A Contabilidade Do Tráfico De Escravos: O Caixa Do Rei Kosoko De Onim

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A Contabilidade Do Tráfico De Escravos: O Caixa Do Rei Kosoko De Onim A contabilidade do tráfico de escravos: o caixa do rei Kosoko de Onim ∗ Alexandre Vieira Ribeiro Resumo : A Baía do Benin foi uma grande área fornecedora de escravos durante a vigência do trato negreiro. Mesmo após as interdições em princípios do século XIX estabelecidas por tratados internacionais com liderança inglesa, o comércio de escravos continuou fluindo do interior africano em direção aos portos do Atlântico. O controle dessas rotas era disputado por diversas lideranças locais que sabiamente compreendiam a importância econômica e política do domínio desta atividade mercantil. Envolvido em disputas dinásticas de Onim, o rei Kosoko tomou a frente do comércio de escravos local, inserido em uma rede mercantil com tentáculos em outros portos da região e na Bahia. Esta comunicação ilumina esta rede comercial a partir da análise das correspondências mercantis do rei Kosoko. Palavras-chave : Comércio de escravos, Kosoko, Onim. Abstract: The Bight of Benin has been a major supplier of slaves during the transatlantic slave trade. Even after the bans in the early nineteenth century established by international treaties with British leadership, the slave trade continued flowing into de the African hinterland to the Atlantic ports. The control of these routes was disputed by several local leaders who wisely understood the economic and political importance of the domain of this business activity. Involved in dynastic disputes in Onim, the King Kosoko took over the slave trade, taking part into a commercial network with tentacles in other African ports and in Bahia. This communication sheds light on this commercial network by analyzing King Kosoko's correspondence with his trading partners. Key-words : Slave trade, Kosoko, Onim. ∗ Prof. Dr. de História da África-UFF 1 No porto de Onim (atual cidade de Lagos), o comércio de escravos estava no cerne da disputa dinástica. Com apoio de capital e armamentos de traficantes brasileiros estabelecidos na costa da África ocidental, o pretendente ao trono, Kosoko, empreendeu um exitoso golpe, em 1845, retirando do poder seu tio materno, Akitoye. Desde o início da década de 1830, Kosoko disputava o poder em Onim. Candidatou-se ao ologunato após o suicídio de seu irmão, o rei Idewu Ojulari, mas foi preterido. O conselho de chefes escolheu Adele que anos antes tivera o trono usurpado por seu irmão, Elisogun ou Osinlokun (IKIME, 1977:94) e encontrava-se exilado em Badagry. Durante esse período, Adele aliou-se aos britânicos que pretendiam por fim ao tráfico negreiro na região. O governo de Adele durou apenas dois anos por conta de seu falecimento. Novamente, Kosoko buscou a indicação para ser o ologun e mais uma vez foi preterido, dessa vez pelo filho de Adele, Oluwole (SILVA, 2003:125). Rejeitado, Kosoko exilou-se em Ouidah. Essa tomada de decisão é um ponto fulcral em sua trajetória política, pois pode forjar sólidas alianças com a comunidade de comerciantes brasileiros e portugueses estabelecidos na localidade. A presença da marinha inglesa na região gerava insatisfação dos brasileiros. Kosoko poderia garantir a esses comerciantes bons negócios em Lagos, onde era mais fácil ludibriar as patrulhas britânicas antiescravistas devido ao sistema lacunar que circundava a cidade, fazendo desta área um ponto estratégico nas negociações escravagistas. Parecia que o destino conspirava a favor de Kosoko. Em evento dramático, mais uma vez a cena política em Lagos foi modificada. A explosão de um barril de pólvora no ano de 1841 matou Oluwole. Novamente, Kosoko se colocou na disputa para ser escolhido como soberano e mais uma vez perdeu. Desta feita, para seu tio materno, Akitoye. Um erro de cálculo político, fez com que Akitoye convidasse Kosoko a retornar para Onim. Com o apoio financeiro e material dos brasileiros, Kosoko empreendeu uma rebelião tomando o poder de seu tio em 1845 (NEWBURY, 1961:47). Ao se tornar ologun , Kosoko expandiu o comércio de escravos na região, favorecendo seus aliados brasileiros. Embora na época esse comércio já fosse considerado uma atividade ilegal, combatido pela marinha inglesa em todo o litoral da África ocidental, Kosoko garantia 2 a sua boa consecução em Onim. Como grande senhor local, imiscuiu-se também na atividade negreira, passando a exportar escravos em navios que se dirigiam para Bahia. Kosoko não foi exceção, mas sim regra. Desde abertura do comércio transatlântico de escravos, os chefes africanos e sua aristocracia tomaram para si o controle dessa atividade na África. Eram eles que produziam, guardavam e controlavam o mercado de cativos junto aos europeus. As trocas mercantis efetuadas no litoral proviam os líderes africanos com produtos europeus, principalmente armas de fogo e munições, que haviam se tornado instrumentos fundamentais para a manutenção das lideranças políticas. Marfim, couros, peles e penas de animais, almíscar, gomas, panos, malagueta, ceras, azeite de dendê e outros produtos não cobriam o montante necessário para a obtenção dos objetos de guerra. O lucro obtido com esses produtos era aquém daquele conseguido pelos soberanos com a venda de escravos. Kosoko era peça chave na engrenagem do tráfico de escravos sediado em Onim/Lagos. Fazia parte de uma ampla rede mercantil com conexões em outros portos da região e do Brasil. Sua base de apoio na margem oposta do Atlântico encontrava-se em Salvador. Como atestam as correspondências do soberano descobertas no palácio real, quando da tomada de Lagos pelos ingleses no ano de 1852. Ao todo, foram localizadas 48 cartas 1 referentes aos períodos de 1848 a 1850. Entre seus correspondentes, encontramos imponentes traficantes transatlânticos como Joaquim Pereira Marinho e Domingos Gomes Marins. O primeiro sediado em Salvador, o segundo, em Porto Novo. Essa rede mercantil da qual Kosoko fazia parte era complexa e imbricada. Joaquim Pereira Marinho, traficante que teria realizado 33 viagens transatlânticas 2 representava os interesses de Domingos Gomes Martins no Brasil, enquanto este o representava na África (VERGER, 1987:425). Ambos defendiam os negócios de Kosoko como observado nas trocas de correspondência. A estratégia de manter agentes em diversos portos além de facilitar as transações mercantis dava aos comerciantes a primazia da detenção da informação, fator crucial para a boa consecução dos 1 O conjunto das 48 cartas foram publicadas pelo Parlamento Britânico: British Parliamentary Papers (PP), House of Lords Sessional Papers, 1852-53, vol. 22, 327-66. Cópias dos documentos originais também podem ser consultadas na Biblioteca Nacional do Rio de Janeiro (BNRJ): Seção de Manuscritos, Coleção Tobias Monteiro, 63, 3, 4, no. 84. 2 Essa informação pode ser verificada na base de dados: www.slavevoyages.org (doravante Voyages ) Acreditamos, contudo que esse volume de viagens pode ser superior. 3 negócios em época de esparsa e lenta circulação de notícias (BRAUDEL, 1996:353). O privilégio da informação possibilitava aos negociantes saber antecipadamente as necessidades que se faziam em cada região e direcionar o produto certo a ser vendido. Durante a primeira metade do século XIX, Lagos foi o principal porto exportador de escravos da África ocidental conectado preferencialmente ao Brasil e a Cuba. 3 Contudo, no período do olugunato de Kosoko (1845-51), o Brasil se tornou o único destino dos navios saídos do porto lagosiano. Mesmo aqueles que foram arrastados e levados pela marinha britânica para Serra Leoa, tinham como destino final os portos brasileiros.4 Essa exclusividade do tráfico de Lagos com o Brasil refletia a aliança constituída entre o rei Kosoko e os comerciantes brasileiros, quando de seu exílio em Ouidah. O fato de Salvador ter sido a principal base de apoio do negócios de Kosoko se reflete na origem das suas correspondências. Foi de lá que partiu 37 das 48 cartas. Entre seus agentes, destacamos Domingos Bello (11 cartas), Francisco José Godinho (8 cartas), Gantois e Marbak (3 cartas), Manoel Joaquim de Almeida (2 cartas) e Joaquim Pereira Marinho (1 carta), todos com forte presença na comunidade mercantil local. Ao longo dos três anos de correspondência, os representantes baianos de Kosoko puseram a venda 188 escravos gerando um lucro líquido de Rs 43:544$090, cerca de 392 mil libras esterlinas, segundo as taxas cambiais do período (LEFF, 1982:247). O resultado líquido das vendas deveria ser convertido em ouro e enviado para Kosoko, conforme solicitação expressa em carta (N°. 5) endereçada a seu representante Francisco José Godinho em 27 de abril de 1849. (...) No ponto existem três cativos de minha conta que seguiam no Pardal . Porém, como foram, digo, como o Pardal foi aprisionado, ficarão para seguir na escuna que se espera, caso estes cheguem primeiro, Vmce. do resultado fará o que acima digo, e me remeterá o resultado [da venda] dos quatro em ouro (...). [grifo nosso] Embora fosse extremamente custoso, o produto gerado pelo comércio de escravos era altamente rentável. Braudel chama atenção para a alta lucratividade do comércio de longa distância gerado pela atuação dos intermediários que jogava com os preços de dois mercados 3 Encontramos no Voyages um total de 211 viagens partindo de Lagos, entre 1801-1850. 4 Para o período de 1845-51, contabilizamos no Voyages , 37 viagens com saídas de Lagos, das quais 29 terminaram no Brasil e 8, em Serra Leoa. 4 separados entre si - o da oferta e o da demanda (BRAUDEL, 1996:356-7). Enquanto o valor de um cativo em solo africano girava entre Rs 5$000 e 6$000, em Salvador, o lucro líquido obtido com a venda de cada indivíduo era de Rs 231$000, uma
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