. B, When the patient was when congenital facial synkinesis actively sucking on a bottle, rhythmic winking is observed, and ≥10 familial cases, of the right upper eyelid occurred, in tandem 12q24.1-ter duplication of 18.82 Mb including both classic and inverse with sucking, while the left eyelid became (46, XY, der(1)t(1;12)(p36.3;q24.21). progressively more ptotic. Marcus Gunn, have been reported arr 1p36.33(120 840–1 361 776) ( Table 1). 4 – 11 The underlying genetic x1, 12q24.21–q24.33(114 948 776– bilateral vertical tali, left iris cause was not identified in any of 133 773 393)x3; NCBI/Hg19). The coloboma, amblyopia, imperforate those cases, and the 4 known genetic duplication of chromosome 12 anus, low-lying conus medullaris associations are based primarily on includes ~270 genes. A balanced with fatty filum terminale, and right individual case reports (Table 2). 12 –16 translocation in 1 of the parents hip dysplasia. His development was was suspected but not confirmed The only genetic anomaly that globally delayed, and at 19 months because additional genetic testing has been associated with >1 case he could not stand independently, was declined. of congenital facial synkinesis is had no pincer grasp, and was not mutation of KIF21A. 16 This gene using any words with meaning. Family history revealed that similar is mutated in the majority of Achievement of early motor eyelid abnormalities provoked by cases of congenital fibrosis of the milestones was probably complicated sucking, as well as a nearly identical extraocular muscles 1 (CFEOM1), by his musculoskeletal abnormalities pattern of congenital anomalies, an autosomal dominant inherited and multiple hospitalizations. Aside were present in the proband’s disorder involving extensive cranial from the previously mentioned younger brother. That boy had a dysinnervation resulting in bilateral musculoskeletal anomalies, his routine karyotype showing the ophthalmoplegia and ptosis, 16 neither general examination was significant same unbalanced chromosomal of which was present in our patients. for a high arched palate and translocation as the proband. Five reported cases of CFEOM1 due distinctive facial features, including Although array comparative genomic to KIF21A mutation had unilateral thin upper lip, flattened philtrum, hybridization could have confirmed Marcus Gunn phenomenon. 13, 16 broad flat nasal bridge, and short, that the precise breakpoints were Of the 3 remaining reports of upslanting palpebral fissures ( Fig the same in this boy as in his congenital facial synkinesis with 1). His neurologic examination was brother, the test was not performed. an identified genetic anomaly, 1 significant for axial hypotonia, but The karyotype was thought to be involves a patient with 12q24.1– no focal deficits were identified. MRI sufficient evidence that the same q24.2 duplication and unilateral of the brain showed a thin corpus genomic anomaly was present, and Marcus Gunn phenomenon. 12 callosum and no other abnormalities parents had declined additional Rhythmic winking of 1 eye was seen ( Fig 2). genetic testing in any case. in that patient, as in our proband, An initial karyotype and subsequent but because the patient had a array comparative genomic baseline ptosis in the same eye, the DISCUSSION hybridization showed an unbalanced abnormality was classified as classic translocation resulting in a 1.2-Mb Congenital facial synkinesis is a Marcus Gunn. That patient had deletion of chromosome 1p36 and a poorly understood phenomenon, only unilateral eyelid abnormality, Downloaded from www.aappublications.org/news by guest on September 25, 2021 e2 MYERS et al TABLE 1 Familial Cases of Congenital Facial Synkinesis Reference Clinical Syndrome Number Affected Suspected Inheritance Pattern Genetic Abnormality Current article Bilateral inverse 2 Unbalanced chromosomal translocation 1p36 deletion, 12q24.1-ter duplication Marcus Gunn secondary to parental balanced translocation Sundareswaran et al Unilateral Marcus Gunn 2 Unclear None identifi ed 2015 Conte et al 2012 Unilateral Marcus Gunn 4 Autosomal dominant with incomplete None identifi ed penetrance Oh et al 2003 Inverse unilateral 3 Autosomal dominant None identifi ed Marcus Gunn Mrabet et al 1991 (1) Bilateral Marcus Gunn 4 Autosomal dominant with incomplete None identifi ed penetrance Mrabet
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