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A Review of the Downstream Migration of Atlantic Salmon

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A Review of the Downstream Migration of Atlantic Salmon ~~-~ . c?-~3 c37~ Review of the ~A~ Downstream Migration of Atlantic Salmon C. P. Ruggles1 Freshwater and Anadromous Division Resource Branch Department of Fisheries and Oceans Halifax, Nova Scotia · Canadian Technical Report of Fisheriesand Aquatic Sciences No. 952 1 Montreal Engineering Company Limited . ·'': Camud!iallll1f'eclmicaD Report of Ffisheries am!l Aquatfic Sdellllces These reports contain Scientific and technical information that represents an important contribution to existing knowledge but which for some reason may not be. appropriate for primary scientific (i.e. Journal) publication. Technical Reports are directed primarily towards a worldwide audience and have an internation'aJ distiibution. No restriction is placed on subject matter and the series reflects the bfo;,td interests and policies of the Department of Fisheries and Oceans, namely, fisheries. management, technology and development, ocean sciences, and aquatic environments relevant to Canada. Technical Reports may be cited asfull publications. The·correct citation appears above the abstract of each report. Eacn report will be abstracted in Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts and will be indexed annually in the Department's index to scientific and technical publications. Numbers 1-456 in this series were issued as Technical Reports of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. Numbers 457-714 were issued as Department of the Environment, Fisheries and Marine Service, Research and Development Directorate Technical Reports. Numbers 715-924 were issued as Department of Fisheries and the Environment, Fisheries and Marine Service Technical Reports. The current sedes name was changed with report number 925. Details on the availability of Technical Reports in hard copy may be obtained from the issuing establishment indicated on the front cover. Rapport techllllique cmrruullien dles · sdellllces lunnAeultiqtu~es et mquatiques Ces rapports contiennent des renseignements scientifiques et techniques qui constituent une contribution importante aux connaissances actuelles mais qui, pour une raison ou pour une autre, ne semblent pas a·ppropries pour Ia publication dansun journal scientifique. IIn 'y a aucune restriction quant au sujet, de fait, Ia serie. refle:te Ia vaste gamme des interets et des politiques du Ministere des Peches et des Oceans, notamment gestion des peches, techniques et developpement, sciences oceaniques et environnements aquatiques, au Canada. Les Rapports . techniques peuvent etre consideres comme des. publications completes. Le titre exact paraitra au haut du resume de chaque rapport, quisera publie dans Ia revue Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts et qui figurera dans !'index annuel des publications scientifiques et techniques du Ministere. Les numeros 1-456 de cette serie ont ete publies å titre de Rapports techniques de l'Office des recherches sur Ies pecheries du Canada. Les numeros 457-714, å titre <;te Rapports techniques de Ia Direction generale de Ia recherche et du developpement, Service des peches et de Ia mer, ministere de I'Environnement. Les numeros 715-924 ont ete publies å titre de Rapports techniques du Service des peches et de Ia mer, Ministere des Peches et de l'Environnement. Le nom de Ia serie a ete modifie å partir du numero 925. La page couverture porte Ie nom de l'etablissement auteur ou !'on peut se procurer Ies rapports sous couverture cartonnee. ··:.... JIS Aiasm R.~so~es ·· Lib~ &i·fufoimation Servtces Anchorågt;, Alaska Canadian Technica1 Report of, Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences No. 952 Ju1y, 1980 A REVIEW OF THE DOWNSTREAM MIGRATION. OF ATLANTIC SALMON Freshwater and Anadromous Divisiqn Resource Branch Department of Fisheries and Oceans Halifax, "Nova Scotia B3J 257 :~.Montreal Engineering Co~pany, Limited 1526 Dresden Row Halifax, Nova Scotia ,.< ., ·'; .. / ~ Minister of Supply and Services Canada 1980 Cat. No. Fs. 97-6/1980~0952 ISSN 0706-6457 iii CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ..... v LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . v FOREWORD. vii ABSTRACT/RESUME ix INTRODUCTION ... 1 TRANSFORMATION FROM PARR TO SMOLT 1 THE DOWNSTREAM MIGRATION. 2 Initiation of the Run. 2 Rate of Descent ......... 3 Spatial Distribution and Growth. 4 SOURCES OF MORTALITY ... 4 Predation. ... 4 Passage Over Spillways and Falls . 5 Passage Through Turbines . 8 Description of Hydraulic Turbines . 8 Causes of Mortality Durlng Turbine Passage. .. 10 Biological Factors Associated with Turbine Mortality .. 13 Surrunary of Mortality of Salmonids Passing Through Turbines . 14 Predictive Models of Turbine-Induced Mortality ..... 14 Passage Through Impoundments . 16 Atmospheric Gas Supersaturation ......... 17 Sublethal Stress . 18 MEASURES FOR REDUCING MORTALITIES 19 Fish Screening . • . 19 Physical Barriers . 19 Behaviour Barriers. 20 Bypass and Fish-Collection Systems. .. 22 Interception and Transfer. ..... 22 Artificial Outlets . 22 Ga tewe lls. 22 Surface Discharges Other than Spillways ..... 23 Flow Control . 24 Spillway Design ................ 24 Turbine Design and Operation . 25 KELT PASSAGE ... 26 PRINCIPAL CONCLUSIONS . 27 REFERENCES ..... 29 PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS . 39 v LIST OF TABLES TABLE l. of downstream migrants at s ( Bell and DeLacy 1972) . 6 TABLE 2. Summary data of sh pas experi- ments at Kaplan turbines (from Bell et al. 1967) ....... 15 TABLE 3. Summary data of passage experi- ments at Francis turbines (from Bell et al. 1967) ............. 15 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FIG. 1. A typical reaction-type turbine installation . FIG. 2. Details of typical Francis and Kaplan turbines . 11 FIG. 3. Installation of bar screen in turbine intake (from Ruehle et al. 1978) . .......... 21 FIG. 4. Sketch of llway deflector (adapted from Smith 1973) ....... 25 vii FOREWORD This review represents a portion of a study that resulted from an unsolicited pro­ posal by Montreal Engineering Company, Limited, to the Canadian Department of Supply and Services. The study was conducted on behalf of the Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans under the direction of Mr. N.E. MacEachern, Chief, Freshwater and Anadromous Fish Division, Resource Branch, Maritimes Region. ix l\BS'l'f<ACT Ruggles, C.P. 1980. l\ review of the downstream migration of Atlantic salmon. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. No. 952. 1x + 39 p. In order to adequately protect Atlantic salmon during their down­ stream migration to the sea, it is important to understand the nature of the behavioural and physiological changes that occur during this relatively brief period in the salmon's life history and to identify potential sources of mortality. This paper reviews both published and unpublished information on downstream salmonid migrations, with special reference to those species exhibiting a similar life history to the Atlantic salmon. The paper describes the transformation from parr to smolt, the downstream migration, sources of mortal1ty to downstream migrants and measures for reducing mortal1ty at hydro­ electric dams. Considerable emphasis is given to the problem posed by hydroelectric development to downstream migrating salmonids. Key words: Juvenile Atlantic salmon, fish passage, migration, dams, mortality, hydroelectric fac1lities, reviews. Ruggles, C.P. 1980. l\ review of the downstream migration of Atlantic salmon. Can. 'l'ech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Scl. No. 952. 1x + 39 p. Il est important de bien comprendre la nature des changements ethologiques et physiologiques qui se produisent chez le saumon atlantique au moment de sa migration vers la mer, afin de la proteger adequatement durant cette per1ode relativement breve de son cycle bio­ logique. Le present article fait la revue de nos connaissances, publiees et inedites, sur l'avalaison des salmonides, en particulier des especes dont le cycle biologique ressemble a celui du saumon atlantique. On y decrit la transformation des jeunes saumons en tacons migrateurs, la migration d'avalaison, les sources de mortal1te des tacons en avalaison et les mesures a prendre en vue de reduire la mortalite aux barrages hydroelectriques. Les problemes que posent les installations hydroelectriques aux salmonides se deplacant vers l'aval reyoivent une attention toute particuliere. ' Mots cles: jeune saumon atlantique, deplacements des poissons, migration, barrages, mortalite, installat1ons hydroelectr1ques, revues. INTRODUCTION and Eales 1967). Large Atlantic salmon silvery more than The downstream passage of smaller parr when held under a series of Atlantic and Pacific salmon past natura controlled temperature and phot.o-per iod and man-made obstructions has been the regimens (Johnston and Eales 1970). subject of considerable research in both North America and Europe. A review of well as readily visible changes, this extensive information represents a the transition from parr to smolt is accom- first step in the assessment of current and by biochemical and 1 future problems that the Atlantic salmon, that are not mani Salmo salar, may encounter during their appearance. There is fall in total body downstream migration to the sea. Both lipids (Hoar 1939 Fessler and Wagner 1969; published and unpublished information on Farmer et al. 1977). There are marked downstream salmonid migrations are reviewed, changes in certain enzymes and a loss of with special reference to those species from the liver 1960; exhibiting a similar life history to the 6 ; Saunders and 1970; Atlantic salmon. Of relevance and Saunders 1973) Smolts have been are studies on steelhead trout, Salmo shown to be more buoyant than non-smolts. gairdneri, whose life his and appearance The seasonal
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